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513:, the most common type of bone repair, relies heavily on endochondral ossification. In this type of healing, endochondral ossification occurs within the fracture gap and external to the periosteum. In contrast, intramembranous ossification takes place directly beneath the periosteum, adjacent to the broken boneās ends.
572:
324:
Blood vessels arising from the periosteum invade these empty spaces and mesenchymal stem cells migrate guided by penetrating blood vessels. Following the invading blood vessels, mesenchymal stem cells reach these empty spaces and undergo differentiation into osteoprogenitor cells. These progenitors
474:
are either dying or dead, leaving cavities that will later become invaded by bone-forming cells. Chondrocytes here die when they can no longer receive nutrients or eliminate wastes via diffusion. This is because the calcified matrix is much less hydrated than hyaline cartilage.
93:, but their transformations into bone are different. In intramembranous ossification, mesenchymal tissue is directly converted into bone. On the other hand, endochondral ossification starts with mesenchymal tissue turning into an intermediate
361:) of long bones. In these secondary centers, cartilage is converted to bone similarly to that occurring in a primary ossification center. As the secondary ossification centers enlarge, residual cartilage persists in two distinct locations:
578:
Drawing of part of a longitudinal section of the developing femur of a rabbit. a. Flattened cartilage cells. b. Enlarged cartilage cells. c, d. Newly formed bone. e. Osteoblasts. f. Giant cells or osteoclasts. g, h. Shrunken cartilage
548:
275:. This newly formed bone can be called "periosteal bone" as it originates from the transformed periosteum. However, considering its developmental pathway, it could be classified as "intramembranous bone".
325:
further mature into osteoblasts, that deposit unmineralized bone matrix, termed osteoid. Mineralization subsequently follows leading to formation of bone trabeculae (Endochondral bone formation).
389:
At the end of an individualās growth period, the production of new cartilage in the epiphyseal plate stops. After this point, existing cartilage within the plate turns into mature bone tissue.
384:. Itās composed of highly active chondrocytes and responsible for longitudinal bone growth. Consequently, the bone elongates at this growth plate until closure occurs at skeletal maturity.
536:
168:, which actively synthesize cartilage matrix components. Thus, the initial hyaline cartilage template is formed, which has the same basic shape and outline as the future bone.
491:
317:
When chondrocytes die, matrix metalloproteinases result in catabolism of various components within the extracellular matrix and the physical boundaries between neighboring
554:
Section of fetal bone of cat. ir. Irruption of the subperiosteal tissue. p. Fibrous layer of the periosteum. o. Layer of osteoblasts. im. Subperiosteal bony deposit.
483:
Osteoprogenitor cells invade the area and differentiate into osteoblasts, which elaborate matrix that becomes calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage.
509:
process needs to culminate in the formation of lamellar bone at the fracture site to withstand the same forces and stresses it did before the fracture.
894:
311:, which causes calcification of the cartilage matrix. This calcification prevents passage of nutrients to chondrocytes leading to their death.
1105:
148:. In addition, endochondral ossification is not exclusively confined to embryonic development; it also plays a crucial role in the
623:
1478:
164:
in the area where the bone will eventually be formed. Subsequently, these mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiate into
267:. During this transformation, special cells within the perichondrium switch gears. Instead of becoming cartilage cells (
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321:(the spaces housing chondrocytes) weaken. This can lead to the merging of these lacunae, creating larger empty spaces.
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In developing bones, ossification commences within the primary ossification center located in the center of the
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After the formation of the periosteum, chondrocytes in the primary center of ossification begin to grow (
17:
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During endochondral ossification, five distinct zones can be seen at the light-microscope level:
50:
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1028:
Bahney, Chelsea S.; Hu, Diane P.; Miclau, Theodore; Marcucio, Ralph S. (5 February 2015).
705:
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8:
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752:"Bone tissue and histological and molecular events during development of the long bones"
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The initiation of endochondral ossification starts by proliferation and condensation of
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344:(top) become degenerating ones (bottom), characteristically displaying a calcified
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Endochondral ossification is responsible for development of most bones including
827:
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751:
357:
During the postnatal life, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (
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1177:
996:
981:"The Origin and Fate of Chondrocytes: Cell Plasticity in Physiological Setting"
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89:. Both endochondral and intramembranous processes initiate from a precursor
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1030:"The Multifaceted Role of the Vasculature in Endochondral Fracture Repair"
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shows the location of both endochondral and intramembranous ossification.
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Histology: a text and atlas: with correlated cell and molecular biology
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105:
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The perichondrium surrounding the cartilage model transforms into the
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Articular cartilage: This layer coats the bone ends, concerned with
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Chondroblasts differentiate into chondrocytes and lay down matrix.
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82:
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Masson
Goldner trichrome stain of growth plate in a rabbit tibia.
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1114:
626:. myEtymology. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011.
113:
704: This article incorporates text available under the
454:(become enlarged). Chondrocytes contain large amounts of
39:
727:, Treasure Island, Florida (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
44:
A schematic representation of endochondral ossification.
27:
Cartilaginous bone development that forms the long bones
834:, Treasure Island, Florida FL): StatPearls Publishing,
825:
1027:
289:
type X, which causes stiffness and compression of the
172:
This hyaline cartilage template expands through both:
658:"A Brief Review of Bone Cell Function and Importance"
305:(VEGF), which controls forthcoming vascular invasion.
656:Å romovĆ”, V; Sobola, D; Kaspar, P (5 November 2023).
925:Richard, Marsell; Thomas A, Einhorn (1 June 2012).
655:
352:
155:
259:(bone shaft), where the following changes occur:
238:
221:From the external surface of existing cartilage.
1470:
924:
70:is one of the two essential pathways by which
1099:
826:Hyland, S; Charlick, M; Varacallo, M (2023),
207:Chondrocytes proliferate and lay down matrix.
828:"Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Clavicle"
624:"Etymology of the English word endochondral"
520:A schematic of endochondral fracture, where
896:Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas
340:showing endochondral ossification: healthy
97:, which is eventually substituted by bone.
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978:
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756:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
683:
673:
376:: This transverse layer lies between the
899:(17th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
805:(15th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health.
515:
505:boneās biomechanical functionality, the
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242:
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450:In this zone, the chondrocytes undergo
442:, forming distinctive looking columns.
14:
1471:
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193:present within the existing cartilage.
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979:Chagin, AS; Chu, TL (December 2023).
888:
886:
858:
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852:
850:
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566:Process of endochondral ossification.
431:Zone of proliferation / cell columns
199:that develop from the perichondrium.
149:
750:Blumer, Michael J. F. (1 May 2021).
644:
528:
792:
496:
422:This zone contains normal, resting
401:Zones of endochondral ossification.
24:
883:
845:
460:vascular endothelial growth factor
303:Vascular endothelial growth factor
271:), they mature into bone-building
25:
1495:
927:"The biology of fracture healing"
447:Zone of maturation / hypertrophy
232:Increase in width and thickness.
144:bones) and the medial end of the
869:(9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
699:
571:
559:
547:
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353:Secondary center of ossification
156:Formation of the cartilage model
38:
1021:
462:to initiate vascular invasion.
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712:
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239:Primary center of ossification
13:
1:
584:
1479:Animal developmental biology
985:Current Osteoporosis Reports
943:10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.031
893:Mescher, Anthony L. (2023).
802:Langman's medical embryology
719:Cowan, PT; Kahai, P (2023),
392:
87:intramembranous ossification
7:
769:10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151704
501:For complete recovery of a
10:
1500:
1034:Frontiers in Endocrinology
997:10.1007/s11914-023-00827-1
863:Pawlina, Wojciech (2024).
419:Zone of resting cartilage
251:endochondral ossification.
85:, the other pathway being
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636:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
602:
511:Indirect fracture healing
297:Matrix metalloproteinases
132:limbs), the bones of the
68:Endochondral ossification
49:
37:
33:Endochondral ossification
32:
1047:10.3389/fendo.2015.00004
609:, "within", and ĻĻĪ½Ī“ĻĪæĻ/
282:). They begin secreting:
108:bones, the bones of the
374:Epiphyseal growth plate
525:
467:Zone of calcification
402:
349:
261:
252:
51:Anatomical terminology
1140:fibrocartilage callus
799:Sadler, T.W. (2023).
675:10.3390/cells12212576
519:
480:Zone of ossification
458:and begin to secrete
400:
332:
246:
187:Cellular protagonists
346:extracellular matrix
309:Alkaline phosphatase
291:extracellular matrix
182:Appositional growth
150:healing of fractures
229:Increase in length.
179:Interstitial growth
173:
74:is produced during
526:
403:
350:
253:
171:
91:mesenchymal tissue
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1371:connective tissue
1366:Volkmann's canals
529:Additional images
487:
486:
424:hyaline cartilage
336:of undecalcified
236:
235:
215:Site of expansion
162:mesenchymal cells
76:fetal development
65:
64:
60:
16:(Redirected from
1491:
1413:medullary cavity
1388:Sharpey's fibres
1361:Haversian canals
1316:epiphyseal plate
1306:subchondral bone
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721:"Anatomy, Bones"
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334:Light micrograph
247:A schematic for
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1135:perichondrium
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1259:bone mineral
1217:endochondral
1216:
1207:primary bone
1199:Ossification
1153:chondroblast
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668:(21): 2576.
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507:bone healing
500:
488:
472:chondrocytes
436:chondrocytes
404:
388:
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342:chondrocytes
269:chondrocytes
254:
218:From within.
191:Chondrocytes
159:
122:appendicular
99:
67:
66:
1418:bone marrow
1158:chondrocyte
452:hypertrophy
414:Definition
280:hypertrophy
273:osteoblasts
72:bone tissue
1473:Categories
1408:trabeculae
1403:canaliculi
1381:periosteum
1340:epicondyle
1325:metaphysis
1285:cancellous
1243:osteoclast
1233:osteoblast
1145:metaphysis
832:StatPearls
762:: 151704.
725:StatPearls
585:References
265:periosteum
134:skull base
120:) and the
18:Enchondral
1449:irregular
1376:endosteum
1349:Structure
1330:diaphysis
1311:epiphysis
1238:osteocyte
1127:Cartilage
1119:cartilage
1056:1664-2392
778:0940-9602
706:CC BY 4.0
503:fractured
393:Histology
382:diaphysis
378:epiphysis
370:movement.
359:epiphysis
257:diaphysis
249:long bone
204:Mechanism
118:vertebrae
80:mammalian
1454:sesamoid
1393:enthesis
1290:cortical
1074:25699016
1015:37837512
1006:10724094
961:21489527
840:30252246
786:33600952
733:30725884
708:license.
694:37947654
685:10648520
632:cite web
611:chondros
456:glycogen
287:Collagen
146:clavicle
142:sphenoid
1398:lacunae
1335:condyle
1299:Regions
1269:osteoid
1178:fibrous
1173:elastic
1168:hyaline
1065:4318416
952:3105171
440:mitosis
319:lacunae
226:Outcome
138:ethmoid
78:of the
1427:Shapes
1356:osteon
1264:ossein
1252:Matrix
1164:Types
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782:PMID
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638:link
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