340:. By spring 924, however, Guo, who had feared that many of Emperor Zhuangzong's favorite eunuchs and performers (as Emperor Zhuangzong had a serious interest in acting) were submitting false accusations against him, decided to make Lady Liu an ally, and therefore endorsed her candidacy to be empress. Emperor Zhuangzong agreed, and created Lady Liu empress. It was said that after Empress Liu's creation, the orders that Empress Dowager Cao and Empress Liu issued were considered to carry the same legal weight as Emperor Zhuangzong's edicts, and the circuits followed them equally.
251:), which would be carved out of Hedong Circuit. Li Cunxu agreed. However, during the meantime, Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Cunhao (ζει‘₯), as well as other adoptive sons of Li Keyong who did not want to submit to the new prince, were lobbying Li Kening and Li Kening's wife Lady Meng that Li Kening take over the Jin throne. Li Kening finally agreed, and he and Li Cunhao plotted to kill Zhang and Li Cunzhang during a feast at his house, and then submit to Later Liang and deliver Li Cunxu and Lady Dowager Cao to the Later Liang capital Daliang (倧ζ’, in modern
278:. It was said that he was filially pious to his mother, such that despite his constant campaigns, he often returned to Taiyuan to see her. On an occasion in 917 when Li Cunxu got into a violent argument with Zhang, who was in charge of the principality's treasury and urged against wasteful spending, Li Cunxu threatened to kill Zhang. When Lady Dowager Cao heard this, she immediately summoned Li Cunxu to her palace and rebuked him. She also sent a messenger to Zhang, stating: "My young son has offended the
344:
her, but she did not get better. Empress
Dowager Cao considered returning to Taiyuan to care for her, but Emperor Zhuangzong dissuaded her on account of the summer heat. Instead, Li Cunwo was dispatched to Taiyuan to attend to Consort Dowager Liu. Soon thereafter, Consort Dowager Liu died. Mourning her, Empress Dowager Cao fell ill as well, and died a few months later.
239:, the officer Wu Gong (ε³η), and the secretary general Lu Zhi (η§θ³ͺ) were to assist Li Cunxu in his rule. Li Cunxu initially offered the Prince of Jin position to Li Kening, but Li Kening pointed out that it was Li Keyong's will that he inherit the title, so Li Cunxu accepted that. Lady Cao thereafter was known as the Lady Dowager of Jin.
200:, whom he defeated in 894. Li Keyong no longer favored other women, but Lady Cao remained an exception. He was harsh and impatient in his character, and whenever his attendants had faults, they often would be punished. Lady Cao often interceded on their behalf, and it was with her intercession that many were spared.
262:
They tried to engage the officer Shi
Jingrong (ε²ζ¬ι) in the plot, but Shi revealed the plot to Lady Dowager Cao. Lady Dowager Cao, initially not sure who the plotters were and apparently believing that Zhang might be part of the plot, summoned Zhang and confronted him. Zhang denied any knowledge, and
343:
According to traditional accounts, the separation between
Empress Dowager Cao and Consort Dowager Liu was devastating to both of them, as they missed each other bitterly and both grew sad. Consort Dowager Liu fell ill in summer 925. Empress Dowager Cao sent a stream of doctors to Taiyuan to treat
306:
and honored Lady Liu only with the lesser title of consort dowager, despite the fact that Lady Liu was Li Keyong's wife and Lady Cao was his concubine. When the news arrived at
Taiyuan, where Lady Cao and Lady Liu were, the new Consort Dowager Liu went to congratulate the new Empress Dowager Cao.
315:
Later in the year, Emperor
Zhuangzong captured the Later Liang capital Daliang (倧ζ’, i.e., Bian Prefecture). Zhu Zhen committed suicide as the city fell, ending Later Liang. Later Tang took over all of Later Liang's territory, and Emperor Zhuangzong made the old Tang eastern capital,
324:
to
Taiyuan to escort Empress Dowager Cao and Consort Dowager Liu to Luoyang. Consort Dowager Liu refused to leave Taiyuan, stating that she needed to remain to attend to the graves and the temples of the deceased emperors (i.e., Li Keyong and his father
282:. I have already whipped him for this offense." The next day, she took Li Cunxu to see Zhang to apologize to him. When Zhang died in 922, she went to his mansion to mourn him and she put on mourning clothes fit for a daughter or a niece.
336:(not related to Consort Dowager Liu), empress, over his wife Lady Han, but had hesitated because Empress Dowager Cao had disliked Lady Liu. Lady Liu's candidacy also was opposed by Emperor Zhuangzong's army chief of staff
242:
Li Kening soon ran into conflicts with Zhang and Li
Cunzhang, however. He thus requested that he be allowed to leave the Jin capital Taiyuan and be made the military governor of Datong Circuit (倧ε, headquartered in modern
641:
223:
as its
Emperor Taizu, but whose legitimacy Li Keyong refused to recognise. In 908 Li Keyong died. Li Cunxu succeeded him as the Prince of Jin. Under Li Keyong's will, Li Keyong's brother
634:
1457:
627:
1514:
290:
In 923, Li Cunxu, who had by that time taken all of the Later Liang territory north of the Yellow River, declared himself the emperor of Tang at Daming (倧ε, in modern
311:
May our son have a long reign, such that after we both die and are buried, there will be people who can attend to our graves. Other than this, what can we wish for?
1437:
196:
It was said that Li Keyong had many concubines and that he particularly favored Lady Zhang, who had previously been the wife of the warlord
1519:
302:, even though Li Cunxu claimed to be the legitimate successor to Tang), as its Emperor Zhuangzong. He honored his mother Lady Cao as
307:
Empress
Dowager Cao was embarrassed that she was given a greater title than Consort Dowager Liu. Consort Dowager Liu stated to her:
1034:
1473:
650:
1524:
1445:
1441:
711:
1433:
1361:
701:
189:. The lady was without a son and encouraged Li Keyong to treat Lady Cao well. She gave birth to Li Keyong's oldest son,
721:
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605:
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385:
1429:
759:
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572:
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457:
426:
410:
405:
744:
333:
190:
150:
87:
267:
to plan a counterplot. Thereafter, at a feast, they seized and killed Li Kening and Li Cunhao, ending their plot.
1397:
1292:
1151:
1115:
881:
577:
1469:
1421:
1218:
1200:
185:, but it was said that she was beautiful, humble, and intelligent, and thus, was respected by Li Keyong's wife
619:
270:
Li Cunxu subsequently waged a 15-year campaign against Later Liang's
Emperor Taizu and his son and successor
177:
Hedong Circuit (ζ²³ζ±), and that she was of commoner, but of respectable birth. It is not known when she became
1529:
1353:
675:
220:
1504:
809:
683:
263:
Li Cunxu thereafter summoned Li Cunzhang, Wu, Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Cunjing (ζεζ¬), and the officer
1284:
1125:
1107:
824:
769:
940:
912:
1413:
1018:
917:
782:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1417:
228:
1449:
1425:
1133:
958:
854:
836:
777:
1323:
1254:
203:
At some point, Lady Cao received the title of Lady of Jin from the Tang imperial government.
157:
dynasty as its Emperor Zhuangzong. After the establishment of Later Tang, she was honored as
986:
876:
715:
705:
8:
1509:
725:
186:
1182:
1028:
212:
30:
1210:
950:
79:
1059:
303:
158:
113:
649:
584:
439:
380:
1498:
1228:
981:
968:
320:, his capital. In spring 924, he sent his brother Li Cunwo (ζεζΈ₯) and his son
232:
1008:
932:
846:
814:
795:
754:
337:
332:
Meanwhile, Emperor Zhuangzong had wanted to create his favorite concubine,
275:
197:
174:
142:
169:
It is not known when Lady Cao was born, but it is known that she was from
1392:
1384:
1315:
1246:
1054:
996:
922:
326:
271:
264:
236:
1236:
1174:
1143:
1089:
1013:
976:
904:
868:
736:
299:
154:
1192:
224:
182:
178:
146:
138:
72:
804:
298:) and thus establishing a new dynasty (commonly referred to as the
321:
317:
252:
216:
170:
360:
274:, gradually seizing all of Later Liang's territory north of the
291:
248:
244:
215:
had been forced to yield the throne to Li Keyong's archrival,
1046:
295:
256:
133:(ζΉε€ͺε, personal name unknown) (died 3 August 925), formally,
206:
329:). So, only Empress Dowager Cao was escorted to Luoyang.
361:
Academia Sinica: Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
1515:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms imperial consorts
1496:
635:
211:At a time by which time Tang's last emperor
1352:
642:
628:
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471:
375:
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371:
369:
1283:
207:During Li Cunxu's reign as Prince of Jin
535:
400:
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347:
1497:
651:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
487:
468:
366:
623:
450:
137:(θ²η°‘ηε, "virtuous and humble"), was a
416:
391:
285:
18:Later Tang Dynasty figure (died 925)
13:
1383:
1314:
14:
1541:
1520:Jin (Later Tang precursor) people
573:New History of the Five Dynasties
561:Old History of the Five Dynasties
458:New History of the Five Dynasties
423:Old History of the Five Dynasties
406:Old History of the Five Dynasties
354:
149:. She was the mother of his son,
88:Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang
519:
153:, who went on to establish the
503:
432:
1:
1458:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
164:
1525:Later Tang empresses dowager
660:Empresses and queens consort
7:
1346:(and other northern states)
1324:Grand Empress Dowager Huang
1277:(and other northern states)
1082:(and other northern states)
668:(and other northern states)
235:, Li Keyong's adoptive son
10:
1546:
173:, then the capital of the
1410:
1377:(other than Northern Han)
1374:
1343:
1336:
1308:(other than Northern Han)
1305:
1293:Grand Empress Dowager Liu
1274:
1267:
1245:
1227:
1209:
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1167:(other than Northern Han)
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995:
967:
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897:(other than Northern Han)
894:
867:
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832:
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791:
768:
735:
692:
674:
665:
658:
119:
112:
108:
78:
68:
56:
48:
44:
36:
28:
23:
219:, who established a new
95:Li Cunwo, Prince of Shen
92:Li Cunba, Prince of Yong
1269:Grand empresses dowager
101:Grand Princess Qionghua
313:
98:Li Cunji, Prince of Ya
1255:Empress Dowager Huang
309:
120:Empress Zhenjian θ²η°‘ηε
1338:Posthumous empresses
1219:Empress Dowager Wang
987:Queen Zhou the Elder
653:empresses and queens
348:Notes and references
1530:People from Taiyuan
1116:Empress Dowager Liu
1098:Empress Dowager Cao
855:Liu Chong's empress
695:concurrent warlords
131:Empress Dowager Cao
29:Empress dowager of
24:Empress Dowager Cao
1505:9th-century births
1201:Empress Dowager Li
1183:Empress Dowager Xu
1152:Empress Dowager Fu
31:Later Tang Dynasty
1492:
1491:
1406:
1405:
1370:
1369:
1332:
1331:
1301:
1300:
1263:
1262:
1160:
1159:
1074:Empresses dowager
1068:
1067:
1041:
1040:
890:
889:
863:
862:
286:During Later Tang
128:
127:
124:
123:
64:(aged 70β71)
1537:
1381:
1380:
1350:
1349:
1312:
1311:
1281:
1280:
1171:
1170:
1086:
1085:
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1001:
901:
900:
830:
829:
672:
671:
644:
637:
630:
621:
620:
552:
542:
533:
523:
517:
507:
501:
491:
485:
475:
466:
454:
448:
436:
430:
420:
414:
402:
389:
377:
364:
358:
135:Empress Zhenjian
110:
109:
63:
21:
20:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1402:
1376:
1366:
1345:
1339:
1328:
1307:
1297:
1276:
1270:
1259:
1241:
1223:
1205:
1187:
1166:
1156:
1138:
1120:
1102:
1081:
1075:
1064:
1037:
1023:
991:
963:
945:
927:
896:
886:
859:
841:
819:
793:
787:
764:
731:
694:
688:
667:
661:
654:
648:
556:
555:
543:
536:
524:
520:
508:
504:
492:
488:
476:
469:
455:
451:
437:
433:
421:
417:
403:
392:
378:
367:
359:
355:
350:
304:empress dowager
288:
209:
167:
159:empress dowager
114:Posthumous name
104:
61:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1490:
1489:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1344:Five Dynasties
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1275:Five Dynasties
1272:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1080:Five Dynasties
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
973:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
955:
953:
947:
946:
944:
943:
937:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
920:
915:
909:
907:
898:
892:
891:
888:
887:
885:
884:
879:
873:
871:
865:
864:
861:
860:
858:
857:
851:
849:
843:
842:
840:
839:
833:
827:
821:
820:
818:
817:
812:
807:
801:
799:
789:
788:
786:
785:
780:
774:
772:
766:
765:
763:
762:
757:
752:
747:
741:
739:
733:
732:
730:
729:
719:
709:
698:
696:
690:
689:
687:
686:
680:
678:
669:
666:Five Dynasties
663:
662:
659:
656:
655:
647:
646:
639:
632:
624:
618:
617:
585:Zizhi Tongjian
581:
569:
554:
553:
545:Zizhi Tongjian
534:
526:Zizhi Tongjian
518:
510:Zizhi Tongjian
502:
494:Zizhi Tongjian
486:
478:Zizhi Tongjian
467:
449:
440:Zizhi Tongjian
431:
415:
390:
381:Zizhi Tongjian
365:
352:
351:
349:
346:
287:
284:
208:
205:
166:
163:
126:
125:
122:
121:
117:
116:
106:
105:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
84:
82:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1542:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1229:Southern Tang
1226:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1035:Empress Zhang
1032:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
985:
983:
982:Empress Zhong
980:
978:
975:
974:
972:
970:
969:Southern Tang
966:
960:
957:
956:
954:
952:
948:
942:
939:
938:
936:
934:
930:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
908:
906:
902:
899:
893:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
872:
870:
866:
856:
853:
852:
850:
848:
844:
838:
835:
834:
831:
828:
826:
822:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
797:
790:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
773:
771:
767:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
740:
738:
734:
727:
723:
720:
717:
713:
710:
707:
703:
700:
699:
697:
691:
685:
684:Empress Zhang
682:
681:
679:
677:
673:
670:
664:
657:
652:
645:
640:
638:
633:
631:
626:
625:
622:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:
582:
579:
575:
574:
570:
567:
563:
562:
558:
557:
550:
546:
541:
539:
531:
527:
522:
515:
511:
506:
499:
495:
490:
483:
479:
474:
472:
464:
460:
459:
453:
446:
442:
441:
435:
428:
424:
419:
412:
408:
407:
401:
399:
397:
395:
387:
383:
382:
376:
374:
372:
370:
362:
357:
353:
345:
341:
339:
335:
330:
328:
323:
319:
312:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
283:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
240:
238:
234:
233:Zhang Chengye
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:Zhu Quanzhong
214:
204:
201:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
118:
115:
111:
107:
100:
97:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
32:
27:
22:
16:
1446:N. Dynasties
1442:S. Dynasties
1375:Ten Kingdoms
1306:Ten Kingdoms
1165:Ten Kingdoms
1097:
1009:Chen Jinfeng
959:Empress Wang
933:Southern Han
913:Empress Zhou
895:Ten Kingdoms
847:Northern Han
815:Xiao Sagezhi
810:Empress Zhen
783:Empress Feng
755:Empress Kong
583:
571:
559:
544:
525:
521:
509:
505:
493:
489:
477:
456:
452:
438:
434:
422:
418:
404:
379:
356:
342:
338:Guo Chongtao
331:
314:
310:
289:
279:
276:Yellow River
269:
261:
241:
210:
202:
198:Li Kuangchou
195:
175:Tang dynasty
168:
143:Tang dynasty
141:to the late
134:
130:
129:
60:3 August 925
15:
1438:16 Kingdoms
1393:Ren Neiming
1354:Later Liang
1055:Sun Taizhen
923:Jin Feishan
918:Empress Gao
798:occupation)
792:Interregnum
760:Empress Liu
750:Empress Cao
745:Empress Liu
722:Empress Liu
712:Empress Zhu
693:Consorts of
676:Later Liang
327:Li Guochang
265:Zhu Shouyin
237:Li Cunzhang
221:Later Liang
62:(925-08-03)
1510:925 deaths
1499:Categories
1430:3 Kingdoms
1362:Lady Zhang
1237:Song Fujin
1175:Former Shu
1144:Later Zhou
1134:Empress Li
1090:Later Tang
1019:Empress Li
1014:Li Chunyan
977:Song Fujin
941:Empress Ma
905:Former Shu
882:Empress Fu
877:Empress Fu
869:Later Zhou
837:Empress Li
778:Empress Li
737:Later Tang
702:Empress Li
300:Later Tang
213:Emperor Ai
193:, in 885.
165:Background
155:Later Tang
1285:Later Jin
1193:Later Shu
1126:Later Han
1108:Later Jin
825:Later Han
770:Later Jin
225:Li Kening
183:concubine
179:Li Keyong
147:Li Keyong
139:concubine
73:Li Keyong
1060:Queen Yu
805:Xiao Wen
588:, vols.
549:vol. 272
530:vol. 271
514:vol. 270
498:vol. 269
482:vol. 266
445:vol. 259
386:vol. 273
334:Lady Liu
272:Zhu Zhen
231:monitor
191:Li Cunxu
187:Lady Liu
151:Li Cunxu
145:warlord
1398:Liu Hua
578:vol. 14
566:vol. 49
463:vol. 14
427:vol. 27
411:vol. 49
322:Li Jiji
318:Luoyang
253:Kaifeng
171:Taiyuan
40:923β925
1470:W. Xia
1412:Xia β
292:Handan
249:Shanxi
245:Datong
229:eunuch
227:, the
69:Spouse
37:Tenure
1414:Shang
1047:Wuyue
296:Hebei
280:Tejin
257:Henan
80:Issue
1486:Qing
1482:Ming
1478:Yuan
1466:Song
1462:Liao
1454:Tang
1418:Zhou
796:Liao
57:Died
49:Born
1474:JΔ«n
1450:Sui
1434:Jìn
1426:Han
1422:Qin
1385:Min
1316:Min
1247:Min
1029:Yin
997:Min
716:Yan
706:Yan
614:273
610:272
606:271
602:270
598:269
594:266
590:263
259:).
181:'s
52:854
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1484:β
1480:β
1476:β
1472:/
1468:/
1464:/
1460:β
1456:β
1452:β
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1440:β
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1420:β
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