Shi Jingtang - Knowledge

927:, but, after capturing it, could not advance further easily against the Dongchuan and Xichuan armies. When Li Siyuan subsequently sent An to the front to monitor the campaign, Shi took the opportunity to write to Li Siyuan, explaining his misgivings from the campaign, and Li Siyuan began to be convinced. Li Siyuan subsequently forced An into retirement and then killed An, and then recalled Shi's army (although Shi already began to retreat before receiving the retreat orders). Li Siyuan subsequently again made him the deputy commander of the imperial guards (by this point, serving as the deputy to another biological son of Li Siyuan's, 1107:). As Shi had recently been ill and appeared frail, Li Congke decided that he needed not be concerned with Shi as a potential threat, and therefore thereafter agreed to let him return to Hedong, stating, "Master Shi is not only a close relative, but had also shared all difficulties of mine when we grew up. Now I am the Son of Heaven; who else can I depend on but Master Shi?" (Shi, and his supporters, would later claim that at this time, Li Congke also made a personal promise to him that he would never be moved away from Hedong for the rest of his life, although historical records, besides Shi's later claim, do not state the such.) 1398:), who was similarly considering to rebel. He also continuously provoked Liao by intercepting its emissaries and killing them. In summer 941, he issued a declaration in which he called on Shi to renounce the peace agreement with Liao and attack it to recapture the territories and peoples that Liao had previously captured, but was not yet openly breaking with Shi. In response, Shi, under Sang Weihan's advice, headed to Guangjin—since then renamed back to Yedu—to prepare for a potential campaign against An Chongrong. Anticipating that An Congjin might rebel when he left Daliang, Shi, under the advice of 1263:) and, believing he could not hold it against the coming torrent of Khitan/Later Jin forces, surrendered, leaving Shi's path toward Luoyang clear. Emperor Taizong, citing the fact that the Han Chinese may be fearful of Khitan soldiers, stopped at Lu himself and had Shi advance toward Luoyang by himself. Believing the situation to be hopeless, Li Congke gathered his family (including Empress Dowager Cao, who decided to die with her stepson's family rather than to live) and a number of officers still loyal to him, and committed suicide by immolation on Xuanwu Tower ( 1114:. Both Shi and Zhao Dejun repeatedly requested reinforcements, and they were allowed to amass troops and supplies at their circuits. As Shi was still apprehensive that Li Congke might be suspicious of him, Shi maintained an information network at Luoyang to keep himself informed of the emperor's actions—the network included two of Shi's own sons, who served in the imperial guards (whose names were variously recorded, and one of whom might have been a brother whom he adopted as a son), and the servants of Empress Dowager Cao. (The two sons were recorded in the 1085:

for the funeral of his father-in-law Li Siyuan, and after the funeral, did not dare to personally bring up the idea of returning to Hedong. Empress Dowager Cao and her daughter, Shi's wife, who by this point was carrying the greater title of Princess of Wei (and soon would receive the even greater title of Grand Princess of Jin), repeatedly begged on his behalf, however, but Li Congke's close associates, who accompanied Li Congke from Fengxiang, mostly suggested that Li Congke detain Shi and not allow him to return to Hedong. Li Congke's chief of staff

1076:) ended up killing each other in mutual combat. Ben committed suicide. Liu Zhiyuan then slaughtered all of Li Conghou's guards, leaving Li Conghou alone at the imperial messenger station at Wei, while Shi himself and his followers continued on to Luoyang (to offer their allegiance to Li Congke). Shi's mother-in-law Empress Dowager Cao issued an edict deposing Li Conghou and ordering Li Congke to take the throne, and Li Congke did. He then sent an emissary to force Li Conghou to commit suicide; when Li Conghou refused, he was strangled to death. 1318:), during his revolt. Yang's soldiers also tried to persuade him to rebel against Later Jin as well, offering to support him as emperor, but Yang refused their overture. Du was soon thereafter able to defeat Zhang, who drowned as he was retreating, ending his part of the rebellion. Fan, believing that he was nearing defeat, offered to surrender. Shi initially refused to accept his surrender. Yang could not capture Guangjin quickly, however. In fall 938, Shi agreed to accept Fan's surrender, and Fan subsequently did, ending the rebellion. 811:) was not quickly suppressed. Li Cunxu sent Li Siyuan to suppress it, but Li Siyuan's own soldiers mutinied and forced Li Siyuan to join the Yedu mutineers. While Li Siyuan was subsequently able to escape from Yedu, Shi persuaded him that he could never, after this point, convince Li Cunxu that he was not part of the mutiny from the beginning. With Shi and the others persuading him to act against Li Cunxu, Li Siyuan finally decided to gather his troops and head south, first toward the secondary capital 788:. He subsequently carried out a campaign that destroyed Later Liang later in the year—a campaign in wherein Li Siyuan played a prominent role. Shi Jingtang and Li Congke both had battlefield accomplishments during the campaign, but Shi did not receive prominent honors as his contributions were not well-known. According to traditional accounts, it was because he did not like to brag about them. However, Li Siyuan was aware of his contributions. 1169:

title of Grand Princess of Jin—came to Luoyang to celebrate Li Congke's birthday. After she offered Li Congke wine to wish him long life, she asked to take leave of him and return to Hedong. Li Congke was already drunk, and he made the comment, "Why do you not stay longer? You wanted to return so quickly. Is it that you are about to rebel with Master Shi?" When she returned to Taiyuan and informed Shi, Shi became even more apprehensive.

1333:. He referred to Emperor Taizong as "father emperor" while referring to himself as "son emperor." He also fostered relationships with high level Khitan generals and officials by giving them gifts and using humble words toward them. This caused the Later Jin officials and commoners to both feel humiliated, but was also credited by historians as what preserved the peace between Later Jin and Liao during his reign. 1235:(the entire Lulong Circuit and the northern prefectures of Hedong Circuit) to Khitan—despite Liu's misgivings. Emperor Taizong agreed, arriving in Hedong territory in fall 936. He quickly engaged Zhang's Later Tang imperial army, defeating Zhang. The remnants of Zhang's army was subsequently surrounded by the Khitan/Hedong troops at Jin'an Base (晉安寨, near Taiyuan). 53: 1150:).) In 935, there was an incident in which, when the imperial envoy was at the front to review Shi's army and to deliver the imperially-bestowed supplies to the army, the soldiers began to chant, "May you live 10,000 years!" at Shi—a chant that should be reserved for the emperor. Shi became fearful, and under the advice of his staff member Duan Xiyao ( 1242:. Still, Emperor Taizong was ambivalent on how much further support to give to Shi at this point, with a Later Tang relief army, commanded by Zhao Dejun, approaching. Zhao, however, was himself not devoted to Li Congke's cause, and stopped short of Jin'an. He secretly negotiated with Emperor Taizong, offering that, if Emperor Taizong would support 1156:), had Liu Zhiyuan behead 36 of the soldiers leading the chant, to try to alleviate the suspicion might be cast on him, but that did not stop Li Congke from suspecting him of having greater ambitions upon receiving the report from the imperial envoy. As Shi was formally the commander of the army to the north, Li Congke commissioned the general 1044:), whom Li Conghou sent against Li Congke in a last-ditch attempt to resist Li Congke's advance, also having surrendered to Li Congke, Li Conghou fled the capital with just 50 cavalry soldiers. Meanwhile, Shi was on the way from Taiyuan to Luoyang to pay homage to Li Conghou. They rendezvoused at Wei Prefecture (衛州, in modern 1373:) to aid Li Jinquan—but with instructions not to try to retain possession of Anyuan; rather, Li Chengyu was to rendezvous with Li Jinquan and escort him safely back to Southern Tang, leaving Anyuan in Later Jin control. Li Chengyu, however, disobeyed Li Bian's orders and tried to defend Anyuan's capital An Prefecture ( 1006:, from Tianxiong (as Meng was left in charge of Tianxiong when Li Conghou was recalled from there), they issued a series of orders—from their Office of the Chiefs of Staff, rather than by imperial edicts—transferring Fan Yanguang, then the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern 1001:

As Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun considered themselves responsible for Li Conghou's succession to the throne, they retained power as chiefs of staff after he took the throne. As both Shi and Li Congke had great battlefield accomplishments under Li Siyuan, they were apprehensive of both Shi and Li Congke.

831:

the Prince of Wei, who had been the commander of the army that destroyed Former Shu, was returning from the Shu lands and heading toward Luoyang with his army, and he initially signaled support for Li Jiji. However, after apparently concluding that he would not be tolerated if Li Jiji became emperor,

1246:

as the emperor of China, he would allow Shi to retain Hedong. Emperor Taizong was enticed, believing that Zhao's army would be difficult to defeat, but was persuaded by Sang (who argued that Zhao could be defeated and that Emperor Taizong, having already committed to Shi, should not support Zhao) to

947:

while Li Congrong born of Lady Xia, who was deceased by that point) and long despised each other. Shi thus did not want to remain under Li Congrong for long, and repeatedly requested to resign. In late 932, Li Siyuan agreed and sent him to Taiyuan to serve as the defender of Taiyuan and the military

1168:

By spring 936, the tension between Li Congke and Shi had become very strong—as Shi was gathering up his wealth and consolidating them at Hedong, and it was commonly believed that Shi would rebel. Li Congke aggravated the situation when Shi's wife—whose title had by that point had become the greater

1084:

Li Congke's quick victory over Li Conghou left Shi Jingtang in a precarious spot – because it was obvious that he was initially intending on supporting Li Conghou and because of the long-standing, if latent, rivalry between him and Li Congke while both served under Li Siyuan. He remained at Luoyang

979:

would try to divert the succession away from him, decided to try to forcibly take power, but his army was defeated by the imperial guards, and he was killed. In the aftermaths, Li Siyuan summoned Li Conghou back from Tianxiong (where Li Conghou was serving as military governor), but died before Li

942:

Shi's relationship with Li Congrong was a tense one, as Li Congrong, viewing himself as the natural heir (being older than Li Conghou), was arrogant and violent. Further, Li Congrong and Shi's wife, who at this point carried the title of Princess Yongning, were born of different mothers (Princess

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to attack Xuanwu's capital Daliang, but then followed that dispatch by sending Shi, and then followed Shi there himself. Zhu, finding the situation hopeless, committed suicide. LI Siyuan subsequently made Shi the military governor of Xuanwu. In 928, Li Siyuan made him the defender of Yedu and the

1282:

The local military governors throughout the Later Tang realm initially all formally submitted to Shi Jingtang. Among them was Fan Yanguang, who, however, felt insecure in his position as the military governor of Tianxiong, and who also had ambitions to be emperor, and therefore was considering

1254:

assassinated him and surrendered to Khitan/Later Jin. Emperor Taizong gave the Later Tang army to Shi, and they jointly prepared to head south toward Luoyang. They engaged Zhao's army at Tuanbo Valley (團柏谷, in modern Taiyuan), crushing it. Zhao fled to Lu Prefecture (潞州, in modern

819:. During this campaign, both Shi and Li Congke continued to play prominent roles. Before Li Siyuan's and Li Cunxu's armies could engage each other, however, Li Cunxu was killed in a mutiny at Luoyang itself. Li Siyuan subsequently entered the city and claimed the title of regent. 1413:

to assume overall command against An Congjin. Upon hearing of An Congjin's rebellion, An Chongrong also rebelled, and Shi sent Du Chongwei against him. Gao quickly defeated An Congjin's advance army, forcing An Congjin into returning to Shannan East's capital Xiang Prefecture

724:, suggesting the possibility that Lady He was Shi Shaoyong's wife and Shi Jingtang's "legal" mother, but that Lady Liu was his birth mother.) In his youth, Shi Jingtang was said to be quiet and stern. He studied the military strategies and particularly tried to take after 1426:) tried to surrender to the imperial forces—and while the imperial forces killed him, Zhao's attempted surrender caused a general panic in An Chongrong's army, causing a collapse and forcing An Chongrong to flee back to Chengde's capital Zhen Prefecture ( 855:

Li Siyuan commissioned Shi as the military governor of Baoyi Circuit (保義, headquartered at Shan Prefecture) and created him a count. In 927, he recalled Shi to Luoyang to serve the deputy commander of the imperial guards (with Li Siyuan's biological son

1226:

Li Congke commissioned Zhang Jingda to lead the imperial troops against Shi, and Zhang quickly put Taiyuan under siege, but was unable to capture it quickly, with Liu defending the city capably. Shi had Sang write a letter requesting aid from Khitan's

1182:) believed that the solution was to ally with the Khitan Empire. They suggested that certain previously captured Khitan officers be released back to the Khitan; and that a certain amount of money be given to the Khitan each year. The chancellor 693:, apparently was skeptical of this account of Shi Jingtang's ancestry, and instead merely gave Nieliji's name, further stating that it was unclear when or how he received the surname of Shi. Most likely, Shi Jingtang descended from the 2293:

ancestors all had Chinese names here indicates that these names were probably all created posthumously after Shi Jingtang became a "Chinese" emperor. Shi Jingtang actually claimed to be a descendant of Chinese historical figures

1432:). In spring 942, an officer of An Chongrong's opened up the city and surrendered; the imperial forces then entered and put An Chongrong to death. (An Congjin, however, would not be defeated until after Shi Jingtang's death.) 1283:

rebelling. Realizing that Fan was considering doing so, in spring 937, under Sang Weihan's advice, Shi moved the capital from Luoyang to Daliang, as Daliang was closer to Tianxiong's capital (which Shi had renamed Guangjin (

922:

was intending to act against them, rebelled together. Li Siyuan sent Shi to command the army against the two circuits—a commission that Shi accepted despite his misgivings about the campaign. Shi quickly advanced to

747:

after Tang's fall in 907 (as Li Keyong carried the Tang-bestowed title of Prince of Jin), and after Li Keyong's death in 908, Li Cunxu succeeded him as the Prince of Jin, in rivalry with Tang's main successor state

1192:) opposed, believing that it was likely to lead to the Khitans' asking for Li Congke's daughter in marriage, which Xue considered humiliating. Li Congke therefore put a stop to the proposal and demoted Lü. 716:. His mother was stated to be a Lady He, and it was not stated whether she was Shi Shaoyong's wife or concubine. (However, after he later became emperor, Shi Jingtang honored Shi Shaoyong's concubine 1409:

In winter 941, hearing that Shi Jingtang had left Daliang for Yedu, An Congjin rebelled. Shi Conggui immediately, under authority previously given to him by Shi Jingtang, commissioned the general

1386:

the military governor of Chengde, who had viewed Shi's submissive attitude toward Liao as a sign of weakness, was himself considering rebelling against Later Jin. He entered into an alliance with

589:

and eventually annex the entire Later Jin. The rise of the Liao in northern China and the Mongolian Plateau would shape Chinese politics for the centuries leading up to the Mongol Empire.

1211:

the Prince of Xu. Li Congke, in anger, stripped Shi of his titles and declared a general campaign against Shi. He also arrested Shi's sons, as well as his younger brother Shi Jingde (

1203:

advocated resistance. Accepting Liu and Sang's suggestion, Shi issued a declaration calling for Li Congke, whom he claimed to be an inappropriate person to be emperor as merely an

3042: 1420:) to try to defend it. Meanwhile, Du engaged An Chongrong, and An Chongrong was initially successful in the engagement. At this time, though, An Chongrong's officer Zhao Yanzhi ( 3766: 771:

Despite the familial relationship between Shi and Li Congke and their serving together under Li Siyuan, the two did not like each other and had a rivalry, although not overtly.

1379:). Ma defeated, captured, and executed him. Li Bian subsequently wrote Shi, explaining that Li Chengyu had disobeyed orders. There was subsequent peace between the two states. 1195:

In summer 936, at Xue's suggestion, Li Congke issued an edict moving Shi from Hedong to Tianping. Shi, in fear, convened his staff members and considered what to do next.

764:

to Shi in marriage. Shi subsequently served under Li Siyuan in campaigns, becoming one of the two prominent officers under Li Siyuan (along with Li Siyuan's adoptive son

1439:

to Feng Dao, wanting Feng to support Shi Chongrui in succeeding to the throne. After Shi Jingtang's death in summer 942, Feng, in consultation with the imperial general

1250:

Meanwhile, while Zhao was in negotiations with the Khitan, the situation at Jin'an became desperate for the Later Tang remnants there. Eventually, Zhang's deputy

795:, was thrown into chaos due to his misrule. While a fierce general, he was not a capable ruler, and he had alienated the army by killing two prominent generals, 3035: 1443:, came to the conclusion that the state, in disarray at the time, needed an older emperor. They thus supported Shi Chonggui to succeed Shi Jingtang. 852:

took over command of the remaining army and rendezvoused with Shi, signaling support for Li Siyuan. With Li Jiji dead, Li Siyuan claimed the throne.

752:. Li Cunxu subsequently made his adoptive brother (Li Keyong's adoptive son) Li Siyuan, a major general, the prefect of Dai Prefecture (代州 in modern 1025:

Li Congke, believing that these moves were targeting him, rebelled. Li Conghou sent the imperial army against him, under the command of the general

3730: 3028: 631:), and further stated that Shi Fen's descendants fled west when Han fell, settling in what would eventually become Gan Prefecture (甘州, in modern 1436: 1300:. The central Later Jin realm was, for a time, thrown into disarray, after Fan was able to persuade another Later Jin general, Zhang Congbin ( 3795: 3762: 1014:), to Tianxiong; Shi from Hedong to Chengde; and Li Congke, then the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern 3855: 1521:) (born 918, killed by Zhang Congbin 937), posthumously created the Prince of Yi (created 942) and then the Prince of Chu (created 943) 17: 2299: 2295: 622: 1329:

to Khitan—whose state name had been changed to Liao by this point—to offer honorary titles to both Emperor Taizong and his mother

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Historiography and Narratives of the Later Tang (923–936) and Later Jin (936–947) Dynasties in Tenth- to Eleventh century Sources

1095:), however, believed that keeping Shi at Luoyang would cause apprehension in the minds of another brother-in-law of Li Congke's, 3800: 3051: 552: 1110:

After Shi's return to Hedong, there were repeated incursions of Later Tang's northern circuits by Later Tang's northern rival

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governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered at Taiyuan). He was also given the greater honorary chancellor designation of

3718: 3714: 1052:). Realizing that Li Conghou was now completely without his imperial army, Shi consulted the prefect of Wei, Wang Hongzhi ( 663:, and was settled, along with the rest of the Shatuo people under Zhuye, in Tang territory. Shi Jingtang's father Nieliji ( 163: 848:) respectively, to block Li Jiji. Li Jiji's own soldiers began to desert, and he committed suicide. Li Jiji's subordinate 3706: 1070:) heard of this, they cursed Shi for being faithless, and Sha tried to assassinate Shi, but he and Shi's guard Chen Hui ( 1035:) led the soldiers under him and defected to Li Congke. Wang was captured, and Li Congke marched quickly toward Luoyang. 2710: 2689: 2652: 2621: 2598: 2582: 2566: 2545: 2529: 2513: 2484: 2402: 3845: 2865: 2801: 2737: 2668: 2465: 2420: 2415: 2362: 2357: 1491: 1116: 944: 689: 599: 3710: 3702: 1002:

In spring 934, Zhu and Feng, not wanting Shi to remain long as Hedong and wanting to recall their ally, the eunuch

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When he grew up, he was known as one of the strongest warriors in the region due to his valor and martial prowess.

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the Prince of Qin). He was also given the military governorship of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern

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Upon Li Conghou's assumption of the throne, he gave Shi Jingtang the greater honorary chancellor title of

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In 930, the two main military governors of the Shu lands, both commissioned by Li Cunxu before his death—

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Li Siyuan appeared to be initially hesitant to take the throne himself, as at that time, Li Cunxu's son

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he sent Shi Jingtang and Li Congke to take up defensive positions at Shan Prefecture (陝州, in modern

760:). While Li Siyuan served as the prefect of Dai, he became impressed with Shi Jingtang and gave his 3835: 3820: 3815: 3694: 3581: 3498: 3493: 2843: 709: 610: 2777: 1406:

in charge of Daliang with authority to immediately commission generals to act against An Congjin.

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Li Siyuan became deathly ill in late 933. Li Congrong, believing that Li Siyuan's chiefs of staff

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The Ancestors' Instructions Must Not Change: Political Discourse and Practice in the Song Period

1058:), who advised Shi that Li Conghou's cause was hopeless. When Li Conghou's guards Sha Shourong ( 3758: 3754: 3750: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3690: 3488: 3483: 3356: 3283: 1483: 1238:

While Jin'an was still under siege, Emperor Taizong declared Shi the emperor of a new state of

761: 199: 30:"Gaozu of Jin" redirects here. For the founding patriarch of the Jin dynasty ruling house, see 877:

military governor of Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered at Yedu), and gave him the honorary

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Fan rebelled in summer 937. Shi mobilized his army against Fan, with the main armies under

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Considering the father was originally called Nieliji without a surname, the fact that his

52: 8: 3790: 3785: 3113: 1232: 586: 3569: 237: 135: 2747: 1306:), into rebelling at Luoyang, and Zhang was even able to kill Shi's son Shi Chongxin ( 1289:)) and, upon the expected revolt by Fan, he would be able to react much more quickly. 968:), putting Liu in charge of military matters and Zhou in charge of financial matters. 2875: 2847: 2833: 2733: 2461: 462: 454: 206: 1231:, promising that if Emperor Taizong agreed to support him as emperor, he would cede 698: 2980: 2964: 2457: 544: 522: 419: 388: 1530:) (born 919, killed by Zhang Congbin 937), posthumously created the Prince of Shou 511: 2451: 2374: 980:

Conghou arrived at Luoyang. Li Conghou subsequently arrived and took the throne.

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After Shi's rise to power, the Liao would later annex the strategically crucial

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son, to abdicate the throne and pass it to Li Siyuan's youngest biological son

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the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern

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With Li Congke approaching Luoyang and the imperial general Kang Yicheng (

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supported their proposal. However, another imperial scholar, Xue Wenyu (

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account, his great-great-grandfather, whose name was given as Shi Jing (

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Meanwhile, Shi fell ill. He entrusted his young and only surviving son

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the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit (東川 headquartered in modern

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Chaotic Eras – The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (亂世風雲－五代十國篇)

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the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern

958:). Shi entrusted much of the affairs of the circuit to two officers, 898:

the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川 headquartered in modern

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the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern

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the military governor of Anyuan Circuit (安遠 headquartered in modern

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In 923, Li Cunxu declared himself emperor of a new state called the

675:), was said to be a successful general under Zhuye Zhiyi's grandson 3667: 3647: 3450: 3164: 2993: 1326: 1256: 911: 849: 841: 753: 702: 680: 478: 1359:), Li rebelled and submitted to Later Jin's southeastern neighbor 687:

after Tang's fall. The other official history for the period, the

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The region that Li Keyong ruled subsequently became the state of

713: 632: 347: 337: 114: 31: 2732:(in Chinese). Hong Kong: Zhonghua Book Company. pp. 30–43. 3440: 3432: 2968: 2377: 1322: 1260: 1045: 845: 804: 757: 694: 559: 118: 679:, who was an important late-Tang warlord, and Li Keyong's son 603:

stated that his family was originally descended from Shi Que (

3639: 3012: 2302:, and insisted that his ancestors went westwards towards non- 1395: 1350: 1049: 1015: 1011: 936: 869: 837: 815:(Later Liang's former capital) and then the imperial capital 808: 725: 669:), who was referred to by the Han Chinese name Shi Shaoyong ( 636: 143: 2778:"Liao Dynasty – The Khitan Conquest of Later Jin (遼國契丹滅後晉)" 1512:

936), posthumously created the Prince of Guo (created 939)

1029:, but Wang's army collapsed when the officer Yang Siquan ( 860:

serving as the commander). Later in 927, when the general

483: 1539:), posthumously created the Prince of Kui (created 942) 639:), apparently in an attempt to try to link Shi with a 1581:

Ancestors of Shi Jingtang, Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin

1199:

advocated reporting to Tianping, but Liu Zhiyuan and

791:

However, by 926, Li Cunxu's state, which had annexed

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before rebelling in 936. He enlisted the help of the

459: 445: 431: 1217:), and put them to death. Shi's cousin Shi Jingwei ( 582:'s adopted son (even though he was 10 years older). 1099:the military governor of Xuanwu, and Zhao's father 918:)—fearing that Li Siyuan's powerful chief of staff 2306:area during the political chaos at the end of the 708:Shi Jingtang was born in 892, during the reign of 529:; 30 March 892 – 28 July 942), also known by his 3777: 1341:In summer 940, when Shi Jingtang tried to have 1475:Lady He, posthumously honored Empress Xiaoyuan 1163: 1160:to serve as his deputy to divide his command. 697:sub-tribe Anqing (安慶), specifically, from the 653:), followed the Shatuo chieftain Zhuye Zhiyi ( 643:ancestry despite the Shatuo origin. Under the 562:and was an important military general for the 3036: 1561: 1549: 1543: 1534: 1525: 1516: 1503: 1462: 1456: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1374: 1368: 1354: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1284: 1272: 1264: 1218: 1212: 1187: 1177: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1127: 1121: 1090: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1053: 1039: 1030: 993: 963: 953: 886: 670: 664: 654: 648: 626: 604: 538: 393: 983: 803:. A subsequent mutiny at Yedu (鄴都 in modern 774: 592: 1548:), name posthumously bestowed, né Fengliu ( 1321:Meanwhile, Shi sent the senior chancellors 1079: 822: 3043: 3029: 2826:Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government 2814: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2558: 2556: 2554: 1554:), posthumously created the Prince of Chen 840:) and Hezhong Municipality (河中, in modern 779: 768:) due to his battlefield accomplishments. 51: 27:Founding emperor of Later Jin (r. 936–942) 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 1566:) (Born 915, killed by Zhang Congbin 937) 2867:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties 2432: 2352: 720:, first as consort dowager, and then as 264:): 28 November 936 – 7 February 943 2695: 2674: 2627: 2604: 2588: 2572: 2551: 2535: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 14: 3778: 3052:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2658: 2490: 2383: 2223: 2130: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2008: 1912: 1807: 1803: 1791: 1697: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1353:) replaced by the general Ma Quanjie ( 553:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 461: 284:Emperor Shèngwén Zhāngwǔ Míngdé Xiào ( 3024: 2796: 2220: 2210: 2198: 2188: 2184: 2172: 2170: 2160: 2148: 2138: 2134: 2118: 2116: 2106: 2094: 2084: 2080: 2068: 2066: 2056: 2044: 2034: 2030: 2002: 1992: 1980: 1970: 1966: 1954: 1952: 1942: 1930: 1920: 1916: 1900: 1897: 1887: 1875: 1865: 1861: 1849: 1847: 1837: 1825: 1815: 1811: 1788: 1778: 1766: 1756: 1752: 1740: 1737: 1727: 1715: 1705: 1701: 1685: 1682: 1672: 1659: 1649: 1645: 1633: 1630: 1620: 1607: 1603: 1367:commissioned his general Li Chengyu ( 738: 683:, who ruled the independent state of 555:, reigning from 936 until his death. 2727: 2449: 2408: 2329: 3796:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) emperors 2443: 24: 3146: 2870:. Translated by Richard L. Davis. 2860: 2378:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter 1089:and imperial scholar Li Zhuanmei ( 25: 3887: 3856:Jin (Later Tang precursor) people 2665:New History of the Five Dynasties 2416:New History of the Five Dynasties 2368: 2358:Old History of the Five Dynasties 1117:New History of the Five Dynasties 883:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi 690:New History of the Five Dynasties 645:Old History of the Five Dynasties 600:Old History of the Five Dynasties 2832: 2283: 484: 155:Xian Mausoleum (顯陵, in today's 2519: 2474: 2426: 1550: 1428: 1422: 1355: 1302: 1285: 1277: 1178: 1072: 887: 460: 446: 432: 394: 13: 1: 3801:10th-century monarchs in Asia 3731:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 2808:History of the Five Dynasties 2317: 1336: 138:, Later Jin dynasty (today's 71:28 November 936 – 28 July 942 2828:] (in Literary Chinese). 2810:] (in Literary Chinese). 2433:Barenghi, Maddalena (2014). 2322: 574:in his struggle against the 7: 3062:(and other northern states) 2748:"5 Dynasties and 10 States" 1572: 1233:16 prefectures to the north 1164:Rebellion against Li Congke 212: 10: 3892: 2720: 2124: 2024: 2020: 1906: 1805: 1797: 1691: 1597: 1593: 1363:. Southern Tang's emperor 1273:Reign as Later Jin emperor 535:Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin 500: 179:34.6221833°N 112.0950028°E 90:Shi Chonggui (Emperor Chu) 42:Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin 29: 18:Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin 3680: 3638: 3620: 3577: 3568: 3540: 3507: 3474: 3431: 3393: 3370: 3347: 3341:(other than Northern Han) 3338: 3306: 3269: 3251: 3242: 3215: 3192: 3160: 3137: 3096: 3068: 3059: 3005: 2990: 2978: 2962: 2950: 2940: 2931: 2925: 2920: 2892: 2872:Columbia University Press 2310:in the early 3rd century. 2204: 2186: 2178: 2154: 2136: 2132: 2100: 2082: 2074: 2050: 2032: 2028: 1986: 1968: 1960: 1936: 1918: 1914: 1881: 1863: 1855: 1831: 1813: 1809: 1772: 1754: 1746: 1721: 1703: 1699: 1666: 1647: 1639: 1614: 1601: 1562: 1544: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1504: 1463: 1457: 1446: 1416: 1375: 1369: 1314: 1308: 1296:and Shi's brother-in-law 1265: 1219: 1213: 1188: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1128: 1122: 1091: 1066: 1060: 1054: 1040: 1031: 994: 984:During Li Conghou's reign 964: 954: 775:Service during Later Tang 671: 665: 655: 649: 627: 605: 593:Background and early life 578:. For this he was called 539: 526: 495: 477: 470: 453: 439: 425: 418: 413: 409: 387: 383: 378: 366: 358: 346: 336: 320: 313: 275: 268: 256: 251: 227: 222: 218: 205: 195: 150: 125: 99: 95: 85: 75: 67: 59: 50: 41: 3846:Politicians from Taiyuan 2844:Harvard University Press 2839:Imperial China: 900–1800 2820: 2802: 2276: 1494:, mother of Shi Chongxin 1247:reject Zhao's proposal. 1080:During Li Congke's reign 823:During Li Siyuan's reign 710:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang 611:Spring and Autumn period 3234:Emperor Shizong of Liao 3229:Emperor Taizong of Liao 780:During Li Cunxu's reign 701:clan (石) of ultimately 580:Emperor Taizong of Liao 252:Era name and dates 184:34.6221833; 112.0950028 2928:None (dynasty founded) 2450:Deng, Xiaonan (2021). 1172:The imperial scholars 609:), an official of the 2800:; et al. (974). 2728:Tian, Jujian (1992). 1789:2. Shi Shaoyong (石紹雍) 1331:Empress Dowager Shulü 1223:) committed suicide. 597:The official history 3851:Generals from Shanxi 2992:Sovereign of China ( 2934:Emperor of Later Jin 1312:) and Shi Chong'ai ( 1126:) and Shi Chongyin ( 551:of China during the 543:), was the founding 328:; "High Forefather") 157:Yiyang County, Henan 3811:Later Tang jiedushi 3097:Concurrent warlords 2439:(PhD). p. 3-4. 1144:) and Shi Chongyi ( 1064:) and Ben Hongjin ( 659:) in submitting to 587:Sixteen Prefectures 175: / 2460:. pp. 95–96. 1402:, left his nephew 1120:as Shi Chongying ( 739:Service during Jin 576:Later Tang dynasty 558:Shi was an ethnic 362:Shi Shaoyong (石紹雍) 3866:Founding monarchs 3841:Mayors of Taiyuan 3826:Tianping jiedushi 3773: 3772: 3676: 3675: 3634: 3633: 3334: 3333: 3302: 3301: 3188: 3187: 3019: 3018: 3006:Succeeded by 2941:Succeeded by 2273: 2272: 2269: 2268: 1660:17. Lady Qin (秦氏) 1608:16. Shi Jing (石璟) 1138:as Shi Chongyin ( 943:Yongning born of 549:Later Jin dynasty 499: 498: 491: 490: 420:Standard Mandarin 374: 373: 332: 331: 279:Never used short 62:Later Jin dynasty 16:(Redirected from 3883: 3871:Sogdian monarchs 3861:Chengde jiedushi 3575: 3574: 3345: 3344: 3249: 3248: 3144: 3143: 3066: 3065: 3045: 3038: 3031: 3022: 3021: 2981:Emperor of China 2965:Emperor of China 2951:Preceded by 2926:Preceded by 2916: 2909: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2857: 2829: 2811: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2743: 2714: 2704: 2693: 2683: 2672: 2662: 2656: 2646: 2625: 2615: 2602: 2592: 2586: 2576: 2570: 2560: 2549: 2539: 2533: 2523: 2517: 2507: 2488: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2430: 2424: 2412: 2406: 2394: 2381: 2372: 2366: 2354: 2311: 2287: 1631:8. Shi Chen (石郴) 1587: 1586: 1578: 1577: 1565: 1564: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1507: 1506: 1466: 1465: 1461:), né Nieleiji ( 1460: 1459: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1358: 1357: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1288: 1287: 1268: 1267: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1215: 1191: 1190: 1181: 1180: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1094: 1093: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1043: 1042: 1034: 1033: 997: 996: 967: 966: 957: 956: 890: 889: 674: 673: 668: 667: 658: 657: 652: 651: 630: 629: 608: 607: 542: 541: 528: 487: 486: 466: 465: 464: 449: 448: 447:Shih Ching-t'ang 435: 434: 411: 410: 405: 404: 376: 375: 220: 219: 190: 189: 187: 186: 185: 180: 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 132: 55: 46: 39: 38: 21: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3836:Xuanwu jiedushi 3821:Heyang jiedushi 3816:Hedong jiedushi 3776: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3672: 3630: 3616: 3564: 3536: 3503: 3470: 3427: 3389: 3366: 3340: 3330: 3298: 3265: 3238: 3217: 3211: 3184: 3156: 3133: 3092: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3015: 3002: 2985: 2973: 2960: 2946: 2937: 2929: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2854: 2822: 2804: 2787: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2705: 2696: 2684: 2675: 2663: 2659: 2647: 2628: 2616: 2605: 2593: 2589: 2577: 2573: 2561: 2552: 2540: 2536: 2524: 2520: 2508: 2491: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2448: 2444: 2431: 2427: 2413: 2409: 2395: 2384: 2375:Academia Sinica 2373: 2369: 2355: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2221:3. Lady He (何氏) 1898:5. Lady Mi (米氏) 1738:9. Lady An (安氏) 1575: 1502:Shi Chongying ( 1449: 1339: 1280: 1275: 1229:Emperor Taizong 1166: 1082: 986: 825: 782: 777: 741: 722:empress dowager 621:prime minister 595: 516: 280: 270:Posthumous name 236: 191: 183: 181: 177: 174: 169: 166: 164: 162: 161: 160: 140:Linzhang County 134: 130: 104: 80:Dynasty founded 60:Emperor of the 44: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3889: 3879: 3878: 3876:Sogdian people 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3831:Weibo jiedushi 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3806:Baoyi jiedushi 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3771: 3770: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3353: 3351: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3121: 3111: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3063: 3060:Five Dynasties 3057: 3056: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3017: 3016: 3007: 3004: 2988: 2987: 2976: 2975: 2961: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2921:Regnal titles 2918: 2917: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2880: 2858: 2852: 2830: 2812: 2794: 2774: 2759: 2744: 2738: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2707:Zizhi Tongjian 2694: 2686:Zizhi Tongjian 2673: 2657: 2649:Zizhi Tongjian 2626: 2618:Zizhi Tongjian 2603: 2595:Zizhi Tongjian 2587: 2579:Zizhi Tongjian 2571: 2563:Zizhi Tongjian 2550: 2542:Zizhi Tongjian 2534: 2526:Zizhi Tongjian 2518: 2510:Zizhi Tongjian 2489: 2481:Zizhi Tongjian 2473: 2466: 2442: 2425: 2407: 2398:Zizhi Tongjian 2382: 2367: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1683:4. Shi Yi (石翌) 1681: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1583: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1558: 1555: 1542:Shi Chonggao ( 1540: 1533:Shi Chongjin ( 1531: 1522: 1515:Shi Chongxin ( 1513: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1486:, daughter of 1478: 1477: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1455:Shi Shaoyong ( 1448: 1445: 1338: 1335: 1294:Yang Guangyuan 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1252:Yang Guangyuan 1165: 1162: 1135:Zizhi Tongjian 1132:), and in the 1081: 1078: 1022:), to Hedong. 985: 982: 962:and Zhou Gui ( 824: 821: 781: 778: 776: 773: 740: 737: 617:, through the 594: 591: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 481: 475: 474: 472:Yue: Cantonese 468: 467: 457: 451: 450: 443: 437: 436: 429: 423: 422: 416: 415: 414:Transcriptions 407: 406: 391: 385: 384: 381: 380: 372: 371: 368: 364: 363: 360: 356: 355: 350: 344: 343: 340: 334: 333: 330: 329: 318: 317: 311: 310: 273: 272: 266: 265: 254: 253: 249: 248: 225: 224: 216: 215: 209: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 154: 152: 148: 147: 133:(aged 50) 127: 123: 122: 101: 97: 96: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 57: 56: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3888: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3663:Qian Hongzong 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3653:Qian Yuanguan 3651: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3628:Wang Yanzheng 3625: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3542:Southern Tang 3539: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3380:Meng Zhixiang 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3104:Liu Shouguang 3102: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3014: 3010: 3009:Qian Yuanguan 3001: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2894:Shi Jingtang 2891: 2883: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2795: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2764: 2760: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2739:962-231-668-9 2735: 2731: 2726: 2725: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2469: 2467:9789004473270 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2438: 2437: 2429: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 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Dynasties 3715:S. Dynasties 3658:Qian Hongzuo 3587:Wang Shenzhi 3527:Yang Longyan 3476:Southern Han 3362:Wang Zongyan 3339:Ten Kingdoms 3284:Liu Chengjun 3271:Northern Han 3261:Liu Chengyou 3207:Shi Chonggui 3202:Shi Jingtang 3201: 2997: 2991: 2979: 2963: 2944:Shi Chonggui 2932: 2912: 2905: 2899:House of Shi 2897: 2866: 2837: 2825: 2807: 2798:Xue, Juzheng 2786:. Retrieved 2784:(in Chinese) 2782:China10k.com 2781: 2766:. Retrieved 2751:. Retrieved 2729: 2706: 2685: 2664: 2660: 2648: 2617: 2594: 2590: 2578: 2574: 2562: 2541: 2537: 2525: 2521: 2509: 2480: 2476: 2452: 2445: 2435: 2428: 2414: 2410: 2396: 2370: 2356: 2285: 2005:Shi Jingtang 2004: 1557:Shi Chongrui 1437:Shi Chongrui 1434: 1411:Gao Xingzhou 1408: 1404:Shi Chonggui 1384:An Chongrong 1381: 1340: 1320: 1291: 1281: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1225: 1204: 1194: 1171: 1167: 1158:Zhang Jingda 1133: 1115: 1109: 1097:Zhao Yanshou 1083: 1037: 1024: 1008:Shijiazhuang 1000: 989: 987: 973:Zhu Hongzhao 970: 949: 941: 925:Jianmen Pass 893: 882: 881:designation 874:Fan Yanguang 854: 826: 797:Guo Chongtao 790: 783: 770: 742: 734: 707: 688: 644: 598: 596: 584: 572:Liao dynasty 557: 534: 519:Shi Jingtang 518: 517: 510: 503:Chinese name 433:Shí Jìngtáng 427:Hanyu Pinyin 379:Shi Jingtang 370:Lady He (何氏) 281: 276: 240:: Jìngtáng ( 109:(in today's 107:Tang dynasty 103:30 March 892 79: 36: 3711:16 Kingdoms 3602:Wang Jipeng 3597:Wang Yanjun 3592:Wang Yanhan 3517:Yang Xingmi 3423:Gao Jichong 3413:Gao Baorong 3408:Gao Conghui 3326:Guo Zongxun 3256:Liu Zhiyuan 3222:occupation) 3216:Interregnum 3088:Zhu Youzhen 3070:Later Liang 2862:Ouyang, Xiu 2763:"Later Jin" 2308:Han dynasty 2304:Han Chinese 2291:patrilineal 1492:Empress Cao 1382:Meanwhile, 1298:Du Chongwei 1278:Early reign 1201:Sang Weihan 1176:and Lü Qi ( 1087:Han Zhaoyin 1027:Wang Sitong 960:Liu Zhiyuan 945:Empress Cao 929:Li Congrong 920:An Chonghui 862:Zhu Shouyin 801:Zhu Youqian 750:Later Liang 641:Han Chinese 531:temple name 507:family name 315:Temple name 229:Family name 182: / 131:(942-07-28) 129:28 July 942 76:Predecessor 3791:942 deaths 3786:892 births 3780:Categories 3703:3 Kingdoms 3612:Zhu Wenjin 3607:Wang Yanxi 3466:Ma Xichong 3456:Ma Xiguang 3446:Ma Xisheng 3403:Gao Jixing 3385:Meng Chang 3349:Former Shu 3308:Later Zhou 3294:Liu Jiyuan 3175:Li Conghou 3139:Later Tang 3124:Li Maozhen 3083:Zhu Yougui 2983:(Central) 2958:Later Tang 2881:0231128266 2853:0674445155 2834:Mote, F.W. 2816:Sima Guang 2318:References 1484:Empress Li 1388:An Congjin 1343:Li Jinquan 1337:Late reign 1101:Zhao Dejun 908:Dong Zhang 879:chancellor 858:Li Conghou 793:Former Shu 786:Later Tang 762:Empress Li 564:Later Tang 441:Wade–Giles 238:Given name 200:Empress Li 3582:Wang Chao 3499:Liu Chang 3494:Liu Sheng 3418:Gao Baoxu 3372:Later Shu 3357:Wang Jian 3321:Chai Rong 3289:Liu Ji'en 3279:Liu Chong 3244:Later Han 3194:Later Jin 3180:Li Congke 3170:Li Siyuan 3154:Li Keyong 3114:Wang Rong 2954:Li Congke 2901:(936–947) 2864:(2004) . 2768:8 October 2753:8 October 2323:Citations 1510:Li Congke 1499:Children 1488:Li Siyuan 1392:Xiangyang 1240:Later Jin 1209:Li Congyi 1197:Zhao Ying 834:Sanmenxia 766:Li Congke 730:Zhou Yafu 677:Li Keyong 353:Later Jin 105:Taiyuan, 86:Successor 3668:Qian Chu 3648:Qian Liu 3451:Ma Xifan 3165:Li Cunxu 2994:Zhejiang 2986:937–942 2974:936–942 2938:936–942 2836:(1999). 2818:(1086). 2788:27 March 2711:vol. 282 2690:vol. 281 2653:vol. 280 2622:vol. 278 2599:vol. 277 2583:vol. 276 2567:vol. 275 2546:vol. 274 2530:vol. 272 2514:vol. 279 2485:vol. 266 2403:vol. 283 1573:Ancestry 1327:Feng Dao 1257:Changzhi 1205:adoptive 977:Feng Yun 950:Shizhong 912:Mianyang 888:同中書門下平章事 850:Ren Huan 842:Yuncheng 754:Shuozhou 718:Lady Liu 705:origin. 681:Li Cunxu 501:In this 479:Jyutping 257:Tiānfú ( 3555:Li Jing 3550:Li Bian 3532:Yang Pu 3522:Yang Wo 3489:Liu Bin 3484:Liu Yan 3461:Ma Xi'e 3395:Jingnan 3316:Guo Wei 3078:Zhu Wen 2998:de jure 2721:Sources 2669:vol. 17 2363:vol. 75 2300:Shi Fen 2296:Shi Que 1472:Mother 1452:Father 1400:He Ning 1365:Li Bian 1347:Xiaogan 1174:Li Song 1105:Beijing 1020:Shaanxi 933:Jiaozuo 916:Sichuan 904:Sichuan 900:Chengdu 866:Kaifeng 829:Li Jiji 817:Luoyang 813:Daliang 714:Taiyuan 703:Sogdian 633:Zhangye 623:Shi Fen 547:of the 545:emperor 533:as the 523:Chinese 389:Chinese 348:Dynasty 321:Gāozǔ ( 231:: Shí ( 115:Taiyuan 32:Sima Yi 3743:W. Xia 3441:Ma Yin 3054:rulers 2969:Shanxi 2911: 2878: 2850: 2736: 2464: 2421:vol. 8 1447:Family 1323:Liu Xu 1261:Shanxi 1046:Anyang 906:) and 846:Shanxi 805:Handan 758:Shanxi 695:Shatuo 613:state 568:Khitan 560:Shatuo 525:: 505:, the 367:Mother 359:Father 277:Short: 196:Spouse 151:Burial 119:Shanxi 3687:Shang 3640:Wuyue 3560:Li Yu 3013:Wuyue 2913:Died: 2906:Born: 2824:[ 2806:[ 2458:Brill 2277:Notes 1480:Wife 1396:Hubei 1351:Hubei 1050:Henan 1016:Baoji 1012:Hebei 937:Henan 870:Henan 838:Henan 809:Hebei 726:Li Mu 712:, in 637:Gansu 570:-led 338:House 282:Full: 223:Names 207:Issue 144:Hebei 68:Reign 3759:Qing 3755:Ming 3751:Yuan 3739:Song 3735:Liao 3727:Tang 3691:Zhou 3220:Liao 3118:Zhao 3003:937 2876:ISBN 2848:ISBN 2821:資治通鑑 2790:2011 2770:2006 2755:2006 2734:ISBN 2462:ISBN 2298:and 1490:and 1325:and 975:and 799:and 728:and 661:Tang 656:朱邪執宜 540:後晉高祖 211:See 126:Died 100:Born 45:後晉高祖 3767:PRC 3763:ROC 3747:Jīn 3723:Sui 3707:Jìn 3699:Han 3695:Qin 3683:Xia 3622:Yin 3570:Min 3433:Chu 3148:Jin 3108:Yan 3011:of 2996:) ( 2956:of 2915:942 2908:892 2803:五代史 2003:1. 1563:施春池 1545:石重杲 1536:石重進 1527:石重乂 1518:石重信 1505:石重英 1464:臬捩雞 1458:石紹雍 1423:趙彥之 1370:李承裕 1356:馬全節 1315:石重乂 1309:石重信 1303:張從賓 1266:玄武樓 1244:him 1220:石敬威 1214:石敬德 1189:薛文遇 1153:段希堯 1147:石重裔 1141:石重殷 1129:石重胤 1123:石重英 1092:李專美 1067:奔弘進 1061:沙守榮 1055:王弘贄 1041:康義誠 1032:楊思權 998:). 995:中書令 939:). 891:). 745:Jin 699:Shi 685:Jin 672:石紹雍 666:臬捩雞 619:Han 615:Wey 527:石敬瑭 512:Shi 509:is 455:IPA 342:Shi 3782:: 3765:/ 3761:→ 3757:→ 3753:→ 3749:→ 3745:/ 3741:/ 3737:/ 3733:→ 3729:→ 3725:→ 3721:→ 3717:/ 3713:→ 3709:/ 3705:→ 3701:→ 3697:→ 3693:→ 3689:→ 3685:→ 3509:Wu 3128:Qi 3000:) 2971:) 2874:. 2846:. 2842:. 2780:. 2709:, 2697:^ 2688:, 2676:^ 2667:, 2651:, 2629:^ 2620:, 2606:^ 2597:, 2581:, 2565:, 2553:^ 2544:, 2528:, 2512:, 2492:^ 2483:, 2456:. 2419:, 2401:, 2385:^ 2361:, 2331:^ 1551:馮六 1429:鎮州 1417:襄州 1394:, 1376:安州 1349:, 1286:廣晉 1259:, 1179:呂琦 1073:陳暉 1048:, 1018:, 1010:, 965:周瓌 955:侍中 935:, 914:, 902:, 868:, 844:, 836:, 807:, 756:, 732:. 650:石璟 635:, 628:石奮 606:石碏 307:皇帝 142:, 136:Ye 117:, 113:, 3218:( 3130:) 3126:( 3120:) 3116:( 3110:) 3106:( 3044:e 3037:t 3030:v 2967:( 2884:. 2856:. 2792:. 2772:. 2757:. 2742:. 2713:. 2692:. 2671:. 2655:. 2624:. 2601:. 2585:. 2569:. 2548:. 2532:. 2516:. 2487:. 2470:. 2423:. 2405:. 2380:. 2365:. 1414:( 992:( 952:( 885:( 625:( 537:( 521:( 515:. 402:瑭 399:敬 396:石 326:祖 323:高 309:) 304:孝 301:德 298:明 295:武 292:章 289:文 286:聖 262:福 259:天 247:) 245:瑭 242:敬 235:) 233:石 159:) 146:) 121:) 34:. 20:)

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