213:. Which type of line is observed depends on the type of material and its temperature relative to another emission source. An absorption line is produced when photons from a hot, broad spectrum source pass through a cooler material. The intensity of light, over a narrow frequency range, is reduced due to absorption by the material and re-emission in random directions. By contrast, a bright emission line is produced when photons from a hot material are detected, perhaps in the presence of a broad spectrum from a cooler source. The intensity of light, over a narrow frequency range, is increased due to emission by the hot material.
2774:
2144:
2934:
2914:
36:
2284:
2244:
2184:
1824:
1804:
71:
1264:
2894:
2854:
2834:
2814:
2364:
2164:
2104:
2004:
1884:
1844:
1764:
1724:
1604:
1464:
1224:
1204:
1044:
1344:
2734:
2644:
2584:
2524:
2424:
2384:
2224:
2204:
1984:
1704:
1644:
1444:
1404:
1384:
1304:
2444:
1424:
1144:
1104:
984:
50:
2754:
2624:
2504:
2464:
2404:
2344:
2304:
2264:
2064:
1924:
1864:
1784:
1684:
1664:
1624:
1584:
1364:
1244:
1024:
2794:
1744:
2564:
2874:
2714:
2484:
2324:
2124:
2084:
1944:
1904:
1544:
1524:
1504:
1184:
1004:
2024:
1284:
1124:
1084:
2679:
2044:
1324:
1064:
2604:
2544:
1564:
1484:
1164:
1964:
91:
155:
393:). In addition, its center may be shifted from its nominal central wavelength. There are several reasons for this broadening and shift. These reasons may be divided into two general categories – broadening due to local conditions and broadening due to extended conditions. Broadening due to local conditions is due to effects which hold in a small region around the emitting element, usually small enough to assure
468:: The collision of other particles with the light emitting particle interrupts the emission process, and by shortening the characteristic time for the process, increases the uncertainty in the energy emitted (as occurs in natural broadening). The duration of the collision is much shorter than the lifetime of the emission process. This effect depends on both the
498:. The form of the line profile is determined by the functional form of the perturbing force with respect to distance from the perturbing particle. There may also be a shift in the line center. The general expression for the lineshape resulting from quasistatic pressure broadening is a 4-parameter generalization of the Gaussian distribution known as a
202:), the photon is absorbed. Then the energy will be spontaneously re-emitted, either as one photon at the same frequency as the original one or in a cascade, where the sum of the energies of the photons emitted will be equal to the energy of the one absorbed (assuming the system returns to its original state).
422:) with the uncertainty of its energy. Some authors use the term "radiative broadening" to refer specifically to the part of natural broadening caused by the spontaneous radiative decay. A short lifetime will have a large energy uncertainty and a broad emission. This broadening effect results in an unshifted
846:
Each of these mechanisms can act in isolation or in combination with others. Assuming each effect is independent, the observed line profile is a convolution of the line profiles of each mechanism. For example, a combination of the thermal
Doppler broadening and the impact pressure broadening yields a
3115:
Rothman, L.S.; Gordon, I.E.; Babikov, Y.; Barbe, A.; Chris Benner, D.; Bernath, P.F.; Birk, M.; Bizzocchi, L.; Boudon, V.; Brown, L.R.; Campargue, A.; Chance, K.; Cohen, E.A.; Coudert, L.H.; Devi, V.M.; Drouin, B.J.; Fayt, A.; Flaud, J.-M.; Gamache, R.R.; Harrison, J.J.; Hartmann, J.-M.; Hill, C.;
444:
depending on the velocity of the atom relative to the observer. The higher the temperature of the gas, the wider the distribution of velocities in the gas. Since the spectral line is a combination of all of the emitted radiation, the higher the temperature of the gas, the broader the spectral line
804:
Opacity broadening is an example of a non-local broadening mechanism. Electromagnetic radiation emitted at a particular point in space can be reabsorbed as it travels through space. This absorption depends on wavelength. The line is broadened because the photons at the line center have a greater
825:
due to a finite line-of-sight velocity projection. If different parts of the emitting body have different velocities (along the line of sight), the resulting line will be broadened, with the line width proportional to the width of the velocity distribution. For example, radiation emitted from a
781:
is a general term for broadening because some emitting particles are in a different local environment from others, and therefore emit at a different frequency. This term is used especially for solids, where surfaces, grain boundaries, and stoichiometry variations can create a variety of local
397:. Broadening due to extended conditions may result from changes to the spectral distribution of the radiation as it traverses its path to the observer. It also may result from the combining of radiation from a number of regions which are far from each other.
830:, will be broadened due to the line-of-sight variations in velocity on opposite sides of the star (this effect usually referred to as rotational broadening). The greater the rate of rotation, the broader the line. Another example is an imploding
854:
However, the different line broadening mechanisms are not always independent. For example, the collisional effects and the motional
Doppler shifts can act in a coherent manner, resulting under some conditions even in a collisional
3282:
3256:
766:
699:
640:
585:
490:), thereby altering the frequency of the emitted radiation. The duration of the influence is much longer than the lifetime of the emission process. This effect depends on the
910:
because they remain largely unchanged for a given chemical element, independent of their chemical environment. Longer wavelengths correspond to lower energies, where the
102:
of this sunlight is the "source." This is the spectrum of a blue sky somewhat close to the horizon, looking east with the sun to the west at around 3–4 pm on a clear day.
138:. These "fingerprints" can be compared to the previously collected ones of atoms and molecules, and are thus used to identify the atomic and molecular components of
796:
Certain types of broadening are the result of conditions over a large region of space rather than simply upon conditions that are local to the emitting particle.
3068:
3048:
535:
3310:
714:
is often useful in describing the profile. The energy shift as a function of distance between the interacting particles is given in the wings by e.g. the
243:
Depending on the material and its physical conditions, the energy of the involved photons can vary widely, with the spectral lines observed across the
440:
The atoms in a gas which are emitting radiation will have a distribution of velocities. Each photon emitted will be "red"- or "blue"-shifted by the
592:
occurs when the perturbing particle is of the same type as the emitting particle, which introduces the possibility of an energy exchange process.
457:
The presence of nearby particles will affect the radiation emitted by an individual particle. There are two limiting cases by which this occurs:
3260:
651:, which results from the interaction of an emitter with an electric field, causing a shift in energy that is quadratic in the field strength.
805:
reabsorption probability than the photons at the line wings. Indeed, the reabsorption near the line center may be so great as to cause a
216:
Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including
915:
426:. The natural broadening can be experimentally altered only to the extent that decay rates can be artificially suppressed or enhanced.
782:
environments for a given atom to occupy. In liquids, the effects of inhomogeneous broadening is sometimes reduced by a process called
194:(which is connected to its frequency) to allow a change in the energy state of the system (in the case of an atom this is usually an
119:
3402:
3196:
3071:, Volume 36, by Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki (Polska Akademia Nauk), publisher: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe., 1995,
3064:
890:. Many spectral lines occur at wavelengths outside this range. At shorter wavelengths, which correspond to higher energies,
115:
3211:
For example, in the following article, decay was suppressed via a microwave cavity, thus reducing the natural broadening:
94:
Absorption lines for air, under indirect illumination, so that the gas is not directly between source and detector. Here,
370:
3367:
3344:
3056:
332:
76:
3166:
809:
in which the intensity at the center of the line is less than in the wings. This process is also sometimes called
394:
353:
3116:
Hodges, J.T.; Jacquemart, D.; Jolly, A.; Lamouroux, J.; Le Roy, R.J.; Li, G.; Long, D.A.; et al. (2013).
517:, which results from the interaction of an emitter with an electric field of a charged particle at a distance
17:
721:
654:
595:
540:
369:. These series exist across atoms of all elements, and the patterns for all atoms are well-predicted by the
410:
The lifetime of excited states results in natural broadening, also known as lifetime broadening. The
3013:
887:
882:
The phrase "spectral lines", when not qualified, usually refers to lines having wavelengths in the
872:
777:
340:
244:
163:
715:
159:
2982:
648:
199:
3397:
3002:
506:
Pressure broadening may also be classified by the nature of the perturbing force as follows:
411:
279:, though some of the Fraunhofer "lines" are blends of multiple lines from several different
3294:
3222:
3129:
2972:
907:
415:
927:
711:
8:
2967:
707:
514:
499:
486:: The presence of other particles shifts the energy levels in the emitting particle (see
477:
423:
382:
111:
99:
3298:
3226:
3133:
3213:
Gabrielse, Gerald; H. Dehmelt (1985). "Observation of
Inhibited Spontaneous Emission".
784:
520:
435:
130:
range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify
3363:
3340:
3238:
3192:
3145:
3060:
3052:
2992:
2987:
2551:
446:
171:
59:
55:
3302:
3230:
3184:
3162:
3137:
950:
939:
938:
For each element, the following table shows the spectral lines which appear in the
883:
831:
295:
280:
264:
95:
80:
3378:
2997:
268:
236:
of the material, so they are widely used to determine the physical conditions of
3141:
2773:
2143:
3359:
2933:
2913:
919:
441:
390:
365:
233:
183:
3306:
3234:
3167:
On a
Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light
2283:
2243:
2183:
1823:
1803:
1263:
3391:
3149:
3047:"Van der Waals profile" appears as lowercase in almost all sources, such as:
3018:
3007:
2893:
2853:
2833:
2813:
2363:
2163:
2103:
2003:
1883:
1843:
1763:
1723:
1603:
1463:
1343:
1223:
1203:
1043:
923:
848:
822:
487:
389:
with a nonzero range of frequencies, not a single frequency (i.e., a nonzero
386:
348:
299:
291:
191:
2733:
2643:
2583:
2523:
2443:
2423:
2383:
2223:
2203:
1983:
1703:
1643:
1443:
1423:
1403:
1383:
1303:
1143:
1103:
983:
228:, were discovered by spectroscopic means. Spectral lines also depend on the
70:
35:
3242:
3023:
2793:
2761:
2753:
2623:
2563:
2503:
2463:
2403:
2343:
2303:
2263:
2131:
2063:
1923:
1863:
1783:
1743:
1683:
1663:
1623:
1583:
1363:
1243:
1023:
895:
860:
419:
359:
344:
2873:
2713:
2483:
2323:
2123:
2083:
2023:
1943:
1903:
1543:
1523:
1503:
1283:
1183:
1123:
1083:
1003:
49:
3117:
3028:
2921:
2901:
2678:
2043:
1323:
1063:
891:
495:
473:
275:
for a line at 393.366 nm emerging from singly-ionized calcium atom,
229:
2603:
2543:
1563:
1483:
1163:
3188:
3093:
2977:
2271:
2231:
2171:
1963:
1811:
1791:
1251:
324:
248:
90:
154:
2945:
2881:
2841:
2821:
2801:
2351:
2151:
2091:
1991:
1871:
1831:
1751:
1711:
1591:
1451:
1331:
1211:
1191:
1031:
328:
252:
127:
2721:
2686:
2651:
2631:
2571:
2511:
2431:
2411:
2371:
2211:
2191:
1971:
1691:
1631:
1431:
1411:
1391:
1371:
1291:
1131:
1091:
971:
911:
899:
336:
286:
In other cases, the lines are designated according to the level of
240:
and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.
221:
195:
179:
135:
3051:
by Clive
Anthony Croxton, 1980, A Wiley-Interscience publication,
537:, causing a shift in energy that is linear in the field strength.
302:
I, singly ionized atoms with II, and so on, so that, for example:
3095:
NIST Atomic
Spectra Database, NIST Standard Reference Database 78
2941:
2781:
2741:
2611:
2491:
2451:
2391:
2331:
2291:
2251:
2051:
1911:
1851:
1771:
1731:
1671:
1651:
1611:
1571:
1351:
1231:
1011:
835:
491:
469:
351:. Originally all spectral lines were classified into series: the
225:
445:
emitted from that gas. This broadening effect is described by a
3283:"Theory of the pressure broadening and shift of spectral lines"
2861:
2701:
2471:
2311:
2111:
2071:
2011:
1931:
1891:
1531:
1511:
1491:
1271:
1171:
1111:
1071:
991:
217:
187:
143:
2666:
2031:
1311:
1051:
903:
123:
3122:
2591:
2531:
1551:
1471:
1151:
827:
237:
175:
139:
131:
110:
is a weaker or stronger region in an otherwise uniform and
3179:
Krainov, Vladimir; Reiss, Howard; Smirnov, Boris (1997).
3114:
1951:
287:
27:
A distinctive narrow spectral feature of chemical species
706:
occurs when the emitting particle is being perturbed by
373:. These series were later associated with suborbitals.
170:
Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a
866:
791:
724:
657:
598:
543:
523:
335:(for molecular lines). Many spectral lines of atomic
476:
of the gas. The broadening effect is described by a
323:
More detailed designations usually include the line
3212:
3178:
821:Radiation emitted by a moving source is subject to
760:
693:
634:
579:
529:
400:
3118:"The HITRAN2012 molecular spectroscopic database"
816:
414:relates the lifetime of an excited state (due to
3389:
3108:
3098:, National Institute of Standards and Technology
3091:
3003:Table of emission spectra of gas discharge lamps
926:used to detect neutral hydrogen throughout the
339:also have designations within their respective
190:. When a photon has about the right amount of
918:of hydrogen. At even longer wavelengths, the
429:
205:A spectral line may be observed either as an
3092:Kramida, Alexander; Ralchenko, Yuri (1999),
381:There are a number of effects which control
376:
265:visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum
3049:Statistical mechanics of the liquid surface
771:
494:of the gas, but is rather insensitive to
153:
149:
89:
162:(mid) and discrete spectrum lines of a
146:, which would otherwise be impossible.
14:
3390:
761:{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{6})}
694:{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{4})}
635:{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{3})}
580:{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{2})}
452:
385:. A spectral line extends over a tiny
3383:. New York: McGraw-Hill book Company.
3376:
3353:
3334:
3280:
3181:Radiative Processes in Atomic Physics
902:. At the much shorter wavelengths of
799:
480:and there may be an associated shift.
405:
298:. Neutral atoms are denoted with the
3356:Spectral Line Broadening by Plasmas
867:Spectral lines of chemical elements
841:
792:Broadening due to non-local effects
24:
3328:
728:
661:
602:
547:
449:and there is no associated shift.
25:
3414:
3337:Principles of Plasma Spectroscopy
3259:. Fas.harvard.edu. Archived from
826:distant rotating body, such as a
2932:
2912:
2892:
2872:
2852:
2832:
2812:
2792:
2772:
2752:
2732:
2712:
2677:
2642:
2622:
2602:
2582:
2562:
2542:
2522:
2502:
2482:
2462:
2442:
2422:
2402:
2382:
2362:
2342:
2322:
2302:
2282:
2262:
2242:
2222:
2202:
2182:
2162:
2142:
2122:
2102:
2082:
2062:
2042:
2022:
2002:
1982:
1962:
1942:
1922:
1902:
1882:
1862:
1842:
1822:
1802:
1782:
1762:
1742:
1722:
1702:
1682:
1662:
1642:
1622:
1602:
1582:
1562:
1542:
1522:
1502:
1482:
1462:
1442:
1422:
1402:
1382:
1362:
1342:
1322:
1302:
1282:
1262:
1242:
1222:
1202:
1182:
1162:
1142:
1122:
1102:
1082:
1062:
1042:
1022:
1002:
982:
933:
69:
48:
34:
3339:. Cambridge: University Press.
484:Quasistatic pressure broadening
401:Broadening due to local effects
395:local thermodynamic equilibrium
258:
3274:
3249:
3205:
3172:
3156:
3085:
3041:
817:Macroscopic Doppler broadening
755:
725:
710:. For the quasistatic case, a
688:
658:
629:
599:
574:
544:
13:
1:
3078:
331:number (for atomic lines) or
308:— copper ion with +1 charge,
263:Strong spectral lines in the
3403:Spectrum (physical sciences)
3069:Journal of technical physics
7:
3142:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.07.002
2961:
914:spectral lines include the
894:spectral lines include the
416:spontaneous radiative decay
317:— iron ion with +2 charge,
10:
3419:
942:at about 400-700 nm.
870:
645:Quadratic Stark broadening
462:Impact pressure broadening
433:
430:Thermal Doppler broadening
294:to the designation of the
158:Continuous spectrum of an
3307:10.1080/00018738100101467
3235:10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.67
906:, the lines are known as
377:Line broadening and shift
3257:"Collisional Broadening"
3034:
3014:Hydrogen spectral series
888:electromagnetic spectrum
877:
873:Hydrogen spectral series
778:Inhomogeneous broadening
772:Inhomogeneous broadening
704:Van der Waals broadening
245:electromagnetic spectrum
3377:Griem, Hans R. (1964).
3354:Griem, Hans R. (1974).
3335:Griem, Hans R. (1997).
3215:Physical Review Letters
716:Lennard-Jones potential
511:Linear Stark broadening
2983:Electron configuration
762:
695:
649:quadratic Stark effect
636:
581:
531:
466:collisional broadening
167:
103:
908:characteristic X-rays
763:
712:Van der Waals profile
696:
637:
582:
532:
412:uncertainty principle
271:designation, such as
157:
150:Types of line spectra
114:. It may result from
93:
2973:Atomic spectral line
722:
708:Van der Waals forces
655:
596:
590:Resonance broadening
541:
521:
371:Rydberg-Ritz formula
267:often have a unique
3380:Plasma Spectroscopy
3299:1981AdPhy..30..367P
3287:Advances in Physics
3227:1985PhRvL..55...67G
3134:2013JQSRT.130....4R
2968:Absorption spectrum
953:
515:linear Stark effect
500:stable distribution
453:Pressure broadening
383:spectral line shape
112:continuous spectrum
100:Rayleigh scattering
83:(discrete spectrum)
77:Absorption spectrum
41:Continuous spectrum
3281:Peach, G. (1981).
3189:10.1002/3527605606
945:
800:Opacity broadening
785:motional narrowing
758:
691:
632:
577:
527:
478:Lorentzian profile
436:Doppler broadening
424:Lorentzian profile
406:Natural broadening
327:and may include a
168:
104:
3198:978-0-471-12533-4
3065:978-0-471-27663-0
2993:Fourier transform
2988:Emission spectrum
2959:
2958:
951:chemical elements
530:{\displaystyle r}
160:incandescent lamp
60:discrete spectrum
16:(Redirected from
3410:
3384:
3373:
3350:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3309:. Archived from
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3176:
3170:
3163:Einstein, Albert
3160:
3154:
3153:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3089:
3072:
3045:
2936:
2916:
2896:
2876:
2856:
2836:
2816:
2796:
2776:
2756:
2736:
2716:
2681:
2646:
2626:
2606:
2586:
2566:
2546:
2526:
2506:
2486:
2466:
2446:
2426:
2406:
2386:
2366:
2346:
2326:
2306:
2286:
2266:
2246:
2226:
2206:
2186:
2166:
2146:
2126:
2106:
2086:
2066:
2046:
2026:
2006:
1986:
1966:
1946:
1926:
1906:
1886:
1866:
1846:
1826:
1806:
1786:
1766:
1746:
1726:
1706:
1686:
1666:
1646:
1626:
1606:
1586:
1566:
1546:
1526:
1506:
1486:
1466:
1446:
1426:
1406:
1386:
1366:
1346:
1326:
1306:
1286:
1266:
1246:
1226:
1206:
1186:
1166:
1146:
1126:
1106:
1086:
1066:
1046:
1026:
1006:
986:
954:
944:
940:visible spectrum
842:Combined effects
767:
765:
764:
759:
754:
753:
744:
700:
698:
697:
692:
687:
686:
677:
641:
639:
638:
633:
628:
627:
618:
586:
584:
583:
578:
573:
572:
563:
536:
534:
533:
528:
447:Gaussian profile
354:principal series
333:band designation
296:chemical element
178:, but sometimes
164:fluorescent lamp
98:in sunlight and
96:Fraunhofer lines
81:Absorption lines
73:
52:
38:
21:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3388:
3387:
3370:
3347:
3331:
3329:Further reading
3326:
3325:
3316:
3314:
3279:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3177:
3173:
3161:
3157:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3046:
3042:
3037:
2998:Fraunhofer line
2964:
966:Spectral lines
936:
880:
875:
869:
859:, known as the
844:
819:
811:self-absorption
802:
794:
774:
749:
745:
740:
723:
720:
719:
682:
678:
673:
656:
653:
652:
647:occurs via the
623:
619:
614:
597:
594:
593:
568:
564:
559:
542:
539:
538:
522:
519:
518:
513:occurs via the
455:
438:
432:
408:
403:
379:
269:Fraunhofer line
261:
211:absorption line
186:) and a single
152:
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
74:
65:
64:
63:
53:
44:
43:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3416:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3386:
3385:
3374:
3368:
3360:Academic Press
3351:
3345:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3293:(3): 367–474.
3273:
3248:
3204:
3197:
3171:
3155:
3107:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3039:
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3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:100–118
2948:
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2924:
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2910:
2907:
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2600:
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2560:
2557:
2554:
2548:
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2540:
2537:
2534:
2528:
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2520:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2497:
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2474:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2454:
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2414:
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2400:
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2300:
2297:
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2280:
2277:
2274:
2268:
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2260:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2160:
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2154:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2088:
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2080:
2077:
2074:
2068:
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2060:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2028:
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2020:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2007:
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1997:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1914:
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1897:
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1880:
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1860:
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1834:
1828:
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1820:
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1800:
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1774:
1768:
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1760:
1757:
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1728:
1727:
1720:
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1708:
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1700:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1677:
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1667:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1648:
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1634:
1628:
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1600:
1597:
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1588:
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1568:
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1557:
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1540:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1520:
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1514:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1000:
997:
994:
988:
987:
980:
977:
974:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
947:Spectral lines
935:
932:
920:radio spectrum
916:Paschen series
879:
876:
868:
865:
843:
840:
818:
815:
801:
798:
793:
790:
773:
770:
769:
768:
757:
752:
748:
743:
739:
736:
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727:
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690:
685:
681:
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669:
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642:
631:
626:
622:
617:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
587:
576:
571:
567:
562:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
526:
504:
503:
481:
454:
451:
442:Doppler effect
434:Main article:
431:
428:
407:
404:
402:
399:
391:spectral width
378:
375:
366:diffuse series
343:, such as the
260:
257:
172:quantum system
151:
148:
75:
68:
67:
66:
56:Emission lines
54:
47:
46:
45:
40:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3415:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3369:0-12-302850-7
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3346:0-521-45504-9
3342:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3313:on 2013-01-14
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3263:on 2015-09-24
3262:
3258:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:0-471-27663-4
3054:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Spectral band
3017:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3008:Hydrogen line
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
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2969:
2966:
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2955:
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2900:
2899:
2895:
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2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
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2490:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2475:
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2458:
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2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2433:
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2421:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2375:
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2370:
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2345:
2341:
2338:
2335:
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2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
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2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2213:
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2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
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2070:
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2049:
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2041:
2038:
2035:
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2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
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1990:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
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1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1935:
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1930:
1929:
1925:
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1918:
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1621:
1618:
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1593:
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1589:
1585:
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1578:
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1573:
1570:
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1561:
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1521:
1518:
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1489:
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1475:
1473:
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1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1453:
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1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
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1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
985:
981:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
965:
962:
959:
956:
955:
952:
948:
943:
941:
934:Visible light
931:
929:
925:
922:includes the
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
874:
864:
862:
858:
852:
850:
849:Voigt profile
839:
837:
833:
829:
824:
823:Doppler shift
814:
812:
808:
807:self reversal
797:
789:
787:
786:
780:
779:
750:
746:
741:
737:
734:
731:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:
683:
679:
674:
670:
667:
664:
650:
646:
643:
624:
620:
615:
611:
608:
605:
591:
588:
569:
565:
560:
556:
553:
550:
524:
516:
512:
509:
508:
507:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:spectral band
485:
482:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:
459:
458:
450:
448:
443:
437:
427:
425:
421:
420:Auger process
417:
413:
398:
396:
392:
388:
387:spectral band
384:
374:
372:
368:
367:
362:
361:
356:
355:
350:
349:Balmer series
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
320:
316:
312:
311:
307:
303:
301:
300:Roman numeral
297:
293:
292:Roman numeral
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
256:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
207:emission line
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:atomic nuclei
181:
177:
173:
165:
161:
156:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:spectral line
101:
97:
92:
82:
78:
72:
61:
57:
51:
37:
19:
18:Emission line
3398:Spectroscopy
3379:
3358:. New York:
3355:
3336:
3315:. Retrieved
3311:the original
3290:
3286:
3276:
3265:. Retrieved
3261:the original
3251:
3221:(1): 67–70.
3218:
3214:
3207:
3180:
3174:
3158:
3125:
3121:
3110:
3100:, retrieved
3094:
3087:
3043:
3024:Spectroscopy
3010:(21-cm line)
2953:Fm–Og
2762:protactinium
2132:praseodymium
946:
937:
896:Lyman series
886:of the full
884:visible band
881:
861:Dicke effect
856:
853:
845:
820:
810:
806:
803:
795:
783:
776:
775:
703:
644:
589:
510:
505:
483:
465:
461:
456:
439:
409:
380:
364:
360:sharp series
358:
352:
345:Lyman series
322:
318:
314:
313:
309:
305:
304:
290:by adding a
285:
276:
272:
262:
259:Nomenclature
242:
215:
210:
206:
204:
169:
126:in a narrow
107:
105:
3029:Splatalogue
2922:einsteinium
2902:californium
892:ultraviolet
834:shell in a
496:temperature
474:temperature
249:radio waves
230:temperature
3392:Categories
3317:2005-12-09
3267:2015-09-24
3102:2021-06-27
3079:References
2978:Bohr model
2272:dysprosium
2232:gadolinium
2172:promethium
1812:technetium
1792:molybdenum
1252:phosphorus
924:21-cm line
871:See also:
325:wavelength
288:ionization
253:gamma rays
120:absorption
3183:. Wiley.
3165:(1905). "
3150:0022-4073
3067:; and in
2946:oganesson
2882:berkelium
2842:americium
2822:plutonium
2802:neptunium
2352:ytterbium
2152:neodymium
2092:lanthanum
1992:tellurium
1872:palladium
1832:ruthenium
1752:zirconium
1712:strontium
1592:germanium
1452:manganese
1332:potassium
1212:aluminium
1192:magnesium
1032:beryllium
857:narrowing
735:∼
729:Δ
668:∼
662:Δ
609:∼
603:Δ
554:∼
548:Δ
329:multiplet
198:changing
180:molecules
174:(usually
136:molecules
128:frequency
3243:10031682
3128:: 4–50.
2962:See also
2722:actinium
2687:francium
2652:astatine
2632:polonium
2572:thallium
2512:platinum
2432:tungsten
2412:tantalum
2372:lutetium
2212:europium
2192:samarium
1972:antimony
1692:rubidium
1632:selenium
1432:chromium
1412:vanadium
1392:titanium
1372:scandium
1292:chlorine
1132:fluorine
1092:nitrogen
972:hydrogen
957:Element
912:infrared
900:hydrogen
472:and the
337:hydrogen
222:thallium
200:orbitals
196:electron
166:(bottom)
116:emission
3295:Bibcode
3223:Bibcode
3130:Bibcode
2944:–
2942:fermium
2782:uranium
2742:thorium
2612:bismuth
2552:mercury
2492:iridium
2452:rhenium
2392:hafnium
2332:thulium
2292:holmium
2252:terbium
2052:caesium
1912:cadmium
1852:rhodium
1772:niobium
1732:yttrium
1672:krypton
1652:bromine
1612:arsenic
1572:gallium
1352:calcium
1232:silicon
1012:lithium
963:Symbol
949:of the
836:Z-pinch
492:density
470:density
418:or the
281:species
247:, from
234:density
226:caesium
144:planets
3366:
3343:
3241:
3195:
3148:
3063:
3055:
2862:curium
2702:radium
2472:osmium
2312:erbium
2112:cerium
2072:barium
2012:iodine
1932:indium
1892:silver
1532:copper
1512:nickel
1492:cobalt
1272:sulfur
1172:sodium
1112:oxygen
1072:carbon
992:helium
928:cosmos
904:X-rays
832:plasma
363:, and
341:series
315:Fe III
224:, and
218:helium
209:or an
192:energy
188:photon
3035:Notes
2667:radon
2032:xenon
1312:argon
1052:boron
878:Bands
306:Cu II
238:stars
176:atoms
140:stars
132:atoms
124:light
79:with
3364:ISBN
3341:ISBN
3239:PMID
3193:ISBN
3146:ISSN
3061:ISBN
3053:ISBN
2592:lead
2532:gold
1552:zinc
1472:iron
1152:neon
828:star
232:and
142:and
134:and
3303:doi
3231:doi
3185:doi
3138:doi
3126:130
2929:Es
2926:99
2909:Cf
2906:98
2889:Bk
2886:97
2869:Cm
2866:96
2849:Am
2846:95
2829:Pu
2826:94
2809:Np
2806:93
2786:92
2769:Pa
2766:91
2749:Th
2746:90
2729:Ac
2726:89
2709:Ra
2706:88
2694:Fr
2691:87
2674:Rn
2671:86
2659:At
2656:85
2639:Po
2636:84
2619:Bi
2616:83
2599:Pb
2596:82
2579:Tl
2576:81
2559:Hg
2556:80
2539:Au
2536:79
2519:Pt
2516:78
2499:Ir
2496:77
2479:Os
2476:76
2459:Re
2456:75
2436:74
2419:Ta
2416:73
2399:Hf
2396:72
2379:Lu
2376:71
2359:Yb
2356:70
2339:Tm
2336:69
2319:Er
2316:68
2299:Ho
2296:67
2279:Dy
2276:66
2259:Tb
2256:65
2239:Gd
2236:64
2219:Eu
2216:63
2199:Sm
2196:62
2179:Pm
2176:61
2159:Nd
2156:60
2139:Pr
2136:59
2119:Ce
2116:58
2099:La
2096:57
2079:Ba
2076:56
2059:Cs
2056:55
2039:Xe
2036:54
2016:53
1999:Te
1996:52
1979:Sb
1976:51
1959:Sn
1956:50
1952:tin
1939:In
1936:49
1919:Cd
1916:48
1899:Ag
1896:47
1879:Pd
1876:46
1859:Rh
1856:45
1839:Ru
1836:44
1819:Tc
1816:43
1799:Mo
1796:42
1779:Nb
1776:41
1759:Zr
1756:40
1736:39
1719:Sr
1716:38
1699:Rb
1696:37
1679:Kr
1676:36
1659:Br
1656:35
1639:Se
1636:34
1619:As
1616:33
1599:Ge
1596:32
1579:Ga
1576:31
1559:Zn
1556:30
1539:Cu
1536:29
1519:Ni
1516:28
1499:Co
1496:27
1479:Fe
1476:26
1459:Mn
1456:25
1439:Cr
1436:24
1416:23
1399:Ti
1396:22
1379:Sc
1376:21
1359:Ca
1356:20
1336:19
1319:Ar
1316:18
1299:Cl
1296:17
1276:16
1256:15
1239:Si
1236:14
1219:Al
1216:13
1199:Mg
1196:12
1179:Na
1176:11
1159:Ne
1156:10
1039:Be
1019:Li
999:He
898:of
464:or
347:or
251:to
182:or
122:of
118:or
3394::
3362:.
3301:.
3291:30
3289:.
3285:.
3237:.
3229:.
3219:55
3217:.
3191:.
3169:".
3144:.
3136:.
3124:.
3120:.
3059:,
2789:U
2439:W
2019:I
1739:Y
1419:V
1339:K
1279:S
1259:P
1139:F
1136:9
1119:O
1116:8
1099:N
1096:7
1079:C
1076:6
1059:B
1056:5
1036:4
1016:3
996:2
979:H
976:1
960:Z
930:.
863:.
851:.
838:.
813:.
788:.
718:.
357:,
319:Fe
310:Cu
283:.
277:Ca
255:.
220:,
106:A
3372:.
3349:.
3320:.
3305::
3297::
3270:.
3245:.
3233::
3225::
3201:.
3187::
3152:.
3140::
3132::
756:)
751:6
747:r
742:/
738:1
732:E
726:(
689:)
684:4
680:r
675:/
671:1
665:E
659:(
630:)
625:3
621:r
616:/
612:1
606:E
600:(
575:)
570:2
566:r
561:/
557:1
551:E
545:(
525:r
502:.
273:K
62:)
58:(
20:)
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