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starter-generator was directly coupled to the engine it did not need a method of engaging and disengaging the motor drive. It thus suffered negligible mechanical wear and was virtually silent in operation. The starter-generator remained a feature of Dodge cars until 1929. The disadvantage of the design was that, as a dual-purpose device, the unit was limited in both its power as a motor and its output as a generator, which became a problem as engine size and electrical demands on cars increased. Controlling the switch between motor and generator modes required dedicated and relatively complex switchgear which was more prone to failure than the heavy-duty contacts of a dedicated starter motor. While the starter-generator dropped out of favour for cars by the 1930s, the concept was still useful for smaller vehicles and was taken up by the German firm
670:, closing the contacts and sending large battery current to the starter motor. One of the pole shoes, hinged at the front, linked to the starter drive, and spring-loaded away from its normal operating position, is swung into position by the magnetic field created by electricity flowing through its field coil. This moves the starter drive forward to engage the flywheel ring gear, and simultaneously closes a pair of contacts supplying current to the rest of the starter motor winding. Once the engine starts and the driver releases the starter switch, a spring retracts the pole shoe, which pulls the starter drive out of engagement with the ring gear.
570:
Folo-Thru drive contains a latching mechanism and a set of flyweights in the body of the drive unit. When the starter motor begins turning and the drive unit is forced forward on the helical shaft by inertia, it is latched into the engaged position. Only once the drive unit is spun at a speed higher than that attained by the starter motor itself (i.e., it is backdriven by the running engine) will the flyweights pull radially outward, releasing the latch and permitting the overdriven drive unit to be spun out of engagement. In this manner, unwanted starter disengagement is avoided before a successful engine start.
126:
1004:, then winds up the spring. Pulling the release lever then applies the spring tension to the pinion, turning the ring gear to start the engine. The pinion automatically disengages from the flywheel after operation. Provision is also made to allow the engine to be slowly turned over by hand for engine maintenance. This is achieved by operating the trip lever just after the pinion has engaged with the flywheel. Subsequent turning of the winding handle during this operation will not load the starter. Spring starters can be found in
934:
hits one of the followers it will send an air signal that acts upon the back of the air start valve located in the cylinder head, causing it to open. Compressed air is provided from a large reservoir that feeds into a header located along the engine. As soon as the air start valve is opened, the compressed air is admitted and the engine will begin turning. It can be used on two-cycle and four-cycle engines and on reversing engines. On large two-stroke engines less than one revolution of the crankshaft is needed for starting.
582:
519:
91:, the third stroke releases energy from the fuel, powering the fourth (exhaust) stroke and also the first two (intake, compression) strokes of the next cycle, as well as powering the engine's external load. To start the first cycle at the beginning of any particular session, the first two strokes must be powered in some other way than from the engine itself. The starter motor is used for this purpose and it is not required once the engine starts running and its feedback loop becomes self-sustaining.
114:
380:
33:
367:'s 1949 innovation of the key-operated combination ignition-starter switch, the starter was often operated by the driver pressing a button mounted on the floor or dashboard. Some vehicles had a pedal in the floor that manually engaged the starter drive pinion with the flywheel ring gear, then completed the electrical circuit to the starter motor once the pedal reached the end of its travel. Ferguson tractors from the 1940s, including the
898:
and vanes form a small chamber compared to the others. The compressed air can only expand by rotating the drum, which allows the small chamber to become larger and puts another one of the cambers in the air inlet. The air motor spins much too fast to be used directly on the flywheel of the engine; instead a large gearing reduction, such as a planetary gear, is used to lower the output speed. A Bendix gear is used to engage the flywheel.
781:
687:
981:
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327:), and marine engines. These were marketed under the 'Dynastart' name. Since motorcycles usually had small engines and limited electrical equipment, as well as restricted space and weight, the Dynastart was a useful feature. The windings for the starter-generator were usually incorporated into the engine's flywheel, thus not requiring a separate unit at all.
666:" design that provided cost reduction rather than electrical or mechanical benefits. This type of starter eliminated the solenoid, replacing it with a movable pole shoe and a separate starter relay. This starter operates as follows: The driver turns the key, activating the starter switch. A small electric current flows through the solenoid actuated starter
902:
1031:
Some modern gasoline engines with twelve or more cylinders always have at least one or more pistons at the beginning of its power stroke and are able to start by injecting fuel into that cylinder and igniting it. The same procedure can be applied to engines with fewer cylinders, if the engine happens
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The advantage of the inertia starter is that, because the motor is not driving the engine directly, it can be of much lower power than the standard starter for an engine of the same size. This allows for a motor of much lower weight and smaller size, as well as lighter cables and smaller batteries to
752:
built into its casing (not the main flywheel of the engine). Once the flywheel/motor unit has reached a constant speed the current to the motor is turned off and the drive between the motor and flywheel is disengaged by a freewheel mechanism. The spinning flywheel is then connected to the main engine
635:
ratio of 3.75:1. This permitted the use of a higher-speed, lower-current, lighter and more compact motor assembly while increasing cranking torque. Variants of this starter design were used on most rear- and four-wheel-drive vehicles produced by
Chrysler Corporation from 1962 through 1987. It makes a
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which permits the pinion to transmit drive in only one direction. In this manner, drive is transmitted through the pinion to the flywheel ring gear, but if the pinion remains engaged (as for example because the operator fails to release the key as soon as the engine starts, or if there is a short and
962:
rigs. The system used to support the hydraulic starter includes valves, pumps, filters, a reservoir, and piston accumulators. The operator can manually recharge the hydraulic system; this cannot readily be done with electric starting systems, so hydraulic starting systems are favored in applications
486:
The solenoid also closes high-current contacts for the starter motor, which begins to turn. Once the engine starts, the key-operated switch is opened, a spring in the solenoid assembly pulls the pinion gear away from the ring gear, and the starter motor stops. The starter's pinion is clutched to its
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so that once engine rotation began, the starter would disengage from the engine. In the event of a kickback, the reverse rotation of the engine could suddenly engage the starter, causing the crank to unexpectedly and violently jerk, possibly injuring the operator. For cord-wound starters, a kickback
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piston engines. The disadvantage is the increased time required to start the engine - spinning up the flywheel to the required speed can take between 10 and 20 seconds. If the engine does not start by the time the flywheel has lost its inertia then the process must be repeated for the next attempt.
511:
was used. The Bendix system places the starter drive pinion on a helically cut drive shaft. When the starter motor begins turning, the inertia of the drive pinion assembly causes it to ride forward on the helix and thus engage with the ring gear. When the engine starts, backdrive from the ring gear
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in a car. There is an air distributor that is geared to the camshaft of the Diesel engine; on the top of the air distributor is a single lobe similar to what is found on a camshaft. Arranged radially around this lobe are roller tip followers for every cylinder. When the lobe of the air distributor
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Large Diesel generators and almost all Diesel engines used as the prime mover of ships use compressed air acting directly on the cylinder head. This is not ideal for smaller
Diesels, as it provides too much cooling on starting. Also, the cylinder head needs to have enough space to support an extra
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is made up of a center drum about the size of a soup can with four or more slots cut into it to allow for the vanes to be placed radially on the drum to form chambers around the drum. The drum is offset inside a round casing so that the inlet air for starting is admitted at the area where the drum
258:
One aspect of the invention lay in the realization that a relatively small motor, driven with higher voltage and current than would be feasible for continuous operation, could deliver enough power to crank the engine for starting. At the voltage and current levels required, such a motor would burn
334:
relied on hand cranks until 1919; during the 1920s, electric starters became near-universal on most new cars, making it easier for women and elderly people to drive. It was still common for cars to be supplied with starter handles into the 1960s, and this continued much later for some makes (e.g.
643:
The
Chrysler gear-reduction starter formed the conceptual basis for the gear-reduction starters that now predominate in vehicles on the road. Many Japanese automakers phased in gear reduction starters in the 1970s and 1980s. Light aircraft engines also made extensive use of this kind of starter,
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An intermediate development between the Bendix drive developed in the 1930s and the overrunning-clutch designs introduced in the 1960s was the Bendix Folo-Thru drive. The standard Bendix drive would disengage from the ring gear as soon as the engine fired, even if it did not continue to run. The
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causes the drive pinion to exceed the rotative speed of the starter, at which point the drive pinion is forced back down the helical shaft and thus out of mesh with the ring gear. This has the disadvantage that the gears will disengage if the engine fires briefly but does not continue to run.
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The sprag clutch arrangement would preclude the use of the starter as a generator if employed in the hybrid scheme mentioned above, unless modifications were made. The standard starter motor is typically designed for intermittent use, which would preclude its use as a generator. The starter's
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With various configurations, Hydraulic starters can be fitted on any engine. Hydraulic starters employ the high efficiency of the axial piston motor concept, which provides high torque at any temperature or environment, and guarantees minimal wear of the engine ring gear and the pinion.
318:
permanently coupled by gears to the engine's crankshaft. A system of electrical relays allowed this to be driven as a motor to rotate the engine for starting, and once the starter button was released the controlling switchgear returned the unit to operation as a generator. Because the
958:. Hydraulic starters and the associated systems provide a sparkless, reliable method of engine starting over a wide temperature range. Typically hydraulic starters are found in applications such as remote generators, lifeboat propulsion engines, offshore fire pumping engines, and
185:
Although users were advised to cup their fingers and thumb under the crank and pull up, it felt natural for operators to grasp the handle with the fingers on one side, the thumb on the other. Even a simple backfire could result in a broken thumb; it was possible to end up with a
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until end of production in 1990). In many cases, cranks were used for setting timing rather than starting the engine as growing displacements and compression ratios made this impractical. Communist bloc cars such as Ladas often still sported crank-starting as late as the 1980s.
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The hand-crank method was commonly used to start engines, but it was inconvenient, difficult, and dangerous. The behavior of an engine during starting is not always predictable. The engine can kick back, causing sudden reverse rotation. Many manual starters included a
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at its introduction in 1914 was an electric starter and electric lighting with a 12-volt system (against the six volts that was usual at the time) as a standard fitment on what was a relatively low-priced car. The Dodge used a combined starter-generator unit, with a
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to get the central spindle of each engine design rotating — these were usually installed at the very front of the turbojet, and were themselves started by a pull-rope to get them running during the startup procedure for the jet engines they were fitted to.
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cars had spring motors (sometimes referred to as clockwork motors), which used the energy stored in a spring driving through a reduction gear. If the car failed to start, the starter handle could be used to wind up the spring for a further attempt.
921:, the system does double duty, supplying compressed air to the brake system. Pneumatic starters have the advantages of delivering high torque, mechanical simplicity and reliability. They eliminate the need for oversized, heavy storage batteries in
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A variant on the electric starter motor is the inertia starter (not to be confused with the Bendix-type starter described above). Here the starter motor does not turn the engine directly. Instead, when energized, the motor turns a heavy
504:), to save weight and cost. Most automobile owner manuals instruct the operator to pause for at least ten seconds after each ten or fifteen seconds of cranking the engine, when trying to start an engine that does not start immediately.
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switches, with the machine operator using a two-position control switch, which is held in one position to spin the motor and then moved to the other to cut the current to the motor and engage the flywheel to the engine.
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On larger diesel generators found in large shore installations and especially on ships, a pneumatic starting gear is used. The air motor is normally powered by compressed air at pressures of 10–30
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mechanism, when the engine started, the crank could begin to spin along with the crankshaft and potentially strike the person cranking the engine. Additionally, care had to be taken to
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introducing an air starter motor with similar approach to that used for the Delco and Scott-Crossley electrical starter motors (i.e. engaging with a toothed ring on the flywheel). The
878:, located elsewhere in the aircraft. Alternatively, aircraft gas turbine engines can be rapidly started using a mobile ground-based pneumatic starting engine, referred to as a
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Aircraft with large gas turbine engines are typically started using a large volume of low-pressure compressed air, supplied from a very small engine referred to as an
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between the motor and the drive shaft. The motor shaft included integrally cut gear teeth forming a pinion that meshes with a larger adjacent driven gear to provide a
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could pull the operator towards the engine or machine, or swing the starter cord and handle at high speed around the starter pulley. Even though cranks had an
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unique, distinct sound when cranking the engine, which led to it being nicknamed the "Highland Park
Hummingbird"—a reference to Chrysler's headquarters in
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Although the electric starter motor was to come to dominate the car market, in 1912, there were several competing types of starter, with the Adams,
371:, had an extra position on the gear lever that engaged the starter switch, ensuring safety by preventing the tractors from being started in gear.
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out in a few minutes of continuous operation, but not during the few seconds needed to start the engine. The starters were first installed on the
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This starter was used on Ford vehicles from 1973 through 1990, when a gear-reduction unit conceptually similar to the
Chrysler unit replaced it.
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handle which engaged the front of the crankshaft, pulling on an airplane propeller, or pulling a cord that was wound around an open-face pulley.
871:, engages the ring gear on the flywheel, much like an electric starter. The engine, once running, drives the compressor to recharge the tank.
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the solenoid remains engaged), the pinion will spin independently of its drive shaft. This prevents the engine driving the starter, for such
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Internal combustion engines are feedback systems, which, once started, rely on the inertia from each cycle to initiate the next cycle. In a
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electrical components are designed only to operate for typically under 30 seconds before overheating (by too-slow dissipation of heat from
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instead. Direct-drive starters are almost entirely obsolete owing to their larger size, heavier weight and higher current requirements.
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is the most common type used on gasoline engines and small diesel engines. The modern starter motor is either a permanent-magnet or a
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which built similar system intended mostly for use on motorcycles, scooters, economy cars (especially those will small-capacity
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and a pressure tank. Compressed air released from the tank is used to spin the turbine, and through a set of reduction
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80:. The starter can also be another internal-combustion engine in the case, for instance, of very large engines, or
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This overrunning-clutch pinion arrangement was phased into use beginning in the early 1960s; before that time, a
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182:(run in reverse), pulling the crank with it, because the overrun safety mechanism works in one direction only.
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Before the advent of the starter motor, engines were started by various methods including wind-up springs,
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547:. The Folo-Thru drive pinion stays engaged through a cylinder firing but not causing the engine to start
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Those starters not employing offset gear trains like the
Chrysler unit generally employ planetary
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471:-operated switch (the "ignition switch"), the solenoid engages a lever that pushes out the drive
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1370:...the twitterings of the Highland Park hummingbird, Mopar's famous gear-reduction starter...
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to be stopped at the correct position. This is one way of starting an engine of a car with
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1016:, with the most common application being backup starting system on seagoing vessels. Many
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Caution, loud audio. A pair of air-starting motors on a 3300 kW diesel standby generator.
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Typical electric starter installed underneath and toward the rear of an automobile engine
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valve for the air start system. The air start system is conceptually very similar to a
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power the motor. This made the inertia starter a common choice for aircraft with large
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For the first examples of production German turbojet engines later in World War II,
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and its inertia turns it over to start it. These stages are commonly automated by
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for an electric starter in
America. (Kettering had replaced the hand crank on
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so as to initiate the engine's operation under its own power. Starters can be
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An automobile starter motor (larger cylinder). The smaller object on top is a
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self-starter. In ground vehicles the system consists of a geared turbine, an
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designed a small two-stroke, opposed-twin gasoline engine to start both the
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once the engine was running, a concept that is now being revived in
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1000:. Turning the crank moves the pinion into mesh with the engine's
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1097:"The John Deere 720 diesel and its innovative pony motor design"
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Vintage farm tractors: the ultimate tribute to classic tractors
472:
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wound up with a crank to start an engine without a battery or
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856:
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220:
invented and patented the first electric starter in
America
194:
or worse. Moreover, increasingly larger engines with higher
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198:
made hand cranking a more physically demanding endeavour.
40:
which controls power to the starter motor and engages the
2207:
1183:"The Chrysler Museum in Pictures: Gone But Not Forgotten"
496:
would cause the starter to spin so fast as to fly apart.
475:
on the starter driveshaft and meshes the pinion with the
94:
662:
issued a nonstandard starter, a direct-drive "movable
141:-designed, "APU-style" two-stroke starter motor for a
543:
A starter motor with Bendix Folo-Thru drive cranks a
1788:
Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor (DRPMIM)
606:
A Chrysler gear-reduction starter cranks a V8 engine
954:from six to 16 cylinders are started by means of a
205:, an adaptation of the Benz Velo, built in 1896 in
178:; with an advanced spark setting, the engine could
153:, and human-powered techniques such as a removable
27:Device used to start an internal combustion engine
3436:
1288:"Permanent Magnet Generators for Diesel Engines"
1023:in the 1960s had hand-cranked spring starters.
644:because its light weight offered an advantage.
267:later that year. These starters also worked as
263:in 1912, with the same system being adopted by
201:The first electric starter was installed on an
2195:
467:is applied to the solenoid, usually through a
237:, of Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (
2850:
2181:
1525:
1161:
1159:
963:wherein emergency starting is a requirement.
255:with an electric motor five years earlier.)
84:in agricultural or excavation applications.
1310:"Know Your Car's Nervous System - Starters"
809:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
715:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2857:
2843:
2188:
2174:
1532:
1518:
1220:
1156:
1285:
829:Learn how and when to remove this message
735:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:one-directional slip or release provision
117:A 1920s era electric self-starter for an
2254:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
1352:
1180:
1117:
979:
941:
900:
463:) mounted on it. When DC power from the
427:
378:
213:, by electrical engineer H. J. Dowsing.
132:
124:
112:
93:
64:) is a device used to rotate (crank) an
31:
1251:
1094:
14:
3437:
1340:The 1962 Starting Motor and Alternator
2838:
2169:
1539:
1513:
1342:, Chrysler Corporation, November 1961
627:introduced a starter incorporating a
286:cars having direct air starters, and
1388:. Fspowercontrol.com. Archived from
1286:R. Howell, Benito (17 August 2017).
807:adding citations to reliable sources
774:
713:adding citations to reliable sources
680:
654:
302:One of the innovations on the first
2871:components, systems and terminology
1095:Gingell, Rachel (8 December 2016).
487:drive shaft through an overrunning
355:aircraft gas turbines as a form of
24:
1181:Sessions, Ron (21 February 2017).
676:
580:
564:
517:
25:
3461:
1471:
975:
917:Since large trucks typically use
573:
1221:Whittacker, Wayne (April 1949).
1026:
779:
685:
614:Problems playing this file? See
596:
555:Problems playing this file? See
533:
2356:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1441:
1421:
1399:
1375:
1346:
1332:
3193:Propeller speed reduction unit
1917:Timeline of the electric motor
1302:
1279:
1245:
1214:
1174:
1170:: 1402–1412. 23 November 1912.
1139:
1111:
1088:
13:
1:
1702:Dahlander pole changing motor
1383:"Engine and turbine starters"
1353:LaChance, David (June 2007).
1081:
592:Hear a gear-reduction starter
3003:Capacitor discharge ignition
1407:"Hydraulic Starting Systems"
970:
937:
770:
7:
1746:Brushless DC electric motor
1451:. Mazda.com. Archived from
1430:1963 Briggs Wind-up Starter
1039:
374:
10:
3466:
2197:Internal combustion engine
1476:
1252:Sanders, Ralph W. (1996).
1206:: CS1 maint: url-status (
840:
108:
66:internal-combustion engine
3396:
3330:
3307:
3261:
3206:
3180:
3171:
3046:
3013:Electronic fuel injection
2988:
2885:
2876:
2814:
2778:
2738:
2693:
2665:Diesel particulate filter
2650:
2617:Idle air control actuator
2599:
2566:
2558:Engine control unit (ECU)
2548:
2495:
2449:
2411:
2331:
2216:
2203:
2037:
1976:
1950:
1905:
1836:
1763:Switched reluctance (SRM)
1741:Brushed DC electric motor
1677:
1654:
1579:
1547:
3059:Aircraft engine starting
2730:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2642:Throttle position sensor
2351:Overhead camshaft layout
1951:Experimental, futuristic
1868:Variable-frequency drive
1449:"Idling Stop Technology"
529:Hear a Folo-Thru starter
3104:Mean effective pressure
2269:Core plug (freeze plug)
1968:Superconducting machine
1606:Coil winding technology
1320:(6): 186–189. June 1952
1223:"Chrysler Family Debut"
1046:Aircraft engine starter
638:Highland Park, Michigan
545:Chrysler Slant-6 engine
3144:Time between overhauls
1166:"Olympia Motor Show".
988:A spring starter uses
985:
947:
914:
585:
522:
433:
425:
241:), invented and filed
146:
130:
122:
105:
45:
3419:Ice protection system
3159:Volumetric efficiency
3124:Overhead valve engine
2009:Power-to-weight ratio
1873:Direct torque control
1500:U.S. patent 1,464,714
1492:U.S. patent 1,050,739
1168:The Automotor Journal
1018:Briggs & Stratton
1010:hydraulic power packs
984:Modern spring starter
983:
945:
912:
649:epicyclic gear trains
584:
521:
432:Starter motor diagram
431:
382:
261:Cadillac Model Thirty
244:U.S. patent 1,150,523
223:U.S. patent 0,745,157
136:
128:
116:
97:
35:
3404:Auxiliary power unit
3284:Flight data recorder
2510:Compression ignition
2004:Open-loop controller
1897:Ward Leonard control
1621:DC injection braking
1359:Hemmings Classic Car
1066:Hybrid Synergy Drive
960:hydraulic fracturing
925:electrical systems.
876:auxiliary power unit
803:improve this section
709:improve this section
357:auxiliary power unit
231:Charles F. Kettering
174:in order to prevent
3373:Pressure carburetor
3109:Naturally aspirated
3079:Engine displacement
2660:Catalytic converter
1907:History, education,
1553:Alternating current
1505:Arthur Atwater Kent
1484:U.S. patent 745,157
1147:"Patent No 745 157"
1076:Vincent Hugo Bendix
386:Main housing (yoke)
192:dislocated shoulder
151:gunpowder cylinders
3388:Updraft carburetor
3262:Engine instruments
3188:Propeller governor
3084:Four-stroke engine
2786:Knocking / pinging
2378:Combustion chamber
2070:Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
2029:Voltage controller
1984:Blocked-rotor test
1922:Ball bearing motor
1892:Motor soft starter
1846:AC-to-AC converter
1707:Wound-rotor (WRIM)
1669:Electric generator
1487:, Clyde J. Coleman
1355:"Memorable Mirada"
1071:List of auto parts
1056:Flame-start system
986:
948:
915:
855:, particularly on
586:
523:
434:
426:
325:two-stroke engines
196:compression ratios
147:
131:
123:
106:
89:four-stroke engine
46:
3432:
3431:
3269:Annunciator panel
3257:
3256:
3167:
3166:
3149:Two-stroke engine
3119:Overhead camshaft
3099:Manifold pressure
3069:Compression ratio
2832:
2831:
2801:Stratified charge
2568:Electrical system
2550:Engine management
2383:Compression ratio
2323:Starter ring gear
2222:rotating assembly
2163:
2162:
1999:Open-circuit test
1838:Motor controllers
1719:Synchronous motor
1541:Electric machines
1409:. Huegli-tech.com
1314:Popular Mechanics
1227:Popular Mechanics
1125:. Beekman House.
1034:stop-start system
1006:engine-generators
946:Hydraulic Starter
910:
839:
838:
831:
745:
744:
737:
655:Movable pole shoe
601:
538:
477:starter ring gear
99:Starter ring gear
16:(Redirected from
3457:
3445:Starting systems
3414:Hydraulic system
3234:Counter-rotating
3178:
3177:
2930:Hydraulic tappet
2883:
2882:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2675:Exhaust manifold
2540:Spark plug wires
2426:Boost controller
2413:Forced induction
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2014:Two-phase system
1994:Electromagnetism
1942:Mouse mill motor
1909:recreational use
1783:Permanent magnet
1712:Linear induction
1565:Permanent magnet
1534:
1527:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1092:
1014:lifeboat engines
990:potential energy
911:
843:Air-start system
834:
827:
823:
820:
814:
783:
775:
740:
733:
729:
726:
720:
689:
681:
603:
602:
583:
540:
539:
520:
465:starting battery
457:starter solenoid
448:-parallel wound
349:Junkers Jumo 004
246:
225:
218:Clyde J. Coleman
172:retard the spark
38:starter solenoid
21:
18:Electric starter
3465:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3409:Coffman starter
3392:
3335:
3326:
3317:Carburetor heat
3309:Engine controls
3303:
3253:
3229:Contra-rotating
3202:
3163:
3094:Ignition timing
3042:
3023:Ignition system
2990:
2984:
2887:
2872:
2863:
2833:
2828:
2810:
2806:Top dead centre
2774:
2734:
2689:
2646:
2595:
2569:
2562:
2551:
2544:
2491:
2445:
2407:
2363:Tappet / lifter
2346:Flathead layout
2336:
2327:
2221:
2212:
2199:
2194:
2164:
2159:
2033:
1972:
1946:
1937:Mendocino motor
1910:
1908:
1901:
1832:
1692:Induction motor
1673:
1650:
1596:Braking chopper
1584:
1582:
1575:
1543:
1538:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1395:on 30 May 2013.
1392:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1363:
1361:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1290:. PM Generators
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1219:
1215:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1051:Coffman starter
1042:
1029:
978:
973:
956:hydraulic motor
940:
901:
845:
835:
824:
818:
815:
800:
784:
773:
741:
730:
724:
721:
706:
690:
679:
677:Inertia starter
657:
621:
620:
612:
610:
609:
608:
607:
604:
597:
594:
587:
581:
576:
567:
565:Folo-Thru drive
562:
561:
553:
551:
550:
549:
548:
541:
534:
531:
524:
518:
483:of the engine.
424:
377:
273:hybrid vehicles
242:
235:Henry M. Leland
221:
145:turbojet engine
111:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:Inlet manifold
3360:
3355:
3353:Fuel injection
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3249:Variable-pitch
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:Constant-speed
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:Obturator ring
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Connecting rod
2897:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2878:Piston engines
2874:
2873:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2695:Cooling system
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2652:Exhaust system
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Inlet manifold
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Fuel injection
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:Connecting rod
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:Inchworm motor
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Circle diagram
1986:
1980:
1978:
1977:Related topics
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Barlow's wheel
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1878:Vector control
1875:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:Cycloconverter
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1616:Damper winding
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1581:Components and
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1559:Direct current
1555:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1496:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:External links
1470:
1467:
1466:
1455:on 1 June 2022
1440:
1420:
1398:
1374:
1345:
1331:
1301:
1278:
1264:
1258:. p. 98.
1244:
1213:
1187:Car and Driver
1173:
1155:
1138:
1131:
1123:Cars 1886–1930
1119:Georgano, G.N.
1110:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1028:
1025:
977:
976:Spring starter
974:
972:
969:
952:diesel engines
939:
936:
884:air start cart
865:air compressor
853:diesel engines
841:Main article:
837:
836:
787:
785:
778:
772:
769:
743:
742:
693:
691:
684:
678:
675:
656:
653:
633:gear reduction
611:
605:
595:
590:
589:
588:
579:
578:
577:
575:
574:Gear reduction
572:
566:
563:
552:
542:
532:
527:
526:
525:
516:
515:
514:
459:(similar to a
453:electric motor
450:direct current
442:cranking motor
423:
422:
417:
412:
402:
397:
387:
383:
376:
373:
345:Norbert Riedel
313:direct current
253:cash registers
139:Norbert Riedel
110:
107:
82:diesel engines
58:cranking motor
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3462:
3451:
3450:Vehicle parts
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:Other systems
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:and induction
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:Glass cockpit
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Shock cooling
3132:
3130:
3129:Rotary engine
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Dual ignition
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Cylinder head
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2869:piston engine
2867:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:Water cooling
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2685:Oxygen sensor
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:Intake system
2598:
2592:
2591:Starter motor
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Ignition coil
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:Petrol engine
2460:
2458:
2457:Diesel engine
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Blowoff valve
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
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2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2338:Cylinder head
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
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2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
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2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Balance shaft
2227:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2156:
2153:
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2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
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1918:
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1852:
1849:
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1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Piezoelectric
1811:
1809:
1808:Electrostatic
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
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1744:
1742:
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1734:
1733:
1732:
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1722:
1720:
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1713:
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1700:
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1592:
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1578:
1572:
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1562:
1560:
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1549:
1546:
1542:
1535:
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1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
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1480:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1408:
1402:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1289:
1282:
1267:
1265:9780896582804
1261:
1257:
1256:
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1209:
1203:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1148:
1142:
1134:
1132:9781855019263
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:Hucks starter
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1027:Fuel-starting
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
982:
968:
964:
961:
957:
953:
944:
935:
932:
926:
924:
920:
899:
896:
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866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
844:
833:
830:
822:
812:
808:
804:
798:
797:
793:
788:This section
786:
782:
777:
776:
768:
765:
759:
756:
751:
739:
736:
728:
718:
714:
710:
704:
703:
699:
694:This section
692:
688:
683:
682:
674:
671:
669:
665:
661:
652:
650:
645:
641:
639:
634:
630:
626:
619:
617:
593:
571:
560:
558:
546:
530:
513:
510:
505:
503:
497:
495:
490:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:starter motor
436:The electric
430:
421:
418:
416:
415:Brush-carrier
413:
410:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:gear assembly
395:
391:
388:
385:
384:
381:
372:
370:
369:Ferguson TE20
366:
361:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
338:
333:
328:
326:
322:
321:SIBA Elektrik
317:
314:
309:
305:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
256:
254:
250:
245:
240:
236:
232:
227:
224:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
158:
156:
152:
144:
140:
135:
127:
120:
115:
104:
100:
96:
92:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:starter motor
59:
55:
51:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3424:Recoil start
3383:Turbocharger
3378:Supercharger
3244:Single-blade
3154:Valve timing
3037:
2975:Sleeve valve
2960:Poppet valve
2935:Main bearing
2715:Electric fan
2590:
2515:Coil-on-plug
2441:Turbocharger
2436:Supercharger
2308:Main bearing
2298:Firing order
2288:Displacement
2234:Block heater
2218:Engine block
2206:Part of the
2205:
2023:
1495:, R. C. Hull
1457:. Retrieved
1453:the original
1443:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1401:
1390:the original
1377:
1369:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:
1348:
1339:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1317:
1313:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1254:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1230:
1226:
1216:
1192:20 September
1190:. Retrieved
1186:
1176:
1167:
1141:
1122:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1090:
1030:
992:stored in a
987:
965:
949:
927:
916:
888:
883:
879:
873:
851:engines and
846:
825:
816:
801:Please help
789:
760:
746:
731:
722:
707:Please help
695:
672:
658:
646:
642:
622:
613:
568:
554:
509:Bendix drive
506:
502:ohmic losses
498:
489:sprag clutch
485:
441:
437:
435:
362:
342:
332:Ford Model T
329:
301:
277:
257:
228:
215:
207:East Peckham
200:
188:broken wrist
184:
179:
159:
148:
86:
61:
57:
54:self-starter
53:
49:
47:
42:Bendix drive
29:
3368:Intercooler
3294:Hobbs meter
3219:Blade pitch
3214:Autofeather
3207:Terminology
3114:Monosoupape
3074:Dead centre
3047:Terminology
2955:Piston ring
2925:Gudgeon pin
2739:Lubrication
2703:Air cooling
2520:Distributor
2472:Fuel filter
2450:Fuel system
2431:Intercooler
2398:Timing belt
2388:Head gasket
2318:Piston ring
1932:Lynch motor
1697:Shaded-pole
1583:accessories
1459:30 November
1099:. Farms.com
1021:lawn mowers
931:distributor
923:prime mover
849:gas turbine
405:Field coils
337:Citroën 2CV
308:Model 30-35
3439:Categories
3358:Gascolator
3348:Carburetor
3299:Tachometer
3181:Components
3173:Propellers
3089:Horsepower
3054:Air-cooled
3033:Spark plug
2998:Alternator
2991:components
2989:Electrical
2970:Rocker arm
2910:Crankshaft
2888:components
2886:Mechanical
2791:Power band
2751:Oil filter
2725:Thermostat
2670:EGT sensor
2632:MAF sensor
2627:MAP sensor
2612:Air filter
2576:Alternator
2535:Spark plug
2467:Carburetor
2393:Rocker arm
2333:Valvetrain
2264:Crankshaft
2208:Automobile
1828:Axial flux
1818:Ultrasonic
1793:Servomotor
1773:Doubly fed
1768:Reluctance
1664:Alternator
1656:Generators
1626:Field coil
1611:Commutator
1571:commutated
1569:SC - Self-
1294:14 January
1082:References
998:alternator
919:air brakes
880:start cart
616:media help
557:media help
269:generators
265:Lanchester
176:backfiring
3018:Generator
2525:Glow plug
2487:Fuel tank
2482:Fuel pump
2249:Crankcase
2145:Steinmetz
2060:Davenport
1858:Amplidyne
1758:Universal
1736:Homopolar
1724:Repulsion
1636:Slip ring
1012:, and on
1002:ring gear
971:Non-motor
938:Hydraulic
895:air motor
861:pneumatic
819:July 2018
790:does not
771:Pneumatic
725:July 2018
696:does not
664:pole shoe
629:geartrain
623:In 1962,
494:backdrive
390:Freewheel
306:car, the
229:In 1911,
216:In 1903,
180:kick back
78:hydraulic
74:pneumatic
3322:Throttle
3239:Scimitar
2945:Oil pump
2915:Cylinder
2905:Crankpin
2895:Camshaft
2866:Aircraft
2824:Category
2769:Dry sump
2765:Wet sump
2756:Oil pump
2720:Radiator
2637:Throttle
2497:Ignition
2368:Camshaft
2293:Flywheel
2274:Cylinder
2259:Crankpin
2150:Sturgeon
2080:Ferraris
2065:Davidson
1887:Metadyne
1803:Traction
1751:Unipolar
1731:DC motor
1687:AC motor
1591:Armature
1233:(4): 122
1202:cite web
1121:(1985).
1103:28 March
1040:See also
859:, use a
755:solenoid
750:flywheel
625:Chrysler
481:flywheel
420:Solenoid
411:attached
400:Armature
375:Electric
365:Chrysler
284:Wolseley
280:S.C.A.T.
143:Jumo 004
103:flywheel
70:electric
3198:Spinner
3038:Starter
3028:Magneto
2965:Pushrod
2796:Redline
2680:Muffler
2581:Battery
2505:Magneto
2140:Sprague
2135:Siemens
2110:Maxwell
2075:Faraday
2024:Starter
1963:Railgun
1958:Coilgun
1798:Stepper
1646:Winding
1477:Patents
1435:YouTube
811:removed
796:sources
717:removed
702:sources
479:on the
455:with a
409:brushes
363:Before
353:BMW 003
288:Sunbeam
233:, with
211:England
168:overrun
119:airship
109:History
101:on its
50:starter
3336:system
3139:Stroke
2980:Tappet
2950:Piston
2819:Portal
2607:Airbox
2586:Dynamo
2313:Piston
2303:Stroke
2282:layout
2210:series
2130:Saxton
2115:Ørsted
2100:Jedlik
2095:Jacobi
2085:Gramme
2050:Barlow
2038:People
1863:Drives
1778:Linear
1679:Motors
1641:Stator
1413:25 May
1364:25 May
1324:25 May
1271:25 May
1262:
1237:25 May
1129:
994:spring
893:. The
857:trucks
764:radial
473:pinion
446:series
394:pinion
316:dynamo
203:Arnold
121:engine
52:(also
3343:Avgas
3279:EICAS
2779:Other
2403:Valve
2373:Chest
2155:Tesla
2125:Pixii
2090:Henry
2055:Botto
2045:Arago
1631:Rotor
1601:Brush
1563:PM -
1557:DC -
1551:AC -
1393:(PDF)
1386:(PDF)
1150:(PDF)
950:Some
869:gears
847:Some
668:relay
461:relay
407:with
304:Dodge
296:Adler
239:DELCO
155:crank
76:, or
60:, or
3332:Fuel
3274:EFIS
3064:Bore
2761:Sump
2278:bank
2239:Bore
2120:Park
2105:Lenz
1823:TEFC
1461:2015
1415:2015
1366:2015
1326:2015
1296:2021
1273:2015
1260:ISBN
1239:2015
1208:link
1194:2024
1127:ISBN
1105:2021
1008:and
794:any
792:cite
700:any
698:cite
660:Ford
392:and
351:and
330:The
294:and
292:Star
282:and
190:, a
137:The
2746:Oil
2335:and
2220:and
891:bar
882:or
805:by
711:by
469:key
440:or
251:'s
249:NCR
3441::
2767:,
2280:,
1503:,
1433:.
1368:.
1357:.
1318:96
1316:.
1312:.
1231:91
1229:.
1225:.
1204:}}
1200:{{
1185:.
1158:^
1036:.
886:.
640:.
275:.
226:.
209:,
72:,
56:,
48:A
2858:e
2851:t
2844:v
2771:)
2763:(
2284:)
2276:(
2189:e
2182:t
2175:v
1533:e
1526:t
1519:v
1463:.
1437:.
1417:.
1328:.
1298:.
1275:.
1241:.
1210:)
1196:.
1152:.
1135:.
1107:.
832:)
826:(
821:)
817:(
813:.
799:.
738:)
732:(
727:)
723:(
719:.
705:.
618:.
559:.
44:.
20:)
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