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Slab serif

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318: 418: 543:, and nineteen in a specimen dated 1821 but containing 1823 pages; no Caslon specimens are known between 1816 and 1821 but the first surviving specimen from Caslon to show slab-serifs dates from 1821 and shows eleven sizes. Thorne had four sizes in 1820. Even fewer specimens survive from other foundries; none are known from Bower and Bacon between 1813 and 1826, by which time they had eighteen sizes. Gray concluded that any of Figgins, Thorowgood and Caslon could have been first to issue a lower-case (already seen on the 1810 woodblock), as they all introduced ones around 1820. 38: 2456: 234:(1809) an intense cultural fascination with all things Egyptian followed. Suites of contemporary parlor furniture were produced resembling furniture found in tombs. Multicolored woodblock printed wallpaper could make a dining room in Edinburgh or Chicago feel like Luxor. While there was no relationship between Egyptian writing systems and slab serif types, either shrewd marketing or honest confusion led to slab serifs often being called 357: 137: 149: 161: 408:
A considerable variety of other names have been used, particularly in the 19th century: at the time the separation between typeface name and genre had yet to become established, so it is not clear if a name describes a specific typeface or is meant to refer to a subgenre. For example, slab serifs on
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or to create a nineteenth-century atmosphere. It was most popular from the 1860s until the early twentieth century, particularly in the United States, although the basic concept originates from London printing of the 1820s and it was used outside the United States. It has often been revived since,
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are other examples of newspaper and small print-orientated typefaces that have regular, monoline serifs (sometimes more visible in bold weights) but a general humanist text face structure not particularly influenced by nineteenth-century stylings (as Clarendons are). The term "humanist slab serif"
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Slab serif lettering and typefaces appeared rapidly in the early nineteenth century, having little in common with previous letterforms. As the printing of advertising material began to expand in the early nineteenth century, new and notionally more attention-grabbing letterforms became popular.
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note that the structure of the large slab serifs imposes compromises on structure, with purely geometric designs harder to create in ultra-bold sizes where it becomes impossible to create a strictly monoline lower-case alphabet, and Clarendon-style designs harder to create in a lighter style.
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The term Egyptian was adopted by French and German foundries, where it became Egyptienne. A lighter style of slab serif with a single width of strokes was called 'engravers face' since it resembled the monoline structure of metal engravings. The term 'slab-serif' itself is relatively recent,
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Whether Figgins' foundry produced the very first slab-serif is a question that is unlikely to be ever confirmed, but Nicolete Gray felt that "it seems probable" as his is the first foundry with a surviving specimen showing them. This first Figgins specimen to show them was an "1815" specimen
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genre have a structure more like most other serif fonts, though with larger and more obvious serifs. These designs may have bracketed serifs which increase width along their length before merging with the main strokes of the letters, while on geometrics the serifs have a constant width.
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Display-oriented slab serifs are often extremely bold, intended to grab the reader's attention on a poster, while slab serifs oriented towards legibility at small sizes show less extreme characteristics. Some fonts oriented towards small print use and printing on poor-quality
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design inspired by type designs of the eighteenth century, made slightly bolder and lower in contrast. Originally intended for use as a bolder type for emphasis, it was often used for general-purpose body text for example if legibility was considered important.
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Clarendon typefaces, unlike other slab serifs, actually have some bracketing and some contrast in size in the actual serif: the serifs often have curves so they change width and become wider as they approach the main stroke of the letter. Examples include
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the French Clarendon model were also called 'Celtic', 'Belgian', 'Aldine' and 'Teutonic' by American printers, as well as 'Tuscan', a name which refers to slab serifs with diamond-shaped points, called median spurs, on the sides of the letterform.
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wrote with amusement that slab-serif and other such display types were 'the outrageous kind of face only adapted for placards, posting-bills, invitations to the wheel of Fortune...Fashion and Fancy commonly frolic from one extreme to another.'
397:. These faces originated in monospaced format with fixed-width, meaning that every character takes up exactly the same amount of horizontal space. This feature is necessitated by the nature of the typewriter apparatus. Examples include 249:
Because of the clear, bold nature of the large serifs, designs with some slab serif characteristics are also often used for small print, for example in printing with typewriters and on newsprint paper. For example, Linotype's
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Poster-size types began to be developed that were not merely magnified forms of book type, but very different and bolder. Some were developments of designs of the previous fifty years: ultra-bold types known as "
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This can make tracing the descent of sans and slab-serif styles hard, since a trend can arrive in print directly and without apparent precedent from a signpainting tradition which has left less of a record.
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The first known example of a slab-serif letterform is woodblock lettering on an 1810 lottery advertisement from London. Slab-serif type was perhaps first introduced by London typefounder
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The earliest slab-serifs were often called "antiques" or "Egyptians". They were often quite monoline in construction and had similarities to nineteenth-century serif fonts, such as
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have a geometric design with minimal variation in stroke width: they are sometimes described as sans-serif fonts with added serifs. Others such as those of the
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The Practice of Typography: A Treatise on Title-pages, with Numerous Illustrations in Facsimile and Some Observations on the Early and Recent Printing of Books
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The majority of the world's newspapers are typeset in one or another of the traditional Linotype 'Legibility Group', and most of the rest in their derivatives.
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Miller and Richard's Oldstyle Antique. Just as Clarendon typefaces took the "Didone" or modern-face model as a basis for a slab-serif, it is based on their
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letterforms. Some of the type designs appearing around this time may be based on signpainting and architectural lettering traditions, or vice versa.
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Slab serifs declined following the growing popularity of sans-serif faces, with which they always competed. Notable collections of original
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with 1820 on the spine shows more. No specimens are known from Figgins' main rivals who produced many slab serifs, the Caslon and
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Carter, E., Day. B, Meggs P.: "Typographic Design: Form and Communication, Third Edition", page 35. John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
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paper may have slab serifs to increase legibility, while their other features are closer to conventional book type fonts.
17: 1180: 1153: 1047: 231: 838: 615: 985:– created from hand-set letterpress prints of the original 19th century wood type by Matt Griffin & Matt Braun 317: 368:
type, the serifs are even heavier than the stems, forging a dramatic, attention-drawing effect. This is known as
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Beton Bold in a metal type sample. Contrast is minimal and letterforms take the circle as a basic shape.
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typeface characterized by thick, block-like serifs. Serif terminals may be either blunt and angular (
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Geometric designs have no bracketing and evenly weighted stems and serifs. Early examples include
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has shown that the first typefaces and letters called 'Egyptian' were apparently all sans-serifs.
518: 254:, in which most newspapers were printed during much of the twentieth century, were based on the " 196:
under the name "Antique", appearing in a type-specimen dated 1815 (but probably issued in 1817).
882: 1870: 1593: 966: 372:. It is traditionally associated with use in circus and other posters, and is commonly seen in 1197: 1170: 1145: 1138: 1067: 521:; other 1815-dated Figgins specimens do not show it; another "1815" specimen that was held by 2345: 1845: 1840: 1753: 1740: 1573: 1352: 1287: 449:, several of which were influenced by geometric sans-serifs of the 1920s and 30s, especially 345: 200: 141: 31: 1224: 223:
has published a large collection of digitisations inspired by nineteenth-century wood type.
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Twyman, Michael. "The Bold Idea: The Use of Bold-looking Types in the Nineteenth Century".
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fonts of the 1950s and 60s onwards, and these may be called "neo-grotesque" slab serifs.
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Egyptian campaign and dissemination of images and descriptions via publications like
1318: 219:, collected by Rob Roy Kelly, writer of a well-known book on American poster types. 2214: 2167: 2006: 1953: 1814: 1624: 1236: 848:
Typographia, an Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing
654: 623: 522: 446: 438: 286: 255: 251: 1457: 560: 558: 181:" text faces of the period but much bolder. Others had completely new structures: 2350: 2237: 2232: 2152: 2120: 2011: 1748: 1550: 1453: 454: 442: 382: 193: 125: 279: 2355: 2300: 2177: 1980: 1804: 1758: 1692: 1662: 1530: 555: 402: 398: 90: 1449:. Many examples of early slab serif type alongside other period display types. 1299: 2474: 2147: 2115: 2105: 1985: 1410: 998: 565: 311: 128:
text fonts intended for computer and programming use are slab serif designs.
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The Changing Newspaper: typographic trends in Britain and America 1622-1972
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French Clarendon type (top) compared to a conventional Clarendon design.
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Describing the process of designing slab serifs, modern font designers
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Slab serif fonts were also often used in typewriters, most famously
2338: 2197: 2016: 1889: 1875: 1700: 1652: 356: 266: 227: 174: 78: 42: 923: 2162: 1948: 1799: 1710: 1642: 1578: 1129: 610: 608: 606: 604: 602: 270: 1225:"Nineteenth-century reactions against the didone type model - I" 714: 93:). Slab serifs were introduced in the early nineteenth century. 2065: 1682: 529:
foundries, over the relevant period. Figgins had four sizes in
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Type classifications are useful, but the common ones are not
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Typewriter slab serif typefaces are named for their use in
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The Nymph and the Grot: the revival of the sanserif letter
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There are several main subgroups of slab serif typefaces:
160: 1042:(1. publ. ed.). London: Fraser. pp. 100–2 etc. 872:"The revival of slab-serif typefaces in the 20th century" 756:. London: Friends of the St Bride Printing Library, 1999. 258:" or "Clarendon" style adapted for continuous body text. 168:, a slab serif face based on strike-on typewriting faces. 45:
poster, 1848. Some headings and the lower passage are in
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have been designed under the influence of neo-grotesque
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Slab serifs form a large and varied genre. Some such as
1433:. Oxford Bibliographical Society/University of Reading. 1413:(1980). "Slab-serif type design in England 1815-1845". 918:
Analog, digital, virtual: @Home with Hamilton Wood Type
906: 669: 1327:"Font Wars: A Story On Rivalry Between Type Foundries" 1086: 1028: 826: 1168: 768: 766: 764: 762: 790: 778: 1195: 1065: 748: 746: 1137: 814: 759: 1368:"Look what happened to Helvetica. It grew wings." 568:. "Slab-serif type design in England 1815-1845". 156:, a slab serif face based on the geometric model. 144:, a slab serif face based on the Clarendon model. 2472: 1292: 802: 743: 1431:British type specimens before 1831: a hand-list 1202:. David R. Godine Publisher. pp. 262–280. 1072:. David R. Godine Publisher. pp. 277–294. 973:and the Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum 2416:Intellectual property protection of typefaces 1479: 1958: 676:Mosley, James (1963). "English Vernacular". 1344: 1022:The Use of Type: The Practice of Typography 517:containing 1817 watermarked paper, held by 185:letters, based on classical antiquity, and 1486: 1472: 1415:Journal of the Printing Historical Society 1189: 1114: 589:Journal of the Printing Historical Society 570:Journal of the Printing Historical Society 2442:Punctuation and other typographic symbols 1382:"Vintage Fonts: 35 Adverts From the Past" 1162: 955:Bringing Wood Type into the 21st Century 416: 355: 316: 159: 147: 135: 36: 1379: 1260: 1216: 844: 697:"The Story of Our Friend, the Fat Face" 694: 388: 49:type, but much body text is slab serif. 14: 2473: 1425: 1324: 1120: 907:Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum 796: 784: 675: 364:In the Italienne model, also known as 297: 1467: 1222: 1175:. Century Company. pp. 233–241. 1135: 1019: 580: 278:has been applied to serif text faces 1445:George Bruce & Co. of New York, 1409: 1196:Alexander S. Lawson (January 1990). 1066:Alexander S. Lawson (January 1990). 1034: 934:"Rob Roy Kelly Wood Type Collection" 832: 820: 808: 772: 695:Kennard, Jennifer (3 January 2014). 644: 124:, and this tradition has meant many 41:Slab-serif type on the heading of a 1402: 1380:Budrick, Callie (19 October 2015). 726:"The Nymph and the Grot: an Update" 24: 720: 586: 464:Some monoline slab serifs such as 412: 381:as Playbill and more recently by 351: 334: 25: 2497: 1447:1828 (& other) specimen books 1439: 1350: 1140:The Digital Typography Sourcebook 616:"Sentinel: historical background" 2455: 2454: 564: 305: 1277: 1254: 1004: 988: 976: 960: 948: 911: 900: 869: 845:Hansard, Thomas Curson (1825). 510: 1493: 1169:Theodore Low De Vinne (1902). 501: 330:is a derivative of this style. 13: 1: 2411:History of Western typography 1325:Loxley, Simon (14 May 2012). 1263:"Scrambled Eggs & Serifs" 1100:Mergenthaler Linotype Company 967:Hamilton Wood Type Collection 549: 537: 530: 401:(on the geometric model) and 217:University of Texas at Austin 199:Writing in 1825, the printer 2258:traditional point-size names 1144:. New York: Wiley. pp.  490:List of slab-serif typefaces 246:possibly twentieth-century. 7: 1511:Canons of page construction 647:"Know your type: Clarendon" 483: 30:For the 1956 typeface, see 10: 2502: 405:(on the Clarendon model). 177:", which were related to " 131: 29: 2450: 2434: 2366: 2319: 2273: 2213: 2096: 2036: 1994: 1971: 1939: 1899: 1888: 1833: 1787: 1739: 1691: 1668:Subscript and superscript 1623: 1614: 1564: 1501: 527:Thorne (later Thorowgood) 164:A sample of the typeface 152:A sample of the typeface 140:A sample of the typeface 2426:Vox-ATypI classification 1556:Intentionally blank page 969:– joint venture between 495: 1241:10.1163/157006971x00301 519:Oxford University Press 232:Description de l'Égypte 1959: 1136:Bryan, Marvin (1996). 1095:The Legibility of Type 997:– typeface adapted by 422: 361: 331: 169: 157: 145: 50: 27:Type of serif typeface 1261:Frere-Jones, Tobias. 1199:Anatomy of a Typeface 1069:Anatomy of a Typeface 936:. University of Texas 420: 395:strike-on typewriting 370:reverse-contrast type 359: 320: 215:in Wisconsin and the 201:Thomas Curson Hansard 163: 151: 139: 40: 32:Egyptienne (typeface) 2486:Slab serif typefaces 2296:Typographic features 1452:From the company of 1223:Ovink, G.W. (1971). 1020:Biggs, John (1954). 389:Typewriter typefaces 2421:Technical lettering 2320:Typography in other 2061:Hanging punctuation 1458:Specimen book, 1845 1125:. pp. 192 etc. 298:Sub-classifications 18:Egyptian (typeface) 2384:Handwriting script 2311:Desktop publishing 2281:Character encoding 2274:Digital typography 1788:Horizontal aspects 1741:Visual distinction 1599:Widows and orphans 1288:Indra Kupferschmid 1265:. Frere-Jones Type 1024:. Blandford Press. 957:by Angela Riechers 835:, pp. 12, 15. 645:Challand, Skylar. 423: 362: 332: 291:Tobias Frere-Jones 170: 158: 146: 51: 2468: 2467: 2215:Typographic units 2133:For position only 2032: 2031: 1884: 1883: 1331:Smashing Magazine 1209:978-0-87923-333-4 1121:Middendorp, Jan. 1079:978-0-87923-333-4 983:Wood Type Revival 275:Guardian Egyptian 16:(Redirected from 2493: 2458: 2457: 2435:Related template 2367:Related articles 2168:Phototypesetting 2022:reverse-contrast 2007:Display typeface 1964: 1941:Blackletter type 1897: 1896: 1834:Vertical aspects 1815:Sentence spacing 1625:Typeface anatomy 1621: 1620: 1488: 1481: 1474: 1465: 1464: 1434: 1422: 1403:Cited literature 1397: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1351:Coles, Stephen. 1348: 1342: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1296: 1290: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1143: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1017: 1011: 1008: 1002: 992: 986: 980: 974: 971:P22 Type Foundry 964: 958: 952: 946: 945: 943: 941: 930: 921: 915: 909: 904: 898: 897: 895: 893: 887: 881:. 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1678:Text figures 1521:Even working 1430: 1418: 1414: 1389:. 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Historian 235: 225: 206: 198: 191: 171: 119: 111: 95: 74: 70: 67:square serif 66: 62: 58: 52: 2401:Type design 2396:Style guide 2389:Calligraphy 2379:Handwriting 2193:Type design 2143:Lorem ipsum 2138:Letterpress 2098:Typesetting 2038:Punctuation 2002:Record type 1973:Gaelic type 1961:Schwabacher 1851:Body height 1716:Letter case 1584:Line length 1246:20 February 1036:Hutt, Allen 797:Mosley 1984 785:Mosley 1984 735:12 December 541: 1820 534: 1817 474:Roboto Slab 441:, Rosmini, 323:"Old Style" 63:mechanistic 2481:Typography 2475:Categories 2374:Penmanship 2346:East Asian 2188:Type color 2121:monospaced 2078:Interpunct 2071:minus sign 1995:Specialist 1931:Sans-serif 1924:slab serif 1901:Roman type 1856:Cap height 1820:Thin space 1779:Whitespace 1731:Title case 1726:Snake case 1721:Small caps 1706:Camel case 1638:Diacritics 1546:Pull quote 1541:Pagination 1536:Paper size 1495:Typography 1300:"Helserif" 1269:23 October 1123:Dutch Type 940:23 October 595:(107–143). 550:References 478:sans-serif 346:Egyptienne 228:Napoleon's 226:Following 221:Adobe Inc. 183:sans-serif 142:Egyptienne 126:monospaced 59:slab serif 55:typography 1871:Overshoot 1866:Mean line 1861:Descender 1774:Underline 1616:Character 1594:Runaround 1574:Alignment 1566:Paragraph 1229:Quaerendo 855:12 August 833:Gray 1980 821:Gray 1980 809:Gray 1980 773:Gray 1980 706:11 August 661:13 August 342:Clarendon 236:Egyptians 209:wood type 175:fat faces 115:newsprint 106:Clarendon 2460:Category 2339:PT Fonts 2334:Cyrillic 2198:Typeface 2116:computer 2017:fat face 1890:Typeface 1876:x-height 1846:Baseline 1841:Ascender 1701:All caps 1663:Rotation 1658:Ligature 1653:Ink trap 1429:(1984). 1391:20 March 1362:20 March 1336:20 March 1310:19 March 1106:29 April 1038:(1973). 879:KeithTam 484:See also 470:Helserif 431:Rockwell 267:TheSerif 213:Hamilton 154:Rockwell 102:Rockwell 87:Rockwell 79:typeface 75:Egyptian 43:Chartist 2286:Hinting 2163:Pangram 1981:Insular 1954:Rotunda 1949:Fraktur 1914:Antiqua 1800:Kerning 1769:Oblique 1764:Italics 1711:Initial 1643:Dingbat 1633:Counter 1579:Leading 1421:: 1–35. 1357:Twitter 1306:. 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Index

Egyptian (typeface)
Egyptienne (typeface)

Chartist
Didone
typography
typeface
serif
Rockwell
Courier
Memphis
Rockwell
Clarendon
newsprint
Courier
monospaced

Egyptienne

Rockwell

Courier
fat faces
Didone
sans-serif
reverse-contrast
Vincent Figgins
Thomas Curson Hansard
wood type
Hamilton

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