1039:
1079:
1065:
1053:
507:
1032:
Cys-360 allows an interaction to occur. As the phosphate of PLP is stabilized by Arg 277 and a Gly-rich loop (235-237), the difluoromethyl group of eflornithine is able to interact and remain fixated to both Cys-360 and PLP prior to transimination. As shown in the figure, the pyrroline ring interferes with ornithine's entry (Figure 4). Eflornithine will remain permanently bound in this position to Cys-360. As ODC has two active sites, two eflornithine molecules are required to completely inhibit ODC from ornithine decarboxylation.
40:
1152:
31:
2828:
1078:
1214:
chemopreventive therapy specifically for colon cancer in combination with other medications. Several additional studies have found that eflornithine in combination with other compounds decreases the carcinogen concentrations of ethylnitrosourea, dimethylhydrazine, azoxymethane, methylnitrosourea, and hydroxybutylnitrosamine in the brain, spinal cord, intestine, mammary gland, and urinary bladder.
5824:
992:, of ODC was calculated to be 0.5 s at 4 °C. From this characterization, the rate-limiting step was determined to be the release of the product putrescine from ODC's reaction with ornithine. In studying the hypothetical reaction mechanism for eflornithine, information collected from radioactive peptide and eflornithine mapping, high pressure liquid
812:
a patient with Human
African trypanosomiasis caused by a trypanosome that contains a mutated or ineffective TbAAT6 gene, then the medication will be ineffective against the disease. Resistance to eflornithine has increased the use of melarsoprol despite its toxicity, which has been linked to the deaths of 5% of recipient HAT patients.
1201:, causing impairment of RNA and DNA synthesis. Typically, drugs that inhibit cell growth are considered candidates for cancer therapy, so eflornithine was naturally believed to have potential utility as an anti-cancer agent. By inhibiting ODC, eflornithine inhibits cell growth and division of both cancerous and noncancerous cells.
1038:
1209:
by ODC activity can be ameliorated by dietary and bacterial means because high concentrations are found in cheese, red meat, and some intestinal bacteria, providing reserves if ODC is inhibited. Although the role of polyamines in carcinogenesis is still unclear, polyamine synthesis has been supported
910:
were seen in approximately 8% of patients, but may be related to the disease state rather than the drug. Reversible hearing loss has occurred in 30–70% of patients receiving long-term therapy (more than 4–8 weeks of therapy or a total dose of >300 grams); high-frequency hearing is lost first,
811:
The gene TbAAT6, conserved in the genome of
Trypanosomes, is believed to be responsible for the transmembrane transporter that brings eflornithine into the cell. The loss of this gene due to specific mutations causes resistance to eflornithine in several trypanosomes. If eflornithine is prescribed to
1164:
Vaniqa is a cream, which is white to off-white in colour. It is supplied in tubes of 30 g and 60 g in Europe. Vaniqa contains 15% w/w eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate, corresponding to 11.5% w/w anhydrous eflornithine (EU), respectively 13.9% w/w anhydrous eflornithine hydrochloride (U.S.), in
1139:
According to Médecins sans Frontières, this only happened after "years of international pressure," and coinciding with the period when media attention was generated because of the launch of another eflornithine-based product (Vaniqa, for the prevention of facial-hair in women), while its life-saving
1086:
Active Site of ODC Formed by
Homodimerization (Green and White Surface Structures) (A) Ornithine in the Active Site of ODC, Cys-360 highlighted in yellow (B) Product of Eflornithine Decarboxylation bound to Cys 360 (highlighted in yellow). The pyrroline ring blocks ornithine from entering the active
864:
When taken orally the risk-benefit should be assessed in people with impaired renal function or pre-existing hematologic abnormalities, as well as those with eighth-cranial-nerve impairment. Adequate and well-controlled studies with eflornithine have not been performed regarding pregnancy in humans.
824:
in women. It is the only topical prescription treatment that slows the growth of facial hair. In clinical studies with Vaniqa, 81% percent of women showed clinical improvement after twelve months of treatment. Positive results were seen after eight weeks. However, discontinuation of the cream caused
784:
A randomized control trial was conducted in Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda to determine if a 7-day intravenous regimen was as efficient as the standard 14-day regimen for new and relapsing cases. The results showed that the shortened regimen was efficacious in
1213:
Other studies have suggested that eflornithine can still aid in some chemoprevention by lowering polyamine levels in colorectal mucosa, with additional strong preclinical evidence available for application of eflornithine in colorectal and skin carcinogenesis. This has made eflornithine a supported
957:
occurs with PLP followed by decarboxylation. During the event of decarboxylation, the fluoride atoms attached to the additional methyl group pull the resulting negative charge from the release of carbon dioxide, causing a fluoride ion to be released. In the natural substrate of ODC, the ring of PLP
1176:
Vaniqa, granted marketing approval by the US FDA, as well as by the
European Commission among others, is currently the only topical prescription treatment that slows the growth of facial hair. Besides being a non-mechanical and non-cosmetic treatment, it is the only non-hormonal and non-systemic
1031:
of ornithine decarboxylase. The size of the opening to the active site is approximately 13.6 Å. When these openings to the active site are blocked, there are no other ways through which ornithine can enter the active site. During the intermediate stage of eflornithine with PLP, its position near
987:
ODC with ornithine was characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy in order to identify unique intermediates that occurred during the reaction. The specific method of multiwavelength stopped-flow spectroscopy utilized monochromatic light and fluorescence to identify five specific intermediates due to
901:
The intravenous dosage form of eflornithine is sold under the brand name
Ornidyl. Most side effects related to systemic use through injection are transient and reversible by discontinuing the drug or decreasing the dose. Hematologic abnormalities occur frequently, ranging from 10 to 55%. These
1110:
In the 1980s, Gillette was awarded a patent for the discovery that topical application of eflornithine HCl cream inhibits hair growth. In the 1990s, Gillette conducted dose-ranging studies with eflornithine in hirsute women that demonstrated that the drug slows the rate of facial hair growth.
969:
atom that resides attached to the additional methyl group creates an electrophilic carbon that is attacked by the nearby thiol group of Cys-360, allowing eflornithine to remain permanently attached to the enzyme following the release of the second fluoride atom and transimination.
1097:
Eflornithine was initially developed for cancer treatment at
Merrell Dow Research Institute in the late 1970s, but was found to be ineffective in treating malignancies. However, it was discovered to be highly effective in reducing hair growth, as well as in the treatment of
865:
Eflornithine should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the fetus. However, since
African trypanosomiasis has a high mortality rate if left untreated, treatment with eflornithine may justify any potential risk to the fetus.
1131:
In 2001, Aventis and the WHO formed a five-year partnership, during which more than 320,000 vials of pentamidine, over 420,000 vials of melarsoprol, and over 200,000 bottles of eflornithine were produced by
Aventis, to be given to the WHO and distributed by the association
768:
Eflornithine is also effective in combination with other drugs, such as melarsoprol and nifurtimox. A study in 2005 compared the safety of eflornithine alone to melarsoprol and found eflornithine to be more effective and safe in treating second-stage sleeping sickness
949:
with the aid of cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). Because of its additional difluoromethyl group in comparison to ornithine, eflornithine is able to bind to a neighboring Cys-360 residue, permanently remaining fixated within the active site.
2401:
Wolf JE, Shander D, Huber F, Jackson J, Lin CS, Mathes BM, et al. (January 2007). "Randomized, double-blind clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of topical eflornithine HCl 13.9% cream in the treatment of women with facial hair".
2053:
Wolf JE, Shander D, Huber F, Jackson J, Lin CS, Mathes BM, et al. (January 2007). "Randomized, double-blind clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of topical eflornithine HCl 13.9% cream in the treatment of women with facial hair".
1204:
However, several clinical trials demonstrated minor results. It was found that inhibition of ODC by eflornithine does not kill proliferating cells, making eflornithine ineffective as a chemotherapeutic agent. The inhibition of the formation of
1127:
The drug was registered for the treatment of gambiense sleeping sickness on 28 November 1990. However, in 1995 Aventis (now Sanofi-Aventis) stopped producing the drug, whose main market was
African countries, because it did not make a profit.
1232:
infection of mouse and it is generally without toxicity. Klug et al. 2016 are of the opinion that this demonstrates good promise for oral treatment. However although Jansson et al. 2008 also effectively treated mice with it they found the
2365:
Grishin NV, Osterman AL, Brooks HB, Phillips MA, Goldsmith EJ (November 1999). "X-ray structure of ornithine decarboxylase from Trypanosoma brucei: the native structure and the structure in complex with alpha-difluoromethylornithine".
781:. Another randomized control trial in Uganda compared the efficacy of various combinations of these drugs and found that the nifurtimox-eflornithine combination was the most promising first-line theory regimen.
1046:(A) 3D structure of L-Ornithine (B) 3D structure of Eflornithine. This molecule is similar to the structure of L-Ornithine, but its alpha-difluoromethyl group allows interaction with Cys-360 in the active site
893:(7–14%). Other side effects commonly (> 1%) reported are skin problems, such as skin reactions from in-growing hair, hair loss, burning, stinging or tingling sensations, dry skin, itching, redness or rash.
2097:
Jackson J, Caro JJ, Caro G, Garfield F, Huber F, Zhou W, et al. (flornithine HCl Study Group) (September 2007). "The effect of eflornithine 13.9% cream on the bother and discomfort due to hirsutism".
803:
After its introduction to the market in the 1980s, eflornithine has replaced melarsoprol as the first line medication against Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) due to its reduced toxicity to the host.
1027:
Eflornithine's suicide inhibition of ODC physically blocks the natural substrate ornithine from accessing the active site of the enzyme (Figure 3). There are two distinct active sites formed by the
1143:
From 2001 (when production was restarted) through 2006, 14 million diagnoses were made. This greatly contributed to stemming the spread of sleeping sickness, and to saving nearly 110,000 lives.
856:
Throughout clinical trials, data from a limited number of exposed pregnancies indicate that there is no clinical evidence that treatment with Vaniqa adversely affects pregnant women or fetuses.
1177:
prescription option available for women with facial hirsutism. Vaniqa is marketed by Almirall in Europe, SkinMedica in the US, Triton in Canada, Medison in Israel, and Menarini in Australia.
2326:"Mechanism of the irreversible inactivation of mouse ornithine decarboxylase by alpha-difluoromethylornithine. Characterization of sequences at the inhibitor and coenzyme binding sites"
1000:
ODC's active site. Utilizing fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), the structural conformation of eflornithine following its interaction with ODC was determined to be (
2284:
Brooks HB, Phillips MA (December 1997). "Characterization of the reaction mechanism for Trypanosoma brucei ornithine decarboxylase by multiwavelength stopped-flow spectroscopy".
2595:
2884:
1004:)-((2-(1-pyrroline-methyl) cysteine, a cyclic imine adduct. Presence of this particular product was supported by the possibility to further reduce the end product to (
2040:
Randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled safety and efficacy evaluation of eflornithine 15% cream in the treatment of women with excessive facial hair. Poster 291
5202:
5884:
1332:
911:
followed by middle- and low-frequency hearing. Because treatment for African trypanosomiasis is short-term, patients are unlikely to experience hearing loss.
136:
1773:
2445:
Pepin J, Milord F, Guern C, Schechter PJ (December 1987). "Difluoromethylornithine for arseno-resistant Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness".
1774:"Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment for sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis): WHO wraps up training of key health care personnel"
644:
1064:
945:(ODC) and preventing the natural substrate ornithine from accessing the active site (Figure 1). Within the active site of ODC, eflornithine undergoes
5346:
3614:
2214:
2520:
1953:
1793:"Monitoring the use of nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) in the treatment of second stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis"
2146:
2877:
2622:
Raul F (April 2007). "Revival of 2-(difluoromethyl)ornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, as a cancer chemopreventive agent".
2499:
1409:
5423:
1469:
The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
788:
70:
5641:
5262:
4314:
3001:
600:
4143:
4123:
4108:
1450:
2537:
2870:
1403:
729:
2264:
1676:"Eflornithine is safer than melarsoprol for the treatment of second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis"
1197:(ODC) exhibits high activity in tumor cells, promoting cell growth and division, while absence of ODC activity leads to depletion of
1180:
Ornidyl, the injectable form of eflornithine hydrochloride, is licensed by Sanofi-Aventis, but is currently discontinued in the US.
5571:
1844:"Proline modulates the Trypanosoma cruzi resistance to reactive oxygen species and drugs through a novel D, L-proline transporter"
1500:
2587:
1294:
1263:
1366:
4530:
1573:"Three drug combinations for late-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness: a randomized clinical trial in Uganda"
1052:
5778:
5339:
5290:
3607:
2025:
Evaluation of the long-term safety of eflornithine 15% cream in the treatment of women with excessive facial hair, Poster 294
761:
and eflornithine intravenous injection in the second phase of the disease. Efornithine is commonly given in combination with
725:
2844:
for "Preventative Trial of Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) in High Risk Patients With Neuroblastoma That is in Remission" at
705:
Common side effects when applied as a cream include rash, redness, and burning. Side effects of the injectable form include
953:
During the reaction, eflornithine's decarboxylation mechanism is analogous to that of ornithine in the active site, where
586:
4897:
2559:
2038:
Schrode K, Huber F, Staszak J, Altman DJ, Shander D, Morton J, et al. (The Eflornithine Study Group) (March 2000).
1241:
very negative. Brun et al. 2010 are of the opinion that Jansson's results have killed the prospects for oral treatment.
651:
107:
5864:
4049:
4005:
3883:
757:(depending on subspecies of parasite) delivered by intramuscular injection in the first phase of the disease, and with
3592:
5874:
3808:
1444:
1325:
620:
5869:
5795:
5332:
5307:
3600:
2167:
889:
The topical form of elflornithine is sold under the brand name Vaniqa. The most frequently reported side effect is
4324:
2187:"Percutaneous absorption and pharmacokinetics of eflornithine HCl 13.9% cream in women with unwanted facial hair"
1777:
280:
186:
88:
1168:
Ornidyl, intended for injection, was supplied in the strength of 200 mg eflornithine hydrochloride per ml.
765:, which reduces the treatment time to 7 days of eflornithine infusions plus 10 days of oral nifurtimox tablets.
4943:
3945:
3835:
355:
5849:
4865:
4848:
4723:
4487:
3865:
2832:
1133:
996:, and gas phase peptide sequencing suggested that Lys-69 and Cys-360 are covalently bound to eflornithine in
5879:
5393:
4597:
4193:
1112:
406:
4799:
2186:
486:
4189:
4159:
2513:
2150:
1960:
5844:
5814:
3979:
1397:
5324:
4084:
2491:
475:
5165:
5045:
5035:
3565:
3420:
2758:
1464:
1228:
853:
Topical use is contraindicated in people hypersensitive to eflornithine or to any of the excipients.
733:
3343:
3236:
5217:
5150:
5120:
4738:
3988:
3299:
502:
1524:"A current analysis of chemotherapy strategies for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis"
680:
on the face in women. Specifically it is used for the second stage of sleeping sickness caused by
5783:
5295:
5020:
4735:
4221:
4069:
3996:
3496:
3227:
1194:
1099:
942:
792:
706:
699:
673:
118:
52:
5739:
5521:
5100:
5090:
4823:
4665:
3491:
2241:. Cipher Pharmaceuticals Inc. 8 July 2015 – via Drug and Health Product Register, Canada.
1111:
Gillette then filed a patent for the formulation of eflornithine cream. In July 2000, the U.S.
732:. In regions of the world where the disease is common eflornithine is provided for free by the
129:
2776:
Büscher P, Cecchi G, Jamonneau V, Priotto G (November 2017). "Human African trypanosomiasis".
1432:
455:
5859:
5854:
5678:
5529:
5525:
4372:
4019:
3334:
3080:
3021:
2541:
1571:
Priotto G, Fogg C, Balasegaram M, Erphas O, Louga A, Checchi F, et al. (December 2006).
346:
1119:
for Vaniqa. The following year, the European Commission issued its Marketing Authorisation.
5709:
5439:
4770:
4647:
4168:
3556:
3257:
3188:
3089:
2257:
1855:
1722:
Vincent IM, Creek D, Watson DG, Kamleh MA, Woods DJ, Wong PE, et al. (November 2010).
1116:
415:
310:
244:
2862:
395:
8:
5579:
5560:
5510:
5465:
5055:
4955:
4934:
4655:
4477:
4309:
4040:
3936:
3373:
3276:
3175:
2956:
2927:
1136:(also known as Doctors Without Borders) in countries where sleeping sickness is endemic.
777:
due to the parasite's low sensitivity to the drug. Instead, melarsoprol is used to treat
301:
125:
2023:
Schrode K, Huber F, Staszak J, et al. (The Eflornithine Study Group) (March 2000).
1859:
724:
Eflornithine was developed in the 1970s and came into medical use in 1990. It is on the
506:
5502:
5384:
4113:
3622:
2996:
2966:
2857:
2845:
2805:
2744:
2715:
2691:
2470:
2427:
2123:
2079:
2005:
1927:
1903:"Human African trypanosomiasis: pharmacological re-engagement with a neglected disease"
1902:
1878:
1843:
1819:
1792:
1750:
1723:
1651:
1626:
1599:
1572:
1548:
1523:
1492:
1009:
980:
938:
2793:
2458:
2342:
2325:
1102:(sleeping sickness), especially the West African form (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense).
785:
relapse cases, but was inferior to the standard regimen for new cases of the disease.
5546:
5237:
4811:
3645:
3526:
3506:
3441:
3100:
3095:
2991:
2797:
2749:
2683:
2639:
2462:
2419:
2415:
2383:
2347:
2301:
2206:
2115:
2111:
2071:
2067:
1997:
1993:
1932:
1883:
1824:
1755:
1697:
1656:
1604:
1553:
1440:
828:
Vaniqa treatment significantly reduces the psychological burden of facial hirsutism.
201:
2695:
2474:
2431:
2127:
2083:
2009:
1362:
80:
5242:
4999:
4714:
4348:
4333:
4054:
3466:
3456:
2809:
2789:
2739:
2731:
2675:
2631:
2454:
2411:
2375:
2337:
2293:
2198:
2107:
2063:
1989:
1922:
1914:
1873:
1863:
1814:
1804:
1745:
1735:
1687:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1594:
1584:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1472:
1234:
1028:
906:
is thought to be due to a production defect rather than to peripheral destruction.
903:
523:
214:
169:
159:
149:
2852:
2840:
1522:
Babokhov P, Sanyaolu AO, Oyibo WA, Fagbenro-Beyioku AF, Iriemenam NC (July 2013).
5828:
5663:
5607:
4681:
4643:
4434:
3856:
3771:
3551:
3501:
3426:
3211:
3108:
3006:
2907:
1868:
1740:
1589:
946:
682:
335:
234:
222:
2663:
1842:
Sayé M, Miranda MR, di Girolamo F, de los Milagros Cámara M, Pereira CA (2014).
873:
Eflornithine is not genotoxic; no tumour-inducing effects have been observed in
5789:
5717:
5686:
5615:
5583:
5514:
5473:
5450:
5415:
5301:
4835:
4426:
3920:
3784:
3671:
3641:
3628:
3383:
3286:
3216:
3124:
3113:
3066:
2937:
2894:
2735:
993:
954:
2555:
2202:
5838:
5721:
5694:
5629:
5619:
5375:
5355:
5175:
5135:
4505:
4378:
4259:
4202:
3960:
3909:
3546:
3411:
3160:
3014:
1674:
Chappuis F, Udayraj N, Stietenroth K, Meussen A, Bovier PA (September 2005).
1210:
to be more of a causative agent rather than an associative effect in cancer.
718:
691:
22:
1841:
1791:
Franco JR, Simarro PP, Diarra A, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Samo M, Jannin JG (2012).
5745:
5735:
5655:
5645:
5477:
5454:
5366:
5222:
5186:
5070:
5014:
5010:
4972:
4880:
4670:
4609:
4605:
4586:
4581:
4560:
4549:
4363:
4357:
4343:
4338:
4269:
4264:
4217:
4103:
3970:
3950:
3879:
3828:
3818:
3632:
3624:
3581:
3531:
3516:
3461:
3368:
3362:
3322:
3291:
3271:
3265:
3198:
3183:
3165:
3132:
3044:
3032:
2981:
2976:
2922:
2916:
2898:
2801:
2753:
2687:
2643:
2423:
2387:
2210:
2119:
2075:
2001:
1936:
1918:
1887:
1828:
1759:
1724:"A molecular mechanism for eflornithine resistance in African trypanosomes"
1701:
1660:
1608:
1557:
791:(NECT) is an effective regimen for the treatment of second stage gambiense
164:
154:
144:
2466:
2351:
2305:
2233:
2027:. 58th Annual Meeting American Academy of Dermatology. San Francisco; USA.
5759:
5749:
5726:
5690:
5633:
5550:
5540:
5536:
5433:
5429:
5419:
5267:
5247:
5232:
5227:
5212:
5170:
5140:
5080:
5050:
4994:
4967:
4840:
4781:
4753:
4743:
4696:
4660:
4576:
4538:
4520:
4515:
4495:
4472:
4443:
4421:
4401:
4391:
4242:
4227:
4207:
4093:
4024:
4010:
3965:
3898:
3893:
3870:
3845:
3813:
3756:
3719:
3696:
3681:
3676:
3661:
3571:
3561:
3541:
3536:
3451:
3431:
3406:
3354:
3349:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3152:
3142:
3050:
3027:
2171:
758:
750:
628:
InChI=1S/C6H12F2N2O2/c7-4(8)6(10,5(11)12)2-1-3-9/h4H,1-3,9-10H2,(H,11,12)
2042:. 58th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Dermatology. San Francisco; USA.
1809:
1477:
375:
5698:
5667:
5651:
5623:
5487:
5483:
5354:
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5160:
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5130:
5125:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5075:
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5025:
5005:
4960:
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4923:
4918:
4908:
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4870:
4828:
4816:
4804:
4776:
4763:
4758:
4728:
4691:
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4624:
4619:
4565:
4510:
4462:
4448:
4396:
4383:
4352:
4285:
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4247:
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4232:
4178:
4133:
4128:
4029:
3993:
3925:
3915:
3904:
3888:
3840:
3823:
3799:
3751:
3739:
3691:
3576:
3521:
3511:
3471:
3317:
3203:
3061:
3037:
2986:
2971:
2951:
2945:
2635:
1198:
988:
changes in absorbance measurements. The steady-state turnover number, k
878:
874:
762:
728:. In the United States the injectable form can be obtained from the US
687:
669:
562:
386:
2379:
2297:
840:
to reduce the risk of relapse in people with high-risk neuroblastoma.
39:
5598:
5411:
5401:
5272:
5252:
5207:
5197:
5191:
5095:
5040:
4989:
4913:
4903:
4858:
4845:
4786:
4748:
4676:
4614:
4555:
4544:
4500:
4457:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4368:
4295:
4290:
4280:
4252:
4212:
4173:
4148:
4138:
4098:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3686:
3485:
3476:
3378:
3305:
3281:
3193:
2960:
2932:
2571:
2569:
1948:
1946:
1521:
1206:
1151:
837:
821:
714:
695:
677:
321:
260:
74:
2679:
1398:"CDC - African Trypanosomiasis - Resources for Health Professionals"
5755:
5556:
5362:
5359:
5181:
5145:
5085:
4853:
4791:
4571:
4467:
4439:
4118:
3955:
3481:
3446:
3436:
3416:
3137:
3056:
2785:
2727:
1692:
1675:
1433:"Sleeping Sickness and Nagana Disease Caused by Trypanosoma brucei"
966:
907:
710:
435:
366:
102:
2566:
1943:
924:
No interaction studies with the topical form have been performed.
808:
resistant to eflornithine was reported as early as the mid-1980s.
585:
5443:
4074:
3975:
3789:
3650:
1673:
754:
3714:
3071:
2827:
1790:
721:. It is recommended typically for children over the age of 12.
466:
265:
30:
2775:
2364:
1980:
Balfour JA, McClellan K (June 2001). "Topical eflornithine".
1627:"Chemotherapy for second-stage human African trypanosomiasis"
1223:
576:
446:
2716:"Repurposing strategies for tropical disease drug discovery"
2324:
Poulin R, Lu L, Ackermann B, Bey P, Pegg AE (January 1992).
2185:
Malhotra B, Noveck R, Behr D, Palmisano M (September 2001).
1570:
1140:
formulation (for sleeping sickness) was not being produced.
491:
3076:
2892:
2184:
2162:
2160:
1901:
Barrett MP, Boykin DW, Brun R, Tidwell RR (December 2007).
902:
abnormalities are dose-related and are usually reversible.
890:
426:
253:
1776:. World Health Organization. 23 March 2010. Archived from
2664:"Polyamines and cancer: old molecules, new understanding"
2444:
2037:
1463:
1326:"19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015)"
1238:
825:
regrowth of hair back to baseline levels within 8 weeks.
2856:
for "Neuroblastoma Maintenance Therapy Trial (NMTT)" at
2157:
1900:
1721:
958:
accepts the electrons that result from the release of CO
2400:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2096:
2052:
1975:
1973:
820:
The topical cream is indicated for treatment of facial
749:
Sleeping sickness, or trypanosomiasis, is treated with
726:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
1226:. Bacchi et al. 1980 found the drug to be curative in
877:
studies, including one photocarcinogenicity study. No
5812:
2506:
1365:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
2657:
2655:
2653:
2323:
2134:
1970:
1493:"Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness)"
773:. Eflornithine is not effective in the treatment of
2022:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1008:)-((2-pyrrole) methyl) cysteine in the presence of
354:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2709:
2707:
2705:
1624:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1072:Experimental Evidence for Eflornithine End Product
2713:
2650:
5836:
2147:"Vaniqa Summary of Product Characteristics 2008"
1979:
1282:
1019:)-((2-pyrrolidine) methyl) cysteine (Figure 2).
334:
2764:
2702:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1251:
309:
2661:
2283:
1122:
815:
292:)-2,5-Diamino-2-(difluoromethyl)pentanoic acid
5885:World Health Organization essential medicines
5340:
3608:
2878:
2538:"IFPMA Health Initiatives: Sleeping Sickness"
2514:"Sanofi-Aventis Access to Medicines Brochure"
2492:"Supply of sleeping sickness drugs confirmed"
2252:
2250:
2248:
1188:
789:Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment
2720:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
2714:Klug DM, Gelb MH, Pollastri MP (June 2016).
2617:
2615:
2613:
2576:Vaniqa Training Programme Module 5 (Report).
2090:
1894:
1708:
1620:
1618:
1295:"Iwilfin- eflornithine hydrochloride tablet"
713:. It is unclear if it is safe to use during
106:
1631:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
206:In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
5347:
5333:
3615:
3601:
2885:
2871:
2438:
2245:
1625:Lutje V, Seixas J, Kennedy A (June 2013).
1430:
1404:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1357:
1355:
1353:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1264:"Vaniqa- eflornithine hydrochloride cream"
730:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
505:
394:
2743:
2610:
2341:
1926:
1877:
1867:
1818:
1808:
1797:Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine
1749:
1739:
1691:
1650:
1615:
1598:
1588:
1547:
1476:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
798:
414:
2016:
1982:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
1564:
1150:
2662:Gerner EW, Meyskens FL (October 2004).
2588:"Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products"
2502:from the original on 21 September 2015.
2319:
2317:
2315:
2279:
2277:
2258:"Vaniqa US Patient Information Leaflet"
1453:from the original on 10 September 2017.
1350:
1313:
501:
374:
5837:
2526:from the original on 14 November 2008.
2486:
2484:
2270:from the original on 15 February 2010.
2217:from the original on 12 November 2016.
1784:
1485:
1457:
1381:
1146:
927:
859:
5328:
3596:
2997:Selenium disulfide (selenium sulfide)
2866:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2031:
1471:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1412:from the original on 28 November 2016
1369:from the original on 20 December 2016
474:
454:
195:
97:
79:
2621:
2404:International Journal of Dermatology
2394:
2312:
2274:
2100:International Journal of Dermatology
2056:International Journal of Dermatology
1954:"NHS and UKMi New Medicines Profile"
1503:from the original on 4 December 2016
1165:a cream for topical administration.
843:
744:
168:
158:
148:
3884:ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors
2598:from the original on 13 August 2014
2481:
2330:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1058:Eflornithine ODC reaction mechanism
434:
325:
13:
4050:Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor
4006:Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor
2562:from the original on 20 July 2011.
2221:
1217:
1159:
14:
5896:
3809:Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
3007:Zinc pyrithione (pyrithione zinc)
2820:
65:α-difluoromethylornithine or DFMO
5822:
2826:
2624:Biochemical Society Transactions
2416:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.03079.x
2191:Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
2112:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03270.x
2068:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.03079.x
1994:10.2165/00128071-200102030-00009
1338:from the original on 13 May 2015
1077:
1063:
1051:
1037:
1015:and oxidize the end product to (
831:
546:
540:
534:
38:
29:
2967:Ciclopirox olamine (ciclopirox)
2580:
2548:
2530:
2358:
2178:
2046:
1907:British Journal of Pharmacology
1835:
1766:
1667:
914:
868:
739:
633:Key:VLCYCQAOQCDTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
3946:Thymidylate synthase inhibitor
3836:Thymidylate synthase inhibitor
1988:(3): 197–201, discussion 202.
1643:10.1002/14651858.cd006201.pub3
1540:10.1179/2047773213Y.0000000105
1515:
1424:
1022:
932:
896:
779:Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
775:Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
552:
528:
1:
3866:Adenosine deaminase inhibitor
3707:Block microtubule disassembly
2794:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60829-1
2459:10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91131-7
2343:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)48472-4
1244:
1222:Eflornithine is effective in
1869:10.1371/journal.pone.0092028
1741:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001204
1680:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1590:10.1371/journal.pctr.0010039
1113:Food and Drug Administration
1105:
919:
884:
881:effects have been detected.
771:Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
664:, sold under the brand name
7:
1528:Pathogens and Global Health
1183:
1123:Sleeping sickness treatment
973:
941:," irreversibly binding to
836:In the US, eflornithine is
816:Excess facial hair in women
694:(injection into a vein) or
10:
5901:
2736:10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.103
2168:"Ornidyl Drug Information"
1481:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
1237:of oral administration in
1189:Chemo preventative therapy
1092:
978:The reaction mechanism of
848:
518:Chemical and physical data
5865:Drugs developed by AbbVie
5773:
5708:
5677:
5606:
5597:
5570:
5501:
5464:
5392:
5383:
5374:
5285:
5166:Omacetaxine mepesuccinate
5046:Ciltacabtagene autoleucel
5036:Brexucabtagene autoleucel
4982:
4933:
4713:
4706:
4642:
4596:
4529:
4486:
4323:
4308:
4188:
4158:
4083:
4068:
4039:
3935:
3855:
3798:
3781:
3770:
3706:
3659:
3640:
3399:
3333:
3300:Potassium channel openers
3226:
3174:
3151:
3123:
2906:
2203:10.1177/00912700122010951
1497:World Health Organization
1465:World Health Organization
1439:. Springer. p. 292.
1435:. In Marcondes CB (ed.).
1171:
734:World Health Organization
641:
616:
596:
574:
561:
522:
517:
485:
465:
445:
425:
405:
385:
365:
345:
320:
300:
276:
271:
259:
243:
233:
221:
213:
185:
180:
135:
117:
87:
69:
61:
51:
46:
37:
28:
5875:Difluoromethyl compounds
5218:Talimogene laherparepvec
5151:Nadofaragene firadenovec
5121:Lisocabtagene maraleucel
4070:Topoisomerase inhibitors
3989:DNA polymerase inhibitor
2496:Médecins Sans Frontières
2235:Vaniqa Product Monograph
1437:Arthropod Borne Diseases
1134:Médecins sans Frontières
676:(sleeping sickness) and
5870:Fluorinated amino acids
5522:Pentavalent antimonials
5394:African trypanosomiasis
5021:Axicabtagene ciloleucel
3625:chemotherapeutic agents
3497:Glycopyrronium tosylate
3412:Aminobenzoate potassium
3344:5α-Reductase inhibitors
3292:Topilutamide (fluridil)
3237:5α-Reductase inhibitors
3212:Topical corticosteroids
3109:Topical corticosteroids
1195:ornithine decarboxylase
1193:It has been noted that
1100:African trypanosomiasis
943:ornithine decarboxylase
793:African trypanosomiasis
707:bone marrow suppression
700:ornithine decarboxylase
674:African trypanosomiasis
57:Vaniqa, Iwilfin, others
5203:Sitimagene ceradenovec
5101:Idecabtagene vicleucel
4666:Methyl aminolevulinate
3492:Glycopyrronium bromide
3335:Hair growth inhibitors
3022:Calcineurin inhibitors
2850:Clinical trial number
2838:Clinical trial number
2668:Nature Reviews. Cancer
2592:www.accessdata.fda.gov
1919:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707354
1156:
799:Trypanosome resistance
5530:Sodium stibogluconate
5526:Meglumine antimoniate
4677:Porphyrin derivatives
4373:Melphalan flufenamide
4020:Hypomethylating agent
3629:antineoplastic agents
3081:urea-containing cream
1431:Steverding D (2016).
1154:
686:and may be used with
678:excessive hair growth
608:FC(F)C(N)(C(=O)O)CCCN
5850:Antiprotozoal agents
5440:naphthalenesulfonate
5006:Asparagine depleters
4935:Receptor antagonists
4849:+abiraterone acetate
3557:Pregnenolone acetate
3258:Saw palmetto extract
2835:at Wikimedia Commons
1966:on 15 February 2010.
1577:PLOS Clinical Trials
1155:Vial of eflornithine
1117:New Drug Application
229:Negligible (topical)
5880:Covalent inhibitors
5056:Denileukin diftitox
4956:Retinoid X receptor
4656:Aminolevulinic acid
4478:Triethylenemelamine
4310:Crosslinking of DNA
4041:Deoxyribonucleotide
3980:+gimeracil/oteracil
3374:Cyproterone acetate
3277:Cyproterone acetate
3228:Alopecia treatments
3176:Anti-inflammatories
2957:Cetrimonium bromide
2928:Cyproterone acetate
2453:(8573): 1431–1433.
2374:(46): 15174–15184.
2292:(49): 15147–15155.
2153:on 5 December 2009.
1860:2014PLoSO...992028S
1810:10.2147/RRTM.S34399
1780:on 21 October 2014.
1331:. WHO. April 2015.
1270:. 18 September 2012
1147:Society and culture
937:Eflornithine is a "
928:Mechanism of action
860:Oral administration
668:among others, is a
25:
5800:Never to phase III
5312:Never to phase III
4114:Etirinotecan pegol
2858:ClinicalTrials.gov
2846:ClinicalTrials.gov
2636:10.1042/BST0350353
2544:on 29 August 2006.
1408:. 10 August 2016.
1301:. 21 December 2023
1157:
981:Trypanosoma brucei
806:Trypanosoma brucei
227:100% (Intravenous)
21:
5845:Alpha-Amino acids
5810:
5809:
5769:
5768:
5593:
5592:
5547:phosphorylcholine
5497:
5496:
5322:
5321:
5281:
5280:
5238:Tigilanol tiglate
4715:Enzyme inhibitors
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4334:Nitrogen mustards
4304:
4303:
4064:
4063:
3766:
3765:
3590:
3589:
3527:Magnesium sulfate
3507:Hydrogen peroxide
3442:Calcium gluconate
3101:Lithium succinate
3096:Lithium gluconate
2992:Piroctone olamine
2831:Media related to
2380:10.1021/bi9915115
2298:10.1021/bi971652b
1499:. February 2016.
939:suicide inhibitor
844:Contraindications
745:Sleeping sickness
659:
658:
587:Interactive image
487:CompTox Dashboard
199:
100:
16:Chemical compound
5892:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5818:
5604:
5603:
5390:
5389:
5381:
5380:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5243:Tisagenlecleucel
5000:Arsenic trioxide
4711:
4710:
4644:Photosensitizers
4435:Alkyl sulfonates
4349:Cyclophosphamide
4321:
4320:
4260:Anthracenediones
4081:
4080:
4055:Hydroxycarbamide
3796:
3795:
3779:
3778:
3657:
3656:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3467:Deoxycholic acid
3457:Cromoglicic acid
2908:Anti-seborrheics
2887:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2830:
2814:
2813:
2773:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2711:
2700:
2699:
2659:
2648:
2647:
2619:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2540:. Archived from
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2321:
2310:
2309:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2230:
2219:
2218:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2170:. Archived from
2164:
2155:
2154:
2149:. Archived from
2143:
2132:
2131:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1959:. Archived from
1958:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1734:(11): e1001204.
1719:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1394:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1260:
1235:pharmacokinetics
1115:(FDA) granted a
1081:
1067:
1055:
1041:
1029:homodimerization
986:
904:Thrombocytopenia
709:, vomiting, and
655:
654:
647:
589:
569:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
510:
509:
495:
493:
478:
458:
438:
418:
398:
378:
358:
338:
328:
327:
313:
248:
197:
194:
172:
162:
152:
110:
99:
96:
83:
42:
33:
26:
24:
20:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5823:
5821:
5813:
5811:
5806:
5805:
5790:Clinical trials
5765:
5730:
5710:Dientamoebiasis
5704:
5673:
5589:
5566:
5493:
5460:
5447:
5385:Trypanosomiasis
5370:
5353:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5302:Clinical trials
5277:
4983:Other/ungrouped
4978:
4929:
4702:
4682:Porfimer sodium
4630:
4592:
4525:
4482:
4312:
4300:
4184:
4154:
4072:
4060:
4035:
3931:
3851:
3787:
3785:antimetabolites
3783:
3782:DNA precursors/
3774:
3772:DNA replication
3762:
3702:
3672:Vinca alkaloids
3648:
3636:
3621:
3591:
3586:
3552:Povidone-iodine
3502:Hyaluronic acid
3427:Benzoylperoxide
3395:
3329:
3222:
3170:
3147:
3125:Skin lightening
3119:
2902:
2891:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2774:
2765:
2712:
2703:
2680:10.1038/nrc1454
2674:(10): 781–792.
2660:
2651:
2630:(Pt 2): 353–5.
2620:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2556:"Ornidyl facts"
2554:
2553:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2443:
2439:
2399:
2395:
2363:
2359:
2322:
2313:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2246:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2183:
2179:
2174:on 7 June 2011.
2166:
2165:
2158:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2095:
2091:
2051:
2047:
2036:
2032:
2021:
2017:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1899:
1895:
1840:
1836:
1789:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1720:
1709:
1672:
1668:
1637:(6): CD006201.
1623:
1616:
1569:
1565:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1462:
1458:
1447:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1396:
1395:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1220:
1218:Veterinary uses
1191:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1160:Available forms
1149:
1125:
1108:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1025:
1013:
991:
984:
976:
961:
947:decarboxylation
935:
930:
922:
917:
899:
887:
875:carcinogenicity
871:
862:
851:
846:
834:
818:
801:
747:
742:
683:T. b. gambiense
650:
648:
645:(what is this?)
642:
637:
634:
629:
624:
623:
612:
609:
604:
603:
592:
567:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
513:
489:
481:
461:
441:
421:
401:
381:
361:
341:
324:
316:
296:
293:
284:
283:
246:
239:Not metabolized
228:
223:Bioavailability
215:Pharmacokinetic
209:
176:
120:
113:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5898:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5832:
5831:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5753:
5743:
5732:
5731:
5724:
5718:nitroimidazole
5714:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5687:nitroimidazole
5683:
5681:
5679:Trichomoniasis
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5660:
5659:
5649:
5638:
5637:
5627:
5616:nitroimidazole
5612:
5610:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5584:Amphotericin B
5576:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5554:
5544:
5519:
5518:
5515:Amphotericin B
5507:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5481:
5474:nitroimidazole
5470:
5468:
5466:Chagas disease
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5451:nitroimidazole
5448:
5437:
5427:
5409:
5398:
5396:
5387:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5356:Antiparasitics
5352:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5329:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5189:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4964:
4952:
4939:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4894:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4862:
4856:
4851:
4843:
4836:PARP inhibitor
4832:
4820:
4808:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4767:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4732:
4719:
4717:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4602:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4584:
4579:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4488:Platinum-based
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4453:
4452:
4446:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4404:
4399:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4346:
4341:
4329:
4327:
4318:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4267:
4256:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4215:
4210:
4203:Anthracyclines
4198:
4196:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4089:
4087:
4078:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4015:
4014:
4001:
4000:
3984:
3983:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3921:Mercaptopurine
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3891:
3875:
3874:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3832:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3804:
3802:
3793:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3748:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3667:
3665:
3654:
3638:
3637:
3623:Intracellular
3620:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3384:Spironolactone
3381:
3376:
3371:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3287:Spironolactone
3284:
3279:
3274:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3217:hydrocortisone
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3189:Gamolenic acid
3186:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3153:Skin darkening
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3114:hydrocortisone
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3069:
3067:Salicylic acid
3064:
3059:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3018:
3015:Antihistamines
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2954:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2938:Spironolactone
2935:
2930:
2925:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2897:preparations (
2895:dermatological
2890:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2822:
2821:External links
2819:
2816:
2815:
2763:
2701:
2649:
2609:
2579:
2565:
2547:
2529:
2505:
2498:. 3 May 2001.
2480:
2437:
2393:
2357:
2336:(1): 150–158.
2311:
2273:
2244:
2220:
2197:(9): 972–978.
2177:
2156:
2133:
2089:
2045:
2030:
2015:
1969:
1942:
1913:(8): 1155–71.
1893:
1834:
1783:
1765:
1728:PLOS Pathogens
1707:
1693:10.1086/432576
1686:(5): 748–751.
1666:
1614:
1563:
1534:(5): 242–252.
1514:
1484:
1456:
1445:
1423:
1380:
1363:"Eflornithine"
1349:
1312:
1281:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1219:
1216:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1148:
1145:
1124:
1121:
1107:
1104:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1024:
1021:
1011:
994:chromatography
989:
975:
972:
965:The remaining
959:
955:transamination
934:
931:
929:
926:
921:
918:
916:
913:
898:
895:
886:
883:
870:
867:
861:
858:
850:
847:
845:
842:
833:
830:
817:
814:
800:
797:
746:
743:
741:
738:
690:. It is taken
672:used to treat
657:
656:
639:
638:
636:
635:
632:
630:
627:
619:
618:
617:
614:
613:
611:
610:
607:
599:
598:
597:
594:
593:
591:
590:
582:
580:
572:
571:
565:
559:
558:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
526:
520:
519:
515:
514:
512:
511:
498:
496:
483:
482:
480:
479:
471:
469:
463:
462:
460:
459:
451:
449:
443:
442:
440:
439:
431:
429:
423:
422:
420:
419:
411:
409:
403:
402:
400:
399:
391:
389:
383:
382:
380:
379:
371:
369:
363:
362:
360:
359:
351:
349:
343:
342:
340:
339:
331:
329:
318:
317:
315:
314:
306:
304:
298:
297:
295:
294:
287:
279:
278:
277:
274:
273:
269:
268:
263:
257:
256:
250:
241:
240:
237:
231:
230:
225:
219:
218:
211:
210:
208:
207:
204:
191:
189:
183:
182:
178:
177:
175:
174:
141:
139:
133:
132:
123:
121:administration
115:
114:
112:
111:
93:
91:
85:
84:
77:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5897:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5830:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5722:Metronidazole
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5700:
5696:
5695:Metronidazole
5692:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5665:
5664:aminoacridine
5662:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5630:benzimidazole
5628:
5625:
5621:
5620:Metronidazole
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5503:Leishmaniasis
5500:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5376:Discicristata
5373:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5350:
5345:
5343:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5176:Tabelecleucel
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5136:Lurbinectedin
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4598:Intercalation
4595:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Dicycloplatin
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:Prednimustine
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4194:Intercalation
4191:
4187:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3997:+daunorubicin
3995:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Doxifluridine
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3910:Rabacfosadine
3908:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Oxymetazoline
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3363:Antiandrogens
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:Antiandrogens
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Afamelanotide
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3090:Lithium salts
3087:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:Antiandrogens
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:: 2397–2409.
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2730:: 2569–2576.
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:(9): 976–81.
2105:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:(3): e92028.
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1446:9783319138848
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1153:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1103:
1101:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
983:
982:
971:
968:
963:
956:
951:
948:
944:
940:
925:
912:
909:
905:
894:
892:
882:
880:
876:
866:
857:
854:
841:
839:
832:Neuroblastoma
829:
826:
823:
813:
809:
807:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
780:
776:
772:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
737:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
719:breastfeeding
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
692:intravenously
689:
685:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
653:
646:
640:
631:
626:
625:
622:
615:
606:
605:
602:
595:
588:
584:
583:
581:
578:
573:
566:
564:
560:
527:
525:
521:
516:
508:
504:
503:DTXSID3020467
500:
499:
497:
488:
484:
477:
473:
472:
470:
468:
464:
457:
453:
452:
450:
448:
444:
437:
433:
432:
430:
428:
424:
417:
413:
412:
410:
408:
404:
397:
393:
392:
390:
388:
384:
377:
373:
372:
370:
368:
364:
357:
353:
352:
350:
348:
344:
337:
333:
332:
330:
323:
319:
312:
308:
307:
305:
303:
299:
291:
286:
285:
282:
275:
270:
267:
264:
262:
258:
255:
251:
249:
242:
238:
236:
232:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
205:
203:
193:
192:
190:
188:
184:
179:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
143:
142:
140:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
122:
116:
109:
104:
95:
94:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
54:
50:
47:Clinical data
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
5860:Orphan drugs
5855:Hair removal
5746:tetracycline
5736:oxyquinoline
5656:Furazolidone
5646:Nitazoxanide
5520:
5478:Benznidazole
5455:Fexinidazole
5424:Tryparsamide
5406:Eflornithine
5405:
5358:directed at
5223:Tazemetostat
5187:Alitretinoin
5180:
5091:Estramustine
5071:Elsamitrucin
5061:Eflornithine
5060:
5015:Pegaspargase
5011:Asparaginase
5004:
4973:Testolactone
4966:
4954:
4942:
4896:
4881:Panobinostat
4864:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4769:
4734:
4722:
4675:
4671:Padeliporfin
4610:Dactinomycin
4606:Streptomyces
4587:Temozolomide
4582:Mitozolomide
4570:
4561:Mitobronitol
4550:Procarbazine
4543:
4531:Nonclassical
4456:
4433:
4427:Streptozocin
4392:Nitrosoureas
4390:
4364:Chlorambucil
4358:Trofosfamide
4344:Chlormethine
4339:Bendamustine
4332:
4270:Mitoxantrone
4265:Losoxantrone
4258:
4218:Daunorubicin
4201:
4167:
4104:Camptothecin
4092:
4048:
4018:
4004:
3987:
3971:Fluorouracil
3951:Capecitabine
3944:
3914:
3878:
3864:
3834:
3829:Pralatrexate
3819:Methotrexate
3807:
3750:
3713:
3670:
3582:Tralokinumab
3566:progesterone
3562:Progestogens
3532:Metandienone
3517:Lebrikizumab
3462:Delgocitinib
3421:testosterone
3391:Eflornithine
3390:
3369:Bicalutamide
3361:
3342:
3323:Ritlecitinib
3312:
3298:
3272:Bicalutamide
3264:
3235:
3210:
3199:Pimecrolimus
3184:Alitretinoin
3166:Melanotan II
3133:Hydroquinone
3107:
3088:
3051:Keratolytics
3049:
3045:Isotretinoin
3033:Pimecrolimus
3020:
3013:
2982:Ketoconazole
2977:Clotrimazole
2944:
2923:Bicalutamide
2915:
2851:
2839:
2833:Eflornithine
2781:
2777:
2723:
2719:
2671:
2667:
2627:
2623:
2600:. Retrieved
2591:
2582:
2550:
2542:the original
2532:
2508:
2495:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2410:(1): 94–98.
2407:
2403:
2396:
2371:
2368:Biochemistry
2367:
2360:
2333:
2329:
2289:
2286:Biochemistry
2285:
2234:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2172:the original
2151:the original
2103:
2099:
2092:
2062:(1): 94–98.
2059:
2055:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2024:
2018:
1985:
1981:
1961:the original
1910:
1906:
1896:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1778:the original
1768:
1731:
1727:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1634:
1630:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1496:
1487:
1478:10665/371090
1468:
1459:
1436:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1401:
1371:. Retrieved
1340:. Retrieved
1303:. Retrieved
1298:
1272:. Retrieved
1267:
1229:T. b. brucei
1227:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1192:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1109:
1096:
1026:
1016:
1005:
1001:
997:
979:
977:
964:
952:
936:
923:
915:Interactions
900:
888:
872:
869:Side effects
863:
855:
852:
835:
827:
819:
810:
805:
802:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:
767:
748:
740:Medical uses
723:
704:
681:
665:
662:Eflornithine
661:
660:
649:
643:
289:
245:Elimination
187:Legal status
181:Legal status
108:Eflornithine
89:License data
23:Eflornithine
18:
5786:from market
5760:Paromomycin
5750:Doxycycline
5727:Secnidazole
5691:Carnidazole
5634:Albendazole
5561:Paromomycin
5551:Miltefosine
5541:Pentamidine
5537:benzamidine
5434:Pentamidine
5430:benzamidine
5420:Melarsoprol
5298:from market
5268:Vorasidenib
5248:Trabectedin
5233:Tiazofurine
5228:Tebentafusp
5213:Tagraxofusp
5171:Plitidepsin
5141:Mitoguazone
5081:Epacadostat
5051:Demecolcine
4995:Aflibercept
4968:Sex steroid
4841:Fuzuloparib
4782:Carfilzomib
4754:Palbociclib
4744:Abemaciclib
4697:Verteporfin
4661:Efaproxiral
4577:Dacarbazine
4539:Altretamine
4521:Satraplatin
4516:Oxaliplatin
4496:Carboplatin
4473:Triaziquone
4444:Mannosulfan
4422:Ranimustine
4402:Fotemustine
4243:Pirarubicin
4228:Doxorubicin
4222:+cytarabine
4208:Aclarubicin
4169:Podophyllum
4094:Camptotheca
4025:Azacitidine
4011:Gemcitabine
3966:Floxuridine
3899:Fludarabine
3894:Clofarabine
3880:Halogenated
3871:Pentostatin
3846:Raltitrexed
3814:Aminopterin
3757:Ixabepilone
3752:Epothilones
3720:Cabazitaxel
3697:Vinorelbine
3682:Vincristine
3677:Vinblastine
3662:microtubule
3572:Ruxolitinib
3542:Oclacitinib
3537:Nemolizumab
3452:Crisaborole
3432:Brimonidine
3407:Abrocitinib
3355:Finasteride
3350:Dutasteride
3253:Finasteride
3248:Dutasteride
3243:Alfatradiol
3143:Monobenzone
3028:Cyclosporin
2946:Antifungals
2853:NCT02679144
2841:NCT02395666
2602:17 November
1373:28 November
1305:26 February
1274:26 February
1023:Active site
933:Description
897:Intravenous
879:teratogenic
759:melarsoprol
751:pentamidine
702:inhibitor.
698:. It is an
570: g·mol
456:CHEBI:41948
272:Identifiers
126:intravenous
62:Other names
53:Trade names
5839:Categories
5740:Iodoquinol
5699:Tinidazole
5668:Quinacrine
5652:nitrofuran
5642:thiazolide
5624:Tinidazole
5608:Giardiasis
5488:Nifurtimox
5484:nitrofuran
5263:Verdinexor
5258:Venetoclax
5161:Oblimersen
5156:Navitoclax
5131:Lucanthone
5126:Lonidamine
5116:Lifileucel
5111:Ivosidenib
5106:Imetelstat
5076:Enasidenib
5066:Elesclomol
5031:Bexarotene
5026:Belzutifan
4961:Bexarotene
4949:Atrasentan
4924:Umbralisib
4919:Idelalisib
4909:Copanlisib
4891:Vorinostat
4886:Romidepsin
4876:Entinostat
4871:Belinostat
4829:Masoprocol
4817:Tiazofurin
4805:Anagrelide
4777:Bortezomib
4764:Seliciclib
4759:Ribociclib
4739:inhibitors
4729:Tipifarnib
4692:Temoporfin
4687:Talaporfin
4625:Plicamycin
4620:Mitomycins
4566:Pipobroman
4545:Hydrazines
4511:Nedaplatin
4463:Carboquone
4458:Aziridines
4449:Treosulfan
4397:Carmustine
4384:Uramustine
4353:Ifosfamide
4325:Alkylating
4286:Bisantrene
4275:Pixantrone
4248:Valrubicin
4238:Idarubicin
4233:Epirubicin
4179:Teniposide
4134:Lurtotecan
4129:Irinotecan
4030:Decitabine
3994:Cytarabine
3937:Pyrimidine
3926:Tioguanine
3916:Thiopurine
3905:Nelarabine
3889:Cladribine
3841:Pemetrexed
3824:Pemetrexed
3800:Folic acid
3740:Paclitaxel
3692:Vinflunine
3577:Tiratricol
3522:Lokivetmab
3512:Ivermectin
3472:Diclofenac
3318:Nepidermin
3204:Tacrolimus
3062:Resorcinol
3038:Tacrolimus
3002:Xenysalate
2987:Miconazole
2972:Climbazole
2952:Bifonazole
1803:: 93–101.
1583:(8): e39.
1507:7 December
1416:6 December
1245:References
1207:polyamines
1199:putrescine
763:nifurtimox
688:nifurtimox
670:medication
575:3D model (
563:Molar mass
416:ZQN1G5V6SR
387:ChemSpider
347:IUPHAR/BPS
311:70052-12-9
302:CAS Number
281:IUPAC name
235:Metabolism
5796:Phase III
5784:Withdrawn
5756:neomycin
5599:Trichozoa
5412:arsenical
5402:ornithine
5363:parasites
5308:Phase III
5296:Withdrawn
5273:Vosaroxin
5253:Veliparib
5208:Sotorasib
5198:Selinexor
5192:Tretinoin
5182:Retinoids
5096:Glasdegib
5041:Celecoxib
4990:Adagrasib
4914:Duvelisib
4904:Alpelisib
4859:Rucaparib
4846:Niraparib
4787:Oprozomib
4749:Alvocidib
4615:Bleomycin
4572:Triazenes
4556:Etoglucid
4501:Cisplatin
4417:Nimustine
4411:Semustine
4407:Lomustine
4369:Melphalan
4296:Menogaril
4291:Crisnatol
4281:Amsacrine
4253:Zorubicin
4213:Amrubicin
4174:Etoposide
4149:Topotecan
4144:Silatecan
4139:Rubitecan
4124:Gimatecan
4109:Cositecan
4099:Belotecan
3775:inhibitor
3745:Tesetaxel
3735:Ortataxel
3730:Larotaxel
3725:Docetaxel
3687:Vindesine
3486:estradiol
3482:Estrogens
3477:Dupilumab
3417:Androgens
3379:Flutamide
3306:Minoxidil
3282:Flutamide
3194:Oxaceprol
2961:cetrimide
2933:Flutamide
2784:(10110).
1106:Hirsutism
1084:Figure 3
1070:Figure 2
998:T. brucei
838:indicated
822:hirsutism
715:pregnancy
696:topically
476:ChEMBL830
261:Excretion
247:half-life
119:Routes of
81:Monograph
75:Drugs.com
5829:Medicine
5557:neomycin
5360:excavata
5146:Mitotane
5086:Eribulin
4854:Olaparib
4792:Ixazomib
4468:Thiotepa
4440:Busulfan
4119:Exatecan
3956:Carmofur
3664:assembly
3627: /
3447:Collagen
3437:Caffeine
3138:Mequinol
3057:Coal tar
2802:28673422
2786:Elsevier
2754:27080183
2728:Elsevier
2696:37647479
2688:15510159
2644:17371277
2596:Archived
2560:Archived
2521:Archived
2500:Archived
2475:41019313
2432:10795478
2424:17214730
2388:10563800
2265:Archived
2215:Archived
2211:11549102
2128:25986442
2120:17822506
2084:10795478
2076:17214730
2010:26181011
2002:11705097
1937:17618313
1888:24637744
1848:PLOS ONE
1829:30100776
1760:21124824
1702:16080099
1661:23807762
1609:17160135
1558:23916333
1501:Archived
1467:(2023).
1451:Archived
1410:Archived
1367:Archived
1333:Archived
1299:DailyMed
1268:DailyMed
1184:Research
1044:Figure 1
974:Evidence
967:fluoride
908:Seizures
711:seizures
652:(verify)
367:DrugBank
137:ATC code
103:DailyMed
5580:polyene
5511:polyene
5444:Suramin
4075:S phase
3976:Tegafur
3790:S phase
3715:Taxanes
3651:M phase
3564:(e.g.,
3484:(e.g.,
3419:(e.g.,
3215:(e.g.,
3112:(e.g.,
2810:4853616
2761:777366.
2745:4853260
2467:2891995
2352:1730582
2306:9398243
1928:2441931
1879:3956872
1856:Bibcode
1820:6067772
1751:2991269
1652:6532745
1600:1687208
1549:4001453
1093:History
920:Topical
885:Topical
849:Topical
755:suramin
568:182.171
524:Formula
376:DB06243
322:PubChem
167: (
165:L01XX79
157: (
155:P01CX03
153:)
147: (
145:D11AX16
130:topical
105::
5815:Portal
5779:WHO-EM
5416:Atoxyl
5291:WHO-EM
4900:(Pi3K)
3857:Purine
3660:Block
3400:Others
3313:Others
3072:Sulfur
2893:Other
2808:
2800:
2778:Lancet
2752:
2742:
2726:(11).
2694:
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2642:
2473:
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1342:10 May
1172:Market
985:'s
666:Vaniqa
601:SMILES
467:ChEMBL
436:D07883
266:Kidney
202:℞-only
200:
101:
4812:IMPDI
4707:Other
2806:S2CID
2759:NIHMS
2692:S2CID
2524:(PDF)
2517:(PDF)
2471:S2CID
2428:S2CID
2268:(PDF)
2261:(PDF)
2239:(PDF)
2124:S2CID
2080:S2CID
2006:S2CID
1964:(PDF)
1957:(PDF)
1406:(CDC)
1402:U.S.
1336:(PDF)
1329:(PDF)
621:InChI
577:JSmol
447:ChEBI
254:hours
4898:PIKI
4866:HDAC
4315:CCNS
3077:Urea
2798:PMID
2750:PMID
2684:PMID
2640:PMID
2604:2016
2463:PMID
2420:PMID
2384:PMID
2348:PMID
2302:PMID
2207:PMID
2116:PMID
2072:PMID
1998:PMID
1933:PMID
1884:PMID
1825:PMID
1756:PMID
1698:PMID
1657:PMID
1635:2013
1605:PMID
1554:PMID
1509:2016
1441:ISBN
1418:2016
1375:2016
1344:2015
1307:2024
1276:2024
1239:rats
1224:mice
1087:site
1010:NaBH
891:acne
427:KEGG
407:UNII
396:2902
356:5176
336:3009
217:data
71:AHFS
5572:PAM
5367:P01
4944:ERA
4800:PhI
4771:PrI
4736:CDK
4648:PDT
3646:MIs
3642:SPs
3633:L01
2899:D11
2790:doi
2782:390
2740:PMC
2732:doi
2676:doi
2632:doi
2455:doi
2412:doi
2376:doi
2338:doi
2334:267
2294:doi
2199:doi
2108:doi
2064:doi
1990:doi
1923:PMC
1915:doi
1911:152
1874:PMC
1864:doi
1815:PMC
1805:doi
1746:PMC
1736:doi
1688:doi
1647:PMC
1639:doi
1595:PMC
1585:doi
1544:PMC
1536:doi
1532:107
1473:hdl
990:cat
753:or
717:or
492:EPA
326:CID
170:WHO
163:),
160:WHO
150:WHO
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