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1838:(May 25, 1931). Fleming and Lilenfeld had advocated high vacuum. "Of critical importance in the present controversy is the effect of the presence of gas within the tube." "In consequence, the low vacuum tube is more sensitive both as a detector and as an amplifier than a tube of high vacuum." "August 20, 1912, the earliest date claimed for Langmuir, was rejected rightly, we think, by the District Court, which held that Langmuir was anticipated by Arnold in November, 1912. But before the earlier date, De Forest sought and obtained a high vacuum in the audions used as amplifiers, and observed that when the vacuum was too low the blue glow effect occurred at from 15 to 20 volts. To secure higher voltages from the audions used as amplifiers and to procure the requisite high vacuum, he had some of the bulbs re-exhausted while superheated. By August 1912, the Telegraph Company used De Forest amplifying audions at 54 volts, and by November, they were used by another at 67.5 volts. This was possible only because the tubes had been exhausted of gas, which would otherwise have ionized with blue glow at from 20 to 30 volts."
553:, whom he had known since giving a demonstration of his regeneration receiver in 1913, about the corporation offering superheterodynes as a superior offering to the general public. (The ongoing patent dispute was not a hindrance, because extensive cross-licensing agreements signed in 1920 and 1921 between RCA, Westinghouse and AT&T meant that Armstrong could freely use the Lévy patent.) Superheterodyne sets were initially thought to be prohibitively complicated and expensive as the initial designs required multiple tuning knobs and used nine vacuum tubes. In conjunction with RCA engineers, Armstrong developed a simpler, less costly design. RCA introduced its superheterodyne Radiola sets in the US market in early 1924, and they were an immediate success, dramatically increasing the corporation's profits. These sets were considered so valuable that RCA would not license the superheterodyne to other US companies until 1930.
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1921. A second line of court cases, the result of the patent office interference hearing, had a different outcome. The interference board had also sided with
Armstrong, but he was unwilling to settle with de Forest for less than what he considered full compensation. Thus pressured, de Forest continued his legal defense, and appealed the interference board decision to the District of Columbia district court. On May 8, 1924, that court ruled that it was de Forest who should be considered regeneration's inventor. Armstrong (along with much of the engineering community) was shocked by these events, and his side appealed this decision. Although the legal proceeding twice went before the US Supreme Court, in 1928 and 1934, he was unsuccessful in overturning the decision.
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life. RCA countered by conducting its own FM research, eventually developing what it claimed was a non-infringing FM system. The corporation encouraged other companies to stop paying royalties to
Armstrong. Outraged by this, in 1948 Armstrong filed suit against RCA and the National Broadcasting Company, accusing them of patent infringement and that they had "deliberately set out to oppose and impair the value" of his invention, for which he requested treble damages. Although he was confident that this suit would be successful and result in a major monetary award, the protracted legal maneuvering that followed eventually began to impair his finances, especially after his primary patents expired in late 1950.
790:, the Evans staff took up the possibility of bouncing radar signals off the moon. Calculations showed that standard pulsed radar like the stock SCR-271 would not do the job; higher average power, much wider transmitter pulses, and very narrow receiver bandwidth would be required. They realized that the Armstrong equipment could be modified to accomplish the task. The FM modulator of the transmitter was disabled and the transmitter keyed to produce quarter-second CW pulses. The narrow-band (57 Hz) receiver, which tracked the transmitter frequency, got an incremental tuning control to compensate for the possible 300 Hz Doppler shift on the lunar echoes. They achieved success on 10 January 1946.
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superheterodyne approach is the mixing of the incoming radio signal with a locally generated, different frequency signal within a radio set. That circuit is called the mixer. The result is a fixed, unchanging intermediate frequency, or I.F. signal which is easily amplified and detected by following circuit stages. In 1919, Armstrong filed an application for a US patent of the superheterodyne circuit which was issued the next year. This patent was subsequently sold to
Westinghouse. The patent was challenged, triggering another patent office interference hearing. Armstrong ultimately lost this patent battle; although the outcome was less controversial than that involving the regeneration proceedings.
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achieve even greater levels of amplification. A year later, in 1922, Armstrong sold his super-regeneration patent to RCA for $ 200,000 plus 60,000 shares of corporation stock, which was later increased to 80,000 shares in payment for consulting services. This made
Armstrong RCA's largest shareholder, and he noted that "The sale of that invention was to net me more than the sale of the regenerative circuit and the superheterodyne combined". RCA envisioned selling a line of super-regenerative receivers until superheterodyne sets could be perfected for general sales, but it turned out the circuit was not selective enough to make it practical for broadcast receivers.
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724:(44–50 MHz), now sidestepping the interference concerns. A period of allowing existing FM stations to broadcast on both low and high bands ended at midnight on January 8, 1949, at which time any low band transmitters were shut down, making obsolete 395,000 receivers that had already been purchased by the public for the original band. Although converters allowing low band FM sets to receive high band were manufactured, they ultimately proved to be complicated to install, and often as (or more) expensive than buying a new high band set outright.
696:, consisting of 75 broadcasting frequencies from 41.02 to 43.98 MHz. As on the standard broadcast band, these were AM stations but with higher quality audio – in one example, a frequency response from 20 Hz to 17,000 Hz +/- 1 dB – because station separations were 40 kHz instead of the 10 kHz spacings used on the original AM band. Armstrong worked to convince the FCC that a band of FM broadcasting stations would be a superior approach. That year he financed the construction of the first FM radio station,
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Armstrong's invention one of the most important radio developments since the first earphone crystal sets were introduced." Armstrong was quoted as saying he could "visualize a time not far distant when the use of ultra-high frequency wave bands will play the leading role in all broadcasting", although the article noted that "A switchover to the ultra-high frequency system would mean the junking of present broadcasting equipment and present receivers in homes, eventually causing the expenditure of billions of dollars."
720:, which at times reflected station signals over great distances, causing mutual interference. A particularly controversial proposal, spearheaded by RCA, was that the FM band needed to be shifted to higher frequencies to avoid this problem. This reassignment was fiercely opposed as unneeded by Armstrong, but he lost. The FCC made its decision final on June 27, 1945. It allocated 100 FM channels from 88 to 108 MHz, and assigned the former FM band to 'non government fixed and mobile' (42–44 MHz), and
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328:, which published bibles and standard classical works, eventually advancing to the position of vice president. His parents first met at the North Presbyterian Church, located at 31st Street and Ninth Avenue. His mother's family had strong ties to Chelsea, and an active role in church functions. When the church moved north, the Smiths and Armstrongs followed, and in 1895 the Armstrong family moved from their brownstone row house at 347 West 29th Street to a similar house at 26 West 97th Street in the
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899:(now WABC) antenna located atop a 20-story building in New York City, where he reportedly did a handstand, and when a witness asked him what motivated him to "do these damnfool things", Armstrong replied "I do it because the spirit moves me." Armstrong had arranged to have photographs taken, which he had delivered to David Sarnoff's secretary, Marion McInnis. Armstrong and McInnis married later that year. Armstrong bought a
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618:, the deviations of the carrier frequency are made to be much larger than the frequency of the audio signal which can be shown to provide better noise rejection. He was granted five US patents covering the basic features of the new system on December 26, 1933. Initially, the primary claim was that his FM system was effective at filtering out the noise produced in receivers, by vacuum tubes.
704:) at Alpine, New Jersey. FCC engineers had believed that transmissions using high frequencies would travel little farther than line-of-sight distances, limited by the horizon. When operating with 40 kilowatts on 42.8 MHz, the station could be clearly heard 100 miles (160 km) away, matching the daytime coverage of a full power 50-kilowatt AM station.
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August 6, 1912, while working for the
Federal Telegraph company, prior to the date recognized for Armstrong of January 31, 1913. The result was an interference hearing at the patent office to determine priority. De Forest was not the only other inventor involved – the four competing claimants included Armstrong, de Forest, General Electric's
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extensions of its wired telephone exchanges, purchased the US rights to Lévy's patent and contested
Armstrong's grant. The subsequent court reviews continued until 1928, when the District of Columbia Court of Appeals disallowed all nine claims of Armstrong's patent, assigning priority for seven of the claims to Lévy, and one each to
2018:: "It appears that Armstrong first exhibited the device to the astute General Manager of RCA, David Sarnoff. Mr. Sarnoff had just concluded arrangements that involved ordering several millions' dollars worth of an improved type of radio... He was so impressed by the Armstrong invention that he at once halted these negotiations..."
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Mutual. The change was thought to have been favored by AT&T, as the elimination of FM relaying stations would require radio stations to lease wired links from that company. Particularly galling was the FCC assignment of TV channel 1 to the 44–50 MHz segment of the old FM band. Channel 1 was later deleted, since periodic
451:) produced amplification hundreds of times greater than previously attained, with the amplified signals now strong enough so that receivers could use loudspeakers instead of headphones. Further investigation revealed that when the feedback was increased beyond a certain level a vacuum-tube would go into
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FCC studies comparing the Apex station transmissions with
Armstrong's FM system concluded that his approach was superior. In early 1940, the FCC held hearings on whether to establish a commercial FM service. Following this review, the FCC announced the establishment of an FM band effective January 1,
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correspondent was present, and recounted in a wire service report that: "if the audience of 500 engineers had shut their eyes they would have believed the jazz band was in the same room. There were no extraneous sounds." Moreover, "Several engineers said after the demonstration that they consider Dr.
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to his patents. In 1934 he presented his new system to RCA president
Sarnoff. Sarnoff was somewhat taken aback by its complexity, as he had hoped it would be possible to eliminate static merely by adding a simple device to existing receivers. From May 1934 until October 1935 Armstrong conducted field
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vacuum-tube. How vacuum tubes worked was not understood at the time. De Forest's initial
Audions did not have a high vacuum and developed a blue glow at modest plate voltages; De Forest improved the vacuum for Federal Telegraph. By 1912, vacuum tube operation was understood, and regenerative circuits
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In 1940, RCA offered
Armstrong $ 1,000,000 for a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use his FM patents. He refused this offer, because he felt this would be unfair to the other licensed companies, which had to pay 2% royalties on their sales. Over time this impasse with RCA dominated Armstrong's
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in New York City. An antenna attached to the building's spire transmitted signals for distances up to 80 miles (130 km). These tests helped demonstrate FM's static-reduction and high-fidelity capabilities. RCA, which was heavily invested in perfecting TV broadcasting, chose not to invest in FM,
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was issued for his discovery. Although Lee de Forest initially discounted Armstrong's findings, beginning in 1915 de Forest filed a series of competing patent applications that largely copied Armstrong's claims, now stating that he had discovered regeneration first, based on a notebook entry made on
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by Alan Douglas, 1991, page 3. Organized broadcasting barely existed when the initial amateur and experimental licenses were granted. By 1922 a broadcast boom in the US saw tremendous growth in the sale of radio receivers to the general public. Westinghouse tried to claim that these sales infringed
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Armstrong felt the FM band reassignment had been inspired primarily by a desire to cause a disruption that would limit FM's ability to challenge the existing radio industry, including RCA's AM radio properties that included the NBC radio network, plus the other major networks including CBS, ABC and
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of France who had worked developing Allied radio communication during WWI. He had been awarded French patents in 1917 and 1918 that covered some of the same basic ideas used in Armstrong's superheterodyne receiver. AT&T, interested in radio development at this time, primarily for point-to-point
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at the Hartley Laboratories, a separate research unit at Columbia. Another of his instructors, Professor John H. Morecroft, later remembered Armstrong as being intensely focused on the topics that interested him, but somewhat indifferent to the rest of his studies. Armstrong challenged conventional
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In early 1928 Armstrong began researching the capabilities of FM. Although there were others involved in FM research at this time, he knew of an RCA project to see if FM shortwave transmissions were less susceptible to fading than AM. In 1931 the RCA engineers constructed a successful FM shortwave
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and perplexed numerous inventors attempting to eliminate it. Many ideas for static elimination were investigated, with little success. In the mid-1920s, Armstrong began researching a solution. He initially, and unsuccessfully, attempted to resolve the problem by modifying the characteristics of AM
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Legal proceedings related to the regeneration patent became separated into two groups of court cases. An initial court action was triggered in 1919 when Armstrong sued de Forest's company in district court, alleging infringement of patent 1,113,149. This court ruled in Armstrong's favor on May 17,
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a settlement of "approximately $ 1,000,000" had been made with RCA. Dana Raymond of Cravath, Swaine & Moore in New York served as counsel in that litigation. Marion Armstrong was able to formally establish Armstrong as the inventor of FM following protracted court proceedings over five of his
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During World War II, Armstrong turned his attention to investigations of continuous-wave FM radar funded by government contracts. Armstrong hoped that the interference fighting characteristic of wide-band FM and a narrow receiver bandwidth to reduce noise would increase range. Primary development
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Following college graduation, he received a $ 600 one-year appointment as a laboratory assistant at Columbia, after which he nominally worked as a research assistant, for a salary of $ 1 a year, under Professor Pupin. Unlike most engineers, Armstrong never became a corporate employee. He set up a
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Among Armstrong's living relatives are Steven McGrath, of Cape Elizabeth, Maine, formerly energy advisor to Maine's Governor, and Adam Brecht, an executive in New York City, whose paternal great-grandfather, John Frank McInnis, was the brother of Marion Armstrong. Edwin Howard Armstrong's niece,
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Armstrong has been called "the most prolific and influential inventor in radio history". The superheterodyne process is still extensively used by radio equipment. Eighty years after its invention, FM technology has started to be supplemented, and in some cases replaced, by more efficient digital
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The regeneration legal battle had one serendipitous outcome for Armstrong. While he was preparing apparatus to counteract a claim made by a patent attorney, he "accidentally ran into the phenomenon of super-regeneration", where, by rapidly "quenching" the vacuum-tube oscillations, he was able to
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Following the end of WWI Armstrong enlisted representation by the law firm of Pennie, Davis, Martin and Edmonds. To finance his legal expenses he began issuing non-transferable licenses for use of the regenerative patents to a select group of small radio equipment firms, and by November 1920, 17
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Maj. Edwin H. Armstrong, whose inventions provided much of the basis for modern broadcasting, was found dead yesterday morning on a third-floor balcony of River House, 435 East Fifty-second Street. The 63-year-old electrical engineer had plunged from a window of his luxurious thirteenth-floor
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In the late 1930s, as technical advances made it possible to transmit on higher frequencies, the FCC investigated options for increasing the number of broadcasting stations, in addition to ideas for better audio quality, known as "high-fidelity". In 1937 it introduced what became known as the
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During this period, Armstrong's most significant accomplishment was the development of a "supersonic heterodyne" – soon shortened to "superheterodyne" – radio receiver circuit. This circuit made radio receivers more sensitive and selective and is used extensively today. The key feature of the
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Although there was interest in the new FM band by station owners, construction restrictions that went into place during WWII limited the growth of the new service. Following the end of WWII, the FCC moved to standardize its frequency allocations. One area of concern was the effects of
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1941, consisting of forty 200 kHz-wide channels on a band from 42 to 50 MHz, with the first five channels reserved for educational stations. Existing Apex stations were notified that they would not be allowed to operate after January 1, 1941, unless they converted to FM.
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Although the FM band shift was an economic setback, there was reason for optimism. A book published in 1946 by Charles A. Siepmann heralded FM stations as "Radio's Second Chance". In late 1945, Armstrong contracted with John Orr Young, founding member of the public relations firm
526:, and assigned to a laboratory in Paris, France to help develop radio communication for the Allied war effort. He returned to the US in the autumn of 1919, after being promoted to the rank of Major. (During both world wars, Armstrong gave the US military free use of his patents.)
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While growing up, Armstrong had experimented with the early temperamental, "gassy" Audions. Spurred by the later discoveries, he developed a keen interest in gaining a detailed scientific understanding of how vacuum tubes worked. In conjunction with Professor Morecroft he used an
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Lewis (1991), page 205. "...the case did not seem to affect Armstrong emotionally in the same way the regeneration suit did... Possibly he recognized the Frenchman did have some legitimate claim to the invention... Armstrong respected Levy in a way that he could not respect de
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Medal of Honor, which had been awarded "in recognition of his work and publications dealing with the action of the oscillating and non-oscillating audion". The organization's board refused to allow him, and issued a statement that it "strongly affirms the original award".
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described the contents of his two-page suicide note to his wife: "he was heartbroken at being unable to see her once again, and expressing deep regret at having hurt her, the dearest thing in his life." The note concluded, "God keep you and Lord have mercy on my Soul."
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took out an option for $ 335,000 for the commercial rights for both the regenerative and superheterodyne patents, with an additional $ 200,000 to be paid if Armstrong prevailed in the regenerative patent dispute. Westinghouse exercised this option on November 4, 1920.
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inducted him in 2000, "in recognition of his contributions and pioneering spirit that have laid the foundation for consumer electronics." He was posthumously inducted into the Wireless Hall of Fame in 2001. Columbia University established the Edwin Howard Armstrong
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companies had been licensed. These licensees paid 5% royalties on their sales which were restricted to only "amateurs and experimenters". Meanwhile, Armstrong explored his options for selling the commercial rights to his work. Although the obvious candidate was the
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from the "Proceedings of the Radio Club of America", Nov. 1990, Vol.64 no.3, pages 123-142. Page 139: "Lévy broadened his claims to purposely create an interference, by copying Armstrong's claims exactly. The Patent Office would then have to choose between the two
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motor car before the wedding, which he kept until his death, and which he drove to Palm Beach, Florida for their honeymoon. A publicity photograph was made of him presenting Marion with the world's first portable superheterodyne radio as a wedding gift.
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His health began to suffer and his behavior grew erratic. On one occasion he came to believe that someone had poisoned his food and insisted on having his stomach pumped. On another, his wife fled the house as Armstrong lashed out with a fireplace
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that he disliked into receiving a severe electrical shock. He also stressed the practical over the theoretical, stating that progress was more likely the product of experimentation and reasoning than on mathematical calculation and the formulae of
831:(R-Wisconsin) reported that Armstrong had recently met with one of his investigators, and had been "mortally afraid" that secret radar discoveries by him and other scientists "were being fed to the Communists as fast as they could be developed".
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exacerbated by excitement or stress. Due to this illness, he withdrew from public school and was home-tutored for two years. To improve his health, the Armstrong family moved to a house overlooking the Hudson River, at 1032 Warburton Avenue in
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took place at Armstrong's Alpine, NJ laboratory. A duplicate set of equipment was sent to the U.S. Army's Evans Signal Laboratory. The results of his investigations were inconclusive, the war ended, and the project was dropped by the Army.
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Beginning in 1913 Armstrong prepared a series of comprehensive demonstrations and papers that carefully documented his research, and in late 1913 applied for patent protection covering the regenerative circuit. On October 6, 1914,
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bands have been created that will, in some cases, eliminate existing FM stations altogether. However, FM broadcasting is still used internationally, and remains the dominant system employed for audio broadcasting services.
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Esther Marion Armstrong, the wife of the late Maj. Edwin Howard Armstrong, a leading American inventor, died Wednesday at the Exeter (N.H.) Hospital, after a brief illness. She was 81 years old and lived in Rye Beach,
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Bitter and overtaxed by years of litigation and mounting financial problems, Armstrong lashed out at his wife one day with a fireplace poker, striking her on the arm. She left their apartment to stay with her sister.
642:, to promote his invention. Armstrong thought that FM had the potential to replace AM stations within 5 years, which he promoted as a boost for the radio manufacturing industry, then suffering from the effects of the
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A second Armstrong Hall, also named for the inventor, is located at the United States Army Communications and Electronics Life Cycle Management Command (CECOM-LCMC) Headquarters at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.
646:. Making existing AM radio transmitters and receivers obsolete would necessitate that stations buy replacement transmitters and listeners purchase FM-capable receivers. In 1936 he published a landmark paper in the
687:, New Jersey, near New York City, and financed demonstration operation of W2XMN, the first FM radio station. W2MXN's antenna is mounted between the top two tiers, visible as a vertical line at the far upper right.
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One approach used frequency modulation (FM) transmissions. Instead of varying the strength of the carrier wave as with AM, the frequency of the carrier was changed to represent the audio signal. In 1922
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It was not until the 1960s that FM stations in the United States started to challenge the popularity of the AM band, helped by the development of FM stereo by General Electric, followed by the FCC's
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on its rights, as they should be considered "commercial", but the courts disagreed. Thus, the companies that held these "amateur and experimental" license rights found they now had a valuable asset.
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In 1955, Marion Armstrong founded the Armstrong Memorial Research Foundation, and participated in its work until her death in 1979 at the age of 81. She was survived by two nephews and a niece.
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In 1934, he filled the vacancy left by John H. Morecroft's death, receiving an appointment as a professor of Electrical Engineering at Columbia, a position he held the remainder of his life.
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From an early age, Armstrong showed an interest in electrical and mechanical devices, particularly trains. He loved heights and constructed a makeshift backyard antenna tower that included a
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After he penned the last sentence, "God keep you and the Lord have mercy on my soul," he put on his overcoat, hat and gloves and stepped out of a window thirteen stories above the ground.
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MacLaurin (1949), page 106. "Westinghouse then made an even more important move by purchasing for $ 335,000 the Armstrong patents on the regenerative and superheterodyne circuits."
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for FM Stereo) in the same journal provided further analysis of the wide-band FM characteristics, and introduced the concept of "threshold", demonstrating that there is a superior
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The appointment of Major Edwin Howard Armstrong as Professor of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University yesterday by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, president of the university.
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directly that "I did not kill Armstrong." After his death, a friend of Armstrong estimated that 90 percent of his time was spent on litigation against RCA. U.S. Senator
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district of New York City, the oldest of John and Emily (née Smith) Armstrong's three children. His father began working at a young age at the American branch of the
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with dinner. Politically, he was described by one of his associates as "a revolutionist only in technology – in politics he was one of the most conservative of men."
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Denied the marketing and financial clout of RCA, Armstrong decided to finance his own development and form ties with smaller members of the radio industry, including
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Sometime during the night of January 31 – February 1, 1954, Armstrong jumped to his death from a window in his 12-room apartment on the 13th floor of
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fight broadcast from California to Hawaii, and noted at the time that the signals seemed to be less affected by static. The project made little further progress.
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and 112th Street, was originally an apartment house but was converted to research space after being purchased by the university. It is currently home to the
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Following her husband's death, Marion Armstrong took charge of pursuing his estate's legal cases. In late December 1954, it was announced that through
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for hoisting himself up and down its length, to the concern of neighbors. Much of his early research was conducted in the attic of his parents' house.
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595:(SSB), had published a detailed mathematical analysis which showed that FM transmissions did not provide any improvement over AM. Although the
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wisdom and was quick to question the opinions of both professors and peers. In one case, he recounted how he tricked a visiting professor from
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basic FM patents, with a series of successful suits, which lasted until 1967, against other companies that were found guilty of infringement.
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the fm patent suit brought against RCA-NBC some years ago by the late Maj. Edwin H. Armstrong has been settled for approximately $ 1 million.
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In response to the second Supreme Court decision upholding de Forest as the inventor of regeneration, Armstrong attempted to return his 1917
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3138: : Excerpt from "The Legacy of Edwin Howard Armstrong," by J. E. Brittain Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 79, no. 2, February 1991
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for FM is important today, Carson's review turned out to be incomplete, as it analyzed only (what is now known as) "narrow-band" FM.
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He held 42 patents and received numerous awards, including the first Medal of Honor awarded by the Institute of Radio Engineers (now
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671:(FCC) headquarters. For comparison, he played a jazz record using a conventional AM radio, then switched to an FM transmission. A
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technologies. The introduction of digital television eliminated the FM audio channel that had been used by analog television,
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that documented the superior capabilities of using wide-band FM. (This paper would be reprinted in the August 1984 issue of
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In 1909, Armstrong enrolled at Columbia University in New York City, where he became a member of the Epsilon Chapter of the
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1535:. Living Legacies: Great Moments and Leading Figures in the History of Columbia University. New York: Columbia University
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Lewis (1991), page 160. Three of the photographs are included in the pictorial section between pages 118-119.
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Armstrong began working on his first major invention while still an undergraduate at Columbia. In late 1906,
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The United States entered WWI in April 1917. Later that year Armstrong was commissioned as a captain in the
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self-financed independent research and development laboratory at Columbia, and owned his patents outright.
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in Palm Beach in 1923. The radio is a portable superheterodyne that Armstrong built as a present for her.
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A US Postage Stamp was released in his honor in 1983 in a series commemorating American Inventors.
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He later received two honorary doctorates, from Columbia in 1929, and Muhlenberg College in 1941.
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Armstrong Hall at Columbia was named in his honor. The hall, located at the northeast corner of
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to conduct comprehensive studies. His breakthrough discovery was determining that employing
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and was often referred to as "Major Armstrong" during his career. He was inducted into the
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In 1923, combining his love for high places with courtship rituals, Armstrong climbed the
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in Yonkers, New York was recognized by the National Historic Landmark program and the
3419:
3350:
3344:
3296:
3278:
3254:
3198:
3049:
2994:
2970:
2953:
2923:
2915:
2898:
2802:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Edwin H. Armstrong House"
2714:
2646:
2504:
2498:
2456:
1811:
1631:
1596:
870:
has added digital sub-channels to FM band stations, and, in Europe and Pacific Asia,
729:
693:
543:
383:
Armstrong graduated from Columbia in 1913, earning an electrical engineering degree.
349:
205:
2235:
2172:
1892:
994:
Philosophy Hall, the Columbia building where Armstrong developed FM, was declared a
316:
Armstrong's boyhood home, overlooking the Hudson River in Yonkers, New York, c. 1975
3437:
3087:
2934:
2223:
2197:
2160:
2053:
1880:
760:
643:
639:
626:
tests of his FM technology from an RCA laboratory located on the 85th floor of the
356:
211:
187:
2279:
3338:
3218:
3031:
2027:
Maclaurin (1949). October 12, 1947 letter from Armstrong to the author, page 122.
954:
935:
828:
684:
611:
604:
549:
Although most early radio receivers used regeneration Armstrong approached RCA's
467:
329:
277:
266:
116:
104:
2553:
561:
511:
3332:
3284:
3015:
The History of Wireless: How Creative Minds Produced Technology for the Masses.
2227:
2164:
2057:
1033:" and was used for establishing shots for the fictional "Monk's diner" in the "
1030:
856:
667:
In June 1936, Armstrong gave a formal presentation of his new system at the US
281:
199:
3092:
2895:
Armstrong's fight for FM broadcasting: one man vs big business and bureaucracy
1466:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1418:
1406:
1398:
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1318:
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1214:
1206:
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1182:
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1142:
1134:
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1118:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1054:
938:
at Columbia University, in the basement of which Armstrong developed FM radio.
534:
474:, who was a German national, which led to his application being seized by the
461:
3459:
3443:
3431:
3326:
3308:
3236:
2718:
2392:
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1815:
1600:
1411:
988:
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820:
811:
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657:
550:
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367:
312:
242:
62:
2366:
2201:
2127:
1378: : "Selectively Opposing Impedance to Received Electrical Oscillations"
3320:
3230:
3119:
2430:"A Case study of Edwin Howard Armstrong's public relations campaign for FM"
1490:
1026:
961:
440:
285:
193:
3144:
A History of the Regeneration Circuit: From Invention to Patent Litigation
2638:
2214:
Crosby, M. G. (April 1937), "Frequency modulation noise characteristics",
957:
in 1919. He was awarded the 1941 Franklin Medal, and in 1942 received the
1429:
The following patents were issued to Armstrong's estate after his death:
824:
516:
387:
293:
2528:"Maj. Edwin Armstrong, Father of FM, Other Radio Inventions, Dead at 63"
918:
Jeanne Hammond, who represented the family in the Ken Burns documentary
3024:
1454: : "Linear detector for subcarrier frequency modulated waves" 1958
1098: : "Method and Means for Transmitting Frequency Modulated Signals"
742:
32:
3362:
3150:
3135:
3272:
3020:
1972:
896:
807:
3167:
2912:
Early FM Radio: Incremental Technology in Twentieth-Century America.
2880:
Kraeuter, David. Radio Patent Lists and Index 1830-1980, 2001, p. 23
2856:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Database Search: Edwin H. Armstrong
2476:
414:
3266:
3098:
2626:"American Inventors, September 21, 1983, Smithsonian Postal Museum"
2453:
To the Moon and Back: Essays on the Life and Times of Project Diana
1138: : "Means and Method for Relaying Frequency Modulated Signals"
1130: : "Means and Method for Relaying Frequency Modulated Signals"
1034:
968:
added him to its roster of great inventors of electricity in 1955.
907:
He was an avid tennis player until an injury in 1940, and drank an
867:
363:
120:
112:
2248:"New Static-Less Radio Broadcast Eliminates All Extraneous Noises"
953:
For his wartime work on radio, the French government gave him the
565:
Armstrong explaining the superregenerative circuit, New York, 1922
455:, thus could also be used as a continuous-wave radio transmitter.
2709:"Esther Armstrong, 81, the Wife Of Inventor of FM Radio System".
2642:
Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication, 8th Ed
2639:
Campbell, Richard; Christopher R. Martin; Bettina Fabos (2011).
2128:"Beginning of Armstrong's FM station W2XMN at Alpine, NJ (1937)"
1470: : "Stabilized multiple frequency modulation receiver" 1959
991:
in the School of Engineering and Applied Science in his memory.
2984:
2666:"Norway to Become First Country to Switch Off FM Radio in 2017"
701:
431:
136:
2455:. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. pp. 91–96.
1606:
apartment, apparently late Sunday evening or during the night.
3107:– A collection of images and documents at Columbia University
2432:(thesis) by Jessica Francis, December 14, 2012, pages 16, 19.
2000:
The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900-1932
1591:"Armstrong, FM Inventor, Dies In Leap From East Side Suite".
1410: : "Electric Wave Transmission" (Note: Co-patentee with
1006:, although this was withdrawn when the house was demolished.
930:
697:
140:
3126:
2544:
Kaempffert, Waldemar (December 9, 1956). "Stubborn genius".
2500:
The Boy Genius and the Mogul: the untold story of television
1386: : "Multiple Antenna for Electrical Wave Transmission"
958:
852:
610:
Working in secret in the basement laboratory of Columbia's
273:
3521:
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
656:.) A year later, a paper by Murray G. Crosby (inventor of
3516:
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
2940:
Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong, a biography
1446: : "Multiplex frequency modulation transmitter" 1956
965:
344:
1766:"What Everyone Should Know About Radio History: Part II"
1462: : "Noise reduction in phase shift modulation" 1959
1394: : "Method of Receiving High Frequency Oscillation"
1370: : "Radioreceiving System Having High Selectivity"
1314: : "Wireless Receiving System for Continuous Wave"
257:(December 18, 1890 – February 1, 1954) was an American
3048:. New York. pp. 287–288 Charles Scribner's Sons.
1402: : "Antenna with Distributed Positive Resistance"
3042:
Süsskind, Charles (1970). "Armstrong, Edwin Howard".
1074: : "Frequency-Modulated Carrier Signal Receiver"
16:
American electrical engineer and inventor (1890–1954)
2579:"Major Armstrong Felt Reds Stole His Ideas—McCarthy"
1480:
366:
engineering fraternity, and studied under Professor
2393:"Pre-War FM Radio Sets to Become Obsolete Saturday"
621:Armstrong had a standing agreement to give RCA the
1438: : "Radio detection and ranging systems" 1956
1021:. A storefront in a corner of the building houses
942:In 1917, Armstrong was the first recipient of the
664:when the signal is stronger than a certain level.
631:and instructed Armstrong to remove his equipment.
2914:Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.
2280:America's Apex Broadcasting Stations of the 1930s
1796:, "E. H. Armstrong" by Thomas Sykes, 1990, p. 22.
1426:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Database Search
1282: : "Radio Broadcasting and Receiving System"
488:Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
3457:
2340:"Device to make FM Radios Work Under FCC Ruling"
2325:Federal Communications Commission, May 22, 1940.
1857:
1630:. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1975. p. 15.
1526:
1025:, a longtime neighborhood fixture that inspired
2046:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
1553:
1146: : "Frequency Modulation Signaling System"
1082: : "Frequency Modulation Signaling System"
1058: : "Frequency Modulation Multiplex System"
3105:Rare Book & Manuscript Library Collections
2967:Who Was Who in American History - the Military
1927:Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1628:Who Was Who in American History – the Military
418:Armstrong's "feed back" circuit drawing, from
3378:
3183:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1019:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
683:Armstrong arranged for the construction of a
556:
542:of General Electric and Burton W. Kendall of
515:Armstrong in his Signal Corps uniform during
2420:by Charles A. Siepmann, 1946, pages 239-253.
3491:United States Army personnel of World War I
1799:
1725:
1090: : "Means for Receiving Radio Signals"
332:. The family was comfortably middle class.
3385:
3371:
3190:
3176:
3068:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2833:National Historic Landmark summary listing
2543:
1939:Radio Manufacturers of the 1920s: Volume 3
1873:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1832:DeForest Radio Co. v. General Electric Co.
1573:
1529:"Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves"
1522:
1520:
1518:
1202: : "Multiplex Radio Signaling System"
506:
435:using high-vacuum tubes were appreciated.
335:At the age of eight, Armstrong contracted
31:
3561:United States Army Signal Corps personnel
2950:Empire of the air: the men who made radio
2537:
2496:
2450:
2184:
2147:
1975:by Alan Douglas, originally published in
1863:
1749:
1747:
3566:Military personnel from New York (state)
3158:Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves
3129: : Super Heterodynes – 1918 to 1930
3084:Works by or about Edwin Howard Armstrong
3041:
2892:
2793:
2632:
2596:"Fm Suit Settlement Ends Six-Year Fight"
2367:"395,000 FM Radio Sets Must Be Replaced"
2296:. The H. W. Wilson Company: 23–26. 1940.
929:
882:
732:would make local TV signals unviewable.
678:
560:
510:
430:had invented the three-element (triode)
413:
311:
3392:
2933:
2477:"Project Diana: Radar Reaches the Moon"
1929:by W. Rupert Maclaurin, 1949, page 122.
1515:
823:disclaimed any responsibility, telling
409:
288:. He achieved the rank of major in the
3458:
3160:", 2002. A profile on the web site of
3093:Armstrong Memorial Research Foundation
2821:
2799:
2702:
2213:
2107:
2084:"Air War: Legal Battles Over FM Radio"
2036:
1977:The Legacies of Edwin Howard Armstrong
1968:
1966:
1794:The Legacies of Edwin Howard Armstrong
1744:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
3531:History of radio in the United States
3526:Discovery and invention controversies
3501:American telecommunications engineers
3366:
3197:
3171:
2952:, New York: Edward Burlingame Books,
2947:
2441:Lewis (1991), pages 247-278, 300-328.
2333:
2331:
2090:. Columbia University. Archived from
2002:by Hugh G. J. Aitken, 1985, page 467.
1854:, December 12, 1914, pages 1149-1152.
1122: : "Radio Rebroadcasting System"
1114: : "Frequency Modulation System"
573:
302:International Telecommunication Union
3571:Suicides by jumping in New York City
2969:. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1975.
2125:
2072:by Gary L. Frost, 2010, pages 72-73.
1806:"Major Armstrong Goes to Columbia".
1004:National Register of Historic Places
2765:by Orrin E. Dunlap, 1944, page 250.
2364:
2081:
2042:"Notes on the theory of modulation"
1973:"Who Invented the Superheterodyne?"
1963:
1951:Douglas (1991), pages 193-198, 203.
1662:from the original on March 15, 2024
1611:
1422: : "Wireless Receiving System"
1258: : "Radio Telephone Signaling"
1242: : "Radio Transmitting System"
1218: : "Radio Transmitting System"
1178: : "Frequency Changing System"
1170: : "Radio Transmitting System"
1162: : "Radio Transmitting System"
1154: : "Radio Transmitting System"
1015:Goddard Institute for Space Studies
13:
3045:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
3034:. Documentary that first aired on
3007:
2983:
2337:
2328:
2113:
1885:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1916.tb55188.x
1869:"Operating Features of the Audion"
1848:"Operating Features of the Audion"
1753:
1499:Awards named after E. H. Armstrong
974:In 1980, he was inducted into the
476:Office of Alien Property Custodian
14:
3602:
3077:
3017:St. Louis: Telescope Books, 2008.
2451:Pomerleau, Cindy Stodola (2021).
1106: : "Current Limiting Device"
984:Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame
669:Federal Communications Commission
3151:Who Invented the Superhetrodyne?
3147:" University, Seoul, Korea (PDF)
2713:. August 10, 1979. p. A13.
2602:. January 10, 1955. p. 84.
2534:, February 8, 1954, pages 67-68.
1527:Tsividis, Yannis (Spring 2002).
1483:
1290: : "Radio Signaling System"
1250: : "Radio Signaling System"
1234: : "Radio Signaling System"
1210: : "Radio Signaling System"
1194: : "Radio Receiving System"
1186: : "Radio Receiving System"
878:
603:link transmitting the Schmeling–
394:as a captain and later a major.
3511:Knights of the Legion of Honour
3481:20th-century American inventors
2897:, University of Alabama Press,
2874:
2847:
2768:
2755:
2729:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2659:
2618:
2609:
2588:
2572:
2563:
2521:
2490:
2469:
2444:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2385:
2358:
2316:
2300:
2285:
2273:
2257:
2252:San Bernardino (California) Sun
2241:
2207:
2178:
2141:
2119:
2098:
2075:
2063:
2030:
2021:
2005:
1993:
1983:
1954:
1945:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1899:
1841:
1825:
1787:
1775:
1759:
1595:. February 2, 1954. p. 1.
1354: : "Wave Signaling System"
1346: : "Wave Signaling System"
1338: : "Wave Signaling System"
1330: : "Wave Signaling System"
1322: : "Wave Signaling System"
1306: : "Wave Signaling System"
1298: : "Wave Signaling System"
976:National Inventors Hall of Fame
486:(RCA), on October 5, 1920, the
298:National Inventors Hall of Fame
261:and inventor who developed FM (
164:
3576:People from Chelsea, Manhattan
3536:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
3486:American electronics engineers
2264:"What are the facts about FM?"
1810:. August 7, 1934. p. 20.
1784:by Tom Lewis, 1991, pp. 60–61.
1713:
1701:
1689:
1674:
1644:
1547:
1226: : "Phase Control System"
1:
3546:People from Yonkers, New York
2993:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
2886:
1656:wirelesshistoryfoundation.org
404:
307:
38:
3591:Recipients of Franklin Medal
3541:IEEE Edison Medal recipients
3506:Analog electronics engineers
3127:The Rolls Royce Of Reception
2585:, February 8, 1954, page 68.
2503:, New York: Broadway Books,
2399:. January 6, 1949. p. 1
2014:by Gleason L. Archer, 1938,
685:transmission tower in Alpine
484:Radio Corporation of America
7:
3581:United States Army officers
2800:Sheire, James (July 1975).
2780:Wireless History Foundation
2741:IEEE Global History Network
2407:– via Newspapers.com.
2381:– via Newspapers.com.
2354:– via Newspapers.com.
2292:"Armstrong, Edwin Howard".
1905:Lewis (1991), pages 77, 87.
1772:, August 1922, pp. 294–302.
1683:by Lawrence Lessing (1956)
1476:
887:Armstrong and his new wife
777:
10:
3607:
2943:, Philadelphia: Lippincott
2829:"Edwin H. Armstrong House"
2763:Radio's 100 Men of Science
2761:"Edwin Howard Armstrong",
2645:. MacMillan. p. 124.
2497:Stashower, Daniel (2002),
2313:, May 25, 1940, page 2011.
2228:10.1109/jrproc.1937.229050
2165:10.1109/jrproc.1936.227383
2058:10.1109/jrproc.1922.219793
1768:by Prof. J. H. Morecroft,
1362: : "Signaling System"
1044:
996:National Historic Landmark
872:Digital Audio Broadcasting
593:Single-sideband modulation
557:Super-regeneration circuit
390:, Armstrong served in the
320:Armstrong was born in the
3400:
3205:
3030:December 6, 2018, at the
2893:Erickson, Don V. (1973),
2270:, November 1940, page 73.
1066: : "Radio Signaling"
1049:E. H. Armstrong patents:
978:, and appeared on a U.S.
925:
834:
767:The Saturday Evening Post
591:of AT&T, inventor of
248:
238:
228:
221:
174:
146:
109:Armstrong phase modulator
96:
86:
70:
48:
30:
23:
3586:Burials in Massachusetts
3164:, Armstrong's alma mater
2699:Dreher (1976), page 208.
2600:Broadcasting-Telecasting
2583:Broadcasting-Telecasting
2569:Dreher (1976), page 207.
2532:Broadcasting-Telecasting
2254:, June 18, 1936, page 2.
2012:History of Radio to 1926
1509:
1274: : "Radiosignaling"
1266: : "Radiosignaling"
1000:Armstrong's boyhood home
793:
133:Superheterodyne receiver
3118:– A brief biography by
2910:Frost, Gary L. (2010),
2835:. National Park Service
2681:Dreher (1976), page 46.
2615:Lewis (1991), page 358.
2202:10.1109/proc.1984.12971
849:FM Non-Duplication Rule
653:Proceedings of the IEEE
507:Superheterodyne circuit
326:Oxford University Press
3496:American Presbyterians
3291:George Ashley Campbell
3134:IEEE History Center's
2670:The Hollywood Reporter
2104:Frost (2010), page 95.
939:
892:
718:Sporadic E propagation
688:
648:Proceedings of the IRE
623:right of first refusal
566:
524:U.S. Army Signal Corps
519:
423:
317:
290:U.S. Army Signal Corps
255:Edwin Howard Armstrong
233:Electrical engineering
25:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3249:Arthur Edwin Kennelly
3116:The Broadcast Archive
2743:. IEEE. June 27, 2011
2737:"IEEE Medal of Honor"
2668:by Scott Roxborough,
2418:Radio's Second Chance
2365:INS (June 27, 1945).
1554:Lawrence P. Lessing.
1467:U.S. patent 2,879,335
1459:U.S. patent 2,871,292
1451:U.S. patent 2,835,803
1443:U.S. patent 2,773,125
1435:U.S. patent 2,738,502
1419:U.S. patent 1,113,149
1407:U.S. patent 1,334,165
1399:U.S. patent 1,336,378
1391:U.S. patent 1,342,885
1383:U.S. patent 1,388,441
1375:U.S. patent 1,415,845
1367:U.S. patent 1,416,061
1359:U.S. patent 1,424,065
1351:U.S. patent 1,539,820
1343:U.S. patent 1,539,821
1335:U.S. patent 1,539,822
1327:U.S. patent 1,541,780
1319:U.S. patent 1,545,724
1311:U.S. patent 1,611,848
1303:U.S. patent 1,675,323
1295:U.S. patent 1,716,573
1287:U.S. patent 1,941,066
1279:U.S. patent 1,941,067
1271:U.S. patent 1,941,068
1263:U.S. patent 1,941,069
1255:U.S. patent 1,941,447
1247:U.S. patent 2,024,138
1239:U.S. patent 2,063,074
1231:U.S. patent 2,082,935
1223:U.S. patent 2,085,940
1215:U.S. patent 2,098,698
1207:U.S. patent 2,104,011
1199:U.S. patent 2,104,012
1191:U.S. patent 2,116,501
1183:U.S. patent 2,116,502
1175:U.S. patent 2,122,401
1167:U.S. patent 2,130,172
1159:U.S. patent 2,169,212
1151:U.S. patent 2,203,712
1143:U.S. patent 2,215,284
1135:U.S. patent 2,264,608
1127:U.S. patent 2,275,486
1119:U.S. patent 2,276,008
1111:U.S. patent 2,290,159
1103:U.S. patent 2,295,323
1095:U.S. patent 2,315,308
1087:U.S. patent 2,318,137
1079:U.S. patent 2,323,698
1071:U.S. patent 2,540,643
1063:U.S. patent 2,602,885
1055:U.S. patent 2,630,497
1037:" television series.
933:
889:Esther Marion McInnis
886:
682:
662:signal-to-noise ratio
628:Empire State Building
616:"wide-band" FM system
597:Carson bandwidth rule
564:
514:
462:U.S. patent 1,113,149
417:
315:
153:Esther Marion McInnis
37:Sketch of Armstrong,
3124:Ammon, Richard T., "
2338:AP (June 27, 1945).
2266:by E. W. Murtfeldt,
1850:by E. H. Armstrong,
1681:Man of High Fidelity
1556:"Edwin H. Armstrong"
722:television channel 1
580:amplitude modulation
478:during World War I.
410:Regenerative circuit
378:mathematical physics
300:and included in the
263:frequency modulation
129:Regenerative circuit
125:Frequency modulation
101:Armstrong oscillator
3394:IEEE Medal of Honor
3213:William D. Coolidge
3162:Columbia University
2948:Lewis, Tom (1991),
920:"Empire of the Air"
738:Young & Rubicam
589:John Renshaw Carson
533:The challenger was
259:electrical engineer
91:Columbia University
81:New York City, U.S.
3426:Reginald Fessenden
3414:Ernst Alexanderson
3408:Edwin H. Armstrong
3315:Ernst Alexanderson
3303:Edwin H. Armstrong
3261:Lewis B. Stillwell
3156:Yannis Tsividis, "
3136:Edwin H. Armstrong
2818:(includes 1 photo)
2711:The New York Times
2546:The New York Times
2323:"FCC Order No. 69"
2307:"FCC Order No. 67"
2282:by John Schneider.
1867:(August 2, 1917).
1808:The New York Times
1593:The New York Times
1504:Grid-leak detector
940:
893:
755:The New York Times
689:
574:Wide-band FM radio
567:
540:Ernst Alexanderson
520:
472:Alexander Meissner
424:
422:vol. 1 no. 1 1922.
373:Cornell University
318:
182:IRE Medal of Honor
3551:Radio electronics
3453:
3452:
3420:Guglielmo Marconi
3360:
3359:
3351:Otto B. Blackwell
3345:Karl B. McEachron
3297:John B. Whitehead
3279:Dugald C. Jackson
3255:Willis R. Whitney
3243:Bancroft Gherardi
3199:IEEE Edison Medal
3064:cite encyclopedia
3025:Empire of the Air
3000:978-0-307-26993-5
2990:The Master Switch
2935:Lessing, Lawrence
2928:978-0-8018-9440-4
2863:on March 12, 2018
2776:"Edwin Armstrong"
2672:, April 20, 2015.
2462:979-8-706-54632-8
2294:Current Biography
2082:Raymond, Dana M.
2040:(February 1922),
1782:Empire of the Air
1652:"Edwin Armstrong"
1533:Columbia Magazine
730:radio propagation
544:Bell Laboratories
445:positive feedback
337:Sydenham's chorea
269:receiver system.
252:
251:
239:Academic advisors
223:Scientific career
206:AIEE Edison Medal
59:December 18, 1890
3598:
3438:John Stone Stone
3387:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3225:Charles F. Scott
3192:
3185:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3141:Hong, Sungook, "
3099:Houck Collection
3088:Internet Archive
3073:
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2859:, archived from
2851:
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2844:
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2813:
2808:on July 24, 2011
2804:. Archived from
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2311:Federal Register
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2255:
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2211:
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2196:(8): 1042–1062,
2186:Armstrong, E. H.
2182:
2176:
2175:
2149:Armstrong, E. H.
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2126:Katzdorn, Mike.
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2094:on May 15, 2008.
2079:
2073:
2067:
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2060:
2034:
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2019:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1981:
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1943:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1865:Armstrong, E. H.
1861:
1855:
1852:Electrical World
1845:
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1073:
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1057:
1023:Tom's Restaurant
761:Atlantic Monthly
644:Great Depression
640:General Electric
464:
341:St. Vitus' Dance
265:) radio and the
212:Washington Award
188:Legion of Honour
168:
166:
77:
74:February 1, 1954
58:
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43:
40:
35:
21:
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3339:Morris E. Leeds
3219:Frank B. Jewett
3201:
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3056:
3032:Wayback Machine
3010:
3008:Further reading
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2548:. p. 297.
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2371:Journal Gazette
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2268:Popular Science
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2010:
2006:
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1770:Radio Broadcast
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955:Legion of Honor
936:Philosophy Hall
928:
881:
837:
829:Joseph McCarthy
796:
786:Under the name
780:
612:Philosophy Hall
583:transmissions.
576:
559:
509:
460:
447:(also known as
420:Radio Broadcast
412:
407:
339:(then known as
330:Upper West Side
310:
278:Legion of Honor
267:superheterodyne
217:
170:
167: 1922)
162:
158:
155:
139:
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117:FM broadcasting
115:
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105:Armstrong Tower
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87:Alma mater
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11:
5:
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3556:Radio pioneers
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3333:Joseph Slepian
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3078:External links
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2344:The Miami News
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2222:(4): 472–514,
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2177:
2159:(5): 689–740,
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2074:
2070:Early FM Radio
2062:
2029:
2020:
2004:
1992:
1982:
1962:
1953:
1944:
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1907:
1898:
1879:(1): 215–243.
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1738:Lessing 1956,
1724:
1719:Lessing 1956,
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1707:Lessing 1956,
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1695:Lessing 1956,
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948:Medal of Honor
946:'s (now IEEE)
927:
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857:Apollo program
836:
833:
816:New York Times
795:
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575:
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449:"regeneration"
411:
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282:Franklin Medal
276:), the French
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97:Known for
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3471:1954 suicides
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3445:
3444:Mihajlo Pupin
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3432:Lee de Forest
3430:
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3327:Lee de Forest
3325:
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3309:Vannevar Bush
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3237:Edwin W. Rice
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3071:
3065:
3057:
3055:0-684-10114-9
3051:
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3040:
3037:
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3029:
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3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:Ira Brodsky.
3012:
3011:
3002:
2996:
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2955:
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2929:
2925:
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2920:0-8018-9440-9
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2116:, p. 125
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2039:
2038:Carson, J. R.
2033:
2024:
2017:
2013:
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1762:
1756:, p. 126
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1539:September 18,
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1412:Mihajlo Pupin
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989:Professorship
985:
982:in 1983. The
981:
980:postage stamp
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945:
937:
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915:
912:
910:
909:Old Fashioned
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902:
901:Hispano-Suiza
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876:
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858:
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715:
709:
705:
703:
699:
695:
686:
681:
677:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
658:Crosby system
655:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
629:
624:
619:
617:
613:
608:
606:
600:
598:
594:
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584:
581:
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563:
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552:
551:David Sarnoff
547:
545:
541:
536:
531:
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518:
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432:"grid Audion"
429:
428:Lee de Forest
421:
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384:
381:
379:
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368:Michael Pupin
365:
360:
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357:bosun's chair
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351:
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342:
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333:
331:
327:
323:
314:
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303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:and the 1942
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
247:
244:
243:Mihajlo Pupin
241:
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234:
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3302:
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3043:
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2894:
2876:
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2861:the original
2855:
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2832:
2823:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:the original
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:
2770:
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2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2740:
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2348:. Retrieved
2343:
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2185:
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2143:
2133:December 19,
2131:. Retrieved
2121:
2109:
2100:
2092:the original
2087:
2077:
2069:
2065:
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2049:
2045:
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2023:
2011:
2007:
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1655:
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1565:December 17,
1563:. Retrieved
1559:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1532:
1491:Radio portal
1473:
1428:
1425:
1048:
1039:
1027:Susanne Vega
1008:
993:
973:
970:
962:Edison Medal
952:
941:
916:
913:
906:
894:
864:
861:
859:astronauts.
846:
838:
815:
801:
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785:
781:
772:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
734:
726:
714:tropospheric
710:
706:
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673:United Press
666:
651:
647:
633:
620:
609:
601:
585:
577:
568:
548:
532:
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521:
497:
493:
480:
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441:oscillograph
437:
425:
419:
400:
396:
392:Signal Corps
385:
382:
361:
354:
334:
319:
286:Edison Medal
271:
254:
253:
222:
194:Holley Medal
76:(1954-02-01)
18:
3476:1954 deaths
3466:1890 births
2839:November 4,
2812:January 25,
2373:. p. 6
1980:inventors."
1917:, page 192.
1031:Tom's Diner
841:arbitration
825:Carl Dreher
804:River House
535:Lucien Lévy
517:World War I
453:oscillation
388:World War I
294:World War I
280:, the 1941
42: 1954
3460:Categories
2976:0837932017
2887:References
2510:0767907590
2403:August 14,
2377:August 14,
2350:August 14,
2190:Proc. IEEE
1990:Forest..."
1637:0837932017
1560:Britannica
743:The Nation
405:Early work
308:Early life
55:1890-12-18
3401:1917–1925
3273:Gano Dunn
3206:1926–1950
3111:Biography
3021:Ken Burns
2785:April 16,
2719:0362-4331
2554:113472829
2397:The Times
2216:Proc. IRE
2153:Proc. IRE
1816:0362-4331
1601:0362-4331
1029:'s song "
808:Manhattan
694:Apex band
605:Stribling
3267:Alex Dow
3038:in 1992.
3028:Archived
2987:(2010),
2937:(1956),
2867:July 16,
2550:ProQuest
2482:July 13,
2236:51643329
2173:43628076
2016:page 297
1893:85101768
1666:July 27,
1660:Archived
1477:See also
1035:Seinfeld
1011:Broadway
868:HD Radio
855:and the
778:FM radar
468:Langmuir
364:Theta Xi
121:FM radio
113:Autodyne
3086:at the
2985:Wu, Tim
2747:July 7,
2114:Wu 2010
1754:Wu 2010
1045:Patents
749:Fortune
700:(later
386:During
350:Yonkers
322:Chelsea
292:during
169:
161:
157:
3446:(1924)
3440:(1923)
3434:(1922)
3428:(1921)
3422:(1920)
3416:(1919)
3410:(1917)
3353:(1950)
3347:(1949)
3341:(1948)
3335:(1947)
3329:(1946)
3323:(1945)
3317:(1944)
3311:(1943)
3305:(1942)
3299:(1941)
3293:(1940)
3287:(1939)
3281:(1938)
3275:(1937)
3269:(1936)
3263:(1935)
3257:(1934)
3251:(1933)
3245:(1932)
3239:(1931)
3233:(1930)
3227:(1929)
3221:(1928)
3215:(1927)
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2956:
2926:
2918:
2901:
2717:
2649:
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2516:poker.
2507:
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2250:(UP),
2234:
2171:
2088:Fathom
1891:
1814:
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1599:
926:Honors
835:Legacy
814:. The
764:, and
702:KE2XCC
636:Zenith
470:, and
229:Fields
214:(1951)
208:(1942)
202:(1941)
196:(1940)
190:(1919)
184:(1917)
175:Awards
147:Spouse
137:KE2XCC
65:, U.S.
2346:. 6-A
2232:S2CID
2169:S2CID
1915:Ibid.
1889:S2CID
1740:p. 27
1721:p. 24
1709:p. 26
1697:p. 23
1685:p. 22
1510:Notes
959:AIEEs
794:Death
698:W2XMN
163:(
159:
141:W2XMN
3070:link
3050:ISBN
2995:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2869:2017
2841:2019
2814:2008
2787:2024
2749:2011
2724:N.H.
2715:ISSN
2647:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2484:2022
2457:ISBN
2405:2017
2379:2017
2352:2017
2135:2011
1812:ISSN
1668:2024
1632:ISBN
1597:ISSN
1567:2018
1541:2017
934:The
853:NASA
716:and
638:and
274:IEEE
71:Died
49:Born
3036:PBS
2224:doi
2198:doi
2161:doi
2054:doi
1881:doi
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