Edwards Aquifer - Knowledge

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flow remain constant, whereas a transient model simulation allows for a change in water storage over time. Steady-state results suggest water leaving the aquifer occurs through springs (73.3 percent), water well pumping (25.7 percent), and to the Colorado River (0.6 percent). Inflow of water to the aquifer mostly occurs through natural recharge (93.5 percent) and water delivered through the aquifer's regional boundaries (6.5 percent). The transient simulation model also suggests discharge primarily occurs through springs, followed by water well pumping; however, changes in water storage is heavily dependent upon the amount of monthly precipitation and water well pumping volumes.

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undeveloped rangeland, but since that time it has undergone a significant increase in development. From 1996 to 1998 residential land use increased 9 percent in the Edwards aquifer recharge zone; even so, 72 percent remains undeveloped. The region atop the Edwards aquifer continues to increase in population today. In 2012, the US Census Bureau noted four counties located within the Edwards Region; Kendal, Comal, Hays and Travis were among the fastest growing in the nation, all with growth rates between 25 and 50 percent. An estimated 4.6 percent of the recharge zone is now covered with impervious surfaces which decrease aquifer recharge and can negatively affect water quality.

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groundwater used within each district, the amount of recharge from precipitation, projected surface water supply, total water demand within the district, and consideration of water management strategies that were included in the adopted state water plan (2005, 79th Texas Legislature HB 1763). Senate Bill 2 of the 77th Texas Legislature also required the groundwater conservation districts to submit groundwater management plans to the Chair of any Regional Water Planning Group in which any part of the district is located so that they may specify any area(s) that conflict with the approved Regional Water Plan.

142: 843: 772:. Legislature for protection of the Edwards aquifer began in 1959 with the creation of the Edwards Underground Water District, which created and supplied maps and worked with licensing departments for development interests. Starting in the 1970s, the Texas Water Quality Board (TWQB) first recognized the aquifer and issued regulations regarding surface recharge zones. Following these first steps, regulations began to include the need for geologic assessments prior to development, design standards for underground storage tanks and pipes, and fees for development. 205: 1458:

Aquifer and retain soil moisture. Further, whether or not the city needs additional supply is in question, as projected increase in water demand is speculated to present commercial expansion, not San Antonio's municipal population demand. Environmental groups, such as the Sierra Club, suggest the project is allocating funds to an unsustainable solution, and that San Antonio should instead be "investing in alternative and innovative resources that are less expensive, less energy-intensive, and locally accessible."

383: 375:. The Edwards limestone is variable in hydrologic character, but is generally highly porous and permeable, which makes it able to hold and move a lot of water. The limestone is broken by faults and joints. Water flows through these fractures and continues to dissolve the limestone, creating larger and larger pore spaces over time. Some units also store water in eroded fossil burrows that formed through the burrowing action of worms and crustaceans at the seafloor. The 1249:

with the exception of drilling a lateral well extending under a neighbor's property, wasting water, or pumping with the intention of causing harm to a neighbor's well. In order to construct a well to withdraw water from the Edwards Aquifer, however, a user requires a permit that is granted by the Edwards Aquifer Authority. Permits for existing users are determined by maximum historical use, taking into consideration the overall availability of water in the aquifer.

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occurring in July or August, nearing 85 °F (29 °C) for both months. Conversely, January is the month with the lowest precipitation, averaging 1 inch (25 mm), while May and September average the most, 3 inches (76 mm). The proximity of the Edwards Plateau to the Gulf of Mexico and its location in the middle latitudes creates variation in the weather patterns experienced between different years, seasons, and months.

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restoring native riparian zones in order to benefit the Comal Springs riffle beetle by increasing the amount functional habitat and food sources (i.e., root structures and associated biofilms). The method of riparian zone establishment will include the removal of non-native, followed by the replanting of native vegetation that may be considered representative of a healthy, functioning riparian zone.

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regions: the total drainage area, recharge zone, artesian zone, and saline zone. These zones run east to west, with the drainage area forming the northernmost portion of the aquifer and the saline zone forming the southernmost portion. The artesian zone intersects the saline zone to the south and west at the fresh water - saline water boundary (FW-SW).

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available for recharge is 10,660,000 acre-feet (13.1 TL), or the equivalent of 5.3 million Olympic sized swimming pools. The average annual recharge rate between 1934 and 2013 is estimated to be 699,000 acre-feet (862 GL). The median annual recharge is 556,950 acre-feet (687 GL), or only 6% of the total inputs to the system.

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In an effort to reduce San Antonio's dependency on the solitary supply of the Edward's Aquifer, the San Antonio Water System (SAWS) has proposed a water supply pipeline, the Vista Ridge, extending 82,000 ft from Burleson County to San Antonio. SAWS reports that the Vista Ridge pipeline, running

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1996, Medina County Under Water Conservation District challenged the Edwards Aquifer Authority over the constitutionality of the Edwards Aquifer Act. The challenge was over whether property owners have the constitutional right to pump water from their land, or whether concerns for water conservation

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Encompassing an area of 8 counties across south-central Texas including the City of San Antonio and its surrounding communities, the Edwards Aquifer is the main water supply source for the region, providing water for agricultural and industrial purposes and necessary water flow for endangered species

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Wells that produce less than 25,000 gallons per day, wells that are solely for the purpose of watering livestock, and a few other exceptions are considered exempt wells that do not require a permit. Permits for withdrawal can be transferred to another user, provided that the new use is beneficial and

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which serves as the sole official monitoring well in the Edwards Aquifer. The J-17 well, is located in the artisanal confined Edwards Aquifer at a location AY-68-37-203 based on the latitude and longitude. Water levels have been recorded in the J-17 well since the 1910s, and is used to generalize the

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districts in Texas to develop a groundwater management plan and submit it for approval by the Texas Water Development Board every five years on the anniversary of initial approval (September 17, 1998 for the Edwards Aquifer Authority). The initial requirements of the groundwater management plans were

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This project is projected to promote job growth and prosperity surrounding the city, as the supply will withstand San Antonio's projected growth rate of 20,000 people/year. Companies invested in the project lobbied for a state drought-planning bill to enable regional approval for the sale of private

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Scientists with the United States Geologic Survey have developed numerical groundwater flow models for the San Antonio and Barton Springs aquifer segments to determine the amount of water in the aquifer, the direction it is flowing, and its velocity. These are used to estimate the sustainable levels

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Water from the Edwards Aquifer is discharged in two ways: it is either pumped from wells (well discharge) or it leaves as stream outflow (spring discharge). The Edwards Aquifer Authority (EAA) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) have monitored annual well and spring discharges since 1934.

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The EAA was created as a result of Edwards Aquifer Authority Act enacted by Texas State Legislature in 1993. The main purpose of EAA is to oversee the permitting system for water withdrawals from the aquifer system. A subdivision of state government, EAA is more of a liaison between federal agencies

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Five groups of stakeholders have played significant roles in shaping the use and conservation of the aquifer, including the Edwards Aquifer Authority (EAA), New Braunfels, San Marcos, San Antonio, and Texas State University. Additionally, federal entities including US Geological Survey, US Fish and

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Due to the karst hydrogeology of the Edwards Aquifer, chemicals that enter the system have the potential to rapidly travel through the aquifer and contaminate down-gradient water sources in a short period of time (hours to days). Aquifers can be easily contaminated when pollutants enter the recharge

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Unlike sand and gravel aquifers that store water in very small pore spaces, karst aquifers store water in large pockets or caverns, forming underground "rivers" and "lakes". The rate at which groundwater moves through these conduits can vary tremendously. In the Edwards Aquifer some water may barely

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In the Edwards aquifer, groundwater flow models have been developed for the San Antonio and Barton Springs aquifer segments in the San Antonio region of Texas. Two model simulations were conducted: steady state and transient. A steady-state groundwater flow model requires magnitude and direction of

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During dry years, more water is discharged from wells while during wet years, more water is discharged from springs. Annual total groundwater discharge from pumping and springs ranged from 388,800 to 1,130,000 acre-feet (480 to 1,394 GL), and the average total groundwater discharge for 1955 to

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In 1992, the TWQB declared the Edwards aquifer an underground river due to the presence of endangered species, but this was overturned later the same year. In 1993, Texas Senate Bill 1477 established the Edwards Aquifer Authority to manage the aquifer and to limit pumping to protect the spring flow

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All of these economic practices in the region put pressure on both the quantity and quality of water in the Edwards Aquifer. A recent study showed that salinity in groundwater wells in the aquifer is high, potentially affected by adjacent, natural salt deposits as well as brine seepage from nearby

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in the world. In the United States, only the fauna of the Edwards Aquifer of Texas has a significant component of marine-derived species. Of the major karst regions in the United States, it is the only one with a significant marine component. Of the 64 stygobionts known from the Edwards Aquifer, 17

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The average annual temperature on the Edwards Plateau is 66 °F (19 °C) and the average annual precipitation amounts to 25.24 inches (641 mm). The temperatures vary by season with the lowest average temperature occurring in January, 50 °F (10 °C), and the highest temperature

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The Maverick Basin portion of the Edwards Aquifer consists of the West Nueces, McKnight, and Salmon Peak Formations. The Devils River Trend unit of the Edwards Aquifer is composed mostly of Devils River Limestone with a thickness of approximately 550 feet (170 m). The third unit of the Edwards

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Groundwater conservation plans are required for permit holders who withdraw more than 3 acre-feet per year (2,700 U.S. gal/d; 10 kL/d), unless irrigators can prove more than 60 percent efficiency in their water use. Conservation plans require the use of Best Management Practices, as

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Edwards Aquifer Authority regulates withdrawal permits, transfers, and groundwater conservation plans under authority granted by the Texas legislature. Groundwater law in the state of Texas is governed by the Rule of Capture, which gives landowners the right to pump groundwater beneath their land,

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Historically, the Edwards Aquifer has served as the sole source of water for the city of San Antonio. This eight-county metropolitan area is the second fastest-growing area in the state of Texas and depends on the aquifer for both recreational use and clean drinking water. San Antonio Water System

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Between 1990 and 2015, the population increased by two thirds, at this rate, the population of the basin will be doubled in 2050. The population across the counties have approximately the same growth rate of 10% per year. However, Comal and Guadalupe have a greater growth rate of more than 25% per

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Located in South Central Texas, the Edwards Aquifer encompasses an area of approximately 4,350 square miles (11,300 km) that extends into parts of 11 counties. The aquifer's boundaries begin at the groundwater divide in Kinney County, East of Brackettville, and extend Eastward through the San

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By 2020, SAWS estimates the average San Antonio residential water bill to be $ 88/mnth; this would place San Antonio at the lowest rate for water in any major Texan city. The water is provided through over 3,400 leases with private landowners drawing from the Caririzo and Simsboro aquifers. In an

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Average precipitation in the region is around 30 inches (760 mm) per year. Only precipitation that falls on the contributing area is available for infiltration. With a contributing and recharge area of over 26,650 square miles (17,000 km), the mean annual volume of precipitation that is

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In addition to the 2.3 million San Antonio residents are the communities of New Braunfels and San Marcos that depend on the aquifer for clean drinking water. Farming and ranching communities are other significant dependents of the aquifer. From the 1930s to the 1980s, withdrawals have quadrupled

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Almost all of agricultural lands and a large portion of San Antonio overlie the confined portion of the aquifer (Barker 1996). In an effort to preserve undeveloped land the city of San Antonio passed the Edwards Aquifer Protection Plan in 2000 (renewed in 2005, 2010 and 2015). The plan allows the

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Those in favor of the Vista Ridge pipeline believe the project will help protect and sustain the Edwards Aquifer, as well as enable the conservation of diversified water. Those who oppose the pipeline are concerned that installment will damage the natural system's ability to recharge the Edwards

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The HCP supports three major project groups of habitat protection measures, flow protection measures, and supporting measures such as applied research, ecological and biological, and water-quality monitoring. HCP project examples include minimization and mitigation of the impacts of low flow, by

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Annual storage between 1955 and 2012 estimated from data provided by a continuing program between the U.S. Geologic Survey and the Edwards Aquifer Authority ranged from −633,000 to 1,653,000 acre-feet per year (−780 to 2,000 gigaliters per year). The average storage during this period was 37,000

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is regionally defined by recent economic growth in shipping industries, irrigation based farming, and manufacturing. According to the Texas Comptroller and Texas Water Development Board, the Southern region's economic growth and irrigation practices have put pressure on water demands that exceed

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Spanish missionaries who arrived in Texas in the 1700s looked to the Edwards Aquifer as their primary source of water. Springs fed by the aquifer played a key role in deciding the location of the Alamo mission and other settlements in the Texas Hill Country. As Europeans continued to settle the

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More than 1.7 million people rely on water from the Edwards Aquifer for municipal, industrial and daily use. One of the major cities on the aquifer is San Antonio, America's 7th largest city, with a population of over 1 million. San Antonio is heavily dependent on the Edwards Aquifer for their

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The total area of the aquifer forms roughly the shape of a slight upward curve and approximately measures 160 miles (260 km) east to west at its furthermost boundaries and 80 miles (130 km) north to south at its widest section. The aquifer is geographically divided into four distinct

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of groundwater withdrawal throughout the aquifer. Given ample data is needed for numerical simulations, yet often lacking, regional modeling of large aquifers is difficult, but modeling segments within an aquifer is common and provides useful information for water users throughout the aquifer.

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Annual well discharge—the sum of all well discharges in a year— ranged from 219,300 to 542,500 acre-feet (271 to 669 GL) between 1955 and 2012. The average well discharge for this period was approximately 371,667 acre-feet (458 GL), equivalent to 183,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools.

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and percolates directly into the aquifer, or it enters as streamflow flowing through the Recharge Zone. The Recharge Zone occurs along the Balcones Fault Zone where the Edwards Plateau drops steeply and meets the Gulf Coastal Plain. Here, highly fractured limestones are exposed at the Earth's

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Although between 25 and 55 million acre-feet (30 and 70 teraliters) of water may be present in the Edwards aquifer, only a small portion of this water is practically or legally available for use. Storage is the difference between recharge (inputs) and discharge (outputs) from the Edwards

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Land use through the region atop the Edwards aquifer varies between rangeland, agricultural and residential/urban. The northern portion is primarily rangelands and contains most of the streams feeding the recharge zone. Until the late 1990s much of the land area that recharged the aquifer was

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In the south, the Edwards Aquifer dips beneath the lowland plains of the gulf coast. This area south of the recharge zone is referred to as the Artesian Zone, where the water is held under pressure by low permeability layers, and can flow to the surface without the assistance of pumps through

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The requirements of groundwater management plans have since undergone expansion to require the inclusion of planning requirements for addressing drought conditions and conservation (2001, the 77th Texas Legislature Senate Bill 2), estimates of the managed available groundwater, the amount of

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city to purchase conservation easements for land in Bexar, Medina and Uvalde counties. The landowners retain and upon agreement the landowners cannot divide or develop the land and are paid 40-45% of market value for the easement. The plan has over 130,000 acres (525 km) enrolled.

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of the aquifer has satisfied drinking water standards and there have been no significant issues with pollution contamination. Regular water quality testing through the USGS NAWQA Program occurred between 1996 and 2006. On a yearly basis, ions, metals, nutrients, bacteria, pesticides,

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zone. Because of this vulnerability to contamination, organizations have formed to protect the Edward's Aquifer recharge zones. Anthropogenically sourced pollutants (pesticides, VOCs, and synthetically derived compounds) can be found within the Edwards Aquifer at minuscule levels.

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that they address the efficient use of groundwater, methods of controlling and preventing waste of groundwater, conjunctive surface water issues, natural resource issues that affect the use and availability, of groundwater, and methods of controlling and preventing subsidence.

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effort to protect the ratepayer (i.e. San Antonio citizens), the project proposes an undetermined lifeline rate. Any water that fails to be delivered (i.e. shortages, contamination) will be compensated by Blue Water Systems, L.P and not at the expense of the ratepayer.

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Annual storage can be negative during dry years with high water use and positive during wet years with relatively low water use. A long-term negative imbalance between recharge and discharge in an aquifer may lead to the depletion of the available water in the aquifer.

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are detected throughout the entire aquifer at concentrations that exceeded the national background levels, but that are well below the MCL (10 mg/L). These nitrates may be the result of agricultural runoff that enters the aquifer through its recharge zone.

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oil fields. Additionally, irrigated agriculture is a significant user of the Edwards Aquifer groundwater, with a variety of crops cultivated, including: " vegetables, hay sesame, soybeans, peanuts, cotton, corn, sorghum, wheat, and oats". Also, the city of

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In recharge zones of the aquifer permits are required to store regulated substances that could damage water quality. Additionally, The Texas Commission of Environmental Quality requires special permits for construction in the recharge zones of the aquifer.

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and US Federal and State agencies, cities, and industrial water users. The conflict is between groups that want to pump more water from the aquifer for human use and those that want to keep water in the aquifer, to feed springs which provide habitat from

683:(SAWS) is the largest public water utility system that serves the eight counties of the San Antonio metropolitan area. A total of 92 water wells with a daily pumpage rate of 203.7 million U.S. gallons (771 megaliters) supply water to SAWS' customers. 2884:

Ogden, A. E., Quick, R. A., Rothermel (1986). Hydrochemistry of the Comal, Hueco, and San Marcos Springs, Edwards Aquifer, Texas. In The Balcones Escarpment, Abbott, Patrick L, and Woodruff, C.M., eds. San Antonio: Geological Society of America, pp.

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In addition to the groundwater management plan, the Edwards Aquifer Authority board of directors maintains a three-year rolling strategic plan that is updated annually. The 2015-2017 strategic plan adopted on October 14, 2014 identifies six major goals:

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The Contributing Zone, which occurs on 5,400 square miles (14,000 km) of the Edwards Plateau (Texas Hill Country), collects precipitation and streamflow that drain to the Recharge Zone. Major streams draining the Contributing Zone include

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Maclay, R. W., and Land. L. F. (1988). Simulation of Flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio Region, Texas, and Refinement of Storage and Flow Concepts. Washington: US Government Printing Office, US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper

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Antonio area and then Northeast where the aquifer boundary ends at the Leon River in Bell County. The aquifer is hydrologically separated into the Austin and San Antonio regions by a groundwater divide near the town of Kyle in Hays County.

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Edwards Aquifer is home to a large number of invertebrate species, 40 of which have been described. The most diverse groups are the prosobranch gastropods and amphipod crustaceans. The Edwards Aquifer has the highest recorded diversity of

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Lindgren, R., Dutton, A., Hovorka, S., Worthington, S. Painter, S. 2004. Conceptualization and Simulation of the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio Region Texas. United States Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5277, 154

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Smith, Brian; Hunt, Brian (2010). "A Comparison of the 1950s Drought of Record and the 2009 Drought, Barton Springs Segment of the Edwards Aquifer, Central Texas". Central Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies

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activity bonds. Despite strong support from the house, the bill failed at the end of May 2015, due to lack of support in the senate. Consequently, the project requires approval from each of the seven counties along the route.

336:, is tilted downward toward the south and east and is overlain by younger limestone layers as well as several thousand feet of sediments. The Edwards Aquifer is a group of limestones and is considered a highly heterogenic 301:. On certain stretches of highway in Austin and San Antonio, signs indicate that the driver is entering or leaving the recharge zone, as the zone's easternmost edge sits beneath heavy urban and suburban development. 3128: 423:

The Edwards aquifer underlies a portion of the Edwards Plateau thus the climate of the Edwards Plateau can be used to describe the climate in the aquifer's region. The eastern portion of the Aquifer falls in a

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Eberts, S. Hydrogeologic Settings and Groundwater-Flow Simulations for Regional Investigations of the Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants to Public-Supply Wells - Investigations Begun in 2004.

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with over half of the current withdrawals serving municipal water purposes while the remaining goes to agricultural needs. More than 50,000 people in the city of Austin (6% of Austin's population) rely on the

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Its drainage area, where water is transported near the surface to the recharge zone, extends about 40 miles (60 km) north of the recharge zone at the west end, and tapers to end at a point in the east.

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Moran, M. J., Lapham, W. W., Rowe, B. L. & Zogorski, J. S. Occurrence and status of volatile organic compounds in ground water from rural, untreated, self-supplied domestic wells in the United States,

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With the growth of regional cities such as San Antonio, municipal demand for water increased. The second half of the twentieth century saw a high volume of legal activity regarding rights to the aquifer.

394:, a prominent fracture (visible here) in limestone rock. Through this artesian karst spring water emerges to the surface from the karstic Edwards Aquifer. This spring is situated near the diving board in 4261: 900:

Annual spring discharge ranged from 69,800 to 802,800 acre-feet (86 to 990 GL) between 1955 and 2012. The average spring discharge for this period was approximately 392,991 acre-feet (485 GL).

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Bexar Metropolitan Water District. (1999). Environmental Assessment ESA Section 10 (a)(1)(B) Incidental Take Permit and Habitat Conservation Plan for Reduction of Withdrawals from the Edwards Aquifer.

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The Texas Legislature directed the EAA to regulate pumping from the aquifer, implement critical period management restrictions, and pursue measures to ensure minimum continuous spring flows of the

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54" in diameter, will supply as much as 50,000 ac-ft of water per year for 30 years, upon the project's estimated completion in 2019. This will increase the city's current water supply by 20%.

379:, or the amount of water that is capable of being recovered, of the Edwards aquifer is estimated to be about 5%. The aquifer ranges in thickness from about 300 to 700 feet (90 to 200 m). 232:, it is the source of drinking water for two million people, and is the primary water supply for agriculture and industry in the aquifer's region. Additionally, the Edwards Aquifer feeds the 1671:

Tremallo, Robin; Hamiton, Mark; Johnson, Steve; Esquilin, Roberto; Chanda, Burgoon (December 2014). "Edwards Aquifer Authority Hydrologic Data Report for 2013". Edwards Aquifer Authority.

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as a result of this lawsuit, legislation was passed which created the Edwards Aquifer Authority. This was also not the end of litigation, there was an attempt to appeal the initial

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The Edwards Aquifer supports a wide variety of organisms, and several endemic species. The ecosystem is one of the most diverse subterranean aquatic ecosystems in the world. The

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processes across Texas. The tremendous weight of these sediments resulted in faulting between the Edwards Plateau and the Gulf. The main geologic unit, known as the Edwards

2337:"Simulation of Runoff and Recharge and Estimation of Constituent Loads in runoff, Edwards Aquifer Recharge Zone (Outcrop)and Catchment Area, Bexar County, Texas, 1997–2000" 1863: 1887: 641:

municipal, industrial and daily use. Another major city on the aquifer is Austin. More than 50,000 people in the city of Austin (6% of Austin's population) rely on the

3125: 1308:(NAS), released the first of three scientific reports in 2015 that evaluate and make recommendations for Habitat Conservation Plan programming of the Edwards Aquifer. 2813:

McCarl, Bruce A.; et al. (1999). "Limiting pumping from the Edwards Aquifer: An economic investigation of proposals, water markets, and spring flow guarantees".

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Wildlife Service, and US Environmental Protection Agency have been involved in water steward activities and recovery management plans of the Edwards aquifer system.

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Chaudhuri, Sriroop; Ale, Srinivasulu (2014). "Temporal evolution of depth-stratified groundwater salinity in municipal wells in the major aquifers in Texas, USA".

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San Marcos/Comal Recovery Team, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. (1996). San Marcos and Comal Springs and Associated Aquatic Ecosystems (Revised) Recovery Plan 6

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is regionally defined by jobs in the oil and gas industries, but is also home to mining support, agriculture, and transportation support, among other sectors.

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Rose, P. R. (1972). Edwards Group, surface and subsurface, central Texas. Austin: University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations 74.

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Although implementation of the HCP exists primarily within the EAA, a broad group of stakeholders plays a role in the management of the Edwards Aquifer. The

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The final decision sided with the Sierra Club and other plaintiffs and in 1993 restrictions were placed on pumping from Edwards Aquifer. As an outcome of

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Gulley, Robert L. (2015). Heads Above Water: the Inside Story of the Edwards Aquifer Recovery Implementation Program. Texas A&M University Press.

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under the Federal Endangered Species Act in 1991, the Edwards Aquifer Authority (EAA) was created to oversee the aquifer in its conservation efforts.

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Chowdhury, Manzoor E.; Lacewell, Ronald D.; McCarl, Bruce A. (2011). "Effect of USDA Commodity Programs on Annual Pumpage from the Edwards Aquifer".

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region, and as Texas was acquired by the United States, the Edwards Aquifer continued to supply water for farming, ranching, and rural domestic use.

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US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. San Marcos and Comal Springs and Associated Aquatic Ecosystems (Revised) Recovery Plan. Albuquerque (NM): USFWS.

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Culver, D.C.; Christman, M.C.; Elliott, W.R.; Hobbs, H.H. III; Reddell, J.R. (2003). "The North American obligate cave fauna: regional patterns".

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move, while in other areas water may travel miles (thousands of meters) in a single day. On average, the Edwards aquifer has been modeled with a

3391: 3312: 4206: 1526: 1487: 3356: 2361:"Texas Dominates List of Fastest-Growing Large Cities Since 2010 Census, Census Bureau Reports - Population - Newsroom - U.S. Census Bureau" 4567: 3288: 3124:"Habitat Protection Measures." EAHCP — Restoration of Riparian Zones and Riffle BeetleRiparian Improvement. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2015 1583: 1712: 846:

Water inputs, outputs, and storage to the Edwards Aquifer based on data collected by the Edwards Aquifer Authority between 1955 and 2012

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GEAA. (2014). Edwards Aquifer Background Information. Retrieved October 13, 2015, fromhttp://www.aquiferalliance.net/unique-resource/

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http://www.eahcp.org/index.php/habitat_protection/comal_springs/restoration_of_riparian_zones_and_riffle_beetle_riparian_improvement

2695:"Water for All. Diverse stakeholders are lauded for work to conserve Edwards Aquifer." Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine July 2014. 2063:

Wilcox, B. P.; Owens, M. K.; Knight, R. W.; Lyons, R. K. (2005). "Do woody plants affect streamflow on semiarid karst rangelands?".

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is located along the eastern edge of the aquifer and was listed as the 7th largest city in the United States by population in 2014.

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Blome, Charles D., Jason R. Faith, Diana E. Pedraza, et al. (2005). USGS, US Department of Interior, and US Geological Survey. <

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Glenn Longley and Henry Karnei, Jr. (1978). Status of Satan Eurystomus Hubbs and Bailey, the Widemouth Blindcat 6. S.W. Tex. St. U.

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In 1997, Chapter 36 of the Texas Water Code was amended by Senate Bill 1 of the 75th Texas Legislature to require all underground

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the Edwards Aquifer Act 1993 was passed which created the Edwards Aquifer Authority to oversee pumping regulations. In the case

1286: 529: 1348:), and utilities (Green Valley and Atascosa Rural Water Supply corporations). The defendants included, government agencies (US 880:. Water is unable to percolate into the aquifer in the Contributing Zone because much of the underlying geology is impermeable. 5089: 3415: 2098:

Culver, D. C.; Master, L. L.; Christman, M. C.; Hobbs, H. H. (2000). "Obligate cave fauna of the 48 contiguous United States".

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Fahlquist, L. & Ardis, A. F. Quality of water in the Trinity and Edwards aquifers, south-central Texas, 1996-1998. (2004).

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Edwards Aquifer Authority (2013). Scientific Research & Reports: Hydrologic Data Reports. Retrieved 15 October 2015. <

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Rattan Lal, B.A. Stewart, ed. (June 19, 2012). Soil Water and Agronomic Productivity. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 126–128.

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Hamilton JM. 2003. Edwards Aquifer Authority Hydrogeologic Data Report for 2002. San Antonio (TX): Edwards Aquifer Authority.

1898: 1640: 61: 4560: 2280: 1357: 3462: 2953: 3499: 2525: 68: 1426:

and industrial water users were unable to prove that they were injured by the original Sierra Club v. Babbitt ruling.

1293:(HCP), which is a regional 15-year plan designed to protect the water flow and species in the Edwards Aquifer region. 5094: 108: 2424: 4831: 1337: 42: 429: 4909: 4555: 4477: 4444: 3743: 2385: 1691: 404: 75: 2570: 2553: 2255: 1285:

are maintained to protect endangered and threatened species to the extent required by federal law. In 2013, the

4266: 3243: 3218: 2649: 1743: 46: 4781: 3806: 3593: 3578: 2360: 3004:

Zhou, Y., Li, W. 2011. A review of regional groundwater flow modeling. Geoscience Frontiers, 2 (2), 205-214.

57: 4545: 3877: 3811: 3558: 1305: 5109: 4587: 4550: 4256: 4216: 1612: 1864:"The Edwards Plateau Ecoregion: Extraordinary diversity of life amid hills and canyons in Central Texas" 4236: 3608: 3259: 2934:

Official Aquifer Level and Statistics (2015). San Antonio Water System. Retrieved 13 October 2015. <

460:

Approximately 1.5 million people obtain their drinking water from the Edwards Aquifer. At present, the

633: 5099: 5051: 5043: 4592: 4390: 4241: 1502: 1419: 1349: 1290: 666:

supply, and this is expected to increase with economic and demographic trends between 2010 and 2060.

537: 470: 466: 425: 4706: 4184: 4128: 1545: 5104: 4791: 4746: 4607: 4499: 4164: 3870: 3527: 1536: 609: 286: 249: 35: 4883: 4345: 4154: 4149: 4113: 4065: 3759: 3738: 3618: 3492: 3285: 3177: 3154: 1555: 1388: 1372: 593: 577: 494: 340:. Three stratigraphic columns across the San Antonio area represent the Edwards Aquifer. These 298: 2995:

2002. The Water Budget Myth Revisited: Why Hydrogeologist Model. Groundwater, 40 (4), 340-345.

1591: 324:. As these tectonic processes were occurring, millions of tons of sediments were deposited by 4892: 4663: 4638: 4490: 4159: 4103: 3522: 2761:

Rivard, Robert. "An Oral History: War and Peace Over the Edwards Aquifer". The Revard Report.

1716: 1680:

Eeason, Sarah. "EAA Subchapter 713 Regulated Zones". ArcGIS. ESRI. Retrieved 17 October 2015.

1380: 1278: 585: 545: 82: 3472: 1979: 808:

Goal E: Conduct Research that Enhances Understanding and Effective Management of the Aquifer

802:

Goal C: Enhance Recharge Program for Improved Aquifer Management and Springflow Maintenance,

348:

Aquifer, the San Marco Platform, consists of the Kainer, Person, and Georgetown Formations.

344:

units are known as the Maverick Basin. the Devils River Trend, and the San Marcos Platform.

5033: 5028: 4994: 4924: 4668: 4307: 4144: 4123: 4108: 3691: 3681: 3447: 3230: 3160: 2822: 2714: 2472: 2423:

Ashworth, J. B. (1995). Aquifers of Texas. Texas Water Development Board. Report 345. Pdf:

2189: 2107: 2072: 1375:, to protect endangered species and their ecosystems. The endangered species included the 282: 2981:

http://www.edwardsaquifer.net/charts.html#Estimated_Annual_Recharge_to_the_Edwards_Aquifer

2596: 2336: 1927:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. (2009).

842: 649:

year. This will increase the number of people relying on the aquifer for daily water use.

8: 4520: 4515: 4437: 4380: 4179: 4174: 4060: 4045: 3942: 3826: 3613: 3598: 3573: 2895: 2450:

Regional Snapshot: South Region. (2015) Texas Comptroller of Accounts. Pdf available at:

1839: 1403:

which have the potential to run dry if too much water is withdrawn from Edwards Aquifer.

1384: 877: 769: 553: 395: 3234: 2826: 2718: 2476: 2435:

Regional Snapshot: West Region. (2015) Texas Comptroller of Accounts. Pdf available at:

2193: 2111: 2076: 2022: 1613:"Edwards Aquifer Authority › About the Edwards Aquifer - Edwards Aquifer Authority" 1236:

entire aquifer system. Changes in aquifer storage are used to estimate recharge rates.

727:

Responsible for permitting process for water withdrawal from the Edwards aquifer system

320:

Approximately 70 million years ago, activity of tectonic plates caused a revival of the

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Main stakeholders involved in water resources management in the Edwards aquifer system

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Charts and Graphs (2015). The Edwards Aquifer Website. Retrieved 13 October 2015. <

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Sharp Jr, J. M.; Banner, J. L. (1997). "The Edwards Aquifer: A resource in conflict".

2097: 1997: 1371:

the plaintiffs claimed that the defendants were not fulfilling their duties under the

4985: 4928: 4901: 4855: 4673: 4658: 4653: 4623: 4370: 4169: 4055: 4030: 4010: 4000: 3952: 3947: 3937: 3932: 3850: 3831: 3785: 3733: 3485: 3102: 2867: 2852: 2742: 2488: 2202: 2177: 2119: 2027: 1341: 601: 440: 245: 2484: 2256:"Why scientists are desperate to find a salamander that's been missing for 71 years" 2178:"Vicariance, dispersal and scale in the aquatic subterranean fauna of karst regions" 2127: 1325:. This conflict tends to emerge after periods of drought in 1988 and in 1995-1996 5008: 4905: 4878: 4696: 4643: 4628: 4540: 4525: 4495: 4485: 4395: 4385: 4075: 4070: 3821: 3801: 3717: 3588: 3568: 3548: 3238: 2838: 2830: 2722: 2565: 2554:"Quenching Urban Thirst: Growing Cities and Their Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems" 2480: 2288: 2281:"Hydrogeologic Framework of the Edwards-Trinity Aquifer System, West Central Texas" 2197: 2162: 2150: 2115: 2080: 1550: 1253:

occurs within the boundaries of the Authority, with a few geographical exceptions.

1232: 309: 253: 217: 204: 3077: 1978:

Assessment, U. E. N. C. for E. Karst Hydrology and Chemical Contamination. at <

1969:

Long, S., Reece, B. & Eames, D. Water Resources Data Texas Water Year. (2004).

1936:

Bush, P. W. et al. Water quality in south-central Texas, Texas, 1996-1998. (2000).

860:

surface, which allow rain and streamflow to infiltrate directly into the aquifer.

5018: 4966: 4952: 4932: 4865: 4846: 4796: 4776: 4761: 4741: 4582: 4365: 4302: 4080: 4025: 3780: 3660: 3603: 3583: 3553: 3292: 3132: 2705:

Ernst, C.; Gullick, R.; Nixon, K. (2004). "Conserving forests to protect water".

2425:

http://www.cctexas.com/Assets/Departments/Water/Files/TWDB%20Aquifer%20Report.pdf

1794: 1692:"Hydrogeology of the Saline Edwards Zone, Southeast Travis County, Central Texas" 1531: 1376: 1270:

habitat, as well as recreational purposes. As a result of a lawsuit filed by the

569: 561: 510: 321: 277:

The aquifer's recharge zone, where surface water enters the aquifer, follows the

221: 1795:"Geology and Hydrogeology of the Edwards Aquifer in the San Antonio Area, Texas" 5003: 4999: 4975: 4970: 4962: 4957: 4938: 4915: 4859: 4841: 4756: 4633: 4430: 4355: 4340: 4292: 4221: 4020: 4015: 3970: 3917: 3893: 3862: 3696: 3686: 1497: 1492: 1392: 735:

Depend on water for drinking, recreational uses, utilities, and for irrigation

688: 642: 412: 387: 278: 2154: 612:, is unlisted because it is unknown whether the species is extant or extinct. 5083: 4980: 4947: 4942: 4851: 4731: 4726: 4716: 4711: 4597: 4505: 4467: 4246: 4050: 4035: 3980: 3907: 3623: 3457: 1766: 1699:

Barton Springs Edwards Aquifer Conservation District Report of Investigations

1521: 1511: 1396: 1345: 856: 461: 391: 369: 294: 160: 1923: 1921: 5069: 5013: 4887: 4801: 4771: 4535: 4350: 4335: 4317: 4287: 4040: 3995: 3985: 3816: 3644: 2908: 2492: 1475: 1231:

Aquifer storage is correlated with water levels recorded in the J-17 Bexar

909:

Edwards Aquifer discharge summary for 2013 in acre-feet, by county and use

873: 865: 382: 341: 241: 196: 2935: 2843: 2451: 2436: 1442:

went to the Texas Supreme Court where the Edwards Aquifer Act was upheld.

5023: 4990: 4816: 4806: 4786: 4766: 4375: 4360: 4271: 4005: 3975: 3665: 2834: 1918: 1516: 1423: 1361: 1333: 1317: 1271: 671: 662: 490: 290: 233: 2308: 855:

Water mainly enters the Edwards Aquifer in two ways: it either falls as

4821: 4736: 4691: 4453: 3024: 732:

Metropolitan areas: Uvalde, San Antonio, New Braunfels, and San Marcos

658: 225: 657:

The Edwards Aquifer underlies 38 counties in South and Western Texas.

743:

Largest public utility system that relies on Edwards aquifer system.

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Handbook of Texas Online, s.v. "EDWARDS UNDERGROUND WATER DISTRICT,"

3330:"SAWS Board of Trustees Briefing; Vista Ridge Water Supply Contract" 2657: 2293: 2084: 24: 3628: 533: 325: 3467: 351: 240:, provides springflow for recreational and downstream uses in the 4920: 4422: 3508: 3452: 474: 337: 329: 132: 2309:"USGS - NAWQA - Water Quality in South-Central Texas - Contents" 2032:. Retrieved 12 May 2010. Texas State Historical Association 1340:

and Bexar Metropolitan Water District), municipalities (City of

4897: 4811: 905:

2012 period was approximately 764,431 acre-feet (943 GL).

469:, and synthesized chemicals remained below the EPA's published 256:

basins, and is home to several unique and endangered species.

4457: 3442: 1353: 796:

Goal A: Sustain Federally Protected Aquifer-Dependent Species

365: 229: 173: 156: 3416:"Sierra Club: San Antonio Doesn't Need Vista Ridge Pipeline" 3286:

http://www.edwardsaquifer.org/files/download/5a48e1d88ffe061

1705: 3477: 3463:

Save Our Springs Alliance - Edwards Aquifer Protection Plan

2571:

10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0741:qutgca]2.0.co;2

2140: 1715:. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Archived from 536:. The Edwards Aquifer is the sole environment for the rare 3244:

10.1175/1520-0477(1989)070<1092:tdbad>2.0.co;2

1395:. The ecosystems for these species depends on water from 799:

Goal B: Ensure Effective Management of the Edwards Aquifer

2589:"San Antonio (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau" 1980:

http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=40644

2386:"Prop 1: Edwards Aquifer Protection Plan up for renewal" 1332:

in 1991. The plaintiffs included environmental groups (

811:

Goal F: Develop a Diverse, Service-Oriented Organization

3099:

Review of the Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan

2620: 2505: 2551: 2062: 146:

Downstream from the headwaters of the San Marcos River

2896:

http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2873/pdf/2873_Print.pdf

2017: 2015: 1946: 1944: 1942: 2508:

Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education

2175: 1465: 3284:Tex. Gen. Laws § 2350, ch. 626, 73rd. Leg. (1993). 3101:. Washington D.C.: National Academies Press. 2015. 1590:. The University of Texas at Austin. Archived from 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2344:USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4241 2012: 1939: 1888:"Drought History for the Edwards Plateau of Texas" 1732: 3473:Edwards Aquifer Guide University of Texas Library 3357:"Vista Ridge exec discusses failed pipeline bill" 2704: 1422:agreed with the original ruling, and the City of 608:) are listed as endangered. Another species, the 220:in the world. Located on the eastern edge of the 5081: 3892: 2176:Culver, D. C.; Pipan, T.; Schneider, K. (2009). 3223:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2552:FitzHugh Thomas, W.; Richter, Brian D. (2004). 2225:Wilson, E.O. (1992). The Diversity of Life 397. 719:Depend on water for crops and animal husbandry 407:of about 100 square feet per day (9 m/d). 3207: (Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit 1997). 3194: 3192: 3186: (Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit 1993). 3171: 3169: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 2234: 4438: 3878: 3493: 3258:Halpert, Michael S.; Bell, Gerald D. (1996). 1527:Edwards Aquifer Authority v. Day and McDaniel 1257:determined by the Edwards Aquifer Authority. 814:Goal G: Build Shared Value in the EAA Mission 2462: 1689: 805:Goal D: Prevent the Pollution of the Aquifer 763: 711:Involvement in aquifer resources management 3257: 3189: 3166: 3137: 3078:"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality" 2785:"Regulatory History of the Edwards Aquifer" 2278: 1991:Edwards Aquifer Protection Program. at < 364:The Edwards Aquifer is a highly productive 4573:National Register of Historic Places Sites 4445: 4431: 3885: 3871: 3500: 3486: 3302: 3300: 3266:. Climate Prediction Center, NCEP/NWS/NOAA 1742:. San Antonio Water System. Archived from 1648:Texas Water Development Board (Report 345) 3458:Endangered Species of the Edwards Aquifer 3453:Edwards Aquifer Home Page, Gregg Eckhardt 3308:Barshop v. Medina Under. Wat. Cons. Dist. 3242: 3219:"The 1988 Drought, Barges and Diversions" 2842: 2569: 2292: 2285:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 2201: 1729:Texas Commission on Environmental Quality 1440:Barshop v. Medina Under. Wat. Cons. Dist. 1435:Barshop v. Medina Under. Wat. Cons. Dist. 1316:In the past conflict existed between the 398:. Photo provided by US Geological Survey. 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 4412:Capital Area Rural Transportation System 3216: 2334: 1869:. The Nature Conservancy of Texas. 2008. 1638: 1438:and endangered species take precedence. 841: 754: 632: 489: 381: 350: 259: 203: 3315: (Supreme Court of Texas 1996). 3297: 3217:Changnon, Stanley A. (September 1989). 2936:http://www.saws.org/Your_Water/aquifer/ 2452:http://www.texasahead.org/regionalrpts/ 2437:http://www.texasahead.org/regionalrpts/ 1690:Smith, Brian A; Darling, Bruce (2017). 1364:, and multiple industrial water users. 1264: 5082: 3120: 3118: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2930: 2928: 2812: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2615: 2613: 2583: 2581: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2355: 2353: 2049: 2047: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1222: 887: 4426: 3866: 3481: 3379: 3377: 3351: 3349: 3323: 3321: 2909:"Introduction to the Edwards Aquifer" 2446: 2444: 2330: 2328: 2253: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1802:Water-Resources Investigations Report 1767:"Hydrogeology of the Edwards Aquifer" 1418:the appeal was denied because the US 1289:approved Edwards Aquifer Authority's 188:3,237 km (1,250 sq mi) 155:Edwards Plateau, Texas Hill Country, 1994:"Edwards Aquifer Protection Program" 1895:South Central Climate Science Center 1840:"USGS Kentucky Water Science Center" 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1634: 1632: 850: 355:Karst formation from Segovia, Spain. 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 3115: 3084: 2968: 2925: 2637: 2610: 2578: 2540: 2403: 2350: 2044: 1783: 1358:Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 839:acre-feet per year (46 GL/a). 768:In the 1950s Texas experienced the 13: 4452: 3374: 3346: 3327: 3318: 3200:Sierra Club v. City of San Antonio 2727:10.1002/j.1551-8701.2004.tb01752.x 2441: 2325: 2301: 2279:Barker, R.A.; Ardis, A.F. (1996). 1873: 1817: 817:Goal H: Sustain Fiscal Stability 530:The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 14: 5121: 4578:Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks 3436: 1654: 1629: 1311: 471:Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) 16:Source of drinking water in Texas 5063: 3916: 3846: 3845: 3468:Greater Edwards Aquifer Alliance 2465:Science of the Total Environment 2203:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01856.x 2120:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99026.x 1468: 1338:Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority 825: 740:San Antonio Water System (SAWS) 691:segment of the Edwards Aquifer. 645:segment of the Edwards Aquifer. 455: 208:Edwards and Trinity Aquifers map 140: 23: 3744:Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System 3408: 3278: 3251: 3210: 3070: 3057: 3035: 3017: 3007: 2998: 2986: 2941: 2901: 2888: 2878: 2859: 2806: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2733: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2518: 2499: 2485:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.120 2456: 2429: 2417: 2378: 2272: 2247: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2169: 2134: 2091: 2056: 2035: 1985: 1972: 1963: 1953: 1930: 1908: 1856: 1832: 1808: 1713:"Edwards Aquifer Recharge Zone" 1588:Environmental Science Institute 1304:(NRC) committee, formed by the 916:Reported Use (Permitted Wells) 677: 628: 552:) is listed as threatened. The 359: 34:needs additional citations for 3067:. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. 1759: 1683: 1674: 1605: 1576: 1287:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 297:along but a few miles west of 1: 5090:Aquifers in the United States 3807:Aquifers in the United States 3260:"Climate Assessment for 1996" 2143:Biodiversity and Conservation 430:Köppen climate classification 3894:Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos 3812:Aquifer storage and recovery 3559:Buried Valley Aquifer System 3507: 1306:National Academy of Sciences 594:Comal Springs dryopid beetle 264: 216:is one of the most prolific 7: 4568:National Historic Landmarks 3163: (W.D. Texas 1993). 3043:"Edwards Aquifer Authority" 2950:"Edwards Aquifer Authority" 2650:"Edwards Aquifer Authority" 2254:Jones, Benji (2022-08-01). 1461: 1328:In the initial lawsuit was 615: 586:Comal Springs riffle beetle 439:), while the western has a 10: 5126: 3609:Santa Clara valley aquifer 2621:"San Antonio Water System" 1793:Maclay, Robert W. (1995). 1483: 749: 724:Edwards Aquifer Authority 652: 485: 418: 411:openings like springs and 315: 5059: 5052:List of counties in Texas 5042: 4830: 4682: 4616: 4476: 4464: 4404: 4326: 4280: 4197: 4137: 4096: 4089: 3961: 3925: 3914: 3900: 3840: 3794: 3768: 3752: 3726: 3710: 3674: 3653: 3637: 3579:Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer 3541: 3515: 3443:Edwards Aquifer Authority 3065:Edwards Aquifer Authority 2021: Longley, Glenn: 1503:Barton Springs Salamander 1420:Fish and Wildlife Service 1350:Fish and Wildlife Service 1302:National Research Council 1291:Habitat Conservation Plan 1243: 945:Non-reporting facilities 924: 921: 918: 915: 764:Regulation and management 538:Barton Springs salamander 426:Humid subtropical climate 192: 184: 179: 166: 151: 139: 130: 123: 5095:Bodies of water of Texas 3385:"Vista Ridge Fact Sheet" 3361:San Antonio Express-News 2815:Water Resources Research 1756:San Antonio Water System 1570: 1546:San Antonio Water System 1488:Balcones Canyonlands NWR 497:found in Edwards Aquifer 441:semi-arid steppe climate 3528:Laurentian River System 2335:Ockerman, D.J. (2002). 2155:10.1023/A:1022425908017 2065:Ecological Applications 1639:Ashworth, John (1995). 770:worst drought on record 610:Blanco blind salamander 197:Edwards Aquifer Website 3760:Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer 3739:Lotikipi Basin Aquifer 3619:Southern Hills Aquifer 3178:Sierra Club v. Babbitt 3155:Sierra Club v. Babbitt 3063:"Rules and Statutes." 3047:www.edwardsaquifer.org 2913:www.edwardsaquifer.net 2654:www.edwardsaquifer.org 2287:. Professional Paper. 1897:. 2013. Archived from 1771:www.edwardsaquifer.net 1617:www.edwardsaquifer.org 1556:Texas Blind Salamander 1431:Sierra Club v. Babbitt 1416:Sierra Club v. Babbitt 1412:Sierra Club v. Babbitt 1408:Sierra Club v. Babbitt 1389:Texas Blind Salamander 1373:Endangered Species Act 1369:Sierra Club v. Babbitt 1330:Sierra Club v. Babbitt 847: 637: 598:Stygoparnus comalensis 578:Texas blind salamander 498: 495:Texas blind salamander 399: 356: 209: 3523:Arkell Spring Grounds 2593:quickfacts.census.gov 2526:"1 Million Milestone" 1740:"The Edwards Aquifer" 1584:"The Edwards Aquifer" 1381:San Marcos Salamander 845: 755:European colonization 716:Farmers and ranchers 636: 590:Heterelmis comalensis 546:San Marcos salamander 493: 385: 354: 260:Basin characteristics 207: 4207:Balcones Canyonlands 3692:Great Artesian Basin 3682:Botany Sands Aquifer 2835:10.1029/1998wr900116 2789:www.tceq.state.tx.us 2528:. U.S. Census Bureau 2100:Conservation Biology 1336:), water districts ( 1265:Conservation efforts 602:Peck's cave amphipod 582:Typhlomolge rathbuni 574:Etheostoma fonticola 43:improve this article 4603:Tourist attractions 4381:Lake Walter E. Long 3827:Sole Source Aquifer 3614:Snake River Aquifer 3599:San Diego Formation 3574:Fox Hills Formation 3235:1989BAMS...70.1092C 3029:texaswater.tamu.edu 2827:1999WRR....35.1257M 2719:2004Opflo..30e...1E 2477:2014ScTEn.472..370C 2313:pubs.water.usgs.gov 2194:2009FrBio..54..918C 2112:2000ConBi..14..386C 2077:2005EcoAp..15..127W 1641:"Aquifers of Texas" 1385:San Marcos Gambusia 1223:Hydrologic modeling 942:Domestic/Livestock 910: 888:Outputs (discharge) 704: 554:San Marcos gambusia 526:are marine relics. 396:Barton Springs Pool 368:aquifer made up of 5110:Texas Hill Country 4707:Blackland Prairies 3702:Yarragadee Aquifer 3533:Oak Ridges Moraine 3291:2015-09-03 at the 3131:2015-12-08 at the 2367:. US Census Bureau 2182:Freshwater Biology 2023:Widemouth Blindcat 1561:Texas Hill Country 1401:San Marcos Springs 1323:endangered species 1283:San Marcos Springs 908: 848: 781:water conservation 702: 638: 503:widemouth blindcat 499: 400: 377:effective porosity 357: 238:San Marcos Springs 210: 185: • Total 5077: 5076: 4792:Rio Grande Valley 4420: 4419: 4391:San Gabriel River 4371:Lake Marble Falls 4193: 4192: 3860: 3859: 3832:Surficial aquifer 3786:Upper Rhine Plain 3734:Bas Saharan Basin 3420:The Rivard Report 3108:978-0-309-36887-2 3025:"Texas water law" 2872:978-1-4398-5080-0 2747:978-1-62349-268-7 2028:Handbook of Texas 1844:ky.water.usgs.gov 1568: 1567: 1220: 1219: 851:Inputs (recharge) 747: 746: 606:Stygobromus pecki 218:artesian aquifers 202: 201: 119: 118: 111: 93: 58:"Edwards Aquifer" 5117: 5100:Geology of Texas 5070:Texas portal 5068: 5067: 5066: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4396:San Marcos River 4386:Pedernales River 4257:Pedernales Falls 4094: 4093: 3926:Satellite cities 3920: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3849: 3848: 3822:Artesian aquifer 3802:List of aquifers 3795:Related articles 3718:Waiwhetu Aquifer 3589:Ogallala Aquifer 3569:Floridan aquifer 3549:Biscayne Aquifer 3502: 3495: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3390:. Archived from 3389: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3335:. Archived from 3334: 3328:Puente, Robert. 3325: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3295: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3229:(9): 1092–1104. 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3164: 3158: 3150: 3135: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3095: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3049:. Archived from 3039: 3033: 3032: 3021: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2952:. Archived from 2945: 2939: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2905: 2899: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2846: 2821:(4): 1257–1268. 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2791:. Archived from 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2656:. Archived from 2646: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2604: 2595:. Archived from 2585: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2549: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2397: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2357: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2319: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2019: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2005: 1996:. Archived from 1989: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1892: 1884: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1799: 1790: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1636: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1580: 1551:San Marcos River 1482: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1471: 925:Total Discharge 911: 907: 705: 701: 558:Gambusia georgei 507:Satan eurystomus 254:San Marcos river 144: 121: 120: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5064: 5062: 5055: 5038: 4933:Greater Houston 4884:College Station 4833: 4826: 4797:Southeast Texas 4762:Northeast Texas 4747:Golden Triangle 4742:Edwards Plateau 4678: 4612: 4472: 4460: 4451: 4421: 4416: 4400: 4366:Lake Georgetown 4328: 4322: 4303:Edwards Plateau 4298:Edwards Aquifer 4276: 4237:Longhorn Cavern 4199: 4189: 4133: 4085: 4066:West Lake Hills 3963: 3957: 3921: 3912: 3896: 3891: 3861: 3856: 3836: 3790: 3781:Schwyll Aquifer 3776:Alnarpsströmmen 3764: 3748: 3722: 3706: 3670: 3661:Guarani Aquifer 3649: 3633: 3604:Sankoty Aquifer 3584:Mahomet Aquifer 3564:Edwards Aquifer 3554:Bishop Subbasin 3537: 3511: 3506: 3439: 3434: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3375: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3306: 3305: 3298: 3293:Wayback Machine 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3256: 3252: 3215: 3211: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3175: 3174: 3167: 3152: 3151: 3138: 3133:Wayback Machine 3123: 3116: 3109: 3097: 3096: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2933: 2926: 2917: 2915: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2864: 2860: 2811: 2807: 2798: 2796: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2738: 2734: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2661: 2648: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2627: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2602: 2600: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2550: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2504: 2500: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2370: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2351: 2339: 2333: 2326: 2317: 2315: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2294:10.3133/pp1421B 2277: 2273: 2264: 2262: 2252: 2248: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2174: 2170: 2139: 2135: 2096: 2092: 2085:10.1890/04-0664 2061: 2057: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2020: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1848: 1846: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1797: 1791: 1784: 1775: 1773: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1749: 1747: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1722: 1720: 1719:on 26 July 2010 1711: 1710: 1706: 1694: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1655: 1643: 1637: 1630: 1621: 1619: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1597: 1595: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1537:Guadalupe River 1532:Edwards Plateau 1474: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1393:Texas Wild-rice 1377:Fountain Darter 1314: 1267: 1246: 1225: 919:Unreported Use 890: 853: 828: 766: 757: 752: 680: 655: 631: 618: 570:fountain darter 562:Texas wild rice 542:Eurycea sosorum 515:Juniperus ashei 488: 458: 421: 362: 322:Rocky Mountains 318: 293:, and north to 287:U.S. Highway 90 285:(roughly along 267: 262: 222:Edwards Plateau 214:Edwards Aquifer 147: 135: 126: 125:Edwards Aquifer 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5123: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5105:Greater Austin 5102: 5097: 5092: 5075: 5074: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5048: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 4997: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4936: 4918: 4913: 4895: 4893:Corpus Christi 4890: 4881: 4872: 4863: 4860:Greater Austin 4849: 4844: 4838: 4836: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4757:Llano Estacado 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4608:Transportation 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4500:Climate change 4493: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4406: 4405:Transportation 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4356:Lady Bird Lake 4353: 4348: 4346:Colorado River 4343: 4341:Barton Springs 4338: 4332: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4308:Highland Lakes 4305: 4300: 4295: 4293:Balcones Fault 4290: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4242:McKinney Falls 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4222:Enchanted Rock 4219: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3890: 3889: 3882: 3875: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3697:Jandakot Mound 3694: 3689: 3687:Gnangara Mound 3684: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3438: 3437:External links 3435: 3433: 3432: 3407: 3373: 3345: 3342:on 2015-03-17. 3317: 3313:925 S.W.2d 618 3296: 3277: 3250: 3209: 3188: 3165: 3136: 3114: 3107: 3083: 3069: 3056: 3053:on 2016-04-03. 3034: 3016: 3006: 2997: 2993:Bredehoeft, J. 2985: 2967: 2940: 2924: 2900: 2887: 2877: 2858: 2844:10211.3/200435 2805: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2732: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2636: 2609: 2577: 2564:(8): 741–754. 2539: 2517: 2498: 2455: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2402: 2377: 2365:www.census.gov 2349: 2324: 2300: 2271: 2246: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2188:(4): 918–929. 2168: 2149:(3): 441–468. 2133: 2106:(2): 386–401. 2090: 2071:(1): 127–136. 2055: 2043: 2034: 2011: 1984: 1971: 1962: 1952: 1938: 1929: 1917: 1907: 1904:on 2015-12-08. 1872: 1855: 1831: 1816: 1807: 1782: 1758: 1746:on 24 May 2010 1731: 1704: 1682: 1673: 1653: 1628: 1604: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1498:Barton Springs 1495: 1493:Balcones Fault 1490: 1480: 1479: 1463: 1460: 1313: 1312:Legal activity 1310: 1266: 1263: 1245: 1242: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 984: 983: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 953: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 927: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 889: 886: 852: 849: 827: 824: 819: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 765: 762: 756: 753: 751: 748: 745: 744: 741: 737: 736: 733: 729: 728: 725: 721: 720: 717: 713: 712: 709: 689:Barton Springs 679: 676: 654: 651: 643:Barton Springs 630: 627: 617: 614: 566:Zizania texana 487: 484: 475:nitrates (NO3) 457: 454: 420: 417: 413:artesian wells 405:transmissivity 361: 358: 317: 314: 279:Balcones Fault 266: 263: 261: 258: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 177: 176: 168: 164: 163: 153: 149: 148: 145: 137: 136: 131: 128: 127: 124: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5122: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5072: 5071: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5034:Wichita Falls 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4995:New Braunfels 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4925:The Woodlands 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782:Permian Basin 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4732:Cross Timbers 4730: 4728: 4727:Concho Valley 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4717:Central Texas 4715: 4713: 4712:Brazos Valley 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4247:Mount Bonnell 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4227:Hippie Hollow 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3853: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654:South America 3652: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3624:Turlock Basin 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3594:Permian Basin 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542:United States 3540: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3397:on 2016-02-25 3393: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3363:. 3 June 2015 3362: 3358: 3352: 3350: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3322: 3314: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3205:112 F. 3d 789 3201: 3195: 3193: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3079: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3010: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2956:on 2015-09-09 2955: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2931: 2929: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2795:on 2015-09-18 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2773:Transactions. 2768: 2762: 2756: 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