279:
55:
303:
331:
254:
291:
266:
315:
33:
1633:
1482:
576:
Some species have been widely naturalized in
Mediterranean climates, including South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and parts of South America and the United States. For example,
556:, making it valuable in cosmetic and skin-care applications, with further potential as a functional food, as an alternative to fish oils. However, despite its high ALA content,
720:
690:
990:
1090:
1210:
1190:
920:
700:
650:
600:
1661:"Bioavailability and conversion of plant based sources of omega-3 fatty acids – a scoping review to update supplementation options for vegetarians and vegans"
1250:
1230:
1010:
780:
750:
970:
960:
640:
930:
1451:
The pollinator community of the
Madeiran endemic Echium candicans: individual-based network metrics, relation with plant traits, and pollinator behaviour
1050:
840:
680:
670:
258:
950:
1270:
1200:
860:
850:
830:
820:
800:
320:
1180:
1070:
980:
730:
1160:
1020:
1944:
1240:
1120:
880:
810:
1665:
1220:
770:
1983:
2019:
1892:
1957:
1905:
1819:
2132:
1962:
1536:
1814:
1617:
1432:
482:
Many species are used as ornamental and garden plants and may be found in suitable climates throughout the world. In
1449:
2086:
583:
1988:
1931:
2050:
2081:
1970:
2127:
1788:
1553:
1884:
1871:
1395:
2045:
1548:
2037:
1998:
1910:
54:
529:
extract has been used as cure for various diseases and is believed to have beneficial properties.
2024:
1879:
1711:
1866:
1731:
1949:
419:, whereas many of the endemic species of the Macaronesian islands are woody perennial shrubs.
565:
415:
are endemic to the Canary, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos. The continental species are
2011:
278:
1827:
1491:
1458:
1356:
1338:
890:
561:
549:
545:
514:
8:
1260:
1080:
578:
466:, who noted a resemblance between the shape of the nutlets and a viper's head. The genus
445:
1858:
1495:
2094:
1692:
1586:
1170:
1140:
1030:
940:
207:
49:
2006:
1801:
1696:
1684:
1659:
Lane, Katie E.; Wilson, Megan; Hellon, Teuta G.; Davies, Ian G. (February 12, 2021).
1613:
1519:
1514:
1473:
1428:
1320:
1290:
1130:
2099:
1769:
1674:
1509:
1499:
1280:
1110:
1100:
760:
740:
710:
660:
610:
553:
382:
350:
307:
270:
1806:
1780:
1679:
1660:
2122:
1793:
1558:
1060:
1000:
900:
870:
790:
620:
378:
295:
92:
2073:
1975:
1483:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1300:
1150:
1040:
910:
630:
432:
283:
186:
79:
41:
411:
islands where the genus reaches its maximum diversity. Twenty-nine species of
2116:
1754:
1544:
1504:
1310:
471:
302:
169:
148:
330:
2063:
1688:
519:
404:
385:
253:
178:
138:
1523:
1472:
Böhle, Uta-Regina; Hilger, Hartmut H.; Martin, William F. (October 1996).
1918:
1763:
509:
463:
408:
128:
1897:
1612:] (in English and Greek) (Bilingual ed.). K.G. Stav̲ridaki̲s.
1590:
1572:
416:
393:
290:
265:
1923:
1853:
1840:
325:
1936:
1725:
314:
2058:
1748:
1577:
118:
105:
1845:
498:(βοϊδόγλωσσες) and its tender shoots are eaten boiled or steamed.
1474:"Island colonization and evolution of the insular woody habit in
389:
32:
1571:
Pusateri, William P.; Blackwell, Jr., Will H. (December 1979).
165:
1832:
2032:
1537:
505:
483:
459:
450:
435:
374:
365:
66:
362:
356:
16:
407:
to North Africa, mainland Europe to
Central Asia, and the
1658:
1570:
1573:"The Echium vulgare Complex in Eastern North America"
359:
353:
1471:
1095:J.A.Carvalho, Pontes, Bat.-Marques & R.Jardim
2114:
1666:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
945:(Webb ex Christ) Webb ex Sprague & Hutch.
1603:
31:
1678:
1513:
1503:
1447:
1427:. Sunset Books. 1995. pp. 606–607.
329:
313:
301:
289:
277:
264:
252:
1331:
504:species are used as food plants by the
477:
2115:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1730:
1729:
1712:"Echium plantagineum Risk Assessment"
2087:2d751196-964f-49fa-8551-cb4648858a0d
2038:1BC62E2E-3361-8F54-AA2E-33A7045C2D9F
1999:1d0568fd-4876-4c5c-873a-441b1badd92e
1709:
1381:
13:
2051:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30062099-2
1606:Η Άγρια βρώσιμη χλωρίδα της Κρήτης
1604:Stavridakis, Kleonikos G. (2006).
532:
14:
2144:
1716:California Invasive Plant Council
1710:Wolf, Kristina (June 12, 2016).
1448:da Costa, Ricardo Pires (2019).
349:
53:
1703:
571:
1652:
1626:
1597:
1564:
1530:
1465:
1441:
1417:
1:
1680:10.1080/10408398.2021.1880364
1374:
584:invasive species in Australia
1405:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
422:
7:
2133:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1610:Wild Edible Plants of Crete
560:seed oil does not increase
462:); the Greek term dates to
228:St.-Lag. (1880), orth. var.
10:
2149:
1538:
1425:Sunset Western Garden Book
1403:Plants of the World Online
645:Bacch., Brullo & Selvi
589:
451:
436:
1738:
594:68 species are accepted.
449:and itself deriving from
213:
206:
199:
194:
184:
177:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
1634:"Echium Crop Fact Sheet"
1505:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11740
544:contains high levels of
1554:A Greek–English Lexicon
1361:(L.) Böhle & Hilger
388:that contains about 70
1215:P.Wolff & Rosinski
991:Echium montenielluense
721:Echium × bond-spraguei
340:
338:
324:, a species native to
311:
299:
287:
275:
262:
1545:Liddell, Henry George
1265:Hoffmanns. & Link
1091:Echium portosanctense
1055:Barratte & Coincy
691:Echium × bailaderense
566:eicosapentaenoic acid
427:The Latin genus name
333:
317:
305:
293:
281:
268:
256:
1459:University of Lisbon
1357:Pontechium maculatum
1339:Megacaryon orientale
1332:Formerly placed here
1325:H.Pearson ex Hook.f.
1211:Echium x taibiquense
1191:Echium suffruticosum
921:Echium khuzistanicum
891:Echium hypertropicum
745:Sprague & Hutch.
725:Sprague & Hutch.
701:Echium bethencourtii
651:Echium angustifolium
635:Fisch. & C.A.Mey
601:Echium acanthocarpum
562:docosahexaenoic acid
550:gamma-linolenic acid
546:alpha-linolenic acid
515:Coleophora onosmella
478:Cultivation and uses
335:Echium angustifolium
274:('Pride of Madeira')
2128:Boraginaceae genera
1496:1996PNAS...9311740B
1490:(21): 11740–11745.
1457:(Master's thesis).
1261:Echium tuberculatum
1251:Echium trygorrhizum
1231:Echium thyrsiflorum
1081:Echium plantagineum
1015:Webb & Berthel.
1011:Echium onosmifolium
805:Webb & Berthel.
781:Echium clandestinum
751:Echium callithyrsum
685:Webb & Berthel.
582:has become a major
579:Echium plantagineum
446:Echium plantagineum
1593:– via JSTOR.
1478:L. (Boraginaceae)"
1171:Echium stenosiphon
1141:Echium salmanticum
1031:Echium parviflorum
971:Echium lusitanicum
961:Echium longifolium
941:Echium leucophaeum
641:Echium anchusoides
540:The seed oil from
525:In some countries
512:species including
341:
339:
312:
300:
288:
276:
263:
2110:
2109:
2007:Open Tree of Life
1732:Taxon identifiers
1673:(18): 4982–4997.
1321:Echium wildpretii
1291:Echium vulcanorum
1131:Echium sabulicola
1051:Echium petiolatum
841:Echium glomeratum
681:Echium auberianum
671:Echium asperrimum
470:was published by
259:Echium auberianum
251:
250:
173:
2140:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2040:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1978:
1976:NHMSYS0000458276
1966:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1913:
1901:
1900:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1874:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1682:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1568:
1562:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1507:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1392:
1369:
1365:Echium maculatum
1362:
1351:
1347:Echium orientale
1344:
1326:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1281:Echium virescens
1276:
1271:Echium velutinum
1266:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1201:Echium sventenii
1196:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1146:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1111:Echium rosulatum
1106:
1101:Echium rauwolfii
1096:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1065:Webb et Berthel.
1056:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
976:
966:
956:
946:
936:
926:
916:
906:
896:
886:
876:
866:
861:Echium hierrense
856:
851:Echium handiense
846:
836:
831:Echium giganteum
826:
821:Echium gaditanum
816:
806:
801:Echium decaisnei
796:
786:
776:
775:Emb. & Maire
766:
761:Echium candicans
756:
746:
741:Echium brevirame
736:
726:
716:
711:Echium boissieri
706:
696:
686:
676:
666:
661:Echium arenarium
656:
646:
636:
626:
625:Lag. & Rodr.
616:
611:Echium aculeatum
606:
554:stearidonic acid
454:
453:
439:
438:
379:flowering plants
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
321:Echium hierrense
308:Echium rauwolfii
271:Echium candicans
245:
237:
229:
221:
164:
58:
57:
35:
21:
20:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2080:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1708:
1704:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1602:
1598:
1569:
1565:
1559:Perseus Project
1535:
1531:
1470:
1466:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1360:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1181:Echium strictum
1174:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1071:Echium pitardii
1064:
1061:Echium pininana
1054:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1014:
1004:
1001:Echium nervosum
994:
984:
981:Echium modestum
974:
964:
954:
944:
934:
931:Echium × lemsii
924:
914:
904:
901:Echium italicum
894:
884:
874:
871:Echium horridum
864:
854:
844:
834:
824:
814:
804:
794:
791:Echium creticum
784:
774:
764:
754:
744:
734:
731:Echium bonnetii
724:
714:
704:
694:
684:
674:
664:
654:
644:
634:
624:
621:Echium albicans
614:
604:
592:
574:
542:E. plantagineum
538:
488:Echium italicum
480:
443:, referring to
431:comes from the
425:
352:
348:
296:Echium horridum
243:
235:
227:
219:
190:
163:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:wfo-4000012976
2091:
2078:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2003:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1902:
1889:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1775:
1760:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1722:
1721:
1702:
1651:
1625:
1618:
1596:
1585:(4): 223–229.
1563:
1529:
1464:
1440:
1433:
1416:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1353:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1301:Echium vulgare
1297:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1235:Masson ex Link
1227:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1161:Echium spurium
1157:
1151:Echium simplex
1147:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1041:Echium perezii
1037:
1027:
1021:Echium pabotii
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
967:
957:
951:Echium × lidii
947:
937:
927:
917:
911:Echium judaeum
907:
897:
887:
877:
867:
857:
847:
837:
827:
817:
807:
797:
787:
777:
767:
757:
747:
737:
727:
717:
707:
697:
687:
677:
667:
657:
647:
637:
631:Echium amoenum
627:
617:
607:
596:
591:
588:
573:
570:
537:
531:
479:
476:
424:
421:
284:Echium judaeum
249:
248:
247:
246:
238:
230:
222:
211:
210:
204:
203:
197:
196:
192:
191:
187:Echium vulgare
182:
181:
175:
174:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
90:
83:
82:
77:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
42:Echium vulgare
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2145:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1621:
1619:9789606311796
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:Scott, Robert
1546:
1542:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1434:9780376038500
1430:
1426:
1420:
1404:
1401:
1400:Tourn. ex L."
1399:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1311:Echium webbii
1308:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1241:Echium triste
1238:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1121:Echium rubrum
1118:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1002:
998:
993:
992:
988:
983:
982:
978:
973:
972:
968:
963:
962:
958:
953:
952:
948:
943:
942:
938:
933:
932:
928:
923:
922:
918:
913:
912:
908:
903:
902:
898:
893:
892:
888:
883:
882:
881:Echium humile
878:
873:
872:
868:
865:Webb ex Bolle
863:
862:
858:
853:
852:
848:
843:
842:
838:
833:
832:
828:
823:
822:
818:
813:
812:
811:Echium flavum
808:
803:
802:
798:
793:
792:
788:
783:
782:
778:
773:
772:
768:
763:
762:
758:
755:Webb ex Bolle
753:
752:
748:
743:
742:
738:
733:
732:
728:
723:
722:
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713:
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708:
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688:
683:
682:
678:
673:
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658:
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648:
643:
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638:
633:
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628:
623:
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613:
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608:
603:
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598:
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581:
580:
569:
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547:
543:
535:
530:
528:
523:
521:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
497:
494:(πάτεροι) or
493:
489:
485:
475:
473:
472:Carl Linnaeus
469:
465:
461:
457:
448:
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442:
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201:68; see text
198:
193:
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183:
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171:
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162:
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154:
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150:
149:Boraginoideae
147:
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127:
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117:
114:
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107:
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80:Tracheophytes
78:
75:
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68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1739:
1715:
1705:
1670:
1664:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1637:
1628:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1582:
1576:
1566:
1552:
1532:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1450:
1443:
1424:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1402:
1397:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1249:
1239:
1229:
1221:Echium tenue
1219:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1009:
999:
989:
979:
969:
959:
949:
939:
929:
919:
909:
899:
889:
879:
869:
859:
849:
839:
829:
819:
809:
799:
789:
779:
771:Echium canum
769:
759:
749:
739:
729:
719:
709:
699:
689:
679:
669:
659:
649:
639:
629:
619:
609:
599:
593:
577:
575:
572:Invasiveness
557:
541:
539:
533:
526:
524:
520:orange swift
513:
501:
500:
496:voidoglosses
495:
491:
487:
481:
467:
455:
444:
440:
428:
426:
412:
409:Macaronesian
400:
398:
392:and several
386:Boraginaceae
344:
343:
342:
334:
319:
306:
294:
282:
269:
257:
240:
232:
224:
216:
200:
185:
179:Type species
159:
158:
139:Boraginaceae
112:
99:
86:
73:
40:
24:
18:
1919:iNaturalist
1764:Wikispecies
1640:. June 2009
1343:(L.) Boiss.
510:Lepidoptera
464:Dioscorides
399:Species of
318:Flowers of
244:Raf. (1838)
236:Raf. (1838)
220:Raf. (1838)
145:Subfamily:
129:Boraginales
93:Angiosperms
2117:Categories
1937:30062099-2
1644:January 2,
1375:References
695:A.A.Weller
490:is called
417:herbaceous
394:subspecies
233:Isoplesion
217:Argyrexias
1854:FloraBase
1697:231899843
1005:W.T.Aiton
474:in 1753.
423:Etymology
337:in Cyprus
326:El Hierro
63:Kingdom:
2082:VicFlora
2071:VASCAN:
2064:40001143
2059:Tropicos
1815:eFloraSA
1749:Wikidata
1689:33576691
1578:Castanea
1205:Bramwell
1195:Barratte
1025:Mouterde
955:G.Kunkel
935:G.Kunkel
705:A.Santos
568:levels.
536:seed oil
508:of some
241:Larephes
208:Synonyms
195:Species
135:Family:
119:Asterids
106:Eudicots
1950:1059712
1898:2925888
1755:Q157711
1638:nlaf.uk
1591:4033180
1557:at the
1524:8876207
1492:Bibcode
1409:20 July
1295:A.Chev.
1125:Forssk.
1075:A.Chev.
1045:Sprague
925:Mozaff.
915:Lacaita
590:Species
548:(ALA),
492:pateroi
390:species
381:in the
155:Genus:
125:Order:
67:Plantae
2123:Echium
2020:PLANTS
2012:411085
1996:NZOR:
1885:111268
1872:111268
1820:Echium
1781:190413
1778:APDB:
1770:Echium
1740:Echium
1695:
1687:
1616:
1589:
1522:
1512:
1476:Echium
1431:
1398:Echium
1315:Coincy
1275:Coincy
1245:Svent.
1165:Lojac.
1105:Delile
1035:Moench
995:Delage
965:Delile
855:Svent.
825:Boiss.
735:Coincy
715:Steud.
605:Svent.
558:Echium
552:, and
534:Echium
527:Echium
506:larvae
502:Echium
468:Echium
441:echion
429:Echium
413:Echium
405:native
401:Echium
383:family
345:Echium
225:Echion
172:(1753)
166:Tourn.
160:Echium
25:Echium
2033:Plazi
2025:ECHIU
1989:21610
1963:31896
1945:IRMNG
1924:56175
1859:21975
1846:1EHIG
1833:49195
1794:55195
1693:S2CID
1608:[
1587:JSTOR
1539:ἔχιον
1515:38128
1455:(PDF)
1255:Pomel
1135:Pomel
1115:Lange
885:Desf.
875:Batt.
845:Poir.
815:Desf.
785:Pomel
665:Guss.
615:Poir.
484:Crete
460:viper
456:echis
437:ἔχιον
433:Greek
375:genus
373:is a
113:Clade
100:Clade
87:Clade
74:Clade
2074:1121
2046:POWO
1984:NCBI
1958:ITIS
1932:IPNI
1911:4113
1906:GRIN
1893:GBIF
1841:EPPO
1807:49PN
1789:APNI
1685:PMID
1646:2023
1614:ISBN
1520:PMID
1429:ISBN
1411:2024
1363:(as
1345:(as
1225:Roth
1185:L.f.
1175:Webb
1145:Lag.
985:Ball
895:Webb
835:L.f.
765:L.f.
675:Lam.
655:Lam.
564:and
518:and
452:ἔχις
403:are
2095:WFO
1971:NBN
1880:FoC
1867:FNA
1828:EoL
1802:CoL
1675:doi
1510:PMC
1500:doi
1285:DC.
1155:DC.
377:of
168:ex
2119::
2097::
2084::
2061::
2048::
2035::
2022::
2009::
1986::
1973::
1960::
1947::
1934::
1921::
1908::
1895::
1882::
1869::
1856::
1843::
1830::
1817::
1804::
1791::
1766::
1751::
1714:.
1691:.
1683:.
1671:62
1669:.
1663:.
1636:.
1583:44
1581:.
1575:.
1551:;
1547:;
1543:.
1518:.
1508:.
1498:.
1488:93
1486:.
1480:.
1383:^
1368:L.
1350:L.
1305:L.
1085:L.
975:L.
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795:L.
586:.
522:.
486:,
396:.
366:əm
328:.
170:L.
115::
102::
89::
76::
1718:.
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1677::
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1622:.
1561:.
1526:.
1502::
1494::
1461:.
1437:.
1413:.
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1370:)
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458:(
369:/
363:i
360:k
357:ɛ
354:ˈ
351:/
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