Eastern philosophy

2032: 4975:'s philosophy. For the most part, this is not made explicit within Heidegger's philosophy, apart from in the dialogue between a Japanese and inquirer. Heidegger did spend time attempting to translate the Tao Te Ching into German, working with his Chinese student Paul Hsaio. It has also been claimed that much of Heidegger's later philosophy, particularly the sacredness of Being, bears a distinct similarity to Taoist ideas. There are clear parallels between Heidegger and the work of Kyoto School, and ultimately, it may be read that Heidegger's philosophy is an attempt to 'turn eastwards' in response to the crisis in Western civilization. However, this is only an interpretation. 4384: 3783: 9683: 4594: 2811: 3621: 12447: 5233: 1419: 3351: 3363: 4867: 4696: 4034: 5221: 12434: 5245: 1433: 1361: 5257: 3937: 3365: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3147:

for its insistence that truth is relative and multifaceted and for its willingness to accommodate all possible view-points of the rival philosophies. Jainism strongly upholds the individualistic nature of the soul and personal responsibility for one's decisions, and that self-reliance and individual

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sought to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China (such as the old civil service system). There were two major philosophical trends during this period. One was anti-traditional and promoted Western learning and ideas. A key figure of this anti-traditional current was

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was a Śramaṇa school of radical Indian skepticism and a rival of early Buddhism and Jainism. They held that it was impossible to obtain knowledge of metaphysical nature or ascertain the truth value of philosophical propositions; and even if knowledge was possible, it was useless and disadvantageous

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Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ajivikas in the secondary sources of ancient Hindu Indian literature, particularly those of Jainism and Buddhism which

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Halbfass, Wilhelm (2007a), "Research and reflection: Responses to my respondents. III. Issues of comparative philosophy (pp. 297–314)", in Franco, Eli; Preisendanz, Karin, Beyond Orientalism: the work of Wilhelm Halbfass and its impact on Indian and cross-cultural studies (1st Indian ed.), Delhi:

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According to the British philosopher Victoria S. Harrison, the category of "Eastern philosophy", and similarly "Asian philosophy" and "Oriental philosophy" is a product of 19th-century Western scholarship and did not exist in East Asia or India. This is because in Asia there is no single unified

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is reported to have said that only Greek and German languages are suitable for philosophizing. It is still commonplace in Western universities to teach only Western philosophy and to ignore Asian philosophy altogether, or consider only newer Western-influenced Asian thought proper "philosophy".

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and all associated supernatural doctrines. Cārvāka philosophers like Brihaspati were extremely critical of other schools of philosophy of the time. Cārvāka deemed the Vedas to be tainted by the three faults of untruth, self-contradiction, and tautology. They declared the Vedas to be incoherent

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scriptures) would have a much greater influence in the West than they have had. However, Schopenhauer was working with heavily flawed early translations (and sometimes second-degree translations), and many feel that he may not necessarily have accurately grasped the Eastern philosophies which

5458:. "There is some evidence that Jain traditions may be even older than the Buddhist traditions, possibly going back to the time of the Indus valley civilization, and that Vardhamana rather than being a “founder" per se was, rather, simply a primary spokesman for much older tradition. p. 27" 4344:. Tradition is inconsistent, and human beings need an extra-traditional guide to identify which traditions are acceptable. The moral guide must then promote and encourage social behaviors that maximize the general benefit. As motivation for his theory, Mozi brought in the 5318:, p. 12: "A period of consolidation, sometimes identified as one of "Hindu synthesis," Brahmanic synthesis," or "orthodox synthesis," takes place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishads (c. 500 BCE) and the period of Gupta imperial ascendency" (c. 320–467 CE)." 3367: 2031: 4830:'s "original, brilliant and revolutionary contribution to national and international thought". The idea states that an individual is "the master of his destiny" and that the North Korean masses are to act as the "masters of the revolution and construction". 2609:

was a very influential text in Indian philosophy, laying the foundations for classical Indian epistemological debates between the different philosophical schools. It includes, for example, the classic Hindu rejoinders against Buddhist not-self

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and Hindu modernism. Their ideas focused on the universality of Indian philosophy (particularly Vedanta) and the unity of different religions. It was during this period that Hindu modernists presented a single idealized and united

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doctrine of absolute determinism (fate), the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles. Ājīvika considered the

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The traditionalists meanwhile sought to revive and fortify traditional Chinese philosophical schools. Chinese Buddhist thought was promoted by thinkers like Yang Rensan and Ou-Yang Jingwu while another influential movement is

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of the true nature of things is considered one of the roots of suffering, Buddhist thinkers concerned themselves with philosophical questions related to epistemology and the use of reason. Key Buddhist concepts include the

3139:. Jain philosophy attempts to explain the rationale of being and existence, the nature of the Universe and its constituents, the nature of the bondage and the means to achieve liberation. It has often been described as an 4093:(禮/礼) which is a system of ritual norms that determines how a person should act to be in harmony with the law of Heaven. Confucianism traditionally holds that these values are based on the transcendent principle known as 2755:(duty or virtue). Mīmāṃsā is also mainly atheistic, holding that the evidence for the existence of God is insufficient and that the Gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the names, mantras and their power. 4684: 5479:

Originating on the Indian sub-continent, Jainism is one of the oldest religion of its homeland and indeed the world, having pre-historic origins before 3000 BC and the propagation of Indo-Aryan culture.... p.

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Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "a way of life" () etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in

8569: 3671:(1903–1951). Buddhist modernism refers to "forms of Buddhism that have emerged out of engagement with the dominant cultural and intellectual forces of modernity." Forces which influenced modernists like 3366: 2136:, and societal norms. Hinduism is a categorization of distinct intellectual or philosophical points of view, rather than a rigid, common set of beliefs. Hinduism, with about one billion followers is the 4718:(national study), which sought to focus on the study of ancient Japanese thought, classic texts, and culture over and against foreign Chinese and Buddhist cultures. A key figure of this movement is 5090:

emphasis on heavy industrialization in favor of a revolution supported by the peasantry, and a decentralized agrarian economy based on many collectively worked farms. The current government of the

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Bingenheimer, Marcus (2007). "Some Remarks on the Usage of Renjian Fojiao 人間佛教 and the Contribution of Venerable Yinshun to Chinese Buddhist Modernism". In Hsu, Mutsu; Chen, Jinhua; Meeks, Lori.

13547: 4328:; literally: "inclusive love/care"). According to Master Mo, persons should care equally for all other individuals, regardless of their actual relationship to them. Mo also advocated impartial 7184:

Yelle, Robert A. (2012), "Comparative Religion as Cultural Combat: Occidentalism and Relativism in Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different", International Journal of Hindu Studies, 16 (3): 335–348,

4244:. Their goal was to achieve increased order, security, and stability. They were initially influenced by Mohist ideas. A key figure of this school was administrator and political philosopher 9505: 5294:, p. 50: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of 2166:" or the "eternal way"; beyond human origins. Western scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no single founder. 2564:

holds that human suffering arises out of ignorance and liberation arises through correct knowledge. Therefore, they sought to investigate the sources of correct knowledge or epistemology.

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saw the beginning of Western and Japanese invasions and exploitation of China which was humiliating to Chinese thinkers. The late 19th and early 20th century saw Chinese thinkers such as

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looking to Western practical knowledge as a way to preserve traditional Chinese culture, a doctrine that he defined as "Chinese Learning as Substance and Western Learning as Function" (

3975:" flourished (6th century to 221 BCE). This period was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments and saw the rise of the major Chinese philosophical schools ( 6792:

Cowell, E.B.; Gough, A.E. (1882). Sarva-Darsana Sangraha of Madhava Acharya: Review of Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy. New Delhi: Indian Books Centre/Sri Satguru Publications.

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Cowell, E.B.; Gough, A.E. (1882). Sarva-Darsana Sangraha of Madhava Acharya: Review of Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy. New Delhi: Indian Books Centre/Sri Satguru Publications.

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one of the most influential Legalist texts which was used by successive Chinese statesmen and rulers as a guide for statesmanship and bureaucratic organization of the imperial state.

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that would include both Western and Asian thought on equal terms. In response, Ouyang Min argues that philosophy proper is a Western cultural practice and essentially different from

4062:, 孔夫子, "Master Kong", 551–479 BCE) who saw himself as transmitting the values and theology of the ancestors before him. Other influential classical Confucian philosophers include 3710:

or "Buddhism for Human Life" (Chinese: 人生佛教; pinyin: rénshēng fójiào) which was to be free of supernatural beliefs has also been an influential form of modern Buddhism in Asia.

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Modern Japanese thought is strongly influenced by Western science and philosophy. Japan's rapid modernization was partly aided by the early study of western science (known as

151: 139: 9470: 8143: 7436:

Hansen, Chad. Philosophy East & West. Jul 94, Vol. 44 Issue 3, pp. 54, 435. Fa (standards: laws) and meaning changes in Chinese philosophy. Chad Hansen, Shen Buhai

4419:; literally: "the Way") which is seen as the principle which is the source, pattern, and substance of everything that exists. Taoism tends to emphasize virtues such as 2420:"dualism", Advaita Vedanta "non-dualism" and others) began to rise to prominence as the main divisions of religious philosophy. Nyaya survived into the 17th century as 12613: 4549:. Thinkers like He Yan and Wang Bi focused on the deep nature of Tao, which they saw as being best exemplified by the term "Wu" (nothingness, non-being, negativity). 7417:

Pines, Yuri, "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), 2. Philosophical Foundations.

2416:"golden age" of Hinduism. With the disappearance of Vaisheshika and Mīmāṃsā, it became obsolete by the later Middle Ages, when the various sub-schools of Vedanta ( 5306:, p. 52: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many centuries." 8553: 8345: 7487: 7390: 5007:

referred to a new planetary consciousness that would bridge this gap. Followers of these two authors are often grouped together under the term Integral thought.

4054:— "doctrine of the scholars"), is a Chinese philosophical system with ritual, moral, and religious applications. The tradition developed around the teachings of 2293: 7813: 7054:

Lawrence J. McCrea, and Parimal G. Patil. Buddhist Philosophy of Language in India: Jnanasrimitra on Exclusion. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p 5.

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While the classical enumeration of Indian philosophies lists six orthodox schools, there are other schools that are sometimes seen as orthodox. These include:

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Roy Perrett (2007), Samkhya-Yoga Ethics, Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges (Editors: Purusottama Bilimoria et al), Volume 1,

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in rituals are prescriptive actions of primary importance. Because of their focus on textual study and interpretation, Mīmāṃsā also developed theories of

13483: 4510:("deep learning", also "Neo-Taoism") was a major philosophical movement influenced by Confucian scholarship, which focused on the interpretation of the 9490: 4305:. The administrative thought of Mohism was later absorbed by Legalism, their ethics absorbed into Confucianism and its books were also merged into the 1389: 10084: 7339:

Fung, Yiu-ming (2008), "Problematizing Contemporary Confucianism in East Asia", in Richey, Jeffrey, Teaching Confucianism, Oxford University Press,

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school of "methods" or "standards") was a philosophical tradition which focused on laws, realpolitik, and bureaucratic management. Largely ignoring

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Basham, A.L. (1951). History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas (2nd ed.). pp. 240–261, 270–273. Delhi, India: Moltilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 2002).

5417: 3750:'s name, being guided by the Guru instead of yielding to capriciousness, living a householder's life instead of monasticism, truthful action to 13798: 10124: 7798:

Earl, David Margarey, Emperor and Nation in Japan, Political Thinkers of the Tokugawa Period, University of Washington Press, 1964, pp. 66 ff.

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as ritual and social duty was paramount. They also held that the Vedas were "eternal, authorless, infallible" and that Vedic injunctions and

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and in bringing the worldview to the West. Through the work of Indians like Vivekananda as well as westerners such as the proponents of the

10332: 9525: 6924: 6328: 5585: 1919: 13493: 10388: 9598: 9545: 8410: 5133:(c. 1700–1050 BCE). It uses a system of Yin and Yang, which it places into hexagrams for the purposes of divination. Carl Jung's idea of 8442: 8260: 6810: 13655: 11231: 8377: 7039: 2277: 1443: 7613: 6632: 3320:

for final salvation. They were seen as sophists who specialized in refutation without propagating any positive doctrine of their own.

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Basham, A.L. (1951). History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas (2nd ed.). Chapter 1. Delhi, India: Moltilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 2002).

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Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge

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philosophical tradition with a single root, but various autonomous traditions that have come into contact with each other over time.

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or demerit through karma. They believed the viewpoint of relinquishing pleasure to avoid pain was the "reasoning of fools". Cārvāka

10355: 9939: 8859: 2463:. One of the main differences between the two closely related schools was that Yoga allowed for the existence of a God, while most 7421: 6219:

John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

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movement for its strong emphasis on self-control, austerities, and renunciation. It has also been called a model of philosophical

2633:, which accepts only two sources of knowledge, perception, and inference. This philosophy held that the universe was reducible to 13537: 13478: 9500: 9206: 8756: 8141: 8040: 5099: 6995:

Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge (PDF) (1st ed.). London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. pp. 112–113.

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John Clayton (2010), Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion, Cambridge University Press,

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GJ Larson, RS Bhattacharya and K Potter (2014), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4, Princeton University Press,

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in government which should be based on talent, not blood relations. Mozi was against Confucian ritualism, instead emphasizing

3328:("The Lion that Devours All Categories"/"The Upsetting of All Principles"), has been seen as an important Ajñana philosopher. 1553: 12618: 12484: 8864: 8605: 8563: 8542: 8521: 8488: 8468: 8436: 8404: 8371: 8339: 8307: 8287: 8254: 8234: 8095: 7877: 7847: 7825: 7585: 7440: 7222: 7159: 7136: 7103: 6966: 6949: 6909: 6872: 6777: 6689: 6663: 6626: 6598: 6569: 6544: 6522: 6505: 6488: 6437: 6404: 6370: 6313: 6296: 6279: 6262: 6241: 6224: 6204: 6187: 6149: 6132: 6051: 5986: 5875: 5827: 5788: 5507: 4971:, Nietzsche, and Heidegger with Eastern philosophies. Some have claimed that there is also a definite eastern element within 3151:

The contribution of the Jains in the development of Indian philosophy has been significant. Jain philosophical concepts like

8611: 8494: 8313: 8056: 7883: 7091: 6425: 6057: 5992: 5794: 13579: 13390: 12606: 8105: 6944:

Johannes Quack (2014), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press,

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Carine Defoort, herself a specialist in Chinese thought, has offered support for such a "family" view of philosophy, while

2424:"Neo-Nyaya", while Samkhya gradually lost its status as an independent school, its tenets absorbed into Yoga and Vedanta. 12682: 9834: 9061: 8726: 4884: 3519:. This tradition contributed to what has been called an "epistemological turn" in Indian philosophy. Through the work of 3250:

holds perception as the primary source of knowledge while rejecting inference which can be invalid. The primary texts of

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Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture". Digital printing 2007

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Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,

6127:(1993), Pramāṇa epistemology: Some recent developments, in Asian philosophy – Volume 7 (Editor: G Floistad), Springer, 4468: 4012: 156: 144: 17: 11772: 8329: 7642:

Chan, Alan, "Neo-Daoism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =

7484: 7387: 13503: 13463: 12601: 11797: 10147: 10039: 9555: 9530: 9450: 7361: 7344: 7327: 7206: 6983: 6892: 6797: 6170: 6112: 6086: 5854: 5476: 5455: 4906: 4652: 2174: 1375: 7808: 4290:(c. 470–391 BCE) and his students. It was a major school of thought and rival of Confucianism and Taoism during the 12329: 10345: 10205: 10014: 9864: 9839: 8709: 8700: 8275: 7119: 4529:

and which flourished during the third to sixth centuries CE. The most important philosophers of this movement were

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Butler, Sean (2011) "Idealism in Yogācāra Buddhism," The Hilltop Review: Vol. 4: Iss. 1, Article 6. Available at:

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Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass,

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MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Cārvāka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13–16

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with influences from modern psychology and Western philosophy. Important exponents of Buddhist modernism include

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Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001), "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition",

4437:(simplicity), and spontaneity while placing less emphasis on norms and ritual (as opposed to Confucianism). The 4162:. Confucianism suffered setbacks during the 20th century, but is recently undergoing a revival, which is termed 2498:(word/testimony of reliable sources). The school developed a complex theoretical exposition of the evolution of 13779: 13562: 12497: 12385: 11545: 10278: 10215: 10190: 10076: 9829: 6827: 5145:. He explains that this Chinese view of the world is based not on science as the West knows it, but on chance. 4888: 1621: 7951: 3754:(righteousness, moral duty), equality of all human beings, and believing in God's grace. Key concepts include 10959: 10544: 10263: 10200: 10047: 9979: 9954: 9851: 9615: 9540: 5111: 5091: 4217: 3980: 1491: 262: 134: 7242:

Renard, Philip (2010), Non-Dualisme. pp. 185–188. De directe bevrijdingsweg, Cothen: Uitgeverij Juwelenschip

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In the modern era, there have been many attempts to integrate Western and Eastern philosophical traditions.

4651:). New Confucianism is a traditionalist revival of Confucian thought in China beginning in the 20th-century 4401:

Taoism (or Daoism) is a term for various philosophies and religious systems that emphasize harmony with the

3999:). These philosophical traditions developed metaphysical, political, and ethical theories which, along with 13488: 13276: 12701: 12364: 12269: 11917: 10634: 10286: 10009: 9799: 6517:

AL Basham (1951), History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas – a Vanished Indian Religion, Motilal Banarsidass,

6469: 4146:(1472–1529) became the dominant school of thought and was promoted by the imperial state. Beginning in the 3881: 3611: 3530:

After the disappearance of Buddhism from India, these philosophical traditions continued to develop in the

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Buddhism in India. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"

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thinkers claim that philosophy as such is only characteristic of Western cultures. The German philosopher

3390: 2702:(which can be perceived) and they have real objective existence. The last three categories are defined as 13821: 13079: 12530: 12168: 11882: 10511: 10177: 9974: 9924: 8749: 8120:

Defoort, Carine. (2001). "Is There Such a Thing as Chinese Philosophy? Arguments of an Implicit Debate",

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which influenced other Indian schools. They primarily held that the purpose of language was to correctly

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for instance identifies sixteen schools of Hindu Indian philosophy by including those that belong to the

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The School of Naturalists or Yin-yang was another philosophical school that synthesized the concepts of

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Michelis, Elizabeth De (2005), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum,

5211: 5199: 5071: 5067: 4997: 4948: 4722:(1730–1801), who argued that the essence of classic Japanese literature and culture was a sense called 4452:

Early forms of Taoism developed in the 4th century BCE, influenced by the cosmological theories of the

4170: 4004: 3972: 3453: 3401:. Buddhist thought is trans-regional and trans-cultural. It is the dominant philosophical tradition in 1819: 72: 31: 13557: 12640: 10420: 6904:

James Lochtefeld, "Ajivika", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing.

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which drew from western philosophers (especially German philosophy) and Buddhist thought and included

2771: 2237:) and other topics. Indian philosophy also covered topics such as political philosophy as seen in the 13448: 13427: 12556: 12477: 12241: 10453: 10443: 10119: 10004: 9894: 9475: 9392: 7514:

The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward Craig. Routledge Publishing. 2005.

5344: 5328: 5047:(1866–1925) at the beginning of the 20th century. Another influential modern Chinese philosopher was 3719: 3542:

traditions. In Tibet, the Indian tradition continued to be developed under the work of thinkers like

3100: 2459:(c. 400 CE). Elements of proto-Samkhya ideas can, however, be traced back to the period of the early 2280:, surviving in the Himalayan regions and south India. The early modern period saw the flourishing of 2073: 1633: 857: 364: 38: 4766: 3358:

university and monastery was a major center of learning in India from the 5th century CE to c. 1200.

1134: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13567: 12344: 11907: 11157: 10997: 10994: 10720: 10554: 10539: 10024: 9859: 9535: 5490: 5171: 4847: 4792:. The most important trend in Japanese Buddhist thought after the formation of the Kyoto school is 4656: 4291: 3885: 3767: 3559: 3445: 3219: 3012:

gave rise to a diverse range of non-Vedic ideas, ranging from accepting or denying the concepts of

2456: 1510: 559: 9969: 7684: 7643: 6344: 347: 13645: 13584: 13468: 13214: 13030: 13025: 12816: 12630: 12591: 11922: 11863: 11816: 11674: 11637: 11005: 10920: 10910: 10834: 10700: 10672: 10057: 9520: 6855: 5929:, pp. 152–154, context: 144–154 (Chapter: Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia). 5577: 5075: 4877: 4103: 3960: 3500: 2597: 2527: 2309: 1861: 1784: 1532: 703: 478: 9944: 7977: 7786: 7769: 7752: 7735: 7718: 7701: 7667: 6921: 4383: 3479:

Later Buddhist philosophical traditions developed complex phenomenological psychologies termed '

3016:, atomism, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, extreme asceticism, strict 12645: 12625: 12535: 12055: 11987: 11067: 10905: 10483: 10458: 10448: 10316: 10210: 10062: 9959: 9904: 8834: 8783: 8742: 8656:

Accessing R.E. Founders & Leaders, Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism Teacher's Book Mainstream

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Mohism was also associated with and influenced by a separate philosophical school known as the

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P Bilimoria and JN Mohanty (2003), Relativism, Suffering and Beyond, Oxford University Press,

5142: 3499:(emptiness of all phenomena) and Vijnapti-matra (appearance only), a form of phenomenology or 13665: 13422: 13341: 13291: 13013: 12292: 12231: 12211: 12045: 11957: 11937: 11927: 11560: 11409: 11042: 10974: 10882: 10849: 10677: 10657: 10463: 10157: 10019: 9964: 9709: 9289: 9111: 8900: 8849: 8532: 8426: 8244: 8224: 8064: 7551: 7503: 7455:

Creel, 1974 p. 4, 119 Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century BCE.

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Salunkhe, AH (2009). Astikshiromani Charvaka (in Marathi). Satara: Lokayat Prakashan. p. 36.

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DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer,

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rhapsodies invented by humans whose only usefulness was to provide a livelihood to priests.

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The principal Indian philosophical schools are classified as either orthodox or heterodox –

2084:. These Hindu schools developed what has been called the "Hindu synthesis" merging orthodox 13685: 13630: 13417: 13296: 13259: 13059: 12882: 12470: 12309: 12264: 12226: 12173: 12102: 11858: 11654: 11565: 11388: 11358: 11099: 10627: 10473: 10468: 10253: 10139: 10109: 10072: 9989: 9365: 9274: 8980: 8701:

Articles and commentaries on a wide range of topics related to practical Eastern Philosophy

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in recent times have contributed to Indian philosophical discourse in uniquely Jain ways.

8: 13209: 13143: 12984: 12697: 12687: 12450: 12405: 12395: 12354: 12302: 12287: 12216: 12196: 12178: 12010: 11977: 11838: 11825: 11632: 11429: 11340: 11295: 11201: 11087: 10900: 10748: 9899: 9495: 9328: 9141: 9101: 9014: 8844: 7076:

McMahan, David L. (2008). The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford University Press. p. 6

5115: 5019: 4922: 4502:) are considered the key texts of the tradition. The first organized form of Taoism, the 3923: 3873: 3869: 3707: 3691: 3668: 3640: 3555: 3535: 3382: 3337: 2409: 2285: 2121: 2065: 1988: 1984: 1960: 1891: 1695: 1650: 1604: 1537: 1517: 1468: 1453: 1227: 1013: 899: 11162: 3304: 3013: 2877: 2714: 2352: 800: 795: 528: 13319: 13241: 13236: 13091: 13051: 12731: 12721: 12520: 12400: 12369: 12349: 12297: 12279: 12254: 12249: 12201: 12155: 12050: 11952: 11887: 11843: 11787: 11627: 11456: 11350: 11258: 11062: 10941: 10932: 10895: 10890: 10796: 10791: 10768: 10687: 10501: 10428: 10258: 10052: 9949: 9914: 9455: 9377: 9151: 9121: 9096: 8923: 8643: 7972:"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7781:"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7764:"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7747:"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7730:"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7269: 6741: 6722: 5295: 4198: 4151: 4083: 3996: 3964: 3919: 3903: 3815: 3699: 3652: 3636: 3615: 3539: 3523:, this tradition of Buddhist logic has become the major epistemological system used in 3473: 3393:. It generally refers to the philosophical investigations that developed among various 3255: 3200: 2448: 1956: 1809: 1715: 1675: 1670: 1655: 1645: 1638: 1589: 1562: 1500: 679: 415: 124: 65: 8026: 7437: 7418: 6453: 5582:

A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010

4256:

into the dominant power that conquered the rest of China in 221 BCE. Shen's successor

805: 13650: 13640: 13635: 13412: 13271: 13231: 13204: 13176: 13138: 12959: 12954: 12768: 12575: 12438: 12339: 12334: 12319: 12259: 12221: 12206: 12163: 11734: 11694: 11612: 11540: 11523: 11501: 11129: 11104: 10915: 10735: 10478: 10114: 9909: 9691: 9372: 9360: 9311: 9183: 9116: 9106: 9078: 9041: 9029: 8997: 8601: 8559: 8538: 8517: 8484: 8464: 8432: 8400: 8367: 8335: 8303: 8283: 8250: 8230: 8091: 7973: 7873: 7843: 7821: 7782: 7765: 7748: 7731: 7714: 7697: 7663: 7581: 7525: 7357: 7340: 7323: 7273: 7218: 7202: 7155: 7132: 7099: 6979: 6962: 6945: 6905: 6888: 6868: 6793: 6773: 6685: 6659: 6622: 6594: 6565: 6540: 6518: 6501: 6500:

Padmanabh S Jaini (2001), Collected papers on Buddhist Studies, Motilal Banarsidass,

6484: 6433: 6400: 6366: 6309: 6292: 6275: 6258: 6237: 6220: 6200: 6183: 6166: 6163:

Samādhipāda: das erste Kapitel des Pātañjalayogaśāstra zum ersten Mal kritisch ediert

6145: 6128: 6108: 6082: 6047: 5982: 5871: 5850: 5823: 5784: 5503: 5472: 5469:

Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality

5451: 5299: 5249: 5204: 5107: 5082:. It is based partially on earlier theories by Marx and Lenin, but rejects the urban 5027:(1853–1921) who translated various Western philosophical works including Smith's The 5011: 4793: 4396: 4194: 4159: 4089: 3927: 3861: 3840: 3795: 3741: 3437: 3429: 3164: 3152: 3124: 2605: 2556: 2444: 2348: 2125: 2053: 2045: 2012: 1972: 1964: 1871: 1866: 1799: 1730: 1725: 1665: 1660: 1609: 1594: 1577: 1527: 1437: 1365: 1239: 1164: 1025: 637: 471: 420: 129: 7713:"Daoist Philosophy," by Ronnie Littlejohn, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7696:"Daoist Philosophy," by Ronnie Littlejohn, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7662:"Daoist Philosophy," by Ronnie Littlejohn, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 6562:

Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture

6449: 5302:

occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis."

4604:

Modern Chinese thought is generally seen as being rooted in Classical Confucianism (

4593: 3136: 2869:

The central concern for these schools is the nature of and the relationship between

13715: 13700: 13374: 13130: 13074: 12949: 12901: 12892: 12870: 12843: 12672: 12540: 12390: 12324: 12314: 12015: 11962: 11912: 11892: 11853: 11848: 11689: 11617: 11335: 11246: 11137: 11109: 11094: 11057: 10763: 10743: 10710: 10615: 10577: 10298: 10195: 10099: 10094: 9999: 9929: 9775: 9765: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9299: 9255: 9201: 9191: 9136: 9046: 9024: 8992: 8635: 7485:

https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_

7465: 7388:

https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_

7322:

Yao, Xinzhong (2000). An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge University Press.

7261: 7185: 6714: 6457: 5261: 5162: 4943:

Recent attempts to incorporate Western philosophy into Eastern thought include the

4754: 4750: 4719: 4699: 4640: 4577: 4553: 4438: 4408: 4317: 4202: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4163: 4135: 4115: 4000: 3899: 3762: 3703: 3695: 3531: 3524: 3394: 3345: 3243: 3168: 3156: 3116: 2948: 2531:(c. 14th century CE), Sāmkhya continued to develop throughout the medieval period. 2332: 2321: 2214: 2093: 2022: 1976: 1710: 1626: 1341: 1121: 1038: 721: 486: 371: 310: 190: 165: 12635: 6107:

Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass,

5863: 2810: 13772: 13757: 13745: 13677: 13521: 13219: 13181: 13171: 12922: 12836: 12831: 12505: 12096: 12065: 12030: 11995: 11873: 11724: 11622: 11580: 11491: 11479: 11464: 11439: 11414: 11184: 11052: 11047: 10964: 10949: 10622: 10506: 9794: 9780: 9721: 9382: 9338: 9171: 9166: 9146: 9126: 9068: 9034: 8958: 8948: 8910: 8871: 8824: 8769: 8713: 8595: 8511: 8478: 8297: 8147: 8109: 8102: 8073: 8060: 8053: 7867: 7817: 7650: 7617: 7491: 7472: 7444: 7425: 7394: 7128: 7121:

Development and Practice of Humanitarian Buddhism: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

7095: 7086: 7043: 6928: 6834: 6817:

with commentary by Madhava Acharya, Translators: Cowell and Gough (1882), pp. 5–9

6586: 6429: 6420: 6332: 6041: 5976: 5865: 5844: 5817: 5778: 5237: 5225: 4989: 4960: 4781: 4569: 4525: 4494: 4356: 3992: 3895: 3828: 3787: 3732: 3341: 3270: 3160: 3132: 3056: 2911: 2899: 2895: 2836:, are a group of traditions which focus on the philosophical issues found in the 2325: 2276:

and Iranian-Islamic influences. Buddhism mostly disappeared from India after the

2149: 1980: 1720: 1176: 879: 847: 588: 11236: 10292: 9418: 8136:. (2006) "Philosophies versus Philosophy: In Defense of a Flexible Definition". 7601:, translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. (University of Massachusetts Press, 1981). 6705:

Carrithers, Michael (June 1989). "Naked Ascetics in Southern Digambar Jainism".

4758: 3298:

doctrine as a fallacy. Ājīvikas were atheists and rejected the authority of the

2316:

are a valid source of knowledge; whether the school believes in the premises of

787: 13750: 13720: 13690: 13281: 13264: 13166: 13100: 13020: 12996: 12939: 12917: 12848: 12005: 12000: 11868: 11833: 11765: 11739: 11575: 11424: 11363: 11276: 11119: 11015: 10758: 10438: 10309: 10029: 9934: 9804: 9650: 9638: 9515: 9406: 9316: 9131: 9002: 8513:

Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present

5110:

the reign, previous schools of thought such as Taoism and Confucianism (except

4777: 4561: 4349: 4241: 4155: 4131: 3907: 3865: 3799: 3747: 3684: 3599: 3516: 3386: 3375: 2837: 2254: 1992: 1804: 1274: 1244: 1150: 1086: 340: 11446: 11221: 7189: 3508: 3274: 3103:

since ancient times. The distinguishing features of Jain philosophy include a

3025: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2547: 2281: 670: 13815: 13788: 13740: 13705: 13695: 13356: 13286: 13064: 12906: 12789: 12060: 11972: 11902: 11644: 11434: 11368: 11325: 11194: 10819: 10605: 10587: 10162: 9887: 9824: 9755: 9726: 9235: 9051: 9009: 8953: 8839: 8798: 8765: 8672: 8069: 7990: 7872:. Foreign Languages Publishing House, Democratic People's Republic of Korea. 7375:

Rethinking Confucianism: Past and Present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam

7065:

Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti's Philosophy and Its Tibetan Interpretations

6416: 5382:

Rethinking Confucianism: Past and present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam

5352: 5134: 5130: 5129:(Book of Changes), an ancient Chinese text that dates back to the Bronze Age 5040: 5004: 4993: 4985: 4797: 4785: 4723: 4628: 4337: 4143: 3877: 3836: 3736: 3543: 3239: 3088: 3021: 2966: 2854: 2848: 2799: 2511: 2440: 2250: 2154: 2049: 1279: 1091: 1050: 726: 384: 330: 178: 8734: 7861: 7859: 5062:

on modern Chinese political thought is vast, especially through the work of

4073:

Confucianism focuses on humanistic values like familial and social harmony,

2982: 2767: 2100:. These religio-philosophical traditions were later grouped under the label 1106: 1101: 1096: 13660: 13432: 13346: 13333: 13108: 12979: 12887: 12794: 12784: 12773: 12741: 12726: 12091: 12081: 12040: 12020: 11792: 11755: 11714: 11600: 11550: 11211: 11189: 11167: 11114: 11082: 10954: 10814: 10725: 10521: 9877: 9809: 9789: 9510: 9480: 9387: 9355: 9284: 9161: 9156: 8970: 8963: 8876: 8808: 7386:

Paul R. Goldin, Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism. pp. 6, 7

7277: 7015:

A history of Western thought: from ancient Greece to the twentieth century.

5332: 5190:

for describing Western philosophy as opposed to traditional Asian thought.

5158: 5015: 4956: 4944: 4773: 4762: 4742: 4730: 4680: 4617: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4306: 4232:

or idealized views of how society should be, they focused on the pragmatic

4147: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4074: 4043: 4028: 3976: 3968: 3832: 3771: 3664: 3620: 3512: 3465: 3266: 3247: 3128: 3076: 3045: 3037: 2958: 2814: 2722: 2543: 2471: 2413: 2395: 2376: 2238: 2226: 2141: 2097: 2081: 1756: 1700: 1142: 1033: 949: 832: 817: 733: 711: 581: 569: 452: 359: 114: 79: 13484:

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG / GCC)

12971: 7265: 6470:

Prem Pahlajrai, Asian Languages and Literature, University of Washington,

5819:

Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyaya School

5114:) were denounced as backward, and later purged during the violence of the 3093: 2976: 2706:(product of intellectual discrimination) and they are logical categories. 2388: 2155: 2058: 13793: 13251: 12929: 12821: 12736: 12706: 12655: 12086: 12025: 11897: 11877: 11782: 11719: 11679: 11659: 11585: 11555: 11216: 11152: 10844: 10829: 10705: 10695: 10644: 10610: 10549: 9872: 9760: 9704: 9699: 9667: 9662: 9460: 9343: 9240: 8975: 8881: 8854: 8665:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

8211: 8199: 8035: 7991:""Foreword to the I Ching – By C.G. Jung." I Ching – The Book of Changes" 7856: 6772:

KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Indian Ethical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass,

5187: 5083: 5044: 5000: 4827: 4823: 4746: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4597: 4552:

Other schools rose to prominence throughout Chinese history, such as the

4503: 4480: 4432: 4329: 4310: 4299: 4253: 4111: 4008: 3819: 3811: 3520: 3289:

polemically criticized the Ajivikas. The Ājīvika school is known for its

3223: 3196: 3184: 3108: 3060: 2626: 2515: 2503: 2340: 2297: 2206: 2113: 2085: 1771: 1328: 1218: 942: 687: 605: 600: 520: 227: 203: 198: 8706: 7483:

Paul R. Goldin, Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism. p. 15

7233:

Georg, Feuerstein (2002), The Yoga Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass

6483:

Reginald Ray (1999), Buddhist Saints in India, Oxford University Press,

4818:

Juche, usually translated as "self-reliance", is the official political

4252:(390–338 BCE), was a leading statesman and reformer who transformed the 3864:

is also another important current in modern Indian thought. The work of

3179:

in various forms. While Jainism traces its philosophy from teachings of

2312:– depending on one of three alternate criteria: whether it believes the 13008: 13003: 12877: 11932: 11760: 11709: 11699: 11570: 11474: 11419: 11226: 11206: 11072: 10839: 10753: 10582: 10529: 10493: 10397: 10322: 9919: 9882: 9716: 9348: 8793: 8647: 7356:

Littlejohn, Ronnie (2010), Confucianism: An Introduction, I.B. Tauris,

7148:

Arvind-pal Singh Mandair (2014). Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech, eds.

6745: 6726: 5141:, as he states in the foreword to Richard Wilhelm's translation of the 5118:

which saw many Taoist and Buddhist temples and institutions destroyed.

5079: 5063: 5052: 5032: 4891: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4734: 4711: 4668: 4368: 4333: 4260:(c. 280–233 BCE) synthesized the thought of the other Legalists in his 4249: 4245: 4233: 3728: 3563: 3547: 3492: 3480: 3188: 3144: 3140: 3112: 3008:

traditions that existed in India since before the 6th century BCE. The

2986: 2962: 2938: 2907: 2863: 2718: 2483: 2460: 2380: 2246: 2242: 2197:. Indian philosophers developed a system of epistemological reasoning ( 2170: 2105: 2077: 2039: 1952: 1944: 1779: 1410: 1249: 937: 920: 907: 887: 751: 505: 439: 408: 396: 275: 7281: 5502:

Students' Britannica India (2000), Volume 4, Encyclopædia Britannica,

4996:

is regarded as a synthesis of Eastern and Western thought. The German

3504: 2915: 2891: 2859: 2825: 2656:

s (literally: 'the meaning of a word') which included six categories;

2645:), indivisible, and have a special kind of dimension, called "small" ( 954: 13191: 13113: 13037: 12991: 12944: 12826: 12755: 12710: 12525: 11947: 11942: 11802: 11729: 11664: 11535: 11469: 11281: 11271: 11266: 11241: 11037: 10597: 10559: 10238: 9819: 9682: 9628: 9607: 9223: 9213: 8829: 8788: 8133: 7502:

Hengy Chye Kiang 1999. p.v44. Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats.

7252:

Schneider, Herbert Wallace (1966). "Modern Indian Thought (review)".

5167: 5138: 5122: 5095: 5036: 4972: 4931: 4789: 4714:(1603–1868). Another intellectual movement during the Edo period was 4676: 4624: 4546: 4518: 4266: 4237: 4067: 4055: 4037: 3942: 3628: 3551: 3488: 3449: 3406: 3398: 3389:(fl. between sixth and fourth centuries BCE) and is preserved in the 3350: 3068: 2942: 2740: 2618:), a debate which became central to Hinduism in the medieval period. 2506:. Sāmkhya sources argue that the universe consists of two realities, 2491: 2076:. The major orthodox schools arose sometime between the start of the 1948: 1311: 925: 646: 610: 564: 515: 270: 232: 91: 11172: 9413: 8639: 6718: 4866: 3316: 3041: 2652:

Vaiśeṣika organized all objects of experience into what they called

2372: 1418: 984: 13199: 13161: 12853: 12809: 12780: 12763: 12677: 11777: 11684: 11649: 11607: 11595: 11383: 11177: 11077: 11020: 10824: 10778: 10662: 9657: 9321: 9304: 9250: 9245: 9230: 9218: 9196: 9019: 8987: 8918: 8893: 8015:

Harrison, Victoria S; "Eastern Philosophy: The Basics, Introduction

7939: 5232: 5087: 4926: 4819: 4715: 4464: 4309:, as Mohism all but disappeared as an independent school after the 4229: 4110:

Confucianism was a major ideology of the imperial state during the

3824: 3660: 3567: 3496: 3484: 3461: 3416: 3251: 3234:

Likewise, they faulted Buddhists and Jains, mocking the concept of

3211: 3192: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3080: 3072: 3004:

The nāstika or heterodox schools are associated with the non-Vedic

2952: 2934: 2919: 2883: 2452: 2384: 2364: 2258: 2234: 2202: 2117: 2109: 2101: 2069: 2035: 2018: 2000: 1814: 1254: 1206: 1113: 999: 932: 892: 769: 756: 716: 593: 250: 8721: 4695: 3675:

and Yin Shun included Enlightenment values and Western science. A

2798:, the study of knowledge, using the later parts of Vedas like the 2614:) arguments. The work also famously argues against a creator God ( 13351: 13310: 13153: 13118: 12934: 11404: 11378: 11373: 11315: 11310: 11142: 11030: 11025: 10984: 10806: 10652: 10534: 10303: 9814: 9770: 9733: 9401: 9267: 9262: 8025:

Augstein, Rudolf; Wolff, Georg; Heidegger, Martin (31 May 1976).

6986:. originally published by Luzac & Company Ltd., London, 1951. 6895:. originally published by Luzac & Company Ltd., London, 1951. 6422:

The perfectibility of human nature in eastern and western thought

6015:

The Lost Age of Reason Philosophy in Early Modern India 1450–1700

5896: 5356: 5348: 5170:

has presented an argument against it and offered a more flexible

5126: 5059: 5048: 4952: 4851: 4801: 4707: 4542: 4534: 4507: 4472: 4458: 4257: 4201:

as well as various overseas territories settled predominantly by

4063: 4033: 3947: 3891: 3818:, 19th-century Indians developed new ways of thinking now termed 3746:

The fundamental beliefs include constant spiritual meditation of

3724: 3624: 3579: 3355: 3282: 3235: 3215: 3092: 3084: 3064: 3029: 2871: 2818: 2779: 2775: 2763: 2630: 2615: 2572: 2507: 2499: 2475: 2464: 2432: 2412:, the distinction of the six orthodox schools was current in the 2400: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2344: 2317: 2230: 2218: 2210: 2198: 2186: 2089: 1303: 1201: 1064: 989: 867: 862: 822: 620: 554: 545: 537: 495: 391: 318: 303: 96: 12462: 8589:. Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 75. 8226:

Alone in Unity: Torments of an Iraqi God-Seeker in North America

7576:

Pollard; Rosenberg; Tignor, Elizabeth; Clifford; Robert (2011).

7131:(PDF). Hua-lien (Taiwan): Tzuchi University Press. pp. 141–161. 3950:, the highest institution of higher learning in pre-modern China 12913: 12799: 12692: 11669: 11590: 11320: 10979: 10969: 10667: 10569: 9672: 9294: 9279: 8938: 7831: 7685:

https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/neo-daoism/

7644:

https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/neo-daoism/

7088:

Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings

5932: 5867:

Indian Ethics: Classical traditions and contemporary challenges

5864:

Purusottama Bilimoria; Joseph Prabhu; Renuka M. Sharma (2007).

5024: 4772:

Japanese Buddhist philosophy was influenced by the work of the

4644: 4530: 4512: 4446: 4442: 4421: 4412: 4321: 4279: 4261: 4221: 4139: 3988: 3984: 3751: 3591: 3587: 3575: 3571: 3457: 3441: 3433: 3420: 3017: 2970: 2903: 2752: 2736: 2731: 2694: 2611: 2519: 2417: 2273: 2222: 2194: 2190: 2178: 2163: 2133: 1761: 1296: 1292: 1194: 1189: 1184: 979: 974: 969: 852: 827: 782: 738: 629: 576: 432: 352: 335: 282: 255: 210: 183: 173: 119: 6961:

Analayo (2004), Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization,

5884: 5055:

at Columbia University and who promoted a form of pragmatism.

4833: 2985:

Darśana, the grammarian school (which clarifies the theory of

2910:(difference and non-difference). Due to the popularity of the 2253:

between c. 1st century BCE and 5th century CE, written by the

13226: 12865: 12860: 12804: 11485: 11147: 10433: 10366: 9645: 9633: 9623: 9465: 9430: 9333: 9056: 8943: 8928: 4979: 4964: 4936: 4813: 4667:. The second generation (1950–1979) include individuals like 4489: 4427: 4372: 4298:

periods (c. 770–221 BCE). The main text of the school is the

4070:

who famously disagreed on the innate moral nature of humans.

4015:

and gradually developed distinct Chinese forms (such as Chan/

3680: 3656: 3583: 3469: 3410: 3402: 3299: 3295: 3227: 2829: 2791: 2726: 2593: 2567: 2561: 2539: 2336: 2313: 2266: 2241:

c. 4th century BCE and the philosophy of love as seen in the

2182: 2145: 2129: 1996: 1766: 1346: 1264: 1213: 1069: 1055: 1043: 837: 812: 654: 500: 403: 323: 222: 9576: 6867:

Jeffrey D Long (2009), Jainism: An Introduction, Macmillan,

6384:

The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy

4572:

which develop during the 13th–14th centuries and during the

12493: 8933: 7020: 5035:. There were also attempts to incorporate Western ideas of 4982: 4925:

developed a philosophy that was essentially a synthesis of

4348:, but rather than being religious his philosophy parallels 4287: 4094: 3971:

dynasty and the following periods after its fall when the "

3419:'s main concern is soteriological, defined as freedom from 2698:(non-existence). The first three categories are defined as 2638: 2262: 2169:

Some of the earliest surviving philosophical texts are the

1259: 872: 842: 510: 290: 7504:

https://books.google.com/books?id=BIgS4p8NykYC&pg=PA44

7407:

https://books.google.com/books?id=TKowRrrz5BIC&pg=PA68

5734: 5700: 5698: 5380:

Elman, Benjamin A.; Duncan, John B.; Ooms, Herman (2005).

5339:, p. 16) and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans ( 2478:(proofs) as the only reliable means of gaining knowledge; 11330: 8558:. Oxford Reference. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 7377:(Los Angeles: UCLA Asian Pacific Monograph Series, 2002). 5654: 4796:, which argues against several Mahayana concepts such as 4506:(Celestial Masters') school arose in the 2nd century CE. 4403: 4016: 3687:

in the 1950s who emphasized social and political reform.

3595: 2649:). Whatever we experience is a composite of these atoms. 245: 13499:

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

8396:

The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India

7810:

The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey

5722: 5644: 5642: 4737:(Meiji 6, formed in 1874) intellectual society promoted 4169:

Traditionally, East Asian cultures and countries in the

3894:

also had its modern interpreters and defenders, such as

3851:, modern Hindu thought also influenced western culture. 3324:(fl. c. 800), the author of the skeptical work entitled 2104:. Hinduism is the dominant religion, or way of life, in 8428:

Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500

7865: 7037:

http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview/vol4/iss1/6

6653: 6591:

Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West

5695: 5522: 4449:) was an important goal for many Taoists historically. 4316:

Mohism is best known for the idea of "impartial care" (

2790:, or the study of ritual actions, using the four early 2592:(word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). 457: 8024: 7907:"Schopenhauer's Initial Encounter with Indian Thought" 5956: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5612: 4702:(1862) a key civil rights activist and liberal thinker 4576:. The later Taoist traditions were also influenced by 3936: 3397:

in India and later spread throughout Asia through the

2379:. However, there are other methods of classification; 7114: 7112: 6357: 6355: 6353: 5944: 5710: 5683: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5558: 5534: 5394:

Ram-Prasad, Chakravarthi; "Eastern philosophy" (2005)

5309: 5209: 4101:天), and also includes the belief in spirits or gods ( 3302:, but they believed that in every living being is an 2778:

roughly 700). The Mīmāṃsā school strongly influenced

7683:(Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = 6883: 6881: 5758: 3888:

has had a large impact on modern Indian philosophy.

3148:

efforts alone are responsible for one's liberation.

3091:

religion of ancient India. It continues the ancient

2596:

also traditionally defended a form of philosophical

8460:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot

7438:

http://www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/Shen%20Bu%20Hai.htm

7419:

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-legalism/

5849:. Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. 5746: 5666: 4679:, all three students of Xiong Shili. Together with 4173:are strongly influenced by Confucianism, including 3843:(1863–1902) was very influential in developing the 3690:Buddhist modernism includes various movements like 2324:; and whether the school believes in afterlife and 2092:. Hindu thought also spread east to the Indonesian 13494:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) 8162:to be Philosophy" Asian Philosophy 22 (3) 199–223. 7620:. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 March 2011. 7464:Chad Hansen, University of Hong Kong. Lord Shang. 7109: 7026:Siderits, Mark. Buddhism as philosophy, 2007, p. 6 6472:Vedanta: A Comparative Analysis of Diverse Schools 6350: 5917:, pp. xiii–xvii, Appendix note on verse 1103. 5815: 5624: 5600: 5546: 4363:; also known as 'Logicians'), that focused on the 2177:. Important Indian philosophical concepts include 8530: 6878: 5938: 5343:, pp. 48–53), but also the religions of the 4659:. Key New Confucians of the first generation are 4488:c. 4th century BCE), traditionally attributed to 4050:— "Confucius' doctrine"), also known as "Ruism" ( 3448:. Buddhist thinkers in India and subsequently in 13813: 10090:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia 8192:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 7552:"Logic and Language in Early Chinese Philosophy" 7466:http://www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/Lord%20Shang.htm 7405:Ross Terril 2003 p. 68. The New Chinese Empire. 7373:Benjamin Elman, John Duncan and Herman Ooms ed. 7173:The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices 7017:7th edition published by Routledge, 2001, p. 25. 6535:Zimmer, Heinrich (1969). Joseph Campbell (ed.). 4616:("Western Learning" which arose during the late 3987:) as well as numerous less influential schools ( 3643:under Western influences and the development of 2993: 10234:Association of East Asian Research Universities 7558:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5974: 5405:Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion 5379: 4583: 4122:(618–907). During later Chinese dynasties like 2331:There are six major schools of orthodox Indian 2072:may have roots dating back to the times of the 13479:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 13454:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 8392: 7171:William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). 6477: 5981:. Harvard University Press. pp. 184–185. 5902: 5776: 5178:, which is what the Chinese have, even though 5043:into Chinese political philosophy, notably by 4967:philosopher attempted to combine the works of 4929:with Western thought. He anticipated that the 4007:. Buddhism began arriving in China during the 2394:Each school of Hindu philosophy has extensive 2284:(the 'new reason') under philosophers such as 2272:Later developments include the development of 2261:, is believed by many scholars to be based on 12478: 10382: 10186:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting 9592: 8764: 8750: 8175:Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 50. 6335:J Ganeri, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6215: 6213: 6039: 5842: 3308:– a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism. 2875:(ultimate reality, universal consciousness), 1913: 1383: 7937: 5186:) is actually a neologism coined in 1873 by 3612:Buddhist philosophy § Modern philosophy 2560:(circa 6th century BCE and 2nd century CE). 2447:was a closely related tradition emphasizing 2201:) and logic and investigated topics such as 8509: 8295: 7837: 7085:Gary Tartakov (2003). Rowena Robinson, ed. 6915: 6654:Brodd, Jeffery; Gregory Sobolewski (2003). 6326:Analytical philosophy in early modern India 5926: 5728: 5660: 5578:"The Global Religious Landscape – Hinduism" 5315: 5074:based on the teachings of the 20th-century 4834:Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy 3777: 2152:" in the world and is traditionally called 12485: 12471: 10389: 10375: 9599: 9585: 8757: 8743: 8476: 8158:Ouyang Min. (2012). "There is No Need for 7310:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 7175:. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 130–133, 200. 6704: 6282:, pp. i–ix with Introduction and Chapter 3 6210: 5914: 5846:The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology 5275: 4753:sought ways to combine Western ideas with 4248:(c. 400–337 BCE). Another central figure, 3959:East Asian philosophical thought began in 3913: 2288:(c. 1460–1540) who founded the tradition, 2278:Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent 2088:and unorthodox elements from Buddhism and 1920: 1906: 1390: 1376: 10085:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit 8593: 8551: 8456: 8328:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006), 8327: 7312:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. 7251: 6585: 6092: 6077: 6075: 5950: 5890: 5740: 5704: 5094:continues to espouse a pragmatic form of 4907:Learn how and when to remove this message 2969:(975–1025 CE), a form of non-dual Shaiva 2955:which was strongly influenced by Samkhya. 2576:as reliable means of gaining knowledge – 13474:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 8722:"Chinese Philosophy: Overview of Topics" 8696:Jim Fieser: Classical Eastern Philosophy 8584: 8018: 7869:Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions 7294:Garfield (Editor), Edelglass (Editor); 7154:. Oxford University Press. pp. 302–314. 7098:. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–213. 6788: 6786: 6740: 6734: 6539:. New York: Princeton University Press. 6395:Chris Bartley (2013), Purva Mimamsa, in 5962: 5584:. The pew foundation. 18 December 2012. 5403:Fischer-Schreiber, Ehrhard, Friedrichs; 4694: 4592: 4382: 4032: 4003:, had a direct influence on the rest of 3935: 3781: 3619: 3574:and East Asian Madhyamaka thinkers like 3361: 3349: 3331: 2809: 2758:A key text of the Mīmāṃsā school is the 2030: 13504:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 13464:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 8653: 8424: 8222: 8173:Nishi Amane and Modern Japanese Thought 8068: 7681:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7549: 7296:The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy 6898: 6679: 6559: 6046:. Oxford University Press. p. 46. 5764: 5716: 5689: 5564: 5303: 5291: 5285: 4087:(仁, "benevolence" or "humaneness") and 3578:. New sinitic schools also arose, like 3446:skepticism about metaphysical questions 3059:deals extensively with the problems of 3024:. Notable philosophies that arose from 1971:; which are dominant in East Asia, and 27:Set of philosophies originating in Asia 14: 13814: 10105:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research 8719: 8671: 8662: 8274: 8189: 7580:. New York, New York: Norton. p. 164. 6656:World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery 6614: 6534: 6072: 5648: 5618: 5606: 5528: 5373: 5340: 5104:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 4741:thought. Meirokusha philosophers like 4683:, the second generation published the 4158:and became the core philosophy of the 3679:was founded by the influential Indian 2817:(8th century CE) the main exponent of 12466: 12128: 10870: 10408: 10370: 9580: 8738: 8359: 8242: 8210: 8198: 7307: 6828:Materialism in India: A Synoptic View 6783: 6754:from the original on 9 September 2012 6635:from the original on 17 December 2008 5752: 5677: 5633: 5540: 5336: 4130:(1368–1644) as well as in the Korean 3651:(1864–1933) and the American convert 3605: 3167:, and the like are common with other 3099:tradition, which co-existed with the 2866:, as a reliable source of knowledge. 2751:proper actions, rituals, and correct 2439:philosophical tradition based on the 2064:; 'world views', 'teachings') of the 8835:Post-classical history (Middle Ages) 8625: 8043:from the original on 6 February 2013 7254:Journal of the History of Philosophy 6684:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 6399:(Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge, 6118: 6028:Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 5995:from the original on 11 January 2023 5552: 5467:Joel Diederik Beversluis (2000) In: 4889:adding citations to reliable sources 4860: 4114:(206 BCE–220 CE) and was revived as 3906:(well known as a spiritual guide of 3827:." exemplified by the philosophy of 2786:; however, while Mīmāṃsā emphasized 2038:, the Tamil philosopher of the post- 2006: 8727:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8363:Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction 8216:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism 7954:from the original on 17 August 2021 7904: 7556:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7523: 7301: 7151:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 5428:from the original on 6 January 2016 5106:. When the Chinese Communist Party 3727:is an Indian religion developed by 3598:, which included philosophers like 3405:and Southeast Asian countries like 2918:came to be the dominant current of 2840:(the three sources), which are the 2766:and major Mīmāṃsā scholars include 2729:. For this tradition, the study of 2427: 2359:, and five major heterodox schools— 2303: 24: 13459:Bay of Bengal Initiative (BIMSTEC) 8804:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 8681:University of South Carolina Press 8075:Heidegger: the Man and the Thinker 6101: 5137:moves towards an Oriental view of 4947:of philosophers, who combined the 4286:; "School of Mo"), was founded by 3713: 3635:The modern period saw the rise of 3051: 2300:(who formulated a Jain response). 426:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction 25: 13848: 12492: 8689: 8585:M. S. Purnalingam Pillai (2015). 8572:from the original on 28 July 2021 8497:from the original on 5 April 2023 8413:from the original on 5 April 2023 8029:Nur noch ein Gott kann uns retten 7997:from the original on 20 June 2019 6621:. Delhi: Crest Publishing House. 6397:Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy 6363:Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy 6361:Oliver Leaman (2006), Shruti, in 6255:Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy 3631:during his visit to China in 1934 3452:have covered topics as varied as 3436:(not-self) a critique of a fixed 3187:, various Jain philosophers from 2862:sees the Vedas, particularly the 2794:, the Vedānta schools emphasized 2175:later Vedic period (1000–500 BCE) 1887:Social and political philosophers 12446: 12445: 12432: 10269:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute 9681: 8614:from the original on 3 July 2023 8445:from the original on 3 July 2023 8380:from the original on 3 July 2023 8348:from the original on 3 July 2023 8316:from the original on 3 July 2023 8263:from the original on 3 July 2023 8165: 8152: 8127: 8114: 8009: 7983: 7966: 7931: 7898: 7886:from the original on 3 July 2023 7866:North Korean Government (2014). 7801: 7792: 7775: 7758: 7741: 7724: 7707: 7690: 7673: 7656: 7636: 7623: 7604: 7591: 7570: 7543: 7517: 7508: 7496: 7477: 7458: 7449: 7430: 7411: 7399: 7380: 7367: 7350: 7333: 7316: 7288: 7245: 7236: 7227: 7211: 7201:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 7194: 7178: 7165: 7142: 7079: 6253:Oliver Leaman (2006), Nyaya, in 6060:from the original on 3 July 2023 5797:from the original on 3 July 2023 5471:, New World Library: Novato, CA 5255: 5243: 5231: 5219: 4865: 3739:. Their main sacred text is the 3440:, the transience of all things ( 2725:study and interpretation of the 2225:), reliable means of knowledge ( 2148:. Hinduism has been called the " 1431: 1417: 1359: 13449:Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) 7070: 7057: 7048: 7029: 7007: 6998: 6989: 6972: 6955: 6938: 6861: 6849: 6840: 6820: 6803: 6766: 6698: 6673: 6647: 6608: 6579: 6553: 6528: 6511: 6494: 6463: 6443: 6410: 6389: 6376: 6338: 6319: 6302: 6285: 6268: 6247: 6230: 6193: 6176: 6155: 6138: 6033: 6020: 6007: 5968: 5836: 5809: 5770: 5588:from the original on 6 May 2013 5570: 5321: 4876:needs additional citations for 4840:Buddhism and Western Philosophy 4807: 4539:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove 4389:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove 4022: 3946:(Imperial College) in downtown 3558:, new developments were led by 2467:thinkers criticized this idea. 13489:Mekong–Ganga Cooperation (MGC) 13469:Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) 10396: 10216:EAFF E-1 Football Championship 10191:East Asian Football Federation 8600:, The Rosen Publishing Group, 8516:. Cambridge University Press. 8280:Teachings of the Hindu Mystics 7840:North Korea: State of Paranoia 7820:. University of Hawaii Press. 6680:Mohanty, Jitendranath (2000). 6560:Sangave, Dr. Vilas A. (2001). 5780:Indian Philosophy: Metaphysics 5513: 5496: 5483: 5461: 5440: 5410: 5397: 5388: 5003:'s writings on the history of 4655:which is also associated with 4013:gradual Silk road transmission 4005:the East Asian cultural sphere 3121:eternal and uncreated universe 2941:school of Shaivism founded by 2138:world's third-largest religion 13: 1: 12129: 10264:Journal of East Asian Studies 10201:East Asian Judo Championships 10048:East Asia Climate Partnership 9606: 7633:(Leiden: Brill, 2000). p. 44. 7524:Liu, Fenrong (January 2008). 7013:Gunnar Skirbekk, Nils Gilje, 6593:. Indiana: World Wisdom Inc. 6564:. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. 5366: 5125:was deeply influenced by the 5066:, the most famous thinker of 4826:, described by the regime as 3940:One of the main halls of the 3804:Parliament of World Religions 3258:(c. 600 BCE) have been lost. 2994:Heterodox or Śramaṇic schools 2922:in the post-medieval period. 2641:), which are indestructible ( 2588:(comparison and analogy) and 2128:of "daily morality" based on 135:Unity of knowledge and action 30:For the album by Apathy, see 12702:Middle East and North Africa 11918:Ordinary language philosophy 10409: 10287:Horses in East Asian warfare 9830:other ethnic groups in China 8667:, Cambridge University Press 8206:, Cambridge University Press 7944:Journal of East-West Thought 7578:Worlds Together Worlds Apart 7550:Willman, Marshall D (2023). 6813:, pp. 3–7; English version: 6747:Jainism Today and Its Future 5978:he Sociology of Philosophies 5448:India's Agony over religion 5446:Larson, Gerald James (1995) 5148: 4761:(1926–1989) saw the rise of 4588: 4584:Modern East Asian philosophy 4011:(206 BCE–220 CE), through a 3882:Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya 2621: 7: 13080:Northern and southern China 11968:Contemporary utilitarianism 11883:Internalism and externalism 8594:Narayanan, Vasudha (2009), 8366:. Oxford University Press. 8204:An Introduction to Hinduism 8171:Havens, Thomas R.H. (1970). 7912:. Uni Mainz. Archived from 7599:Taoism and Chinese Religion 6809:Original Sanskrit version: 6682:Classical Indian Philosophy 5816:Stephen H Phillips (2013). 5351:or renouncer traditions of 5193: 5100:its official party ideology 5014:in 1911 and the end of the 4733:(1868–1912), the modernist 4726:("sorrow at evanescence"). 4690: 4475:is considered the founder. 4212: 3590:, defended by figures like 3511:promoted a complex form of 3385:begins with the thought of 3094: 2570:traditionally accepts four 2443:(c. 320–540 CE), while the 2156: 2059: 152:Theory of Evil Human Nature 140:Theory of Good Human Nature 10: 13853: 11232:Svatantrika and Prasangika 10871: 10341:Needham Research Institute 10249:East Asia Image Collection 10244:East Asian Economic Review 9679: 9471:Asia and the Pacific Group 8531:Swamiji Iraianban (1997). 8425:Lockard, Craig A. (2007), 8182: 8138:Philosophy East & West 7980:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/. 7807:Motoori, Norinaga (2007). 7789:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/. 7772:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/. 7755:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/. 7738:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/. 7721:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/. 7704:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/. 7679:Chan, Alan, "Neo-Daoism", 7670:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/. 6826:Bhattacharya, Ramkrishna. 6456:, pp. 19, 21–25, 150–152; 5200:Eastern ethics in business 5092:People's Republic of China 5072:Chinese Marxist philosophy 5068:Chinese Marxist Philosophy 4837: 4811: 4441:through external alchemy ( 4394: 4336:survival through farming, 4026: 3973:Hundred Schools of Thought 3954: 3917: 3853: 3717: 3609: 3495:developed the theories of 3335: 3261: 3206: 2997: 2805: 2782:, which was also known as 2709: 2692:) added one more category 2629:is a naturalist school of 2052:philosophical traditions ( 2016: 2010: 73:Hundred Schools of Thought 36: 32:Eastern Philosophy (album) 29: 13766: 13733: 13676: 13626: 13619: 13595: 13538:Countries by average wage 13533: 13529: 13520: 13441: 13386: 13382: 13373: 13332: 13250: 13190: 13152: 13129: 13099: 13090: 13050: 12970: 12754: 12663: 12654: 12614:Countries and territories 12587: 12583: 12574: 12549: 12513: 12504: 12426: 12378: 12278: 12240: 12187: 12154: 12145: 12141: 12124: 12074: 11986: 11824: 11815: 11748: 11531: 11522: 11500: 11455: 11397: 11349: 11303: 11294: 11257: 11128: 10993: 10940: 10931: 10881: 10877: 10866: 10805: 10777: 10734: 10686: 10643: 10596: 10568: 10520: 10492: 10454:Philosophy of mathematics 10444:Philosophy of information 10419: 10415: 10404: 10331: 10277: 10224: 10176: 10138: 10120:Human rights in East Asia 10071: 10038: 10005:Sino-Xenic pronunciations 9850: 9690: 9614: 9476:Asia Cooperation Dialogue 9441: 9207:Southern/Eastern/Northern 9182: 9087: 8909: 8860:Asian and Pacific Theatre 8817: 8776: 8663:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), 8296:Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007), 8194:, Oxford University Press 7190:10.1007/s11407-012-9133-z 6931:World Religions Project, 6837:. Retrieved 27 July 2012. 6750:. München: Manya Verlag. 6161:Maas, Philipp A. (2006). 5345:Indus Valley civilisation 4856: 4612:), Buddhism, Daoism, and 4439:attainment of immortality 4378: 4274: 4236:through the power of the 3860:The political thought of 3720:Sikh religious philosophy 3663:(1906–2005), Zen scholar 3655:, the Chinese modernists 3311: 2902:(qualified non-dualism), 2124:, and a wide spectrum of 2074:Indus Valley civilization 2057: 1987:), which are dominant in 1634:Middle Eastern philosophy 365:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 39:Middle Eastern philosophy 12756:Intracontinental regions 12665:Transcontinental regions 8555:A dictionary of Hinduism 8537:. Abhinav Publications. 8331:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 8218:. John Wiley & Sons. 8122:Philosophy East and West 7940:"Zen in Heidegger's Way" 7526:"A Note on Mohist Logic" 7443:19 November 2017 at the 7308:Ebrey, Patricia (2010). 7042:25 February 2021 at the 6615:Warren, Herbert (2001). 5975:Randall Collins (2009). 5327:Among its roots are the 5268: 5172:definition of philosophy 4848:Intercultural philosophy 4445:) and internal alchemy ( 4138:led by thinkers such as 4134:(1392–1897) a resurgent 3886:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 3778:Modern Indian philosophy 3768:Three Pillars of Sikhism 3131:, and morality based on 3129:multiple facets of truth 2961:(recognition) school of 2951:, a school of dualistic 2925: 2534: 2455:whose major text is the 37:Not to be confused with 13031:Maritime Southeast Asia 13026:Mainland Southeast Asia 11923:Postanalytic philosophy 11864:Experimental philosophy 10206:East Asian martial arts 10153:Archaeological cultures 8534:Ambrosia of Thirukkural 8393:Kamil Zvelebil (1973), 8334:, Infobase Publishing, 8243:Gomez, Luis O. (2013), 8229:, Dorrance Publishing, 8223:Georgis, Faris (2010), 8059:16 October 2013 at the 7424:12 January 2021 at the 7094:6 December 2022 at the 6428:6 December 2022 at the 6098:Nicholson, pp. 158–162. 5777:Roy W. Perrett (2001). 5076:Chinese Communist Party 5051:, who was a student of 4685:New Confucian Manifesto 4391:, embroidery, 1860–1880 3914:East Asian philosophies 3814:and their contact with 3527:philosophy and debate. 3507:(c. 480–540) school of 3501:transcendental idealism 1943:) includes the various 13543:Countries by GDP (PPP) 13306:Philippine Archipelago 13277:Indonesian Archipelago 12972:Continental subregions 12056:Social constructionism 11068:Hellenistic philosophy 10484:Theoretical philosophy 10459:Philosophy of religion 10449:Philosophy of language 10333:Science and technology 10317:The Book of Five Rings 10211:East Asian Youth Games 8887:Middle Eastern Theatre 8865:Middle Eastern Theatre 8784:Cradle of civilization 8552:W. J. Johnson (2009). 8477:P.S. Sundaram (1990). 8399:, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 8084:Transaction Publishers 8080:Piscataway, New Jersey 7063:Dreyfus, Georges B.J. 6811:Sarva-darsana-sangraha 6658:. Saint Mary's Press. 6491:, pp. 237–240, 247–249 6040:Wendy Doniger (2014). 5939:Swamiji Iraianban 1997 5843:Arvind Sharma (1982). 4802:original enlightenment 4739:European enlightenment 4703: 4601: 4392: 4365:philosophy of language 4160:scholar-official class 4154:were the basis of the 4040: 3951: 3845:Hindu reform movements 3807: 3632: 3379: 3359: 3242:, and accumulation of 2979:, the mercurial school 2890:The sub-traditions of 2881:(individual soul) and 2822: 2745:philosophy of language 2717:is a school of ritual 2554:) and is based on the 2528:Sāṁkhyapravacana Sūtra 2126:laws and prescriptions 2042: 1857:Aesthetic philosophers 13292:Greater Sunda Islands 13215:Indochinese Peninsula 12439:Philosophy portal 11958:Scientific skepticism 11938:Reformed epistemology 10464:Philosophy of science 9616:Countries and regions 9112:Vietnamese philosophy 8850:Industrial Revolution 8677:The Study of Hinduism 8190:Bowker, John (2000), 8108:20 March 2015 at the 8065:William J. Richardson 7938:David Storey (2012). 7649:18 March 2019 at the 7616:26 April 2015 at the 7471:26 April 2012 at the 7298:, Chinese philosophy. 7266:10.1353/hph.2008.1443 6933:University of Cumbria 6537:Philosophies of India 6331:18 March 2019 at the 5893:, pp. 4333–4334. 5741:Jones & Ryan 2006 5078:revolutionary leader 4955:with the insights of 4698: 4608:), Neo-Confucianism ( 4596: 4454:School of Naturalists 4425:(effortless action), 4386: 4036: 3939: 3932:Vietnamese philosophy 3785: 3677:Neo-Buddhist movement 3623: 3487:philosophers such as 3373: 3353: 3332:Buddhist philosophies 3277:and a major rival of 2828:(meaning "end of the 2813: 2770:(c. 7th century) and 2721:and is known for its 2474:accepts three of six 2294:Mahadeva Punatamakara 2034: 2027:Indonesian philosophy 2017:Further information: 1969:Vietnamese philosophy 1438:Philosophy portal 1366:Philosophy portal 1079:Japanese Confucianism 348:East Asian Mādhyamaka 297:Military and Strategy 13297:Lesser Sunda Islands 13260:Japanese Archipelago 13139:Arabian subcontinent 12883:Greater Central Asia 12607:urban agglomerations 11859:Critical rationalism 11566:Edo neo-Confucianism 11410:Acintya bheda abheda 11389:Renaissance humanism 11100:School of the Sextii 10474:Practical philosophy 10469:Political philosophy 10356:Traditional medicine 10254:East Asia Law Review 10110:East Asian Community 9800:Indigenous Taiwanese 8720:Littlejohn, Ronnie. 8712:3 March 2016 at the 8510:Kaushik Roy (2012). 8480:Kural (Tiruvalluvar) 8431:, Cengage Learning, 8146:23 July 2017 at the 8039:. pp. 193–219. 7838:Paul French (2014). 7490:8 March 2021 at the 7393:8 March 2021 at the 7127:23 June 2014 at the 6927:17 July 2019 at the 6833:4 March 2016 at the 4885:improve this article 4844:Perennial philosophy 4767:Japanese nationalism 4625:Opium war of 1839–42 3856:Hinduism in the West 3849:Theosophical society 3792:Anagarika Dharmapala 3786:From left to right: 3649:Anagarika Dharmapala 3391:early Buddhist texts 3195:in ancient times to 3127:, the theory of the 2843:Principal Upanishads 2676:(particularity) and 2548:sources of knowledge 1882:Philosophers of mind 13391:Heads of government 13200:Anatolian Peninsula 13144:Indian subcontinent 12985:Soviet Central Asia 12764:Anatolia/Asia Minor 12698:Greater Middle East 12688:Mediterranean world 11430:Nimbarka Sampradaya 11341:Korean Confucianism 11088:Academic Skepticism 9781:Khalkha in Mongolia 9142:Buddhist philosophy 9102:Japanese philosophy 8845:Early modern period 8654:Osborne, E (2005), 8463:, Sahitya Akademi, 8360:Knott, Kim (1998). 8054:English translation 7919:on 15 December 2018 7816:3 July 2023 at the 6815:The Charvaka System 6742:Zydenbos, Robert J. 5905:, pp. 156–171. 5903:Kamil Zvelebil 1973 5121:Swiss psychologist 5116:Cultural Revolution 5020:May Fourth Movement 4923:Arthur Schopenhauer 4568:(960–1279) and the 4126:(960–1297) and the 3924:Japanese philosophy 3874:Rabindranath Tagore 3870:Deendayal Upadhyaya 3731:(1469–1539) in the 3708:humanistic Buddhism 3692:Humanistic Buddhism 3641:Humanistic Buddhism 3560:East Asian Yogacara 3556:East Asian Buddhism 3536:East Asian Buddhist 3383:Buddhist philosophy 3338:Buddhist philosophy 3226:, who rejected the 3214:or Lokāyata was an 3020:(non-violence) and 2965:(10th century) and 2887:(empirical world). 2680:(inherence). Later 2286:Raghunatha Siromani 2066:Indian subcontinent 1985:Buddhist philosophy 1961:Japanese philosophy 1947:that originated in 1941:Oriental philosophy 1892:Women in philosophy 1622:Indigenous American 1405:Part of a series on 1228:Korean Confucianism 704:Nāstika (heterodox) 13822:Eastern philosophy 13320:Mergui Archipelago 13242:Shandong Peninsula 13237:Liaodong Peninsula 12732:Indian Ocean world 12722:Indo-Mediterranean 12597:metropolitan areas 12557:Military conflicts 12521:Indian Ocean trade 12051:Post-structuralism 11953:Scientific realism 11908:Quinean naturalism 11888:Logical positivism 11844:Analytical Marxism 11063:Peripatetic school 10975:Chinese naturalism 10502:Aesthetic response 10429:Applied philosophy 10259:East Asian studies 9955:Hip-and-gable roof 9950:Chinese characters 9526:EAEU Customs Union 9456:Arab Customs Union 9378:Oriental Orthodoxy 9152:Islamic philosophy 9122:Iranian philosophy 9097:Chinese philosophy 8707:Eastern Philosophy 8457:Mohan Lal (1992), 6856:Radhakrishnan 1957 6345:Radhakrishnan 2006 6165:. Aachen: Shaker. 6017:, Oxford U. press. 6013:Ganeri, Jonardon. 5418:"Spoken Sanskrit, 5355:, and "popular or 4988:was influenced by 4704: 4602: 4393: 4152:Confucian classics 4041: 3997:School of Yin Yang 3967:begins during the 3965:Chinese philosophy 3952: 3920:Chinese philosophy 3904:Shrimad Rajchandra 3816:Western philosophy 3808: 3700:Vipassana movement 3667:, and the Tibetan 3653:Henry Steel Olcott 3637:Buddhist modernism 3633: 3616:Buddhist modernism 3606:Buddhist modernism 3540:Theravada Buddhist 3474:philosophy of time 3423:(unease). Because 3380: 3374:Monks debating at 3360: 3326:Tattvopaplavasiṃha 3256:Barhaspatya sutras 3201:Shrimad Rajchandra 2945:(≈2nd century CE). 2823: 2398:literature called 2290:Jayarama Pancanana 2096:and the Cambodian 2043: 1957:Chinese philosophy 1933:Eastern philosophy 1585:Eastern philosophy 680:Gangesha Upadhyaya 416:Four Tenets system 57:Eastern philosophy 18:Eastern Philosophy 13807: 13806: 13729: 13728: 13615: 13614: 13611: 13610: 13516: 13515: 13512: 13511: 13442:Intergovernmental 13406:political parties 13369: 13368: 13365: 13364: 13328: 13327: 13272:Malay Archipelago 13232:Leizhou Peninsula 13205:Arabian Peninsula 13177:Mongolian Plateau 13162:Anatolian Plateau 13046: 13045: 12960:Russian Turkestan 12955:Chinese Turkestan 12602:tallest buildings 12570: 12569: 12460: 12459: 12422: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12115: 12112: 12111: 11839:Analytic feminism 11811: 11810: 11773:Kierkegaardianism 11735:Transcendentalism 11695:Neo-scholasticism 11541:Classical Realism 11518: 11517: 11290: 11289: 11105:Neopythagoreanism 10862: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10479:Social philosophy 10364: 10363: 10115:Four Asian Tigers 9574: 9573: 9373:Eastern Orthodoxy 9117:Indian philosophy 9107:Korean philosophy 8901:Post–Cold War era 8716:on Kheper website 8607:978-1-4358-5620-2 8565:978-01-98610-25-0 8544:978-81-7017-346-5 8523:978-1-107-01736-8 8490:978-93-5118-015-9 8483:. Penguin Books. 8470:978-81-260-1221-3 8438:978-0-618-38612-3 8406:978-90-04-03591-1 8373:978-0-19-160645-8 8341:978-0-8160-7564-5 8309:978-1-136-87590-8 8289:978-1-57062-449-0 8256:978-1-136-87590-8 8236:978-1-4349-0951-0 8097:978-1-4128-1537-6 7879:978-9946-0-0822-6 7849:978-1-78032-947-5 7826:978-0-8248-3078-6 7629:Kohn, Livia, ed. 7586:978-0-393-91847-2 7278:Project MUSE 7223:978-0-8264-8772-8 7160:978-0-19-100411-7 7137:978-986-7625-08-3 7104:978-0-19-566329-7 6967:978-1-899579-54-9 6950:978-0-19-964465-0 6910:978-0-8239-3179-8 6873:978-1-84511-625-5 6778:978-81-208-1607-7 6691:978-0-8476-8933-0 6665:978-0-88489-725-5 6628:978-81-242-0037-7 6600:978-1-933316-22-2 6571:978-81-7154-839-2 6546:978-0-691-01758-7 6523:978-81-208-1204-8 6506:978-81-208-1776-0 6489:978-0-19-513483-4 6438:978-0-7914-7336-8 6405:978-0-415-86253-0 6386:(1996), Chapter 3 6382:Peter M. Scharf, 6371:978-0-415-86253-0 6314:978-1-4419-8109-7 6297:978-0-521-12627-4 6280:978-0-19-566207-8 6263:978-0-415-86253-0 6242:978-1-898723-94-3 6225:978-0-7914-3067-5 6205:978-0-7546-3301-3 6188:978-0-691-60441-1 6150:978-81-208-0503-3 6133:978-94-010-5107-1 6053:978-0-19-936008-6 5988:978-0-674-02977-4 5877:978-0-7546-3301-3 5829:978-1-136-51898-0 5790:978-0-8153-3608-2 5531:, pp. 12–13. 5508:978-0-85229-760-5 5205:Eastern religions 5058:The influence of 5029:Wealth of Nations 5012:Xinhai Revolution 4978:The 20th-century 4969:Søren Kierkegaard 4963:, a 20th-century 4917: 4916: 4909: 4794:Critical Buddhism 4397:Taoist philosophy 4292:Spring and Autumn 3928:Korean philosophy 3862:Hindu nationalism 3841:Swami Vivekananda 3796:Swami Vivekananda 3742:Guru Granth Sahib 3562:thinkers such as 3444:), and a certain 3438:personal identity 3430:Four Noble Truths 3371: 3105:mind-body dualism 3087:is essentially a 2310:āstika or nāstika 2257:poet-philosopher 2233:), value system ( 2046:Indian philosophy 2013:Indian philosophy 2007:Indian philosophy 1973:Indian philosophy 1965:Korean philosophy 1930: 1929: 1738: 1737: 1400: 1399: 1026:Japanese Buddhism 995:Pratītyasamutpāda 479:Āstika (orthodox) 421:Rangtong-Shentong 16:(Redirected from 13844: 13782: 13775: 13624: 13623: 13603:Property markets 13568:renewable energy 13548:Countries by HDI 13531: 13530: 13527: 13526: 13384: 13383: 13380: 13379: 13227:Korean Peninsula 13210:Indian Peninsula 13097: 13096: 12950:Afghan Turkestan 12902:Global Southeast 12893:Greater Khorasan 12871:Russian Far East 12844:Greater Mongolia 12661: 12660: 12585: 12584: 12581: 12580: 12511: 12510: 12487: 12480: 12473: 12464: 12463: 12449: 12448: 12437: 12436: 12435: 12152: 12151: 12143: 12142: 12126: 12125: 12016:Frankfurt School 11963:Transactionalism 11913:Normative ethics 11893:Legal positivism 11869:Falsificationism 11854:Consequentialism 11849:Communitarianism 11822: 11821: 11690:New Confucianism 11529: 11528: 11336:Neo-Confucianism 11301: 11300: 11110:Second Sophistic 11095:Middle Platonism 10938: 10937: 10879: 10878: 10868: 10867: 10711:Epiphenomenalism 10578:Consequentialism 10512:Institutionalism 10417: 10416: 10406: 10405: 10391: 10384: 10377: 10368: 10367: 10299:Miyamoto Musashi 10196:East Asian Games 10168:Former countries 10100:East Asia Summit 9930:Chinese knotting 9685: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9578: 9577: 9393:Eastern Churches 9137:Hindu philosophy 8759: 8752: 8745: 8736: 8735: 8731: 8703:at atmajyoti.org 8684: 8668: 8659: 8658:, Folens Limited 8650: 8628:Social Scientist 8622: 8621: 8619: 8590: 8587:Tamil Literature 8581: 8579: 8577: 8548: 8527: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8473: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8292: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8239: 8219: 8207: 8195: 8176: 8169: 8163: 8156: 8150: 8140:56 (4) 618–625. 8131: 8125: 8118: 8112: 8101: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8022: 8016: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7987: 7981: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7918: 7911: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7863: 7854: 7853: 7835: 7829: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7790: 7779: 7773: 7762: 7756: 7745: 7739: 7728: 7722: 7711: 7705: 7694: 7688: 7677: 7671: 7660: 7654: 7640: 7634: 7627: 7621: 7608: 7602: 7595: 7589: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7521: 7515: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7481: 7475: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7447: 7434: 7428: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7384: 7378: 7371: 7365: 7354: 7348: 7337: 7331: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7305: 7299: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7234: 7231: 7225: 7215: 7209: 7198: 7192: 7182: 7176: 7169: 7163: 7146: 7140: 7116: 7107: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7068: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7046: 7033: 7027: 7024: 7018: 7011: 7005: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6987: 6976: 6970: 6959: 6953: 6942: 6936: 6935:, United Kingdom 6919: 6913: 6902: 6896: 6885: 6876: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6838: 6824: 6818: 6807: 6801: 6790: 6781: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6587:Oldmeadow, Harry 6583: 6577: 6575: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6532: 6526: 6515: 6509: 6498: 6492: 6481: 6475: 6467: 6461: 6447: 6441: 6414: 6408: 6393: 6387: 6380: 6374: 6359: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6323: 6317: 6306: 6300: 6289: 6283: 6272: 6266: 6251: 6245: 6234: 6228: 6217: 6208: 6197: 6191: 6180: 6174: 6159: 6153: 6142: 6136: 6122: 6116: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6090: 6079: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6037: 6031: 6024: 6018: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5927:Kaushik Roy 2012 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5860: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5743:, p. xviii. 5738: 5732: 5729:Hiltebeitel 2007 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5664: 5661:Hiltebeitel 2007 5658: 5652: 5646: 5637: 5631: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5543:, pp. 1–17. 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5511: 5500: 5494: 5489:Jainism by Mrs. 5487: 5481: 5465: 5459: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5414: 5408: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5377: 5360: 5357:local traditions 5353:north-east India 5325: 5319: 5316:Hiltebeitel 2007 5313: 5307: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5236: 5235: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5163:Martin Heidegger 4940:interested him. 4912: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4869: 4861: 4757:and values. The 4755:Japanese culture 4751:Fukuzawa Yukichi 4720:Motoori Norinaga 4700:Fukuzawa Yukichi 4657:New Conservatism 4653:Republican China 4641:New Confucianism 4578:Chinese Buddhism 4554:Shangqing school 4203:Overseas Chinese 4164:New Confucianism 4142:(1130–1200) and 4136:Neo-Confucianism 4116:Neo-Confucianism 4001:Chinese Buddhism 3900:Champat Rai Jain 3704:Engaged Buddhism 3696:Secular Buddhism 3659:(1890–1947) and 3645:Western Buddhism 3532:Tibetan Buddhist 3525:Tibetan Buddhist 3395:Buddhist schools 3372: 3346:Tibetan Buddhism 3275:Śramaṇa movement 3169:Indian religions 3097: 3010:Śramaṇa movement 2688:and Udayana and 2525:As shown by the 2428:Sāmkhya and Yoga 2333:Hindu philosophy 2304:Orthodox schools 2247:Kural literature 2159: 2122:other traditions 2094:Srivijaya empire 2063: 2062: 2023:Hindu philosophy 1977:Hindu philosophy 1937:Asian philosophy 1922: 1915: 1908: 1627:Aztec philosophy 1506:Ancient Egyptian 1488: 1487: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1421: 1402: 1401: 1392: 1385: 1378: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1342:Minjung theology 1122:Motoori Norinaga 801:Ātman (Buddhism) 796:Ātman (Hinduism) 722:Kashmir Shaivism 487:Vedic philosophy 372:Tibetan Buddhism 191:New Confucianism 166:Neo Confucianism 160: 148: 44: 43: 21: 13852: 13851: 13847: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13842: 13841: 13837:Eastern culture 13832:History of Asia 13827:Culture of Asia 13812: 13811: 13808: 13803: 13785: 13778: 13771: 13762: 13758:Pacific Century 13746:Chinese Century 13725: 13672: 13656:Life expectancy 13607: 13591: 13585:high-speed rail 13558:Stock exchanges 13508: 13437: 13361: 13324: 13311:Visayan Islands 13246: 13220:Malay Peninsula 13186: 13182:Tibetan Plateau 13172:Iranian Plateau 13148: 13125: 13101:Supercontinents 13086: 13042: 12966: 12923:Southern Levant 12837:Outer Manchuria 12832:Northeast China 12750: 12650: 12566: 12545: 12500: 12491: 12461: 12456: 12433: 12431: 12410: 12374: 12274: 12236: 12183: 12137: 12136: 12108: 12097:Russian cosmism 12070: 12066:Western Marxism 12031:New Historicism 11996:Critical theory 11982: 11978:Wittgensteinian 11874:Foundationalism 11807: 11744: 11725:Social contract 11581:Foundationalism 11514: 11496: 11480:Illuminationism 11465:Aristotelianism 11451: 11440:Vishishtadvaita 11393: 11345: 11286: 11253: 11124: 11053:Megarian school 11048:Eretrian school 10989: 10950:Agriculturalism 10927: 10873: 10854: 10801: 10773: 10730: 10682: 10639: 10623:Incompatibilism 10592: 10564: 10516: 10488: 10411: 10400: 10395: 10365: 10360: 10327: 10273: 10220: 10172: 10134: 10130:Stock exchanges 10067: 10034: 9846: 9686: 9677: 9610: 9605: 9575: 9570: 9443: 9437: 9178: 9147:Jain philosophy 9127:Buddhist ethics 9083: 8905: 8872:Interwar period 8825:Ancient history 8813: 8772: 8763: 8714:Wayback Machine 8692: 8687: 8640:10.2307/3518337 8617: 8615: 8608: 8575: 8573: 8566: 8545: 8524: 8500: 8498: 8491: 8471: 8448: 8446: 8439: 8416: 8414: 8407: 8383: 8381: 8374: 8351: 8349: 8342: 8319: 8317: 8310: 8290: 8266: 8264: 8257: 8237: 8200:Flood, Gavin D. 8185: 8180: 8179: 8170: 8166: 8160:Zhongguo Zhexue 8157: 8153: 8148:Wayback Machine 8132: 8128: 8124:51 (3) 393–413. 8119: 8115: 8110:Wayback Machine 8098: 8072:, ed. (2010) . 8070:Sheehan, Thomas 8061:Wayback Machine 8046: 8044: 8023: 8019: 8014: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7989: 7988: 7984: 7971: 7967: 7957: 7955: 7936: 7932: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7909: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7880: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7836: 7832: 7818:Wayback Machine 7806: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7780: 7776: 7763: 7759: 7746: 7742: 7729: 7725: 7712: 7708: 7695: 7691: 7678: 7674: 7661: 7657: 7651:Wayback Machine 7641: 7637: 7631:Daoism Handbook 7628: 7624: 7618:Wayback Machine 7609: 7605: 7597:Henri Maspero, 7596: 7592: 7575: 7571: 7561: 7559: 7548: 7544: 7534: 7532: 7522: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7492:Wayback Machine 7482: 7478: 7473:Wayback Machine 7463: 7459: 7454: 7450: 7445:Wayback Machine 7435: 7431: 7426:Wayback Machine 7416: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7395:Wayback Machine 7385: 7381: 7372: 7368: 7355: 7351: 7338: 7334: 7321: 7317: 7306: 7302: 7293: 7289: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7216: 7212: 7199: 7195: 7183: 7179: 7170: 7166: 7147: 7143: 7129:Wayback Machine 7117: 7110: 7096:Wayback 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5901: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5862: 5857: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5791: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5751: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5727: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5703: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5676: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5640: 5632: 5625: 5621:, p. xiii. 5617: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5501: 5497: 5488: 5484: 5466: 5462: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5210: 5196: 5151: 5102:which it calls 4998:phenomenologist 4990:German Idealism 4961:Watsuji Tetsurô 4913: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4882: 4870: 4859: 4854: 4836: 4816: 4810: 4782:Keiji Nishitani 4693: 4643:(Chinese: 新儒家; 4591: 4586: 4570:Quanzhen School 4560:(618–907), the 4431:(naturalness), 4399: 4381: 4357:School of Names 4277: 4215: 4171:cultural sphere 4031: 4025: 3993:School of Names 3957: 3934: 3918:Main articles: 3916: 3896:Virchand Gandhi 3858: 3829:Advaita Vedanta 3810:In response to 3788:Virchand Gandhi 3780: 3722: 3716: 3714:Sikh philosophy 3618: 3610:Main articles: 3608: 3362: 3348: 3342:Buddhist ethics 3336:Main articles: 3334: 3322:Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa 3314: 3271:Makkhali Gosala 3269:was founded by 3264: 3209: 3101:Vedic tradition 3057:Jain philosophy 3054: 3052:Jain philosophy 3002: 2996: 2949:Śaiva Siddhānta 2928: 2912:bhakti movement 2906:(dualism), and 2900:Vishishtadvaita 2898:(non-dualism), 2808: 2772:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 2712: 2624: 2537: 2430: 2396:epistemological 2306: 2162:, "the eternal 2157:Sanātana Dharma 2150:oldest religion 2120:among numerous 2029: 2015: 2009: 1981:Jain philosophy 1926: 1897: 1896: 1862:Epistemologists 1852: 1851: 1840: 1839: 1776: 1752: 1751: 1740: 1739: 1485: 1484: 1473: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1396: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1337: 1324: 1320: 1307: 1288: 1235: 1231: 1180: 1177:Korean Buddhism 1173: 1167: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1146: 1138: 1130: 1117: 1082: 1029: 1022: 1016: 1006: 1005: 1004: 965: 916: 903: 883: 806:Ātman (Jainism) 778: 765: 747: 707: 692: 675: 642: 625: 589:Sri Vaishnavism 550: 533: 491: 482: 474: 464: 463: 462: 448: 375: 314: 299: 286: 266: 241: 218: 214: 194: 169: 154: 142: 105: 87: 83: 76: 68: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13850: 13840: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13805: 13804: 13802: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13784: 13783: 13776: 13768: 13767: 13764: 13763: 13761: 13760: 13755: 13754: 13753: 13751:Indian Century 13748: 13737: 13735: 13731: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13682: 13680: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13670: 13669: 13668: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13627: 13621: 13617: 13616: 13613: 13612: 13609: 13608: 13606: 13605: 13599: 13597: 13593: 13592: 13590: 13589: 13588: 13587: 13582: 13572: 13571: 13570: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13534: 13524: 13518: 13517: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13445: 13443: 13439: 13438: 13436: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13409: 13408: 13398: 13396:Heads of state 13393: 13387: 13377: 13371: 13370: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13338: 13336: 13330: 13329: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13322: 13317: 13316: 13315: 13314: 13313: 13303: 13302: 13301: 13300: 13299: 13294: 13284: 13282:Maluku Islands 13269: 13268: 13267: 13265:Ryukyu Islands 13256: 13254: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13223: 13222: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13196: 13194: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13167:Deccan Plateau 13164: 13158: 13156: 13150: 13149: 13147: 13146: 13141: 13135: 13133: 13127: 13126: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13121: 13116: 13105: 13103: 13094: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13082: 13077: 13067: 13062: 13056: 13054: 13048: 13047: 13044: 13043: 13041: 13040: 13035: 13034: 13033: 13028: 13021:Southeast Asia 13018: 13017: 13016: 13006: 13001: 13000: 12999: 12997:Northeast Asia 12989: 12988: 12987: 12976: 12974: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12964: 12963: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12942: 12940:South Caucasus 12937: 12932: 12927: 12926: 12925: 12911: 12910: 12909: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12885: 12875: 12874: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12857: 12856: 12851: 12849:Inner Mongolia 12841: 12840: 12839: 12834: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12813: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12778: 12777: 12776: 12766: 12760: 12758: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12745: 12744: 12734: 12724: 12719: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12713: 12690: 12680: 12675: 12669: 12667: 12658: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12626:Extreme points 12623: 12622: 12621: 12611: 12610: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12588: 12578: 12572: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12559: 12553: 12551: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12543: 12538: 12536:Decolonisation 12533: 12528: 12523: 12517: 12515: 12508: 12502: 12501: 12490: 12489: 12482: 12475: 12467: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12454: 12442: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12420: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12382: 12380: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12295: 12290: 12284: 12282: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12246: 12244: 12242:Middle Eastern 12238: 12237: 12235: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12193: 12191: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12160: 12158: 12149: 12139: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12130: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12110: 12109: 12107: 12106: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12078: 12076: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12006:Existentialism 12003: 12001:Deconstruction 11998: 11992: 11990: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11834:Applied ethics 11830: 11828: 11819: 11813: 11812: 11809: 11808: 11806: 11805: 11800: 11798:Nietzscheanism 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11758: 11752: 11750: 11746: 11745: 11743: 11742: 11740:Utilitarianism 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11638:Transcendental 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11576:Existentialism 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11532: 11526: 11520: 11519: 11516: 11515: 11513: 11512: 11506: 11504: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11494: 11489: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11461: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11443: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11401: 11399: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11364:Augustinianism 11361: 11355: 11353: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11307: 11305: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11277:Zoroastrianism 11274: 11269: 11263: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11199: 11198: 11197: 11192: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11134: 11132: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11122: 11120:Church Fathers 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11034: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11002: 11000: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10946: 10944: 10935: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10893: 10887: 10885: 10875: 10874: 10864: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10811: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10783: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10740: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10692: 10690: 10684: 10683: 10681: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10649: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10637: 10635:Libertarianism 10632: 10631: 10630: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10608: 10602: 10600: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10574: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10526: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10498: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10439:Metaphilosophy 10436: 10431: 10425: 10423: 10413: 10412: 10402: 10401: 10394: 10393: 10386: 10379: 10371: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10337: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10313: 10310:The Art of War 10306: 10301: 10296: 10289: 10283: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10230: 10228: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10182: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10144: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10081: 10079: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10044: 10042: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10032: 10030:Chinese zodiac 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9935:Chinese dragon 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9895:Blepharoplasty 9892: 9891: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9867: 9862: 9856: 9854: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9837: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9786: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9778: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9719: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9702: 9696: 9694: 9688: 9687: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9643: 9642: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9620: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9604: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9581: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9516:Easternization 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9447: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9435: 9434: 9433: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9399: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9390: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9353: 9352: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9317:Zoroastrianism 9309: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9188: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9132:Islamic ethics 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9093: 9091: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9059: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8973: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8915: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8874: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8852: 8847: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8821: 8819: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8762: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8717: 8704: 8698: 8691: 8690:External links 8688: 8686: 8685: 8673:Sharma, Arvind 8669: 8660: 8651: 8634:(3/4): 19–50, 8623: 8606: 8591: 8582: 8564: 8549: 8543: 8528: 8522: 8507: 8489: 8474: 8469: 8454: 8437: 8422: 8405: 8390: 8372: 8357: 8340: 8325: 8308: 8293: 8288: 8276:Harvey, Andrew 8272: 8255: 8240: 8235: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8164: 8151: 8126: 8113: 8096: 8017: 8008: 7982: 7965: 7950:(4): 113–137. 7930: 7897: 7878: 7855: 7848: 7830: 7800: 7791: 7774: 7757: 7740: 7723: 7706: 7689: 7672: 7655: 7635: 7622: 7603: 7590: 7569: 7542: 7516: 7507: 7495: 7476: 7457: 7448: 7429: 7410: 7398: 7379: 7366: 7349: 7332: 7315: 7300: 7287: 7244: 7235: 7226: 7210: 7193: 7177: 7164: 7141: 7108: 7078: 7069: 7056: 7047: 7028: 7019: 7006: 6997: 6988: 6971: 6954: 6937: 6914: 6897: 6877: 6860: 6848: 6839: 6819: 6802: 6782: 6765: 6733: 6713:(2): 219–235. 6709:. New Series. 6697: 6690: 6672: 6664: 6646: 6627: 6607: 6599: 6578: 6570: 6552: 6545: 6527: 6510: 6493: 6476: 6462: 6454:Hiriyanna 1948 6442: 6417:Coward, Harold 6409: 6388: 6375: 6349: 6337: 6318: 6301: 6284: 6267: 6246: 6229: 6209: 6192: 6175: 6154: 6137: 6117: 6100: 6091: 6071: 6052: 6032: 6019: 6006: 5987: 5967: 5955: 5943: 5931: 5919: 5915:Sundaram, 1990 5907: 5895: 5891:Mohan Lal 1992 5883: 5876: 5855: 5835: 5828: 5808: 5789: 5769: 5757: 5745: 5733: 5721: 5709: 5705:Narayanan 2009 5694: 5682: 5665: 5653: 5651:, p. 193. 5638: 5623: 5611: 5599: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5533: 5521: 5512: 5495: 5482: 5460: 5439: 5409: 5396: 5387: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5329:Vedic religion 5320: 5308: 5284: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5195: 5192: 5150: 5147: 5070:. Maoism is a 5010:Following the 4915: 4914: 4873: 4871: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4835: 4832: 4812:Main article: 4809: 4806: 4778:Kitaro Nishida 4692: 4689: 4633:Zhongti Xiyong 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4562:Lingbao school 4395:Main article: 4380: 4377: 4350:utilitarianism 4346:Will of Heaven 4296:Warring States 4276: 4273: 4214: 4211: 4175:Mainland China 4156:imperial exams 4132:Joseon dynasty 4027:Main article: 4024: 4021: 3956: 3953: 3915: 3912: 3908:Mahatma Gandhi 3866:Mahatma Gandhi 3800:G. Bonet Maury 3779: 3776: 3718:Main article: 3715: 3712: 3685:B. R. Ambedkar 3669:Gendün Chöphel 3607: 3604: 3600:Guifeng Zongmi 3517:Buddhist logic 3387:Gautama Buddha 3376:Sera monastery 3333: 3330: 3313: 3310: 3279:early Buddhism 3263: 3260: 3218:philosophy of 3208: 3205: 3107:, denial of a 3053: 3050: 3034:early Buddhism 3028:movement were 2998:Main article: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2980: 2974: 2956: 2946: 2927: 2924: 2838:Prasthanatrayi 2834:Uttara-Mīmāṃsā 2807: 2804: 2784:Uttara-Mīmāṃsā 2711: 2708: 2672:(generality), 2623: 2620: 2580:(perception), 2536: 2533: 2429: 2426: 2305: 2302: 2269:philosophies. 2108:. It includes 2011:Main article: 2008: 2005: 1993:Southeast Asia 1928: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1877:Metaphysicians 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1805:Metaphilosophy 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1557: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1495: 1494: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1332: 1331: 1318:Modern Thought 1315: 1314: 1300: 1299: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1275:Jeong Yak-yong 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1245:Seo Gyeongdeok 1242: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1187: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1151:Kitaro Nishida 1128:Modern Thought 1125: 1124: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1087:Fujiwara Seika 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 960: 959: 958: 957: 947: 946: 945: 940: 930: 929: 928: 911: 910: 896: 895: 890: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 809: 808: 803: 798: 790: 785: 776:General topics 773: 772: 760: 759: 754: 742: 741: 736: 731: 730: 729: 719: 714: 700: 699: 683: 682: 666: 665: 650: 649: 633: 632: 616: 615: 614: 613: 608: 598: 597: 596: 586: 585: 584: 574: 573: 572: 567: 562: 541: 540: 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 476: 475: 470: 469: 466: 465: 461: 460: 455: 446:General topics 443: 442: 429: 428: 423: 418: 413: 412: 411: 401: 400: 399: 389: 388: 387: 368: 367: 362: 357: 356: 355: 345: 344: 343: 341:Guifeng Zongmi 338: 328: 327: 326: 307: 306: 294: 293: 279: 278: 273: 259: 258: 253: 248: 236: 235: 230: 225: 207: 206: 201: 187: 186: 181: 176: 162: 161: 149: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 100: 99: 94: 70: 69: 64: 63: 60: 59: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13849: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13810: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13781: 13777: 13774: 13770: 13769: 13765: 13759: 13756: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13743: 13742: 13741:Asian Century 13739: 13738: 13736: 13732: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13683: 13681: 13679: 13675: 13667: 13666:ethnic groups 13664: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13628: 13625: 13622: 13618: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13594: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13573: 13569: 13566: 13565: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13535: 13532: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13440: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13407: 13404: 13403: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13388: 13385: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13372: 13358: 13357:Tropical Asia 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13339: 13337: 13335: 13334:Biogeographic 13331: 13321: 13318: 13312: 13309: 13308: 13307: 13304: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13289: 13288: 13287:Sunda Islands 13285: 13283: 13280: 13279: 13278: 13275: 13274: 13273: 13270: 13266: 13263: 13262: 13261: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13221: 13218: 13217: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13193: 13189: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13159: 13157: 13155: 13151: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13136: 13134: 13132: 13131:Subcontinents 13128: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13111: 13110: 13107: 13106: 13104: 13102: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13089: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13053: 13049: 13039: 13036: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13023: 13022: 13019: 13015: 13012: 13011: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12993: 12990: 12986: 12983: 12982: 12981: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12973: 12969: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12947: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12924: 12921: 12920: 12919: 12915: 12912: 12908: 12907:Greater India 12905: 12904: 12903: 12900: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12880: 12879: 12876: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12846: 12845: 12842: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12792: 12791: 12790:Greater China 12788: 12787: 12786: 12782: 12779: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12757: 12753: 12743: 12740: 12739: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12729: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12712: 12708: 12705: 12704: 12703: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12666: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12653: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12620: 12619:by population 12617: 12616: 12615: 12612: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12593: 12590: 12589: 12586: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12573: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12554: 12552: 12548: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12488: 12483: 12481: 12476: 12474: 12469: 12468: 12465: 12453: 12452: 12443: 12441: 12440: 12429: 12428: 12425: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12379:Miscellaneous 12377: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12239: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12157: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12132: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12105: 12104: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12075:Miscellaneous 12073: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12061:Structuralism 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12046:Postmodernism 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12036:Phenomenology 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11973:Vienna Circle 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11903:Moral realism 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11827: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11814: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11747: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11705:Phenomenology 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11645:Individualism 11643: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11609: 11606: 11602: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11533: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11521: 11511: 11510:Judeo-Islamic 11508: 11507: 11505: 11503: 11499: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11486:ʿIlm al-Kalām 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11448: 11445: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11435:Shuddhadvaita 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11396: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11369:Scholasticism 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11293: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11260: 11256: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11203: 11200: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11187: 11186: 11183: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11127: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11007: 11004: 11003: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10930: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10869: 10865: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10820:Conceptualism 10818: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10804: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10776: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10749:Particularism 10747: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10733: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10716:Functionalism 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10701:Eliminativism 10699: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10691: 10689: 10685: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10642: 10636: 10633: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10606:Compatibilism 10604: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10595: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10571: 10567: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10545:Particularism 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10392: 10387: 10385: 10380: 10378: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10334: 10330: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10314: 10312: 10311: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10280: 10276: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10223: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10175: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10141: 10137: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9865:Architecture‎ 9863: 9861: 9860:Age reckoning 9858: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9849: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9735: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9693: 9692:Ethnic groups 9689: 9684: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9644: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9602: 9597: 9595: 9590: 9588: 9583: 9582: 9579: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9440: 9432: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9403: 9400: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9354: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9310: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9273: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9181: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8840:Modern period 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8766:Eastern world 8760: 8755: 8753: 8748: 8746: 8741: 8740: 8737: 8729: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8624: 8613: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8550: 8546: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8519: 8515: 8514: 8508: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8475: 8472: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8455: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8423: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8398: 8397: 8391: 8379: 8375: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8358: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8326: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8302:, Routledge, 8301: 8300: 8294: 8291: 8285: 8282:, Shambhala, 8281: 8277: 8273: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8249:, Routledge, 8248: 8247: 8241: 8238: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8188: 8187: 8174: 8168: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8099: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8042: 8038: 8037: 8032: 8030: 8021: 8012: 7996: 7992: 7986: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7862: 7860: 7851: 7845: 7842:. Zed Books. 7841: 7834: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7804: 7795: 7788: 7784: 7778: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7703: 7699: 7693: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7639: 7632: 7626: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7607: 7600: 7594: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7573: 7557: 7553: 7546: 7531: 7530:Research Gate 7527: 7520: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7461: 7452: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7383: 7376: 7370: 7363: 7362:1-84885-174-X 7359: 7353: 7346: 7345:0-19-804256-6 7342: 7336: 7329: 7328:0-521-64312-0 7325: 7319: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7239: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7207:81-208-3110-1 7204: 7197: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7115: 7113: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7082: 7073: 7066: 7060: 7051: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7032: 7023: 7016: 7010: 7001: 6992: 6985: 6984:81-208-1204-2 6981: 6975: 6969:, pp. 207–208 6968: 6964: 6958: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6918: 6911: 6907: 6901: 6894: 6893:81-208-1204-2 6890: 6884: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6858:, pp. 227–249 6857: 6852: 6843: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6823: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6799: 6798:81-7030-875-5 6795: 6789: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6667: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6611: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6573: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6407:, pp. 443–445 6406: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6385: 6379: 6372: 6368: 6365:, Routledge, 6364: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6347:, pp. 183–186 6346: 6341: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6322: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6265:, pp. 405–407 6264: 6260: 6257:, Routledge, 6256: 6250: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6172: 6171:3-8322-4987-7 6168: 6164: 6158: 6152:, pp. 146–147 6151: 6147: 6141: 6135:, pp. 137–154 6134: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6113:81-208-0779-0 6110: 6104: 6095: 6088: 6087:81-7030-875-5 6084: 6078: 6076: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6036: 6029: 6026:John Bowker, 6023: 6016: 6010: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5971: 5965:, p. 75. 5964: 5959: 5952: 5951:Johnson, 2009 5947: 5941:, p. 13. 5940: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5892: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5858: 5856:9789993624318 5852: 5848: 5847: 5839: 5831: 5825: 5822:. Routledge. 5821: 5820: 5812: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5783:. Routledge. 5782: 5781: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5755:, p. 42. 5754: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5730: 5725: 5719:, p. 52. 5718: 5713: 5707:, p. 11. 5706: 5701: 5699: 5692:, p. 50. 5691: 5686: 5680:, p. 16. 5679: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5663:, p. 12. 5662: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5643: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5567:, p. 62. 5566: 5561: 5555:, p. 31. 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5516: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5478: 5477:1-57731-121-3 5474: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5456:0-7914-2412-X 5453: 5449: 5443: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5413: 5406: 5400: 5391: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5278: 5274: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5227: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5135:synchronicity 5132: 5131:Shang dynasty 5128: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5041:republicanism 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5005:consciousness 5002: 4999: 4995: 4994:integral yoga 4991: 4987: 4986:Sri Aurobindo 4984: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4949:phenomenology 4946: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4911: 4908: 4900: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4874:This section 4872: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798:Buddha-nature 4795: 4791: 4787: 4786:Hajime Tanabe 4783: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4724:mono no aware 4721: 4717: 4713: 4710:) during the 4709: 4701: 4697: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4629:Zhang Zhidong 4626: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4486:Tao-Te-Ching, 4483: 4482: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4469:Five Elements 4466: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4338:fortification 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144:Wang Yangming 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3961:Ancient China 3949: 3945: 3944: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3839:(1772–1833). 3838: 3837:Ram Mohan Roy 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3733:Punjab region 3730: 3726: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3582:, founded by 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3544:Sakya Pandita 3541: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454:phenomenology 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3378:, Tibet, 2013 3377: 3357: 3354:The Buddhist 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240:reincarnation 3237: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3096: 3090: 3089:transtheistic 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022:vegetarianism 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2967:Abhinavagupta 2964: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2855:Bhagavad Gita 2851: 2850: 2849:Brahma Sutras 2845: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760:Mīmāṃsā Sūtra 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2723:hermeneutical 2720: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2660:(substance), 2659: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2584:(inference), 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512:consciousness 2509: 2505: 2501: 2500:consciousness 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441:Samkhyakarika 2438: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2410:Hindu history 2406: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2251:Sangam period 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1935:(also called 1934: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1820:Phenomenology 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1511:Ancient Greek 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1357: 1356: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1281: 1280:Kim Jeong-hui 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1092:Hayashi Razan 1090: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051:Rinzai school 1049: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 967: 966: 964: 956: 953: 952: 951: 948: 944: 941: 939: 936: 935: 934: 931: 927: 924: 923: 922: 919: 918: 917: 915: 909: 906: 905: 904: 902: 901: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 884: 882: 881: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 779: 777: 771: 768: 767: 766: 764: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 748: 746: 740: 737: 735: 732: 728: 727:Abhinavagupta 725: 724: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 708: 706: 705: 698: 695: 694: 693: 691: 690: 689: 681: 678: 677: 676: 674: 673: 672: 664: 661: 660: 659: 658: 657: 656: 648: 645: 644: 643: 641: 640: 639: 631: 628: 627: 626: 624: 623: 622: 612: 609: 607: 604: 603: 602: 599: 595: 592: 591: 590: 587: 583: 580: 579: 578: 575: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 557: 556: 553: 552: 551: 549: 548: 547: 539: 536: 535: 534: 532: 531: 530: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 492: 490: 489: 488: 481: 480: 473: 468: 467: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 449: 447: 441: 438: 437: 436: 435: 434: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 410: 407: 406: 405: 402: 398: 395: 394: 393: 390: 386: 385:Sakya Pandita 383: 382: 381: 378: 377: 376: 374: 373: 366: 363: 361: 358: 354: 351: 350: 349: 346: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 332: 331:Huayan school 329: 325: 322: 321: 320: 317: 316: 315: 313: 312: 305: 302: 301: 300: 298: 292: 289: 288: 287: 285: 284: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 267: 265: 264: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 242: 240: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 219: 217: 213: 212: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 195: 193: 192: 185: 182: 180: 179:Wang Yangming 177: 175: 172: 171: 170: 168: 167: 158: 153: 150: 146: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 106: 104: 98: 95: 93: 90: 89: 88: 86: 82: 81: 75: 74: 67: 62: 61: 58: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 13809: 13710: 13631:Demographics 13433:Pan-Asianism 13418:Human rights 13347:Indo-Pacific 13342:Eastern Asia 13252:Archipelagos 13109:Afro-Eurasia 12980:Central Asia 12888:Greater Iran 12795:China proper 12785:Pacific Asia 12774:South Arabia 12742:Pacific Asia 12727:Indo-Pacific 12673:Asia–Pacific 12656:Geopolitical 12444: 12430: 12188: 12101: 12092:Postcritique 12082:Kyoto School 12041:Posthumanism 12021:Hermeneutics 11876: / 11817:Contemporary 11793:Newtonianism 11756:Cartesianism 11715:Reductionism 11551:Conservatism 11546:Collectivism 11484: 11212:Sarvāstivadā 11190:Anekantavada 11115:Neoplatonism 11083:Epicureanism 11016:Pythagoreans 10955:Confucianism 10921:Contemporary 10911:Early modern 10815:Anti-realism 10769:Universalism 10726:Subjectivism 10522:Epistemology 10315: 10308: 10293:Bansenshūkai 10291: 10058:Rainy season 9984: 9835:unrecognized 9511:Eastern Bloc 9481:Asia Council 9442:Contemporary 9388:Latin Church 9356:Christianity 9285:Confucianism 9157:Collectivism 9088: 9073: 8971:Architecture 8877:World War II 8725: 8676: 8664: 8655: 8631: 8627: 8616:, retrieved 8596: 8586: 8574:. Retrieved 8554: 8533: 8512: 8499:. Retrieved 8479: 8459: 8447:, retrieved 8427: 8415:, retrieved 8395: 8382:. Retrieved 8362: 8350:, retrieved 8330: 8318:, retrieved 8298: 8279: 8265:, retrieved 8245: 8225: 8215: 8212:Flood, Gavin 8203: 8191: 8172: 8167: 8159: 8154: 8137: 8129: 8121: 8116: 8074: 8045:. Retrieved 8034: 8028: 8020: 8011: 7999:. Retrieved 7985: 7968: 7956:. Retrieved 7947: 7943: 7933: 7921:. Retrieved 7914:the original 7900: 7888:. Retrieved 7868: 7839: 7833: 7809: 7803: 7794: 7777: 7760: 7743: 7726: 7709: 7692: 7680: 7675: 7658: 7638: 7630: 7625: 7606: 7598: 7593: 7577: 7572: 7560:. Retrieved 7555: 7545: 7533:. Retrieved 7529: 7519: 7510: 7498: 7479: 7460: 7451: 7432: 7413: 7401: 7382: 7374: 7369: 7364:. pp. 34–36. 7352: 7335: 7330:. pp. 38–47. 7318: 7309: 7303: 7295: 7290: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7238: 7229: 7213: 7196: 7180: 7172: 7167: 7150: 7144: 7120: 7087: 7081: 7072: 7067:. pp. 24–25. 7064: 7059: 7050: 7031: 7022: 7014: 7009: 7000: 6991: 6974: 6957: 6940: 6917: 6900: 6863: 6851: 6842: 6822: 6805: 6800:, pp. xii, 4 6768: 6756:. Retrieved 6746: 6736: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6681: 6675: 6655: 6649: 6637:. Retrieved 6617: 6610: 6590: 6581: 6561: 6555: 6536: 6530: 6525:, pp. 94–103 6513: 6496: 6479: 6471: 6465: 6445: 6421: 6412: 6396: 6391: 6383: 6378: 6362: 6340: 6321: 6304: 6287: 6270: 6254: 6249: 6232: 6195: 6178: 6162: 6157: 6140: 6120: 6103: 6094: 6062:. Retrieved 6042: 6035: 6027: 6022: 6014: 6009: 5997:. Retrieved 5977: 5970: 5963:Pillai, 2015 5958: 5946: 5934: 5922: 5910: 5898: 5886: 5866: 5845: 5838: 5818: 5811: 5799:. Retrieved 5779: 5772: 5767:, p. 9. 5765:Osborne 2005 5760: 5748: 5736: 5731:, p. 3. 5724: 5717:Lockard 2007 5712: 5690:Lockard 2007 5685: 5656: 5636:, p. 5. 5614: 5602: 5590:. Retrieved 5581: 5572: 5565:Georgis 2010 5560: 5548: 5536: 5524: 5515: 5498: 5485: 5468: 5463: 5447: 5442: 5430:. Retrieved 5419: 5412: 5404: 5399: 5390: 5381: 5375: 5333:Vedic period 5331:of the late 5323: 5311: 5304:Lockard 2007 5292:Lockard 2007 5287: 5277: 5183: 5182:(originally 5179: 5175: 5156: 5152: 5120: 5057: 5016:Qing dynasty 5009: 4977: 4957:Zen Buddhism 4945:Kyoto School 4942: 4930: 4921: 4918: 4903: 4897:January 2020 4894: 4883:Please help 4878:verification 4875: 4817: 4808:North Korean 4774:Kyoto School 4771: 4763:State Shinto 4759:Shōwa period 4743:Mori Arinori 4731:Meiji period 4728: 4705: 4681:Zhang Junmai 4648: 4637: 4632: 4622: 4618:Ming dynasty 4613: 4609: 4605: 4603: 4574:Yuan dynasty 4566:Song dynasty 4558:Tang dynasty 4551: 4524: 4517: 4511: 4499: 4495:Nan Hua Jing 4493: 4485: 4479: 4477: 4457: 4451: 4433: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4402: 4400: 4360: 4354: 4345: 4325: 4315: 4307:Taoist canon 4300: 4283: 4278: 4265: 4225: 4216: 4168: 4148:Song dynasty 4128:Ming dynasty 4124:Song dynasty 4120:Tang dynasty 4109: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4075:filial piety 4072: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4044:Confucianism 4042: 4029:Confucianism 4023:Confucianism 3977:Confucianism 3969:Western Zhou 3958: 3941: 3890: 3859: 3833:Brahmo Samaj 3809: 3772:Five Thieves 3761: 3755: 3740: 3723: 3689: 3634: 3529: 3513:epistemology 3478: 3466:epistemology 3415: 3381: 3325: 3315: 3303: 3290: 3287: 3265: 3248:epistemology 3233: 3210: 3185:Tirthankaras 3150: 3125:non-violence 3077:epistemology 3055: 3003: 2959:Pratyabhijña 2929: 2889: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2868: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2833: 2824: 2815:Adi Shankara 2795: 2787: 2783: 2757: 2748: 2730: 2713: 2704:budhyapekṣam 2703: 2699: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668:(activity), 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2625: 2606:Nyāya Sūtras 2604: 2602: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2566: 2557:Nyāya Sūtras 2555: 2551: 2544:epistemology 2538: 2526: 2524: 2495: 2487: 2479: 2472:epistemology 2469: 2431: 2421: 2414:Gupta period 2407: 2399: 2393: 2391:traditions. 2330: 2307: 2271: 2249:of the post- 2239:Arthashastra 2227:epistemology 2168: 2153: 2142:Christianity 2098:Khmer Empire 2082:Gupta Empire 2044: 1955:, including 1945:philosophies 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1849:Philosophers 1757:Epistemology 1584: 1578:South Africa 1533:Contemporary 1482:Philosophies 1334: 1333: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1302: 1301: 1285: 1284: 1240:Chŏng To-jŏn 1232: 1226: 1225: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1143:Kyoto School 1141: 1140: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1112: 1111: 1077: 1076: 1034:Japanese Zen 1024: 1023: 1019: 962: 961: 950:Indian logic 913: 912: 898: 897: 878: 877: 833:Indian logic 818:Anekantavada 775: 774: 762: 761: 744: 743: 734:Pratyabhijna 702: 701: 686: 685: 684: 669: 668: 667: 653: 652: 651: 636: 635: 634: 619: 618: 617: 582:Madhvacharya 570:Adi Shankara 544: 543: 542: 527: 526: 525: 485: 484: 483: 477: 445: 444: 431: 430: 370: 369: 360:Chinese Chan 311:Han Buddhism 309: 308: 296: 295: 281: 280: 261: 260: 238: 237: 215: 209: 208: 189: 188: 164: 163: 115:Filial piety 102: 101: 84: 80:Confucianism 78: 77: 71: 56: 13060:Austronesia 12930:Mesopotamia 12822:Malay world 12737:Pacific Rim 12707:Middle East 12562:Sovereignty 12531:Imperialism 12087:Objectivism 12026:Neo-Marxism 11988:Continental 11898:Meta-ethics 11878:Coherentism 11783:Hegelianism 11720:Rationalism 11680:Natural law 11660:Materialism 11586:Historicism 11556:Determinism 11447:Navya-Nyāya 11222:Sautrāntika 11217:Pudgalavada 11153:Vaisheshika 11006:Presocratic 10906:Renaissance 10845:Physicalism 10830:Materialism 10736:Normativity 10721:Objectivism 10706:Emergentism 10696:Behaviorism 10645:Metaphysics 10611:Determinism 10550:Rationalism 10148:Archaeology 10040:Environment 9905:Calligraphy 9749:in Sakhalin 9705:Han Chinese 9668:South Korea 9663:North Korea 9461:Arab League 9444:integration 9383:Catholicism 9241:Vaishnavism 9015:Esotericism 8882:Pacific War 8855:World War I 8799:Indic world 8794:Sinic world 8777:Foundations 8384:10 February 8103:1st edition 8086:. pp. 8078:. reprint. 8036:Der Spiegel 8001:14 December 7958:14 December 7923:14 December 6508:, pp. 57–77 6458:Grimes 1990 6450:Ranganathan 6125:P Bilimoria 6115:, pp. 25–26 6043:On Hinduism 5870:. Ashgate. 5649:Samuel 2010 5619:Harvey 2001 5607:Bowker 2000 5529:Sharma 2003 5491:N.R. Guseva 5450:SUNY Press 5341:Samuel 2010 5188:Nishi Amane 5159:Eurocentric 5084:proletariat 5045:Sun Yat-Sen 5031:and Mill's 5001:Jean Gebser 4828:Kim Il-Sung 4824:North Korea 4747:Nishi Amane 4673:Mou Zongsan 4665:Fung Youlan 4661:Xiong Shili 4598:Xiong Shili 4564:during the 4556:during the 4481:Dao De Jing 4330:meritocracy 4311:Qin dynasty 4118:during the 4112:Han dynasty 4009:Han dynasty 3820:Neo-Vedanta 3812:colonialism 3735:during the 3665:D.T. Suzuki 3521:Dharmakirti 3273:, it was a 3254:, like the 3224:materialism 3061:metaphysics 2664:(quality), 2457:Yoga sutras 2445:Yoga school 2422:Navya Nyaya 2341:Vaisheshika 2298:Yashovijaya 2282:Navya-Nyāya 2207:metaphysics 2114:Vaishnavism 2086:Brahmanical 1975:(including 1772:Metaphysics 1687:By religion 1543:Continental 1523:Renaissance 1329:Jaegwon Kim 1039:Sōtō school 943:Dharmakirti 688:Vaisheshika 671:Navya-Nyāya 606:Vivekananda 601:Neo-Vedanta 521:Yajnavalkya 204:Mou Zongsan 199:Xiong Shili 155: [ 143: [ 13816:Categories 13711:Philosophy 13701:Literature 13563:Technology 13553:Currencies 13192:Peninsulas 13070:Sinosphere 13065:Indosphere 13014:Subregions 13009:South Asia 13004:North Asia 12878:Inner Asia 12514:Chronology 12386:Amerindian 12293:Australian 12232:Vietnamese 12212:Indonesian 11761:Kantianism 11710:Positivism 11700:Pragmatism 11675:Naturalism 11655:Liberalism 11633:Subjective 11571:Empiricism 11475:Avicennism 11420:Bhedabheda 11304:East Asian 11227:Madhyamaka 11207:Abhidharma 11073:Pyrrhonism 10840:Nominalism 10835:Naturalism 10764:Skepticism 10754:Relativism 10744:Absolutism 10673:Naturalism 10583:Deontology 10555:Skepticism 10540:Naturalism 10530:Empiricism 10494:Aesthetics 10398:Philosophy 10323:Yi Sun-sin 10158:Bronze Age 10095:Capitalism 10020:Typography 10015:Television 9985:Philosophy 9970:Mādhyamaka 9965:Literature 9920:Sinosphere 9840:historical 9172:Philippine 9089:Philosophy 9074:Philosophy 9047:Literature 8618:27 January 8449:27 January 8352:31 October 8320:27 January 8267:27 January 8134:Raud, Rein 7890:31 October 6432:. p. 114. 5753:Gomez 2013 5678:Flood 1996 5634:Knott 1998 5541:Flood 2008 5367:References 5337:Flood 1996 5250:Philosophy 5080:Mao Zedong 5064:Mao Zedong 5053:John Dewey 5033:On Liberty 4932:Upanishads 4838:See also: 4735:Meirokusha 4712:Edo period 4669:Tang Junyi 4649:xīn rú jiā 4600:circa 1960 4492:, and the 4369:definition 4342:statecraft 4264:text, the 4250:Shang Yang 4246:Shen Buhai 4234:government 4205:, such as 3854:See also: 3770:, and the 3737:Mughal Era 3729:Guru Nanak 3706:. Chinese 3673:Dhammapala 3564:Paramartha 3548:Tsongkhapa 3493:Vasubandhu 3481:Abhidharma 3236:liberation 3220:scepticism 3197:Yasovijaya 3189:Kundakunda 3183:and other 3145:liberalism 3133:liberation 3113:omnipotent 2963:Utpaladeva 2908:Bhedabheda 2864:Upanishads 2796:jñanakāṇḍa 2788:karmakāṇḍa 2768:Prabhākara 2719:orthopraxy 2542:school of 2484:perception 2461:Upanishads 2453:liberation 2449:meditation 2381:Vidyaranya 2243:Kama Sutra 2171:Upanishads 2106:South Asia 2078:Common Era 2048:refers to 2040:Sangam era 1989:South Asia 1953:South Asia 1780:Aesthetics 1469:Categories 1411:Philosophy 1250:Yi Eonjeok 1171:Traditions 1107:Ogyū Sorai 1102:Itō Jinsai 1097:Nakae Tōju 1020:Traditions 938:Vasubandhu 921:Madhyamika 914:Traditions 908:The Buddha 888:Haribhadra 858:Nondualism 560:Badarayana 506:Ashtavakra 409:Tsongkhapa 397:Longchenpa 276:Shang Yang 13651:Languages 13641:Etiquette 13636:Education 13575:Transport 13413:Democracy 13401:Elections 13114:Afro-Asia 13038:West Asia 12992:East Asia 12945:Turkestan 12827:Manchuria 12817:Indochina 12711:Near East 12641:Mountains 12576:Geography 12526:Silk Road 12265:Pakistani 12227:Taiwanese 12174:Ethiopian 12147:By region 12133:By region 11948:Scientism 11943:Systemics 11803:Spinozism 11730:Socialism 11665:Modernism 11628:Objective 11536:Anarchism 11470:Averroism 11359:Christian 11311:Neotaoism 11282:Zurvanism 11272:Mithraism 11267:Mazdakism 11038:Cyrenaics 10965:Logicians 10598:Free will 10560:Solipsism 10507:Formalism 10239:CrossAsia 10226:Education 9980:Mythology 9960:Languages 9940:Festivals 9888:Taiwanese 9795:Ryukyuans 9710:subgroups 9629:Hong Kong 9608:East Asia 9329:Abrahamic 9224:Vajrayana 9214:Theravada 9069:Mythology 9042:Languages 8830:Silk Road 8789:Old World 7993:. Iging. 7978:2161-0002 7905:Urs App. 7787:2161-0002 7770:2161-0002 7753:2161-0002 7736:2161-0002 7719:2161-0002 7702:2161-0002 7668:2161-0002 7611:"Zou Yan" 7347:. p. 163. 7274:143889851 7260:(1): 88. 6670:pp. 95–96 6460:, pp. 6–7 6190:, pp. 4–5 6089:, p. xii. 5553:Nath 2001 5300:Dravidian 5262:Mythology 5184:tetsugaku 5168:Rein Raud 5149:Criticism 5139:causality 5123:Carl Jung 5108:took over 5096:socialism 5037:democracy 4973:Heidegger 4935:(primary 4790:Masao Abe 4687:in 1958. 4677:Xu Fuguan 4547:Guo Xiang 4519:Daodejing 4500:Zhuang Zi 4334:pragmatic 4267:Han Feizi 4262:eponymous 4254:Qin state 4207:Singapore 4179:Hong Kong 4068:Xun Kuang 4060:Kǒng Fūzǐ 4056:Confucius 4038:Confucius 3943:Guozijian 3878:Aurobindo 3629:DT Suzuki 3552:Ju Mipham 3489:Nagarjuna 3450:East Asia 3425:ignorance 3407:Sri Lanka 3399:Silk Road 3216:atheistic 3069:cosmology 2977:Raseśvara 2943:Lakulisha 2800:Upaniṣads 2749:prescribe 2741:philology 2690:Śivāditya 2682:Vaiśeṣika 2627:Vaiśeṣika 2622:Vaiśeṣika 2578:Pratyakṣa 2546:explores 2540:The Nyāya 2492:inference 2480:pratyakṣa 2389:Raseśvara 1872:Logicians 1867:Ethicists 1825:Political 1785:Education 1706:Christian 1701:Confucian 1600:Indonesia 1554:By region 1492:By period 1312:Choe Je-u 1270:Bak Jiwon 1000:Emptiness 926:Nagarjuna 647:Patanjali 611:Aurobindo 565:Gaudapada 516:Vashistha 271:Han Feizi 233:Lie Yukou 92:Confucius 13789:Category 13716:Religion 13580:airports 13428:Military 13375:Politics 13154:Plateaus 13092:Physical 13052:Cultural 12854:Mongolia 12810:Xinjiang 12781:Far East 12678:Caucasus 12550:By topic 12541:Cold War 12498:articles 12451:Category 12406:Yugoslav 12396:Romanian 12303:Scottish 12288:American 12217:Japanese 12197:Buddhist 12179:Africana 12169:Egyptian 12011:Feminist 11933:Rawlsian 11928:Quietism 11826:Analytic 11778:Krausism 11685:Nihilism 11650:Kokugaku 11613:Absolute 11608:Idealism 11596:Humanism 11384:Occamism 11351:European 11296:Medieval 11242:Yogacara 11202:Buddhist 11195:Syādvāda 11078:Stoicism 11043:Cynicism 11031:Sophists 11026:Atomists 11021:Eleatics 10960:Legalism 10901:Medieval 10825:Idealism 10779:Ontology 10759:Nihilism 10663:Idealism 10421:Branches 10410:Branches 10346:Printing 10279:Military 10163:Iron Age 10077:Politics 10025:Yogācāra 10010:Surnames 9990:Religion 9900:Buddhism 9878:Japanese 9805:Tibetans 9776:in China 9766:Mongolic 9744:in Japan 9739:in China 9722:Japanese 9658:Mongolia 9639:Mainland 9322:Yazidism 9305:Tengrism 9256:Smartism 9251:Shaktism 9246:Shaivism 9231:Hinduism 9219:Mahayana 9197:Buddhism 9184:Religion 9167:Japanese 9079:Religion 9030:Japanese 9020:Folklore 8998:Buddhist 8988:Calendar 8959:Cyrillic 8919:Alphabet 8894:Cold War 8809:Islamdom 8710:Archived 8675:(2003). 8612:archived 8597:Hinduism 8576:12 March 8570:Archived 8495:Archived 8443:archived 8411:archived 8378:Archived 8346:archived 8314:archived 8278:(2001), 8261:archived 8214:(2008). 8202:(1996), 8144:Archived 8106:Archived 8057:Archived 8041:Archived 7995:Archived 7952:Archived 7884:Archived 7814:Archived 7647:Archived 7614:Archived 7488:Archived 7469:Archived 7441:Archived 7422:Archived 7391:Archived 7125:Archived 7092:Archived 7040:Archived 6952:, p. 654 6925:Archived 6922:Ajivikas 6875:, p. 199 6831:Archived 6780:, p. 67; 6752:Archived 6744:(2006). 6633:Archived 6605:, p. 141 6589:(2007). 6426:Archived 6419:(2008). 6373:, p. 503 6329:Archived 6316:, p. 172 6299:, p. 150 6244:, p. 129 6227:, p. 238 6207:, p. 151 6058:Archived 6030:, p. 259 5993:Archived 5795:Archived 5592:31 March 5586:Archived 5510:, p. 316 5426:Archived 5238:Religion 5226:Hinduism 5194:See also 5112:Legalism 5088:Leninist 4992:and his 4965:Japanese 4927:Hinduism 4820:ideology 4716:Kokugaku 4691:Japanese 4526:Zhuangzi 4467:and the 4465:yin-yang 4456:and the 4238:autocrat 4230:morality 4218:Legalism 4213:Legalism 4048:Kǒngjiào 3981:Legalism 3825:Hinduism 3661:Yin Shun 3568:Xuanzang 3497:Shunyata 3485:Mahayana 3462:ontology 3417:Buddhism 3193:Umasvati 3181:Mahavira 3177:Buddhism 3173:Hinduism 3109:creative 3081:divinity 3073:ontology 3026:Śramaṇic 3006:Śramaṇic 2953:Shaivism 2935:Paśupata 2920:Hinduism 2894:include 2884:Prakriti 2852:and the 2743:and the 2686:Śrīdhara 2678:samavāya 2654:padārtha 2635:paramāṇu 2573:Pramanas 2476:pramanas 2470:Sāmkhya 2403:-sastras 2365:Buddhist 2259:Valluvar 2235:axiology 2231:Pramanas 2203:Ontology 2140:, after 2118:Shaktism 2110:Shaivism 2102:Hinduism 2080:and the 2070:Hinduism 2054:Sanskrit 2036:Valluvar 2019:Hinduism 2001:Mongolia 1830:Religion 1815:Ontology 1795:Language 1749:Branches 1696:Buddhist 1651:American 1573:Ethiopia 1538:Analytic 1518:Medieval 1459:Glossary 1444:Contents 1255:Yi Hwang 1207:Cheontae 1114:Kokugaku 933:Yogacara 900:Buddhism 893:Umaswati 770:Chanakya 757:Valluvar 752:Valluvam 717:Charvaka 594:Ramanuja 263:Legalism 251:Yin yang 228:Zhuangzi 49:a series 47:Part of 13773:Outline 13696:Cuisine 13678:Culture 13620:Society 13596:Markets 13522:Economy 13352:Malesia 13119:Eurasia 13075:Nanyang 12935:Siberia 12631:Islands 12506:History 12401:Russian 12370:Spanish 12365:Slovene 12355:Maltese 12350:Italian 12330:Finland 12298:British 12280:Western 12270:Turkish 12255:Islamic 12250:Iranian 12202:Chinese 12189:Eastern 12156:African 12103:more... 11788:Marxism 11618:British 11561:Dualism 11457:Islamic 11415:Advaita 11405:Vedanta 11379:Scotism 11374:Thomism 11316:Tiantai 11259:Persian 11247:Tibetan 11237:Śūnyatā 11178:Cārvāka 11168:Ājīvika 11163:Mīmāṃsā 11143:Samkhya 11058:Academy 11011:Ionians 10985:Yangism 10942:Chinese 10933:Ancient 10896:Western 10891:Ancient 10850:Realism 10807:Reality 10797:Process 10678:Realism 10658:Dualism 10653:Atomism 10535:Fideism 10304:Sun Tzu 10140:History 10073:Economy 10053:Monsoon 9995:Scripts 9945:Gardens 9915:Cuisine 9873:Chinese 9852:Culture 9815:Uyghurs 9771:Mongols 9734:Koreans 9486:BIMSTEC 9407:Culture 9402:Judaism 9366:Eastern 9361:Culture 9339:Culture 9312:Iranian 9290:Shenism 9268:Jainism 9263:Sikhism 9236:Culture 9202:Culture 9192:Dharmic 9025:Chinese 9010:Cuisine 8993:Chinese 8981:History 8949:Brahmic 8911:Culture 8818:History 8770:culture 8648:3518337 8417:7 March 8183:Sources 8047:14 June 6912:, p. 22 6727:2803303 6618:Jainism 6576:, p. 14 6064:2 March 5999:2 March 5801:2 March 5432:2 March 5420:darzana 5349:Sramana 5347:, the 5212:Portals 5143:I Ching 5127:I Ching 5060:Marxism 5049:Hu Shih 4953:Husserl 4852:New Age 4729:In the 4708:Rangaku 4606:Jingxue 4589:Chinese 4543:Ge Hong 4535:Wang Bi 4508:Xuanxue 4504:Tianshi 4473:Zou Yan 4459:I Ching 4409:Chinese 4361:Míngjiā 4326:jiān ài 4318:Chinese 4258:Han Fei 4199:Vietnam 4064:Mencius 3955:Chinese 3948:Beijing 3892:Jainism 3725:Sikhism 3683:leader 3625:Hu Shih 3580:Tiantai 3509:Pramāṇa 3505:Dignāga 3356:Nalanda 3283:Jainism 3267:Ājīvika 3262:Ājīvika 3252:Cārvāka 3212:Cārvāka 3207:Cārvāka 3165:Samsara 3141:ascetic 3135:of the 3095:Śramaṇa 3085:Jainism 3065:reality 3046:Ājīvika 3038:Cārvāka 3030:Jainism 3000:Śramaṇa 2939:ascetic 2916:Vedānta 2896:Advaita 2892:Vedānta 2872:Brahman 2860:Vedānta 2826:Vedānta 2821:Vedānta 2819:Advaita 2806:Vedānta 2780:Vedānta 2764:Jaimini 2737:mantras 2715:Mīmāṃsā 2710:Mīmāṃsā 2670:sāmānya 2631:atomism 2616:Ishvara 2598:realism 2586:Upamāṇa 2582:Anumāṇa 2552:Pramāṇa 2516:prakṛti 2488:anumāṇa 2465:Sāmkhya 2437:dualist 2433:Sāmkhya 2401:Pramana 2377:Cārvāka 2369:Ajivika 2357:Vedanta 2353:Mīmāṃsā 2345:Samkhya 2318:Brahman 2219:Sunyata 2211:Brahman 2199:pramana 2187:samsara 2173:of the 2090:Jainism 2060:dárśana 2050:ancient 1835:Science 1790:History 1716:Islamic 1676:Russian 1671:Italian 1656:British 1646:Western 1639:Iranian 1615:Vietnam 1590:Chinese 1563:African 1501:Ancient 1464:History 1449:Outline 1322:Persons 1304:Donghak 1233:Persons 1202:Uicheon 1135:Statism 1065:Shingon 990:Nirvana 955:Dignāga 880:Jainism 868:Pramana 863:Samadhi 823:Brahman 788:Atomism 712:Ājīvika 621:Samkhya 555:Advaita 546:Vedanta 538:Jaimini 529:Mimamsa 496:Agastya 392:Nyingma 319:Tientai 304:Sun Tzu 216:Persons 97:Mencius 85:Persons 13794:Portal 13734:Future 13691:Cinema 13661:People 13646:Health 12914:Levant 12800:Taiwan 12769:Arabia 12693:MENASA 12646:Rivers 12592:Cities 12496: 12360:Polish 12340:German 12335:French 12320:Danish 12310:Canada 12260:Jewish 12222:Korean 12207:Indian 11749:People 11670:Monism 11623:German 11591:Holism 11524:Modern 11502:Jewish 11425:Dvaita 11398:Indian 11321:Huayan 11173:Ajñana 11130:Indian 10995:Greco- 10980:Taoism 10970:Mohism 10916:Modern 10883:By era 10872:By era 10787:Action 10668:Monism 10588:Virtue 10570:Ethics 10351:Swords 10178:Sports 9910:Cinema 9883:Korean 9825:Zhuang 9756:Manchu 9727:Yamato 9673:Taiwan 9651:Ryukyu 9424:Baháʼí 9414:Bábism 9295:Shinto 9280:Taoism 9162:Values 9035:Korean 8954:Arabic 8939:Hangul 8646: 8604: 8562: 8541: 8520: 8501:7 July 8487: 8467: 8435: 8403: 8370: 8338: 8306: 8286: 8253: 8233: 8094: 7976: 7876: 7846: 7824: 7785: 7768: 7751: 7734: 7717: 7700: 7666: 7584: 7360: 7343: 7326: 7282:229758 7280: 7272: 7221: 7205: 7158: 7135: 7102: 6982: 6965: 6948: 6908: 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