2218:
described as pre-voiced aspirated clicks.) For the clicks with delayed aspiration, the aspiration is quite long, starting out weak and increasing in intensity with time (unlike the aspiration of the simple aspirated clicks, which starts out strong and decreases in intensity). When the click is in utterance-initial position, there is no voicing in the hold or in the aspiration. However, when the click occurs after a vowel, it is nasal throughout the hold, ending just before the release, but with voicing continuing though the release and throughout the aspiration: vs . The preglottalized clicks have a much shorter voice lead (negative VOT) than the plain nasal clicks, sometimes hardly audible.
339:
595:
combinations are found: a word may have a mid tone or go up or down between adjacent tones, but L.H and H.L are not attested, and the only falling tone is ML. All syllable-final tones in
Gerlach's data are falling, perhaps an effect of utterance-final prosody. The system is very similar to that of Gǀui, Gerlach's analysis was based on data from a single speaker who speaks more Gǀui than ǂʼAmkoe and who lacks ǂʼAmkoe consonants not found in Gǀui, so it's not clear that the results are representative of ǂʼAmkoe as a whole.
2199:'to stink'. It has not been reported from ǂHoan, but this is likely to have been an oversight. The ejective clicks are not prenasalized between vowels, while the glottalized clicks, and clicks with delayed aspiration, are. Voicing of the voiced uvular clicks is variable. They are sporadically prenasalized, even in initial position, which many investigators believe is due to the difficulty of maintaining the voicing.
1401:, and some or all of the gaps below are likely to be accidental as well. This is especially so considering that the pre-voiced clicks are attested from only a single speaker, for whom extensive data is not available, and that the delayed-aspirated series has not been reported from ǂHoan.) Gerlach (2015) finds the following inventory, considering Nǃaqriaxe and ǂHoan dialects:
1397:), depending on the speaker. As with non-clicks, the difference is in whether the speaker retains pre-voiced clicks like those found in the Ju languages and Taa. The result is 68 to 77 click consonants. (Theoretically, the numbers may be 70 and 95, as several clicks shown here were unattested in Gerlach 2012 but have since proven to be
582:
In words of the shape CVV, attested vowel sequences (considering only vowel quality) are aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ai, ui, eo, oa, ua. Basically, vowel one is normally /a/ or /o/; an /o/ becomes /u/ before a high vowel two (such as /i/), while an /a/ becomes /e/ or /i/ consonant one is dental/palatal or if
547:
vowels occur after aspirated consonants and with some speakers at the ends of utterances. Neither case is phonemic. They may also occur on some words with low tone. Not all words with low tone are attested with breathy vowels, but the feature does not appear to be distinctive (there are no minimal
630:
and to previous accounts, is used by most speakers, including those who speak more Gǀui than ǂʼAmkoe. A larger inventory is believed to be more conservative, with pre-voiced consonants cognate to those of the related Ju languages and therefore perhaps dating back to proto-Kxʼa, but lost under Gǀui
606:
or glottalized consonant, and mid at the level of low. (However, the endpoint of low>mid tone does not change, and so effectively becomes low>high.) Aspirated consonants (and especially delayed-aspirated clicks) have an additional depressive effect at the beginning of the tone, so that they
470:
All Nǃaqriaxe speakers are bilingual in Gǀui, with some
Kgalagadi as well. ǂHoan speakers are bilingual in Kgalagadi, and Sasi speakers in the Ngwato dialect of Tswana. The ǂʼAmkoe language shows evidence that it previously had extensive contact with Taa. Superimposed on this are Gǀui features
2217:
is not as long as that of the glottalized clicks. With the voiced aspirated clicks, the aspiration is generally voiced throughout, but voicing decreases during the hold of the click, and the release itself is voiceless, unlike the release of modally voiced clicks. (That is, these are better
594:
in ǂʼAmkoe shows acoustic characteristics of both neighbouring consonants and vowel phonation. Gerlach (2015) analyzes Nǃaqriaxe as having three phonemic tones: low (L), mid (M), and high (H). Monosyllabic words with CVV, CVN shapes have two tones. In disyllabic words of CV.CV shape, six tone
398:
There are some phonological differences between the Nǃaqriaxe spoken around Dutlwe and that spoken around
Motokwe and Khekhenye. Sasi is a "mutually intelligible language" with differences in phonology and lexicon. There have been no systematic studies of Sasi, in 2015, Collins was engaged in
1357:
The palatal series, which is most developed in ǂHȍã dialect, derive historically from dental consonants. This appears to be a regional influence from Gǀui, where it has also happened in some dialects more than other. Among ǂʼAmkoe dialects, there has been no palatalization in Sisa
543:) occur only as V1. A vowel at V1 will be phonetically nasalized if V2 is nasal, though combinations of glottalized or pharyngealized plus nasalized vowels are not common. Some speakers glottalize pharyngeal vowels, but inconsistently, and it does not appear to be distinctive.
491:, and some of the sounds of ǂʼAmkoe appear to have been borrowed from Gǀui. On the other hand, the moribund state of the language is apparent in its phonology, and sounds not found in Gǀui appear to have been lost by many of the remaining speakers.
1252:
The shaded consonants have a voiced hold and voiceless release, . Gerlach (2015) analyses the change of voicing as being a phonetic detail due to the nature of the release rather than being phonemically prevoiced. The post-alveolar affricates
340:
2230:
is typically of the shapes CVV (69% in Nǃaqriaxe dialect), CVN (8%), or CVCV (22%, often loans from Gǀui), with two tone-bearing units. (Only 1% of words are CVCVCV, CVVCV, CVVVCV, and other complex patterns.) The N may only be
279:
and severely endangered. There are only a few dozen native speakers, most born before 1960 (one Sasi speaker was born in 1971, one Nǃaqriaxe speaker in 1969), many of whom no longer speak the language fluently. The
2584:
Gruber, Jeffrey S. 1975. Plural
Predicates in ǂHòã. In Bushman and Hottentot Linguistic Studies, A.S.I. Communication 2, ed. Anthony Traill, 1-50. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg: African Studies
610:
Collins (2012) describes six word tones for ǂHȍã dialect: extra high, high-mid (high level), mid-ow (mid level), high-low, low-mid, and low level. The extra high tones mostly occurs on high vowels,
2589:
Gruber, Jeffrey S. (1975). Bushman
Languages of the Kalahari: ǂHòã - Vocabulary -Stems, ǂHòã - Vocabulary - Recorded Utterances (Report). Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Humanities.
1261:
etc.) in Nǃaqriaxe dialect. They are probably an old distinction that's been lost in Nǃaqriaxe. Where they do occur, they may be alveolo-palatal (, etc.), depending on speaker and location.
2376:. Second, there is a system of verbal compounds. Third, there is a general-purpose preposition (referred to as the "linker" in Collins 2003) which appears between post-verbal constituents.
607:
are phonetically rising; the contour, however, is a sharp rise at the beginning, rather than the slow descent with a sharp rise at the end of the phonemically rising tones.
399:
fieldwork. The East and West populations had no knowledge of each other, but when brought together in 1996, they were able to communicate, and found the differences amusing.
1285:
was reported by Gruber (1975) from a word or two in ǂHoan dialect, but could not be confirmed in Nǃaqriaxe, and cross-linguistic comparison gives reason to believe that
642:
are as follows. Those in parentheses are only found in loan words. Those with a shaded background are only used by speakers
Gerlach (2015) believes are conservative:
1335:
is rare, and may be restricted to loans (this is not yet clear). Glottal stop could be argued to be epenthetic on an onsetless syllable rather than phonemic.
2372:ǂHõã grammar is characterized by a number of features common to the Kxʼa and Tuu languages. First there is an intricate system of nominal plurality and verbal
2461:
Gerlach, Linda, 2012. "Two speakers, two systems: phonetic or phonological variation in ǂHoan", Beiträge
Sommersemester 2012, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
2329:
are rare. Thus there is a strong tendency for some consonants to mark the beginning of a lexical word, and for others to start grammatical words. (Though
631:
influence as the language became moribund. (These additional consonants are shaded in the table below.) Similar consonants are found in the neighboring
618:
effect. Given that
Collins did not control for initial consonants in his analysis, his description is consistent with Gerlach's for Nǃaqriaxe dialect.
626:
Gerlach (2012) reports different consonant inventories for different speakers of Nǃaqriaxe dialect: A smaller one, similar to that of the neighboring
358:
259:, and share a number of characteristic features, including the largest consonant inventories in the world. ǂʼAmkoe was shown to be related to the
2682:
3026:
1393:"types": bilabial, dental, alveolar, palatal, and lateral alveolar. There are 14 to 19 "accompaniments" (combinations of manner, phonation, and
377:
373:
2369:
language families. ǂHõã has nominal postpositions used for locative relations (see
Collins 2001), and the possessor precedes the head noun.
2239:
occurs in loans. Gerlach (2015) believes that the CVV and CVN patterns derive historically from *CVCV through loss of C2 (such as a medial
354:
325:) is spoken in three areas in southeastern Botswana, corresponding to three dialects. Recent surveys found the following locations:
1226:
635:; it is not clear if they date to proto-Tuu, and perhaps an earlier era of contact, or if Taa might have gotten them from ǂʼAmkoe.
350:
384:
3240:
2337:.) In grammatical words, clicks are mostly found in CVV and CVq (pharyngealized) syllables, though there is a plural suffix
2677:
2403:
2667:
3019:
1232:
1217:
598:
The tones analyzed as rising phonemically are phonetically dipping (falling-rising). Voiced and aspirated consonants are
176:
987:
2309:, the word shape is usually CV, sometimes CVV (generally shortening to CV in rapid speech), or, in two cases, N (both
2709:
221:
2673:
Language
Documentation Project of ǂHoan within the 'Kalahari Basin Area Project' of the European Science Foundation
833:
17:
564:
vowel. This diphthongization occurs in all three dialects, and also in Gǀui, which probably got it from ǂʼAmkoe.
166:
1331:
is not found in many lexical words apart from loans, but does occur in some highly frequent grammatical words.
614:, which have an allophonic pitch-raising effect, whereas low level occurs after voiced consonants, which have a
410:
which means "person" in all dialects. Almost all linguistic work has been on the ǂHoan and Nǃaqriaxe dialects.
395:
Nǃaqriaxe and ǂHoan are closest, collectively referred to as West ǂʼAmkoe; Sasi is referred to as East ǂʼAmkoe.
3230:
3012:
471:
such as a shift of alveolar consonants to palatal, even in ǂHoan, which is not currently in contact with Gǀui.
383:
Sasi ( or ) is spoken further east, between Kweneng District and the South African border, in the villages of
1602:
1557:
1381:/h/ is frequently a voiced (murmured) , and has been described as being "absorbed" into the following vowel.
770:
2578:
Phonetic and phonological description of the Nǃaqriaxe variety of ǂʼAmkoe and the impact of language contact
1471:
1178:
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2196:
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1304:
1300:
1296:
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1266:
1262:
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611:
568:
561:
553:
549:
540:
536:
532:
528:
508:
504:
500:
2668:
Language Documentation Project of ǂHoan at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig
2358:
1201:
980:
284:
of the younger generations, and even of many older, native speakers who no longer speak ǂʼAmkoe well, is
3235:
2436:
1494:
1192:
818:
809:
3115:
1694:
1010:
840:
763:
330:
318:
3245:
2951:
2726:
854:
2475:
Bell, Arthur; Collins, Chris (2001). "ǂHoan and the Typology of Click Accompaniments in Khoisan".
2258:
may be realized as . (A few words have a third-position consonant, CVCVCV or CVVCV. These include
3043:
847:
755:
746:
2931:
3174:
2859:
2361:
language (see examples in Collins 2001, 2002, 2003). The SVO word order of ǂHõã typical of the
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1431:
791:
777:
663:
3184:
3035:
2905:
2702:
2213:
With the voiceless aspirated clicks, voicing starts partway through the aspiration, , so the
2160:
2056:
2049:
1985:
1759:
1750:
1743:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1681:
1674:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1609:
1588:
1564:
1543:
1394:
994:
708:
699:
2631:
Traill, Anthony (1979). Snyman, J. W. (ed.). "Phonetic Diversity in the Khoisan Languages".
2183:
The unusual distinction between glottalized and ejective clicks is similar to that found in
2863:
1616:
1571:
1478:
1457:
784:
720:
332:
483:, which are found in only two other living languages. It has been in intense contact with
8:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1595:
1550:
1485:
1002:
947:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
891:
882:
320:
2956:
2593:
Gruber, Jeffrey S. 1975. Collected Field Notes. (Published in Collins & Gruber 2013)
1277:
is sometimes slightly affricated. (The same pattern holds for Sasi contour clicks with
3095:
2543:
2514:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1464:
1436:
1150:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1048:
1041:
1030:
658:
591:
293:
2966:
2836:
144:
3189:
3146:
3126:
3105:
2936:
2765:
2718:
2518:
1770:
685:
670:
560:), but it carries only a single tone, and so is analyzed as an allophone of a single
276:
3169:
3159:
2827:
2760:
2748:
2547:
2362:
264:
240:
172:
82:
3090:
3080:
3056:
2988:
2980:
2695:
2649:
2619:
2564:
2535:
2506:
2306:
2214:
1580:
680:
653:
603:
346:
198:
3164:
2961:
2941:
2854:
2184:
1389:
Like the Tuu languages, with which it was previously classified, ǂʼAmkoe has five
627:
531:, occur phonemically only as V2, while the pharyngealized and glottalized vowels,
252:
31:
3120:
3110:
3100:
3085:
3067:
2844:
2811:
2373:
2069:
1390:
692:
675:
527:. Gerlach (2015) treats long vowels as sequences, in which the nasalized vowels,
436:
402:
Recent scholars such as Collins, Gruber, Köhler, and Güldemann restrict the name
263:
by Honken and Heine (2010), and these have since been classified together in the
74:
2753:
2448:
Amanda Miller, 2011. "The Representation of Clicks". In Oostendorp et al. eds.,
2298:
does not occur in lexical words, except for some speakers as the realization of
484:
285:
3209:
3136:
3075:
2993:
2946:
2806:
2790:
2735:
2539:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1421:
1398:
615:
599:
516:
480:
300:, in the case of ǂHoan; and the Ngwato dialect of Tswana, in the case of Sasi.
289:
281:
157:
2848:
2653:
2623:
2243:
in related languages) or V2 in all cases, not just those that can be shown.
567:
Honken (2013), which is based on Gruber (1973), says the ǂHȍã qualities, also
3224:
3199:
3194:
3179:
3154:
3131:
2890:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2743:
2555:
Collins, Chris (2003). "The Internal Structure of VP in Juǀʼhoan and ǂHoan".
2366:
1849:
1441:
1092:
1083:
1074:
639:
583:
vowel two is high. These patterns may be an influence of ǀGui (Honken 2013).
576:
544:
297:
260:
2926:
2568:
3204:
2910:
2227:
1853:
1426:
861:
632:
488:
422:
248:
2510:
1350:
is rare, found word-finally in a few loanwords. An additional consonant,
548:
pairs), and so Gerlach (2015) does not treat breathy vowels as phonemic.
507:, are very similar in formant space, as are even more so the back vowels,
128:
1450:
1210:
572:
524:
512:
3004:
2672:
256:
3051:
2490:
A Grammar of ǂHȍã with Vocabulary, Recorded Utterances and Oral Texts
1168:
137:
121:
2687:
2775:
579:, laryngealized, or pharyngealized, and that all may be nasalized.
313:
244:
184:
53:
1311:
is distinguished primarily in the frication being longer than for
2246:
In lexical words, most consonants occur in C1 position, but only
735:
421:
to distinguish it from Western ǂHuan, a dialect of the unrelated
369:
180:
638:
The egressive consonants found in word-initial (C1) position in
1354:, is found as the first consonant of some grammatical markers.
388:
362:
2610:
Traill, Anthony (1973). "N4 or S7: Another Bushman Language".
213:
1374:
only took place in lexical words; in grammatical words, only
2683:ǂHoan basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
2640:
Traill, Anthony (1973). "Westphal on 'N4 or S7?': A Reply".
2435:
Barnard, A. 1992. 'Hunters and herders of southern Africa'.
1362:), palatalization of most alveolar consonants in Nǃaqriaxe (
447:
is used to distinguish it from a variety of Taa also called
2282:
may be a trill when it is a trill in the source language.
1307:
have a slightly fricated release, or etc., and aspirated
646:
Non-click consonants found in C1 position in lexical words
2526:
Collins, Chris (2002). "Multiple Verb Movement in ǂHoan".
1346:; the phonemic status of medial in one word is unclear.
368:ǂHoan () is spoken in eastern Kweneng, in the villages of
233:(Eastern ǂHȍã, ǂHûân, ǂHua, ǂHû, or in native orthography
183:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2278:
do not occur in C1 position except in loanwords. Initial
204:
2497:
Collins, Chris (2001). "Aspects of Plurality in ǂHoan".
2345:
is sometimes pharyngealized to in suffixes. At least
2270:'bag', but its analysis is uncertain - the word may be
406:
to the ǂHoan dialect, and call the language as a whole
329:
Nǃaqriaxe (; pronounced with the alveolar nasal click,
1299:
frequently appears as a fricative ( or further back).
511:, but minimal pairs distinguish them. Vowels may be
222:
210:
2678:
Grammar and phonology of ǂHoan at Cornell University
2401:
Honken, H. & Heine, B. 2010. "The Kxʼa Family".
207:
201:
1338:Consonants found in word-medial (C2) position are
1257:etc.) are conflated with the alveolar affricates (
2597:Gruber, Jeffrey S. (1973). "ǂHòã Kinship Terms".
2317:). Attested consonants in grammatical words are
1265:appear to be only found in Gǀui loans. Sasi has
415:Eastern ǂHoan, ǂHùã, ǂHũa, ǂHṍã, ǂHoang de Dutlwe
3222:
2635:. Pretoria: University of South Africa: 167–189.
2580:(PhD dissertation). Berlin: Humboldt University.
1319:() is similar, and might be better analyzed as
2333:may be realized as and might be phonemically
2274:, with a CVVV structure, and perhaps a loan.
391:, and a few nearby villages not found on maps.
3020:
2703:
2487:
602:, with high tone at the level of mid after a
430:
2474:
2420:
2325:do not occur as C1 in lexical words, while
1323:. It is sometimes pronounced as a lateral
439:name that is more precise than the generic
317:; pronounced with the palatal nasal click,
251:(or perhaps the Tsaasi dialect of Taa) and
3027:
3013:
2710:
2696:
462:
456:
413:ǂHoan has gone by the names and spellings
234:
3034:
2286:occurs as C1 in only a few native words,
2210:appear to be found only in Gǀui loans.
2633:Bushman and Hottentot Linguistic Studies
229:, formerly called by the dialectal name
2575:
2554:
2525:
2496:
2206:etc. above, the plain click affricates
177:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
3223:
2639:
2630:
2609:
2596:
2588:
312:
255:, form the core of the Kalahari Basin
3008:
2717:
2691:
2488:Collins, Chris; Gruber, Jeff (2013).
2477:Cornell Working Papers in Linguistics
2450:The Blackwell Companion to Phonology.
2262:, and may be a fossilized suffixes.)
1366:), and full palatalization in ǂHoan (
1327:, though not as commonly as in Gǀui.
296:, a Bantu language that is the local
270:
2404:Journal of Asian and African Studies
1273:of ǂHoan and Nǃaqriaxe, though Sasi
455:. The name of the third dialect is
247:. West ǂʼAmkoe dialect, along with
27:Endangered Kxʼa language of Botswana
24:
1894:Voiced (sporadically prenasalized)
523:in the practical orthography), or
25:
3257:
2661:
2159:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2055:
2048:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1984:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1728:
1721:
1714:
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1700:
1680:
1673:
1657:
1650:
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1629:
1615:
1608:
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1570:
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776:
769:
762:
754:
745:
719:
707:
698:
65:20–50 Western ǂʼAmkoe (2015)
2492:. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
556:(that is, in words of the shape
197:
2468:
2221:
3241:Endangered languages of Africa
2455:
2442:
2429:
2411:
2395:
2386:
2254:may be realized as or , and
2235:in native words, though final
2152:
2039:
1975:
1735:
1664:
1138:
1018:
935:
499:Nǃaqriaxe vowel qualities are
427:Sàsí, Tshasi, Tshasi de Khutse
67:unknown number Eastern ǂʼAmkoe
13:
1:
2379:
2290:(C1 only) is rare, and final
1818:(prenasalized between vowels)
1774:(prenasalized between vowels)
621:
552:is a diphthong before final
443:"Bushman". The disambiguator
2266:? occurs as C2 in one word,
474:
292:, in the case of Nǃaqriaxe;
239:), is a severely endangered
7:
2349:occur as C2 in loan words.
1495:Preglottalized voiced nasal
417:. It has been specified as
345:) is spoken in the west of
303:
10:
3262:
2540:10.1162/002438902317382161
2437:Cambridge University Press
2392:Gerlach (2015: 14–15)
2352:
1293:are the same consonant.
463:
457:
29:
3145:
3066:
3042:
2979:
2919:
2898:
2889:
2873:
2860:Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung
2835:
2826:
2799:
2734:
2725:
2654:10.1080/00020187408707439
2624:10.1080/00020187308707394
2294:is only found in loans.
2187:. A near minimal set is
2155:Voiced ejective affricate
1848:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1384:
1223:
1209:
1167:
1062:
1057:
964:
869:
801:
739:
734:
691:
657:
650:
494:
163:
151:
135:
119:
114:
96:
71:
59:
49:
44:
39:
539:(and, in one loan word,
30:Not to be confused with
2845:Sekele / Northern ǃKung
2576:Gerlach, Linda (2015).
2569:10.1111/1467-9582.00095
2250:occur in C2 position.
586:
235:
519:(written with a final
431:
165:This article contains
3231:Languages of Botswana
3036:Languages of Botswana
2511:10.1353/lan.2001.0141
2319:/ʔjwmnkqshᵑǀᵑǃˀᵑǁǀʰǁ/
1667:Voiced aspirated oral
1410:Manner and phonation
503:. The front vowels,
349:, in the villages of
487:and previously with
265:Kxʼa language family
2359:subject–verb–object
1406:
647:
425:. Sasi has gone by
2599:Linguistic Inquiry
2557:Studia Linguistica
2528:Linguistic Inquiry
2113:Ejective affricate
1816:Delayed aspiration
1404:
1281:.) A contrastive
645:
271:Language situation
3218:
3217:
3002:
3001:
2975:
2974:
2885:
2884:
2822:
2821:
2719:Khoisan languages
2307:grammatical words
2181:
2180:
1405:Click consonants
1370:). The shift of
1250:
1249:
521:⟨q⟩
191:
190:
173:rendering support
169:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
3253:
3116:Northern Ndebele
3029:
3022:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2896:
2895:
2833:
2832:
2732:
2731:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2657:
2636:
2627:
2606:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2551:
2522:
2493:
2484:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2215:voice-onset time
2209:
2208:/ʘχ,ǀχ,ǁχ,ǃχ,ǂχ/
2205:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2059:
2052:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1988:
1978:Voiced aspirated
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1762:
1753:
1746:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1684:
1677:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1407:
1403:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:rather than the
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1204:
1195:
1181:
1153:
1142:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1044:
1033:
1022:
1013:
1005:
997:
990:
983:
972:
967:
950:
939:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
894:
885:
877:
872:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
821:
812:
804:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
758:
749:
742:
723:
711:
702:
648:
644:
613:
570:
563:
555:
551:
542:
538:
534:
530:
522:
510:
506:
502:
466:
465:
460:
459:
434:
347:Kweneng District
344:
343:
342:
336:
324:
316:
311:
238:
225:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
147:
131:
124:
77:
37:
36:
21:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3246:Click languages
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3141:
3062:
3038:
3033:
3003:
2998:
2971:
2915:
2881:
2879:ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)
2869:
2818:
2795:
2721:
2716:
2664:
2642:African Studies
2612:African Studies
2471:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2374:pluractionality
2357:ǂHõã is an SVO
2355:
2224:
2042:Voiced ejective
1817:
1773:
1738:Voiced ejective
1416:'Sharp' clicks
1413:'Noisy' clicks
1399:accidental gaps
1387:
1368:/ɲɟccʰcʼcχcqχʼ/
1364:/ɲɟccʰcʼtχtqχʼ/
1360:/ndttʰtʼtχtqχʼ/
1140:
1063:
1058:
1020:
970:
965:
937:
875:
870:
802:
740:
665:
624:
600:tone depressors
589:
520:
497:
481:bilabial clicks
477:
467:() in ǂʼAmkoe.
338:
337:
309:
306:
273:
223:
200:
196:
171:Without proper
143:
127:
120:
105:(Eastern) ǂHoan
92:
78:
75:Language family
73:
66:
62:
61:Native speakers
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3259:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:Kx'a languages
3233:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2852:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2662:External links
2660:
2659:
2658:
2648:(4): 249–255.
2637:
2628:
2607:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2573:
2552:
2523:
2505:(3): 456–476.
2494:
2485:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2426:Collins (2013)
2419:
2417:Collins (1998)
2410:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2354:
2351:
2223:
2220:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1850:Contour clicks
1846:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1756:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1726:
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1712:
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1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1625:Aspirated oral
1621:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
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1475:
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1461:
1454:
1445:
1444:
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1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1386:
1383:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1184:
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1175:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1007:
999:
991:
984:
977:
975:
973:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
944:
942:
940:
934:
933:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
887:
878:
873:
867:
866:
865:(epenthetic?)
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
814:
805:
799:
798:
796:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
751:
743:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
725:
717:
715:
713:
704:
695:
689:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
661:
656:
651:
623:
620:
616:tone depressor
588:
585:
517:pharyngealized
496:
493:
476:
473:
393:
392:
381:
366:
305:
302:
282:first language
272:
269:
189:
188:
175:, you may see
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
141:
133:
132:
125:
117:
116:
115:Language codes
112:
111:
110:
109:
106:
103:
98:
94:
93:
91:
90:
81:
79:
72:
69:
68:
63:
60:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
45:Formerly ǂHoan
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3258:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3044:Indo-European
3041:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3007:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Central ǃKung
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Korana/Griqua
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
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2741:
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2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
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2713:
2708:
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2701:
2699:
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2693:
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2647:
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2613:
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2604:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2321:. Of these,
2308:
2303:
2244:
2229:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2200:
2186:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
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1452:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1379:
1355:
1336:
1294:
1246:
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1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
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1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
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1176:
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1166:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
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1148:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
976:
974:
969:
963:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
949:
945:
943:
941:
936:
932:
929:
925:
922:
918:
915:
911:
908:
904:
901:
897:
893:
888:
884:
879:
874:
868:
863:
859:
856:
852:
849:
845:
842:
838:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
815:
811:
806:
800:
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
752:
748:
744:
737:
733:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
716:
714:
710:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
662:
660:
655:
652:
649:
643:
641:
640:lexical words
636:
634:
629:
628:Gǀui language
619:
617:
608:
605:
601:
596:
593:
584:
580:
578:
574:
565:
559:
546:
526:
518:
514:
492:
490:
486:
482:
472:
468:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
428:
424:
420:
419:Eastern ǂHoan
416:
411:
409:
405:
400:
396:
390:
386:
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
341:
334:
328:
327:
326:
322:
315:
301:
299:
298:lingua franca
295:
291:
290:Khoe language
287:
283:
278:
268:
266:
262:
261:Juu languages
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:Kxʼa language
237:
232:
228:
227:
218:
195:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
168:
162:
159:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
140:
139:
134:
130:
126:
123:
118:
113:
107:
104:
101:
100:
99:
95:
89:
86:
85:
84:
80:
76:
70:
64:
58:
55:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:Western ǂHoan
19:
18:Eastern ǂHuan
2906:Lower Nossob
2878:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2577:
2560:
2556:
2531:
2527:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2469:Bibliography
2457:
2449:
2444:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2408:79, p. 5–36.
2402:
2397:
2388:
2371:
2356:
2304:
2245:
2228:lexical word
2225:
2222:Phonotactics
2212:
2201:
2182:
2154:
2112:
2068:
2041:
1999:
1977:
1935:
1893:
1861:
1815:
1769:
1737:
1693:
1666:
1624:
1579:
1537:
1493:
1448:
1388:
1380:
1356:
1337:
1325:/q𝼄̠ʼ/
1295:
1251:
637:
633:Taa language
625:
609:
597:
590:
581:
566:
557:
498:
479:ǂʼAmkoe has
478:
469:
452:
448:
444:
440:
426:
423:Taa language
418:
414:
412:
407:
403:
401:
397:
394:
378:Shorilatholo
374:Mathibatsela
307:
274:
230:
193:
192:
164:
136:
87:
3185:ǂKxʼauǁʼein
2942:Nǁng (Nǀuu)
2911:Taa (ǃXoon)
2563:(1): 1–25.
2534:(1): 1–29.
2347:/χ,l,k,s,c/
2260:/bmrlkqtss/
1771:Glottalized
1538:Voiced oral
1378:is found.
1211:Approximant
525:glottalized
275:ǂʼAmkoe is
179:instead of
3225:Categories
3123:(official)
3059:(official)
2927:Boshof ǃUi
2864:ǂKxʼaoǁʼae
2727:Khoe–Kwadi
2605:: 427–449.
2585:Institute.
2483:: 126–153.
2380:References
1372:/n/>/ɲ/
1342:(often ),
1263:/χ,tsχ,cχ/
1059:uvularized
622:Consonants
314:[]
257:sprachbund
3096:Kgalagadi
3052:Afrikaans
2618:: 25–32.
2519:144653016
2070:Affricate
1936:Aspirated
1169:Fricative
1064:voiceless
971:voiceless
876:voiceless
871:aspirated
571:, may be
513:nasalized
475:Phonology
458:nǃàqrīāχè
445:de Khutse
355:Khekhenye
308:ǂʼAmkoe (
294:Kgalagadi
138:Glottolog
122:ISO 639-3
102:Nǃaqriaxe
3175:Juǀʼhoan
3127:Tswapong
3106:Mbukushu
3091:Ikalanga
2981:Isolates
2766:Khoekhoe
2548:57564816
2499:Language
2452:, p. 417
2195:'hard',
2191:'warm',
2000:Ejective
1695:Ejective
1437:alveolar
1422:bilabial
966:ejective
666:alveolar
659:Alveolar
537:/aˀoˀuˀ/
408:ǂʼAmkoe,
304:Dialects
277:moribund
245:Botswana
185:Help:IPA
145:hoaa1235
97:Dialects
54:Botswana
3147:Khoisan
3081:Gciriku
3057:English
2989:Sandawe
2957:ǂUngkue
2874:ǂʼAmkoe
2812:Zorotua
2353:Grammar
1449:Voiced
1442:palatal
1432:lateral
1395:contour
1344:/m,n,ɾ/
1006:(rare)
998:(rare)
795:(rare)
750:(rare)
736:Plosive
724:(rare)
686:Glottal
671:Palatal
577:breathy
569:/aeiou/
545:Breathy
501:/ieaou/
464:àqrīāχè
441:Masarwa
370:Salajwe
351:Motokwe
194:ǂʼAmkoe
181:Unicode
88:ǂʼAmkoe
40:ǂʼAmkoe
3137:Zezuru
3121:Tswana
3111:Nambya
3101:Kuhane
3086:Herero
2967:ǁXegwi
2932:ǃGãǃne
2546:
2517:
2339:-/ᵑǀe/
2323:/jwmn/
2272:/kaua/
2268:/kawa/
2248:/bmnr/
1862:Tenuis
1854:uvular
1581:Tenuis
1427:dental
1385:Clicks
1141:voiced
1021:voiced
938:voiced
803:tenuis
741:voiced
681:Uvular
654:Labial
604:tenuis
533:/aˤoˤ/
495:Vowels
461:() or
449:Tshase
437:Tswana
432:Tshasi
389:Poloka
385:Dibete
376:, and
363:Dutlwe
361:, and
359:Tswane
50:Region
3210:Tshwa
3160:Gǁana
3076:Birwa
3068:Bantu
2994:Hadza
2952:ǁŨǁʼe
2947:Seroa
2849:Ekoka
2837:ǃKung
2807:Kwadi
2800:Kwadi
2791:Tshwa
2761:ǂHaba
2749:Gǁana
2544:S2CID
2515:S2CID
2276:/mnɾ/
2202:Like
2197:ǁqʼòò
2193:ᵑǁʔōō
2176:ᶢǂqχʼ
2169:ᶢǁqχʼ
2161:ᶢʘqχʼ
1451:nasal
1391:click
1291:/qχʼ/
1271:/qχʼ/
1151:dzqχʼ
1120:tʃqχʼ
1113:tsqχʼ
693:Nasal
676:Velar
664:Post-
573:modal
529:/ĩãũ/
435:is a
404:ǂHoan
335:]
331:[
323:]
319:[
236:ǂHȍȁn
231:ǂHoan
158:ǂHoan
3205:Taʼa
3200:Shua
3195:Naro
3190:Nama
3180:Khwe
3170:ǂHõã
3165:Gǀwi
3155:ǁAni
3132:Yeyi
2962:ǀXam
2920:ǃKwi
2828:Kxʼa
2786:Shua
2781:Naro
2771:Khwe
2754:Gǀwi
2744:Eini
2736:Khoe
2365:and
2363:Kxʼa
2327:/ʔk/
2313:and
2302:.
2189:ǁʼòò
2185:Gǀui
2147:ǂqχʼ
2140:ǃqχʼ
2133:ǁqχʼ
2126:ǀqχʼ
2119:ʘqχʼ
2057:ᶢǁqʼ
2050:ᶢǀqʼ
1986:ᶢǀqʰ
1928:ᶰᶢǂq
1921:ᶰᶢǃq
1914:ᶰᶢǁq
1907:ᶰᶢǀq
1900:ᶰᶢʘq
1760:ᶢǃᵏʼ
1751:ᶢǀᵏʼ
1744:ᶢʘᵏʼ
1583:oral
1321:/qʼ/
1309:/cʰ/
1303:and
1297:/dz/
1289:and
1287:/qʼ/
1283:/qʼ/
1279:/qʼ/
1275:/qʼ/
1267:/qʼ/
1259:/ts/
1255:/tʃ/
1127:cqχʼ
612:/iu/
592:Tone
587:Tone
541:/iˀ/
535:and
509:/ou/
505:/ie/
485:Gǀui
453:Sase
451:and
310:IPA:
288:, a
286:Gǀui
253:Gǀui
226:-koy
108:Sasi
83:Kxʼa
2937:ǁKā
2899:Taa
2891:Tuu
2650:doi
2620:doi
2565:doi
2536:doi
2507:doi
2367:Tuu
2343:/h/
2341:.
2335:/b/
2331:/w/
2315:/n/
2311:/m/
2305:In
2300:/ɲ/
2296:/j/
2292:/ŋ/
2288:/ɲ/
2284:/b/
2280:/ɾ/
2264:/w/
2256:/b/
2252:/ɾ/
2241:/l/
2237:/n/
2233:/m/
2204:/χ/
2107:)?
2034:ǂqʼ
2027:ǃqʼ
2020:ǁqʼ
2013:ǀqʼ
2006:ʘqʼ
1970:ǂqʰ
1963:ǃqʰ
1956:ǁqʰ
1949:ǀqʰ
1942:ʘqʰ
1842:ᵑǂh
1835:ᵑǃh
1828:ᵑǁh
1808:ᵑǂʔ
1801:ᵑǃʔ
1794:ᵑǁʔ
1787:ᵑǀʔ
1780:ᵑʘʔ
1730:ǂᵏʼ
1723:ǃᵏʼ
1716:ǁᵏʼ
1709:ǀᵏʼ
1702:ʘᵏʼ
1682:ᶢǁʰ
1675:ᶢǀʰ
1659:ᵏǂʰ
1652:ᵏǃʰ
1645:ᵏǁʰ
1638:ᵏǀʰ
1631:ᵏʘʰ
1530:ˀᵑǂ
1523:ˀᵑǃ
1516:ˀᵑǁ
1509:ˀᵑǀ
1502:ˀᵑʘ
1376:/n/
1352:/j/
1348:/ŋ/
1340:/b/
1333:/χ/
1329:/k/
1317:/q/
1315:.
1313:/c/
1305:/ɟ/
1301:/c/
1230:) (
1196:)?
1096:)?
1087:)?
1084:tʃᵡ
1078:)?
1075:tsᵡ
1049:ɢʁʼ
1031:dzʼ
1011:qχʼ
988:tʃʼ
981:tsʼ
948:dzʰ
907:tʃʰ
900:tsʰ
562:/o/
558:Com
554:/m/
550:/o/
489:Taa
249:Taa
243:of
167:IPA
153:ELP
129:huc
3227::
2646:33
2644:.
2616:32
2614:.
2601:.
2561:57
2559:.
2542:.
2532:33
2530:.
2513:.
2503:77
2501:.
2481:18
2479:.
2226:A
2105:ǂχ
2100:)?
2098:ǃχ
2093:)?
2091:ǁχ
2086:)?
2084:ǀχ
2079:)?
2077:ʘχ
1887:ǂq
1882:ǃq
1877:ǁq
1872:ǀq
1867:ʘq
1856:)
1617:ᵏǂ
1610:ᵏǃ
1603:ᵏǁ
1596:ᵏǀ
1589:ᵏʘ
1572:ᶢǂ
1565:ᶢǃ
1558:ᶢǁ
1551:ᶢǀ
1544:ᶢʘ
1486:ᵑǂ
1479:ᵑǃ
1472:ᵑǁ
1465:ᵑǀ
1458:ᵑʘ
1236:)
1221:)
1205:)
1093:cᵡ
1042:ɡʼ
1003:kʼ
995:cʼ
928:qʰ
921:kʰ
914:cʰ
895:)
892:tʰ
886:)
883:pʰ
834:tʃ
827:ts
822:)
813:)
792:ᶰɢ
771:dʒ
764:dz
759:)
712:)
703:)
575:,
515:,
429:.
387:,
372:,
357:,
353:,
333:ǃ̃
321:ǂ̃
267:.
224:AM
214:ɔɪ
3028:e
3021:t
3014:v
2866:)
2862:(
2851:)
2847:(
2711:e
2704:t
2697:v
2656:.
2652::
2626:.
2622::
2603:4
2571:.
2567::
2550:.
2538::
2521:.
2509::
2439:.
2406:,
2103:(
2096:(
2089:(
2082:(
2075:(
1852:(
1358:(
1253:(
1233:l
1227:ɾ
1224:(
1218:w
1215:(
1202:h
1199:(
1193:χ
1190:(
1179:s
1090:(
1081:(
1072:(
889:(
880:(
862:ʔ
855:q
848:k
841:c
819:t
816:(
810:p
807:(
785:ɡ
778:ɟ
756:d
753:(
747:b
721:ɲ
709:n
706:(
700:m
697:(
380:.
365:.
217:/
211:k
208:m
205:æ
202:ˈ
199:/
187:.
34:.
20:)
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