Earwig - Knowledge

1135:, and typically hide in small, dark, and often moist areas in the daytime. They can usually be seen on household walls and ceilings. Interaction with earwigs at this time results in a defensive free-fall to the ground followed by a scramble to a nearby cleft or crevice. During the summer they can be found around damp areas such as near sinks and in bathrooms. Earwigs tend to gather in shady cracks or openings or anywhere that they can remain concealed during daylight. Picnic tables, compost and waste bins, patios, lawn furniture, window frames, or anything with minute spaces (even 867: 1209: 855: 942: 531: 698:(epizoic species, sometimes considered as ectoparasites) are wingless and blind with filiform segmented cerci (today these are both included merely as families in the suborder Neodermaptera). The hindwing is a very thin membrane that expands like a fan, radiating from one point folded under the forewing. Even though most earwigs have wings and are capable of flight, they are rarely seen in flight. These wings are unique in venation and in the pattern of folding that requires the use of the cerci. 771: 157: 134: 793:. Earwigs live for about a year from hatching. They start mating in the autumn, and can be found together in the autumn and winter. The male and female will live in a chamber in debris, crevices, or soil 2.5 centimetres (1 in) deep. After mating, the sperm may remain in the female for months before the eggs are fertilized. From midwinter to early spring, the male will leave, or be driven out by the female. Afterward the female will begin to lay 20 to 80 pearly white 1891: 405: 679: 5283: 4434: 605: 917:

circumstances, earwigs form swarms and can take over significant areas of a district. In August 1755 they appeared in vast numbers near Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK, especially in the cracks and crevices of "old wooden buildings...so that they dropped out oftentimes in such multitudes as to literally cover the floor." A similar "plague" occurred in 2006, in and around a woodland cabin near the

2087:'A big fat earwig is very tasty,' Grandma said, licking her lips. 'But you've got to be very quick, my dear, when you put one of those in your mouth. It has a pair of sharp nippers on its back end and if it grabs your tongue with those, it never lets go. So you've got to bite the earwig first, chop chop, before it bites you. 909:

Most earwigs are nocturnal and inhabit small crevices, living in small amounts of debris, in various forms such as bark and fallen logs. Species have been found to be blind and living in caves, or cavernicolous, reported to be found on the island of Hawaii and in South Africa. Food typically consists

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Earwigs are fairly abundant and are found in many areas around the world. There is no evidence that they transmit diseases to humans or other animals. Their pincers are commonly believed to be dangerous, but in reality, even the curved pincers of males cause little or no harm to humans. Earwigs have

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Earwigs are mostly scavengers, but some are omnivorous or predatory. The abdomen of the earwig is flexible and muscular. It is capable of maneuvering as well as opening and closing the forceps. The forceps are used for a variety of purposes. In some species, the forceps have been observed in use for

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Archidermaptera is believed to be sister to the remaining earwig groups, the extinct Eodermaptera and the living suborder Neodermaptera (= former suborders Forficulina, Hemimerina, and Arixeniina). The extinct suborders have tarsi with five segments (unlike the three found in Neodermaptera) as well

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The eggs hatch in about seven days. The mother may assist the nymphs in hatching. When the nymphs hatch, they eat the egg casing and continue to live with the mother. The nymphs look similar to their parents, only smaller, and will nest under their mother and she will continue to protect them until

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Studies have also shown that the mother does not immediately recognize her own eggs. After laying them, she gathers them together, and studies have found mothers to pick up small egg-shaped wax balls or stones by accident. Eventually, the impostor eggs were rejected for not having the proper scent.

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Earwigs are among the few non-social insect species that show maternal care. The mother pays close attention to the needs of her eggs, such as warmth and protection. She faithfully defends the eggs from predators, not leaving them even to eat unless the clutch goes bad. She also continuously cleans

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Earwigs are regularly preyed upon by birds, and like many other insect species they are prey for insectivorous mammals, amphibians, lizards, centipedes, assassin bugs, and spiders. European naturalists have observed bats preying upon earwigs. Their primary insect predators are parasitic species of

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Males in the six families Karschiellidae, Pygidicranidae, Diplatyidae, Apachyidae, Anisolabisidae and Labiduridae have paired penises, while the males in the remaining groups have a single penis. Both penises are symmetrical in Pygidicranidae and Diplatyidae, but in Karschiellidae the left one is

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produces juvenile hormone III in close proximity to the neurohemal dorsal arota. The digestive system of earwigs is like all other insects, consisting of a fore-, mid-, and hindgut, but earwigs lack gastric caecae which are specialized for digestion in many species of insect. Long, slender

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of earwigs can squirt foul-smelling yellow liquid in the form of jets from scent glands on the dorsal side of the third and fourth abdominal segment. It aims the discharges by revolving the abdomen, a maneuver that enables it simultaneously to use its pincers in defense. Under exceptional

841:. Studies have found that the urge to clean the eggs persists for only a few days after they are removed, and does not return even if the eggs are replaced; however, when the eggs were continuously replaced after hatching, the mother continued to clean the new eggs for up to 3 months. 675:

strongly reduced. Apachyidae, Anisolabisidae, and Labiduridae have an asymmetrical pair, with left and right one pointing on opposite directions when not in use. The females have just a single genital opening, so only one of the paired penises is ever used during copulation.

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In some regions of Japan, earwigs are called "Chinpo-Basami" or "Chinpo-Kiri", which means "penis cutter". Kenta Takada, a Japanese cultural entomologist, has inferred that these names may be derived from the fact that earwigs were seen around old Japanese-style

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of North America, Europe and Australia. No fossils from the Triassic — during which Dermaptera would have evolved from Protelytroptera — have been found. Amongst the most frequently suggested order of insects to be the closest relatives of Dermaptera is

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Few earwigs survive winter outdoors in cold climates. They can be found in tight crevices in woodland, fields and gardens. Out of about 1,800 species, about 25 occur in North America, 45 in Europe (including 7 in Great Britain), and 60 in Australia.

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on their abdomen, and membranous wings folded underneath short, rarely used forewings, hence the scientific order name, "skin wings". Some groups are tiny parasites on mammals and lack the typical pincers. Earwigs are found on all continents except

517:. Entomologists suggest that the origin of the name is a reference to the appearance of the hindwings, which are unique and distinctive among insects, and resemble a human ear when unfolded. The name is more popularly thought to be related to the 549:. The common earwig was introduced into North America in 1907 from Europe, but tends to be more common in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. The only native species of earwig found in the north of the United States is the 521:

that earwigs burrowed into the brains of humans through the ear and laid their eggs there. Earwigs are not known to purposefully climb into ear canals, but there has been at least one anecdotal report of earwigs being found in the ear.

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and often hide in small, moist crevices during the day, and are active at night, feeding on a wide variety of insects and plants. Damage to foliage, flowers, and various crops is commonly blamed on earwigs, especially the common earwig

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appear to be monophyletic and there is support for the monophyly of the families Forficulidae, Chelisochidae, Labiduridae and Anisolabididae, however evidence has supported the conclusion that the former suborder Forficulina was

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Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S.; Fujita, Mari; Liu, Shanlin (19 February 2019).

893:, the nymphs will molt into adults. The male's forceps will become curved, while the females' forceps remain straight. They will also develop their natural color, which can be anything from a light brown (as in the 1951:

eats a wide variety of plants, and also a wide variety of foliage, including the leaves and petals. They have been known to cause economic losses in fruit and vegetable crops. Some examples are the flowers,

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in the year before they become adults. Many earwig species display maternal care, which is uncommon among insects. Female earwigs may care for their eggs; the ones that do will continue to watch over

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Jarvis, Karl J.; Haas, Fabian; Whiting, Michael F. (2005). "Phylogeny of earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera) based on molecular and morphological evidence: Reconsidering the classification of Dermaptera".

1704:, attached to the frontal cuticle medial to the antenna base and forming a thin-walled sac with a valved ostium on its ventral side. They pump blood by elastic connective tissue, rather than muscle. 2007:

is referred to by the initials "HCE," which primarily stand for "Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker," a reference to earwigs. Earwig imagery is found throughout the book, and also occurs in the author's

1802:, the common European Earwig. Species within Forficulina are free-living, have functional wings and are not parasites. The cerci are unsegmented and modified into large, forceps-like structures. 1931:

through the exclusion of Hemimerina and Arixeniina which should instead be nested within the Forficulina. Thus, these former suborders were eliminated in the most recent higher classification.

963:. To a large extent, this species is also a scavenger, feeding on decaying plant and animal matter if given the chance. Observed prey include largely plant lice, but also large insects such as 663:-like pincers on their abdomen; male earwigs generally have more curved pincers than females. These pincers are used to capture prey, defend themselves and fold their wings under the short 4232: 4257: 2958:

Suzuki, S.; Kitamura M.; Matsubayashi, K. (2005). "Matriphagy in the hump earwig, Anechura harmandi (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), increases the survival rates of the offspring".

2625: 901:). In species of winged earwigs, the wings will start to develop at this time. The forewings of an earwig are sclerotized to serve as protection for the membranous hindwings. 813:. When first laid, the eggs are white or cream-colored and oval-shaped, but right before hatching they become kidney-shaped and brown. Each egg is approximately 1 mm ( 1677:

as unsegmented cerci. No fossil Hemimeridae and Arixeniidae are known. Species in Hemimeridae were at one time in their own order, Diploglassata, Dermodermaptera, or

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Mating and genital coupling in the primitive earwig species Echinosoma denticulatum (Pygidicranidae): implications for genital evolution in dermapteran phylogeny

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TV-series episode, "The Caterpillar". It tells the tale of the use of an earwig as a murder instrument applied by a man obsessed with the wife of an associate.

2593: 4199: 2657: 2111:"Phylum Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848 In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" 3643: 1180:, is known to occasionally parasitize earwigs that have consumed roundworm eggs with plant matter. At least 26 species of parasitic fungus from the order 3599:

Engel, Michael A.; Lim, Jong-Deock; Baek, Kwang-Seok; Martin, Larry D. (2002). "An Earwig from the Lower Cretaceous of Korea (Dermaptera: Forficulina)".

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In Search of the Origin of Twin Penises: Molecular Phylogeny of Earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulina) Based on Mitochondrial and Nuclear Ribosomal RNA Genes

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Gordon, SC; Cormack, MR; Hackett, CA (September 1997). "Arthropod contamination of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) harvested by machine in Scotland".

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Kuhlmann, Ulrich. (26 Aug 2009) "Ocytata pallipes (Fallén) (Dipt., Tachinidae), a potential agent for the biological control of the European earwig."

2175: 5160: 5140: 3805: 1196:), are observed on common earwigs, sometimes in great densities; however, this mite feeds on earwig cadavers and not its live earwig transportation. 690:

of a beetle, rather than to fly. Most species have short and leather-like forewings with very thin hindwings, though species in the former suborders

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Most earwigs are flattened (which allows them to fit inside tight crevices, such as under bark) with an elongated body generally 7–50 millimetres (

5826: 5675: 2910: 2051:'Tis vain to talk of hopes and fears, / And hope the least reply to win, / From any maid that stops her ears / In dread of earwigs creeping in!" 1943:

There is a debate whether earwigs are harmful or beneficial to crops, as they eat both the foliage and the insects eating such foliage, such as

1162:, has been demonstrated to be successful as a biological control of earwigs for almost a century. Another tachinid fly and parasite of earwigs, 5248: 2816: 3341:

Behura, Basanta Kumar. "The Relationships of the Tyroglyphoid Mite, Histiostoma Polypori (Oud.) with the Earwig, Forficula Auricularia Linn."

2389: 5714: 5180: 5155: 4119: 3194:. Extension Entomologist, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. p. 1. 2692:. Foreword by Bert Hölldobler and commentary by Edward O. Wilson (1 ed.). Harvard University: Harvard University Press. pp. 53–54. 3849:"A phylogeny of earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera) based on molecular and morphological evidence: reconsidering the classification of Dermaptera" 3665:

Pass, Günther; Hans Agricola; Heiner Birkenbeil; Heinz Penzlin (August 1988). "Morphology of neurones associated with the antennal heart of

4224: 1214: 3739: 5175: 4337: 4289: 2350: 1851:, with a total of five species in them. As with Hemimeridae, they are blind and wingless, with filiform segmented cerci. Hemimeridae are 866: 2224: 1796:

The overwhelming majority of earwig species are in the former suborder Forficulina, grouped into nine families of 180 genera, including

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been rarely known to crawl into the ears of humans, and they do not lay eggs inside the human body or human brain as is often claimed.

3848: 3969: 2133: 1824:. By the 1950s, the two suborders Arixeniina and Hemimerina had been added to Dermaptera. These were subsequently demoted to family 5649: 5688: 3195: 2448: 746:. The lateral ducts are where the eggs leave the body, while the spermatheca is where sperm is stored. Unlike other insects, the 3165: 762:). In some species these long ovarioles branch off the lateral duct, while in others, short ovarioles appear around the duct. 4000: 3777: 3733: 3637: 2863: 2751: 2587: 2494: 2420: 2383: 2344: 2255: 1628:; in fact the pincers would not have been curled or used as they are now. The theorized stem group of the Dermaptera are the 5693: 3084: 5328: 4305: 854: 750:, or genital opening is behind the seventh abdominal segment. The ovaries are primitive in that they are polytrophic (the 5821: 4143: 3275:

Kurczewski, Frank E. "Vespula maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Preying on the European Earwig Forficula auricularia."

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Vol. 4. Eds. Anne Hildyard, Paul Thompson and Amy Prior. (Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2001) 497.

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have been found on earwigs. The eggs and nymphs are also cannibalized by other earwigs. A species of tyroglyphoid mite,

3319:. Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. p. 1. 2879: 2697: 2519: 1821: 1700:. These features have not been found in other insects. An independent organ exists for each antenna, consisting of an 4095: 3769: 3422:"When the Body Hides the Ancestry: Phylogeny of Morphologically Modified Epizoic Earwigs Based on Molecular Evidence" 2575: 2169: 5786: 5628: 315:. With about 2,000 species in 12 families, they are one of the smaller insect orders. Earwigs have characteristic 5719: 4184: 3048: 5641: 4330: 2649: 2079: 3627: 2047:

discusses the myth of earwigs finding shelter in the human ear in the poem "Love Lane" by saying the following:

2543: 2685: 2614: 5701: 2582:. Cambridge Evolution Ser. (1 ed.). Cambridge University: Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–222. 4967: 3817: 3320: 633:) which is approximately 50 mm (2 in) long, while the possibly extinct (declared extinct in 2014) 2413:

Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity: With a Photographic Guide to Insects of Eastern North America

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by the mother, and on their own molts. If the mother dies before the nymphs are ready to leave, the nymphs

3491: 5543: 5538: 5525: 3529:"Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects" 1669:. A 2018 phylogenetic analysis found that their closest living relatives were angel insects of the order 3301:

Shanor, Leland. "The Characteristics and Morphology of a New Genus of the Laboulbeniales on an Earwig."

2801: 5450: 4323: 3317:"EENY088/IN245: Ringlegged Earwig, Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) (Insecta: Dermaptera: Carcinophoridae)" 3045:

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Curious Facts in the History of Insects; Including Spiders and Scorpions

1713: 1645:, theorized by Giles in 1963. However, other arguments have been made by other authors linking them to 910:

of a wide array of living and dead plant and animal matter. For protection from predators, the species

156: 5768: 4275: 5791: 5729: 4281: 2941: 1088:), apparently feeding on bats' body or glandular secretions. On the other hand, species in the genus 413: 2855: 5321: 2636: 2373: 4111: 1681:. Like most other epizoic species, there is no fossil record, but they are probably no older than 2083:, George's Grandma encourages him to eat unwashed celery with beetles and earwigs still on them. 1616:

to belong to modern earwigs are not found in the earliest fossils, but adults had five-segmented

557:), found as far north as Canada, where it hides in the leaf axils of emerging plants in southern 31: 17: 5755: 5465: 4349: 3721: 1832:), respectively. They are now grouped together with the former Forficulina in the new suborder 1688:

Some evidence of early evolutionary history is the structure of the antennal heart, a separate

2731: 2334: 2250:(1996 ed.). United Kingdom, Oxford University: Oxford University Press. pp. earwig. 1902:, with only about 2,000 species, 3 suborders and 15 families, including the extinct suborders 1762:: Two pairs of wings normally present. The forewings are modified into short smooth, veinless 5836: 5831: 5778: 5750: 4285: 3512:

Wan X, Kim MI, Kim MJ, Kim I (2012) Complete mitochondrial genome of the free-living earwig,

2212: 2055: 1817: 1798: 1158: 947: 342: 143: 5742: 5680: 3068: 2847: 2478: 1636:(cockroaches) with shell-like forewings and the large, unequal anal fan, are known from the 5597: 5512: 5503: 4052: 3887: 3863: 3540: 3433: 3386: 3232:

Dimick, R.E. and Mote, D.C. (1934) Progress report regarding the introduction in Oregon of

2925: 935: 918: 714:, three thoracic ganglia, and six abdominal ganglia. Strong neuron connections connect the 5589: 3249:

Clausen, C.P. (1978) Dermaptera – Forficulidae – European Earwig. In: Clausen, C.P. (ed.)

2743: 2736: 1166:, has shown promise as a biological control agent as well. The common predatory wasp, the 8: 5579: 5314: 2848: 2486: 1767: 1723:

The characteristics which distinguish the order Dermaptera from other insect orders are:

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of the eastern United States; it persisted through winter and lasted at least two years.

634: 4056: 3867: 3544: 3437: 3390: 2929: 388:, and are amongst the earliest diverging members of the group, alongside angel insects ( 5258: 4773: 4068: 3937: 3920: 3879: 3829: 3702: 3608: 3571: 3528: 3456: 3421: 3402: 3253:, Handbook No. 480, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, pp. 15–18. 3150: 3135: 3014: 2975: 2289: 2272: 2054:

In some parts of rural England the earwig is called "battle-twig", which is present in

1771: 1689: 785:, meaning they undergo incomplete metamorphosis, developing through a series of 4 to 6 724: 707: 518: 279: 151: 3191: 2626:

Half of These Earwigs Use Their Right Penis. The Other Half Use Their Left Penis. Why?

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and possibly the guanophilous arthropods in the bat's roost, where it has been found.

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Solomon, M.G. (March 1992). "Exploitation of predators in UK fruit and hop culture".

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Wirth, S. "Necromenic life style of Histiostoma polypori (Acari: Histiostomatidae)"

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The forewings are short oblong leathery plates used to cover the hindwings like the

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Powell, Jerry A. (2009). "Dermaptera". In Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (eds.).

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in England and Australia, and comprises about 70 specimens in the extinct suborder

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Identifying British Insects and Arachnids: An Annotated Bibliography of Key Works.

2887: 1972:. The earwigs attacked mature plants and made cup-shaped bite marks 3–11 mm ( 941: 5294: 5228: 5145: 5135: 5112: 4679: 4309: 4147: 3788: 3781: 3516:(Dermaptera: Pygidicranidae) and phylogeny of Polyneoptera. PLoS One 7(8):e42056. 3446: 3092: 2009: 1957: 1953: 1903: 1629: 1609: 1338: 1197: 964: 463: 373: 354: 309: 252: 233: 5706: 5072: 4302: 4162:

Insect Life in the Poetry and Drama of England: With Special Reference to Poetry

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and the latter to the Middle Jurassic. Dermaptera belongs to the major grouping

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Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review

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Friedrichsen, G W S; Robert W Burchfield (31 December 1966). Onions CT (ed.).

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in Germany, and in the south of France, earwigs have been observed feeding on

1696:, or vesicles, that are attached to the frontal cuticle near the bases of the 5810: 5403: 5306: 5198: 5190: 4416: 4408: 4169: 3825: 3690: 3562: 2770: 2037: 1948: 1923: 1919: 1855: 1833: 1617: 1594: 1461: 1354: 1167: 968: 956: 794: 570: 535: 421: 381: 365: 268: 133: 123: 87: 3553: 3367:

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. 1924. "Economic entomology." Bulletin.

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L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), as a predator of the redlegged earth mite,

3010: 2911:"Maternal Food Regurgitation to Nymphs in Earwigs (Forficula auricularia)" 2298: 5662: 5497: 5428: 5418: 5408: 5398: 5253: 5185: 5117: 5018: 4919: 4849: 4700: 4638: 4514: 2044: 2032: 1947:, though it would take a large population to do considerable damage. The 1829: 1825: 1813: 1741: 1665:

study suggested that this order is the sister to stoneflies of the order

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is an omnivore, eating plants and ripe fruit as well as actively hunting

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ed. Peter C. Barnard. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) 40.

2074: 2016: 1878: 1860: 1852: 1789: 1678: 1666: 1654: 1650: 1621: 1613: 1446: 1428: 1404: 1369: 1351: 1335: 1290: 1267: 1149: 1124: 1104: 1099: 1067: 1059: 1055: 1008: 1004: 1000: 883: 806: 802: 798: 751: 695: 691: 393: 369: 329: 260: 249: 107: 72: 5556: 2802:"The evolution of wing folding and flight in the Dermaptera (Insecta)" 2415:. Buffalo, NY; Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books. pp. 63–64. 1756:

absent. Compound eyes in most species, reduced or absent in some taxa.

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are generally considered epizoic, or living on the outside of other

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by Heidi Hopkins, Michael D. Maehr, Fabian Haas, and Lesley S. Deem

3485: 1847: 1841: 1682: 1174:), preys upon earwigs when abundant. A small species of roundworm, 1090: 1076: 984: 810: 759: 747: 711: 564:. However, other families can be found in North America, including 542: 396:), but the exact relationship among the three groups is uncertain. 208: 102: 97: 82: 77: 67: 2001:

One of the primary characters of James Joyce's experimental novel

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Male earwig, external morphology. Click on image for a larger view

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List of Orthopteroid genera containing species recorded in Europe

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The life cycle and development of a male earwig from egg to each

735: 664: 660: 561: 558: 546: 372:. Some earwig specimen fossils are placed with extinct suborders 350: 320: 117: 92: 38: 4315: 4269: 490: 474: 5363: 5351: 4889: 4789: 4716: 4531: 4523: 4361: 4346: 3995:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 10, 14. 3078: 3076: 2245: 2066:'Twur as bad as battle-twig 'ere i' my oan blue chamber to me." 1898:

Dermaptera is relatively small compared to the other orders of

1866: 1810: 1781: 1753: 1625: 1109: 1094:(still of the suborder Arixeniina) are believed to feed on the 1063: 1028: 1024: 1012: 980: 976: 972: 938:. The forceps tend to be more curved in males than in females. 790: 775: 755: 687: 656: 510: 316: 306: 198: 178: 5282: 4185:"Vulgar dialect names of earwigs used in Kansai Region, Japan" 3114:

Weiss, Michael J.; Garrick McDonald (1998). "European earwig,

2201:. United States, Harvard University: Harvard University Press. 604: 5763: 3953: 3091:. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company. p. 1. Archived from 2679: 2677: 2675: 2220: 1965: 1961: 1944: 1095: 1080:

are normally found deep in the skin folds and gular pouch of

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to the brain and frontal ganglion, where the closely related

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The Earwig's Tail: A Modern Bestiary of Multi-Legged Legends

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in two days. Some earwigs, those parasitic in the suborders

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can be found between the junction of the mid- and hind gut.

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Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology

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from the Middle Jurassic of China, a member of the extinct

1040: 1036: 1032: 1020: 931: 809:(give birth to live young); they would be fed by a sort of 786: 3846: 3525: 2672: 2378:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 144. 4987: 3713: 3215: 3213: 2328: 710:

is typical of insects. There is a brain, a subesophageal

3054:, Aug. 1855, vol xxv, p. 376.) Accessed 1 September 2021 2569: 2567: 2565: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 3818:

10.1206/0003-0082(2007)539[1:FNFED]2.0.CO;2

2993:

Eisner, Thomas; Rossini, Carmen; Eisner, Maria (1941).

4930:(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions) 4225:"Extract - George's Marvellous Medicine by Roald Dahl" 3625: 3210: 3991:

Berenbaum, May R. (2009). "The Brain-Boring Earwig".

3148: 3113: 2908: 2775:

North Carolina Integrated Pest Management Information

2573: 2562: 2305: 730:

The reproductive system of females consist of paired

541:

Earwigs are abundant and can be found throughout the

361:

such as differences in pincer shapes begins to show.

4015: 3984: 3070:(specialist trade journal) accessed 1 September 2021 2854:(illustrated 2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 2742:(3 ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 1200:

observed scarlet acarine mites on European earwigs.

789:. The developmental stages between molts are called 2992: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2729: 1047:shoots and roots; they have also been known to eat 4164:(Thesis). University of Ottawa. pp. 241–242. 3598: 3420:Kocarek, Petr; John, Vaclav; Hulva, Pavel (2013). 2735: 2161:An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language 1858:, preferring the fur of African rodents in either 1593:The fossil record of the Dermaptera starts in the 872:Female earwig in her nest with newly hatched young 4086:Campbell, Joseph; Robinson, Henry Morton (1961). 3376: 3358:Volume 49, Number 4 (December, 2009) pp. 317–327. 1718: 5808: 4085: 3419: 3189: 2995:"Chemical defense of an earwig (Doru taeniatum)" 2834: 2031:, 1960) "Boomerang", which was later adapted by 1624:, veined tegmina (forewings) and long segmented 3960:Mikkelson, Barbara; David P. Mikkelson (1995). 3533:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3288:Marshall, Judith A. "Dermaptera: the earwigs." 1828:and superfamily Hemimeroidea (with sole family 1620:(the final segment of the leg), well developed 5336: 4299:. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey. 20 3236:, a tachinid parasite of the European earwig. 1894:A female of the common earwig in a threat pose 765: 5322: 4767: 4331: 3806:"Family-group Names for Earwigs (Dermaptera)" 3343:Journal of the New York Entomological Society 3277:Journal of the New York Entomological Society 1995: 1906:and Eodermaptera with their extinct families 971:. Plants that they feed on typically include 408:Earwig diagram with wings extended and closed 357:until their second molt. As the nymphs molt, 4297:The earwigs of California (Order Dermaptera) 3221:Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World. 3082: 2799: 2656:. London: J. M. & Co. pp. 170–172. 2485:(3 ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 2108: 655: in). Earwigs are characterized by the 4599: 4407: 3601:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 3356:Journal Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2574:Grimaldi, David; Michael Engel (May 2005). 1934: 878:their second molt. The nymphs feed on food 671:are thread-like with at least 10 segments. 5329: 5315: 4513: 4338: 4324: 3918: 3305:, Vol. 39, No. 7 (Jul. 1952), pp. 498–504. 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2248:The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology 1142: 132: 3990: 3936: 3803: 3626:Gordh, George; David H. Headrick (2003). 3594: 3592: 3590: 3570: 3552: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3455: 3445: 3279:, Vol. 76, No. 2 (Jun., 1968), pp. 84–86. 2765: 2763: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2647: 2288: 364:Extant Dermaptera belong to the suborder 5059:Four most speciose orders are marked in 4649:(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts) 3804:Engel, Michael S.; Haas, Fabian (2007). 3314: 3107: 2683: 2438: 2410: 2371: 1922:of the Dermaptera is still debated. The 1889: 1870:genera. Hemimerina also has two genera, 1207: 1139:blossoms) can potentially harbour them. 940: 769: 677: 626:species is the Australian giant earwig ( 603: 529: 403: 4042: 3847:Jarvis, KJ; F Haas; MF Whiting (2004). 3506: 3483: 2476: 2463: 2411:Marshall, Stephan A. (June 2006). "4". 2404: 2365: 14: 5827:Extant Late Triassic first appearances 5809: 4182: 3903: 3754: 3728:(1 ed.). CRC Press. p. 310. 3719: 3587: 3472: 3047:, 1865, EBook issue 15 December 2012, 2845: 2760: 2718: 2509: 2434: 2432: 2339:(3 ed.). Marshall Cavendish Inc. 2332: 2270: 2227:from the original on 24 September 2015 1809:species of earwig was discovered by a 1152:, or tachinid flies, whose larvae are 5464: 5463: 5310: 5097: 4392: 4319: 4159: 3799: 3797: 3720:Nation, James L. (28 November 2001). 3619: 3323:from the original on 24 November 2009 2738:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 2196: 2157: 5769:106887C7-FFFE-7501-6E84-F9CDF0B4FE9B 5730:9daaec79-ebe2-49c0-83be-f7deadc1e2a1 5642:62ca37c3-a9bf-4ee6-8161-45e1c5d5a01c 4922:(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) 3658: 3198:from the original on 7 December 2009 2872: 2730:Gullan, P.J.; P.S. Cranston (2005). 2164:. Courier Corporation. p. 187. 2019:wrote the short story (appearing in 860:Female earwig in her nest, with eggs 4295:Langston RL & JA Powell (1975) 4235:from the original on 5 January 2019 4205:from the original on 7 January 2017 3266:, Vol. 117, Issue 1–5, pp. 262–267. 3171:from the original on 21 August 2010 3151:"A review of the parasitic earwigs" 3122:(Tucker) (Acarina: Penthaleidae)". 3083:Drees, B.M.; Jackman, John (1999). 2654:Insects: their structure & life 2429: 2336:International Wildlife Encyclopedia 1839:Arixeniidae represents two genera, 424:in origin, stemming from the words 24: 3794: 3726:Insect physiology and biochemistry 3190:Grupp, Susan M.; Philip L. Nixon. 3136:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1998.tb01569.x 2648:Carpenter, George Herbert (1899). 758:alternate along the length of the 368:, which first appeared during the 25: 5848: 4345: 4263: 3494:from the original on 16 July 2007 2822:from the original on 26 July 2011 2781:from the original on 27 June 2009 2451:from the original on 27 July 2009 2139:from the original on 23 July 2019 1612:. Some of the traits believed by 5281: 4432: 4088:A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake 4018:Journal of Horticultural Science 3972:from the original on 9 June 2021 3876:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2004.00276.x 3742:from the original on 9 June 2021 3646:from the original on 9 June 2021 3399:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2004.00276.x 3149:Nakata, Satsuko; TC Maa (1974). 3124:Australian Journal of Entomology 3067:, Pest Management Professional, 2938:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01526.x 2909:Staerkle M; M Koelliker (2008). 2706:from the original on 9 June 2021 2660:from the original on 9 June 2021 2596:from the original on 9 June 2021 2550:from the original on 21 May 2013 2392:from the original on 17 May 2006 2353:from the original on 9 June 2021 2333:Burton, Maurice (January 2001). 2178:from the original on 9 June 2021 1792:in females is reduced or absent. 865: 853: 823: in) tall and 0.8 mm ( 155: 60: 4217: 4176: 4153: 4134: 4122:from the original on 1 May 2019 4104: 4079: 4036: 4009: 3912: 3897: 3840: 3519: 3413: 3370: 3361: 3348: 3335: 3315:Capinera, John L. (June 1999). 3308: 3295: 3282: 3269: 3256: 3243: 3226: 3183: 3142: 3057: 3037: 2986: 2951: 2902: 2793: 2641: 2630: 2619: 2608: 2528: 2503: 2439:Cranshaw, W.S. (January 2007). 1156:. One species of tachinid fly, 1082:Malaysian hairless bulldog bats 525: 5577:Cockroach Species File (new): 4090:. New York: The Viking Press. 4030:10.1080/14620316.1997.11515559 3238:Journal of Economic Entomology 3219:Arnold, Richard A. "Earwigs." 2264: 2239: 2205: 2190: 2151: 2102: 2013:in the Laestrygonians chapter. 1882:, with a total of 11 species. 1818:Malaysian hairless bulldog bat 1719:Distinguishing characteristics 1632:, which are similar to modern 837:the eggs to protect them from 622:–2 in) long. The largest 13: 1: 4852:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) 3966:Urban Legends Reference Pages 3345:, Vol. 64, (1956), pp. 85–94. 3264:Journal of Applied Entomology 2732:"9 - Ground Dwelling Insects" 2447:. Colorado State University. 2372:Robinson, William H. (2005). 2095: 1784:are unsegmented and resemble 897:) to a dark black (as in the 599: 4800:(cicadas, aphids, true bugs) 3908:. Home Institute. p. 1. 3490:. Tree of Life web project. 3447:10.1371/journal.pone.0066900 3089:Field Guide to Texas Insects 2684:T. Costa, James (May 2006). 2080:George's Marvellous Medicine 1885: 1587:Earwigs and their relatives 1203: 904: 448: 442: 426: 399: 7: 5098: 4251: 2809:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 2277:Western Journal of Medicine 2025:A Century Of Creepy Stories 1820:in 1909, then described by 1748:are segmented. Biting-type 1707: 766:Life cycle and reproduction 716:neurohemal corpora cardiaca 701: 682:Earwig with right wing open 380:, the former dating to the 10: 5853: 5822:Rhaetian first appearances 5451:Taxonomy of the Dermaptera 4990:(gnats, mosquitoes, flies) 4883:(twisted-winged parasites) 4555:(dragonflies, damselflies) 4393: 4292:Featured Creatures website 3629:A Dictionary of Entomology 3303:American Journal of Botany 2690:The other insect societies 2512:Amazing Numbers in Biology 2199:The Other Insect Societies 2130:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.14 1996:In literature and folklore 1714:Taxonomy of the Dermaptera 1711: 1673:, with very high support. 924: 466:in 1773. The common term, 36: 29: 5587:Dermaptera Species File: 5472: 5447: 5384: 5346: 5275: 5108: 5104: 5093: 5055: 5000: 4958: 4943: 4902: 4871: 4862: 4844: 4813: 4763: 4736: 4699: 4666: 4610: 4595: 4572: 4543: 4522: 4509: 4484: 4468: 4441: 4430: 4403: 4399: 4388: 4356: 4272:by Fabian Haas, Heilbronn 4051:(Supplement 1): 51S–56S. 3968:. Snopes.com. p. 1. 3810:American Museum Novitates 3764:2nd Ed. (1995) Springer, 2972:10.1007/s10164-005-0145-7 2158:Skeat, Walter W. (2013). 2060:The Spinster's Sweet-Arts 1498: 1485: 1472: 1465: 1444: 1426: 1419: 1402: 1395: 1367: 1349: 1342: 1329: 1311: 1304: 1288: 1281: 1265: 1258: 1242: 1235: 1122:which are found on giant 1066:, mainly mammals. In the 1054:Species of the suborders 285: 278: 246: 241: 152:Scientific classification 150: 140: 131: 48: 4641:(stick and leaf insects) 4308:15 December 2015 at the 3904:Harris, Bronwyn (2006). 3722:"11: Circulatory System" 3671:Cell and Tissue Research 3192:"The Bug Review-Earwigs" 2580:Evolution of the Insects 2536:"St Helena giant earwig 2477:Gillott, Cedric (2005). 2217:Insects and their Allies 1935:Relationship with humans 37:Not to be confused with 5068:are paraphyletic groups 4711:(cockroaches, termites) 4475:(silverfish, firebrats) 4276:Dermaptera Species File 3906:Introduction to Earwigs 3669:(Blattodea, Insecta)". 3554:10.1073/pnas.1817794116 3234:Digonocheata setipennis 3065:Earwig invasion mystery 2850:Encyclopedia of Insects 2510:Flindt, Rainer (2006). 1992: in) in diameter. 1606: million years ago 1143:Predators and parasites 1074:, species of the genus 491: 475: 32:Earwig (disambiguation) 4419:(jumping bristletails) 4270:Earwig Research Center 4183:Takada, Kenta (2013). 2880:"Earwigs, HYG-2068-94" 2544:Natural History Museum 1895: 1770:and semicircular with 1222: 1131:Earwigs are generally 1110:long-tailed pouch rats 952: 778: 683: 641:) reached 78 mm ( 609: 538: 409: 141:Female common earwig, 5751:Paleobiology Database 4312:from What's That Bug? 4160:Twinn, Cecil (1942). 3856:Systematic Entomology 3667:Periplaneta americana 3379:Systematic Entomology 3120:Halotydeus destructor 3011:10.1007/s000490050011 2884:Ohio State University 2800:Haas, Fabian (2003). 2213:"Dermaptera: earwigs" 2109:Zhang, Z.-Q. (2011). 2056:Alfred, Lord Tennyson 1893: 1799:Forficula auricularia 1712:Further information: 1211: 1159:Triarthria setipennis 1108:found in the nest of 1086:Cheiromeles torquatus 1051:, damaging the crop. 948:Forficula auricularia 944: 773: 720:median corpus allatum 708:neuroendocrine system 681: 607: 533: 407: 343:Forficula auricularia 144:Forficula auricularia 5637:Fauna Europaea (new) 5021:(moths, butterflies) 4146:14 June 2020 at the 3791:on 25 November 2009. 3787:11 June 2020 at the 3487:Dermaptera — Earwigs 3116:Forficula auriculari 3052:Gentleman's Magazine 2197:Costa, J.T. (2006). 1186:Histiostoma polypori 919:Blue Ridge Mountains 580:being found there), 470:is derived from the 464:Charles De Geer 30:For other uses, see 4112:"The Second Season" 4057:1992Phyto..20S..51S 3921:"Earwig in the ear" 3919:Fisher, JR (1986). 3868:2005SysEn..30..442J 3632:. CABI Publishing. 3545:2019PNAS..116.3024W 3438:2013PLoSO...866900K 3391:2005SysEn..30..442J 2960:Journal of Ethology 2930:2008Ethol.114..844S 2538:Labidura herculeana 2273:"Earwig in the ear" 2271:Fisher, JR (1986). 2077:'s children's book 2021:Switch On The Light 1774:radiating outwards. 1172:Vespula maculifrons 639:Labidura herculeana 635:Saint Helena earwig 551:spine-tailed earwig 534:An earwig from the 462:. It was coined by 392:), and stoneflies ( 335:Earwigs are mostly 5288:Insects portal 5259:Triadophlebioptera 4065:10.1007/BF02980408 3683:10.1007/bf00222288 2441:"European Earwigs" 1896: 1728:General body shape 1692:consisting of two 1223: 1215:Belloderma arcuata 953: 951:feeding on flowers 889:After five to six 779: 725:malpighian tubules 684: 610: 539: 410: 349:Earwigs have five 5802: 5801: 5738:Open Tree of Life 5466:Taxon identifiers 5457: 5456: 5304: 5303: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5209:Palaeodictyoptera 5194: 5126: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5022: 5013: 4991: 4981: 4973: 4951: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4915: 4893: 4884: 4853: 4809: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4785: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4720: 4712: 4691: 4688:Mantophasmatodea 4683: 4672: 4658: 4650: 4642: 4634: 4626: 4618: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4556: 4535: 4524:Ephemeropteroidea 4476: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4282:Ringlegged earwig 4229:www.penguin.co.uk 4002:978-0-674-03540-9 3962:"Bugs in the Ear" 3778:978-0-306-44967-3 3735:978-0-8493-1181-9 3639:978-0-85199-655-4 3514:Challia fletcheri 2890:on 22 August 2008 2865:978-0-12-374144-8 2753:978-1-4051-1113-3 2589:978-0-521-82149-0 2496:978-1-4020-3184-7 2422:978-1-55297-900-6 2385:978-0-521-81253-5 2346:978-0-7614-7266-7 2257:978-0-19-861112-7 1924:extant Dermaptera 1910:, Dermapteridae, 1816:on the body of a 1690:circulatory organ 1663:mitochondrial DNA 1591: 1590: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1527: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1383: 1382: 1177:Mermis nigrescens 899:ringlegged earwig 659:, or the pair of 359:sexual dimorphism 300: 299: 237: 16:(Redirected from 5844: 5795: 5794: 5782: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5759: 5758: 5746: 5745: 5733: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5710: 5709: 5707:NBNSYS0000159836 5697: 5696: 5684: 5683: 5671: 5670: 5658: 5657: 5645: 5644: 5632: 5631: 5619: 5618: 5606: 5605: 5593: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5573: 5572: 5560: 5559: 5547: 5546: 5534: 5533: 5521: 5520: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5461: 5460: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5308: 5307: 5286: 5285: 5219:Permoplectoptera 5192: 5151:Diaphanopterodea 5124: 5106: 5105: 5095: 5094: 5020: 5011: 5002:Amphiesmenoptera 4989: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4947: 4929: 4921: 4913: 4891: 4882: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4799: 4791: 4784:(barklice, lice) 4783: 4775: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4718: 4710: 4689: 4681: 4680:Grylloblattodea 4670: 4656: 4648: 4640: 4632: 4624: 4616: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4554: 4533: 4520: 4519: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4474: 4466: 4465: 4436: 4418: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4390: 4389: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4189: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4157: 4151: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4116:nightgallery.net 4108: 4102: 4101: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3893:on 18 July 2011. 3892: 3886:. Archived from 3853: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3801: 3792: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3596: 3585: 3584: 3574: 3556: 3539:(8): 3024–3029. 3523: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3481: 3470: 3469: 3459: 3449: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3312: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3241: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3170: 3155: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3080: 3071: 3063:Kevin Hathorne, 3061: 3055: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3021:. Archived from 2990: 2984: 2983: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2940:. Archived from 2915: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2886:. Archived from 2876: 2870: 2869: 2853: 2843: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2821: 2806: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2767: 2758: 2757: 2741: 2727: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2681: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2645: 2639: 2634: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2571: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2484: 2474: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2330: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2138: 2115: 2106: 2090: 2086: 2065: 2050: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1916:Turanodermatidae 1908:Protodiplatyidae 1766:. Hindwings are 1607: 1468: 1467: 1450:Turanodermatidae 1422: 1421: 1407:Bellodermatidae 1398: 1397: 1373:Protodiplatyidae 1345: 1344: 1332: 1331: 1307: 1306: 1284: 1283: 1261: 1260: 1238: 1237: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1190:Histiostomatidae 1164:Ocytata pallipes 965:bluebottle flies 869: 857: 833: in) wide. 832: 831: 827: 822: 821: 817: 736:lateral oviducts 654: 653: 649: 646: 621: 620: 616: 516: 513: 508: 505:, or literally, 504: 501: 498: 494: 488: 485: 482: 478: 461: 458: 455: 451: 445: 439: 436: 433: 429: 232: 160: 159: 136: 122: 59: 52:Temporal range: 46: 45: 27:Order of insects 21: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5798: 5790: 5785: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5762: 5754: 5749: 5741: 5736: 5728: 5726: 5718: 5713: 5705: 5700: 5692: 5687: 5679: 5674: 5666: 5661: 5653: 5648: 5640: 5635: 5627: 5622: 5614: 5609: 5601: 5596: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5576: 5568: 5563: 5555: 5550: 5542: 5537: 5529: 5524: 5516: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5468: 5458: 5453: 5443: 5380: 5342: 5335: 5305: 5300: 5280: 5263: 5229:Protelytroptera 5161:Eudiaphanoptera 5146:Coxoplectoptera 5141:Carbotriplurida 5136:Campylopteridae 5113:Aethiocarenodea 5100: 5081: 5027: 4996: 4972:(scorpionflies) 4959: 4948: 4946: 4935: 4898: 4863: 4858: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4805: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4724: 4695: 4669: 4662: 4657:(angel insects) 4600: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4560: 4539: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4480: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4437: 4424: 4395: 4384: 4352: 4344: 4310:Wayback Machine 4266: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4158: 4154: 4148:Wayback Machine 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4084: 4080: 4045:Phytoparasitica 4041: 4037: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3958: 3954: 3917: 3913: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3802: 3795: 3789:Wayback Machine 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3736: 3718: 3714: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3640: 3624: 3620: 3597: 3588: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3482: 3473: 3418: 3414: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3353: 3349: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3244: 3231: 3227: 3218: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3158:Pacific Insects 3153: 3147: 3143: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3095:on 12 June 2010 3081: 3074: 3062: 3058: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3025:on 14 July 2011 2991: 2987: 2956: 2952: 2947:on 7 July 2011. 2944: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2844: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2769: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2728: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2700: 2682: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2590: 2572: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2475: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2437: 2430: 2423: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2386: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2347: 2331: 2306: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2172: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2113: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2088: 2084: 2063: 2048: 2023:, April, 1931; 1998: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1958:red raspberries 1937: 1904:Archidermaptera 1888: 1732:dorso-ventrally 1721: 1716: 1710: 1630:Protelytroptera 1610:Archidermaptera 1602: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1384: 1339:Archidermaptera 1206: 1198:Hippolyte Lucas 1145: 927: 907: 873: 870: 861: 858: 848: 829: 825: 824: 819: 815: 814: 768: 744:genital chamber 704: 651: 647: 644: 642: 618: 614: 613: 602: 528: 519:old wives' tale 514: 509: 506: 502: 499: 496: 486: 483: 480: 459: 456: 453: 437: 434: 431: 416:for the order, 414:scientific name 402: 374:Archidermaptera 253:Archidermaptera 231: 154: 127: 121: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 54: 53: 50: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5850: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5783: 5773: 5760: 5747: 5734: 5724: 5711: 5698: 5685: 5672: 5659: 5646: 5633: 5624:Fauna Europaea 5620: 5607: 5594: 5584: 5574: 5561: 5548: 5535: 5522: 5509: 5494: 5478: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5455: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5439:Spongiphoridae 5436: 5434:Pygidicranidae 5431: 5426: 5424:Karschiellidae 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5389:Anisolabididae 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5334: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5244:Protozygoptera 5241: 5239:Protorthoptera 5236: 5234:Protephemerida 5231: 5226: 5224:Protanisoptera 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5193:(griffinflies) 5191:Meganisoptera 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5171:Glosselytrodea 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5102: 5101: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5069: 5063: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5015: 5006: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4984: 4964: 4962: 4953: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4925: 4917: 4912:Raphidioptera 4908: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4886: 4877: 4875: 4866: 4864:Neuropteroidea 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4845: 4839: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4795: 4787: 4778: 4776: 4758: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4705: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4685: 4682:(ice-crawlers) 4676: 4674: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4652: 4644: 4636: 4628: 4620: 4611: 4605: 4590: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4549: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4532:Ephemeroptera 4528: 4526: 4517: 4504: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4469: 4463: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417:Archaeognatha 4413: 4411: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4343: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4300: 4293: 4279: 4273: 4265: 4264:External links 4262: 4261: 4260: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4216: 4175: 4152: 4133: 4103: 4096: 4078: 4035: 4024:(5): 677–685. 4008: 4001: 3983: 3952: 3911: 3896: 3839: 3793: 3780:. Accessed on 3753: 3734: 3712: 3677:(2): 319–326. 3657: 3638: 3618: 3586: 3518: 3505: 3471: 3412: 3385:(3): 442–453. 3369: 3360: 3347: 3334: 3307: 3294: 3281: 3268: 3255: 3242: 3225: 3209: 3182: 3141: 3130:(2): 183–185. 3106: 3072: 3056: 3043:Cowan, Frank, 3036: 2985: 2966:(2): 211–213. 2950: 2924:(9): 844–850. 2901: 2871: 2864: 2833: 2792: 2759: 2752: 2717: 2699:978-0674021631 2698: 2671: 2640: 2629: 2618: 2607: 2588: 2561: 2527: 2521:978-3540301462 2520: 2502: 2495: 2462: 2428: 2421: 2403: 2384: 2364: 2345: 2304: 2263: 2256: 2238: 2204: 2189: 2170: 2150: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2071: 2067: 2052: 2042: 2014: 2004:Finnegans Wake 1997: 1994: 1936: 1933: 1912:Semenoviolidae 1887: 1884: 1794: 1793: 1775: 1757: 1735: 1720: 1717: 1709: 1706: 1599:Early Jurassic 1589: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432:Semenoviolidae 1425: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1330: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1228: 1205: 1202: 1182:Laboulbeniales 1144: 1141: 985:butterfly bush 926: 923: 913:Doru taeniatum 906: 903: 875: 874: 871: 864: 862: 859: 852: 783:hemimetabolous 767: 764: 703: 700: 601: 598: 586:Anisolabididae 582:Spongiphoridae 555:Doru aculeatum 527: 524: 495:, which means 479:, which means 401: 398: 298: 297: 296: 295: 292: 289: 283: 282: 276: 275: 274: 273: 272: 271: 266: 257:Pandermaptera 255: 244: 243: 239: 238: 226: 222: 221: 216: 212: 211: 206: 202: 201: 196: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 148: 147: 138: 137: 129: 128: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5849: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5805: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5404:Chelisochidae 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5340: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5320: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5199:Megasecoptera 5197: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5092: 5078: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5024: 5023: 5016: 5014: 5012:(caddisflies) 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4985: 4982: 4978:Siphonaptera 4975: 4974: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949:(Mecopterida) 4942: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4885: 4881:Strepsiptera 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4812: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4790:Thysanoptera 4788: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4735: 4721: 4715: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4637: 4635: 4633:(webspinners) 4629: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4571: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4440: 4435: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4192:Kiberihamushi 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4099: 4097:9781608681662 4093: 4089: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3900: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770:0-306-44967-6 3767: 3763: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3515: 3509: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3484:Fabian Haas. 3480: 3478: 3476: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3432:(6): e66900. 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3364: 3357: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3278: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3246: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3077: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2867: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2633: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2611: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2539: 2531: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2433: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2368: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2259: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2200: 2193: 2177: 2173: 2171:9780486317656 2167: 2163: 2162: 2154: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2105: 2101: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2038:Night Gallery 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1993: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1949:common earwig 1946: 1941: 1932: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1856:ectoparasites 1854: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1835: 1834:Neodermaptera 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1683:late Tertiary 1680: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:neontologists 1611: 1605: 1601:period about 1600: 1596: 1595:Late Triassic 1586: 1585: 1577: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1558: 1550: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1523: 1522: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1463: 1462:Neodermaptera 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1393:Eodermaptera 1392: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355:Dermapteridae 1353: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1168:yellow jacket 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154:endoparasites 1151: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1043:, and tender 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 969:woolly aphids 966: 962: 958: 957:common earwig 950: 949: 943: 939: 937: 933: 922: 920: 915: 914: 902: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 868: 863: 856: 851: 850: 849: 846: 842: 840: 834: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 777: 772: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 721: 717: 713: 709: 699: 697: 693: 689: 680: 676: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 640: 636: 632: 630: 625: 606: 597: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 578: 573: 572: 567: 563: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 537: 536:Western Ghats 532: 523: 520: 512: 493: 477: 473: 469: 465: 450: 444: 428: 423: 419: 415: 406: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 382:Late Triassic 379: 375: 371: 367: 366:Neodermaptera 362: 360: 356: 352: 347: 346: 344: 338: 333: 331: 326: 322: 318: 314: 311: 308: 304: 293: 290: 287: 286: 284: 281: 277: 270: 269:Neodermaptera 267: 265: 262: 259: 258: 256: 254: 251: 248: 247: 245: 240: 235: 230: 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