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181:. The food is then placed in the oven and covered. This covered area can be used to bake bread or other various items. Steaming food in an earth oven covers a similar process. Fire-heated rocks are put into a pit and are covered with green vegetation to add moisture and large quantities of food. More green vegetation and sometimes water are then added, if more moisture is needed. Finally, a covering of earth is added over everything. The food in the pit can take up to several hours to a full day to cook, regardless of the dry or wet method used.
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744:, and in Scandinavia. Many pot boilers from British prehistoric sites are now considered to be the by-product of cooking with stones, in something similar to a Polynesian oven. Examples from the European prehistoric vary in form but are generally bowl-shaped and shallow in depth (30–45 cm), with diameters between 0.5 and 2 metres.
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cuisine, traditionally uses a type of ad hoc earth oven (usually built on a beach). A large hole is dug into the sand and heated rocks are added to the bottom of the hole. A layer of seaweed is then laid on top to create moisture and steam, followed by the food. Finally, another layer of seaweed is
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is created by first digging a 2- to 4-foot hole in the ground. Porous rocks are heated for a while and subsequently added to the bottom of the pit; next, a layer of banana stumps is added on top of them along with banana leaves. After the vegetation is laid down, the meat, fish, and any other foods
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structures. The earliest known earth oven was discovered in
Central Europe and dated to 29,000 BC. At its most basic, an earth oven is a pit in the ground used to trap heat and bake, smoke, or steam food. Earth ovens have been used in many places and cultures in the past, and the presence of such
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starts with a fire to heat rocks which have been tested by fire as to whether they will explode upon heating. These rocks are used repeatedly but eventually are discarded and replaced when it is felt that they no longer hold enough heat. Once the rocks are hot enough, they are stacked around the
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is done above ground rather than in a pit). It is a common day-to-day method of preparing roasted foods, with modern ovens being restricted to western-style houses. In the traditional village house, gas burners will be used inside the house to cook some food in pots. The
571:). In some non-Polynesian, part-Polynesian, and Micronesian parts of the Pacific, which some islands use the similar word umu, but not all Micronesian islands having many different languages use that base word umu, however, other words are used instead of umu - in
484:). The sand has to be knocked off carefully before consuming the bread. Sometimes this type of bread is also made when the family is together, because people like the taste of it. The bread is often mixed with molten fat (sometimes oil or butter) and
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Despite the similarities, there are many differences in the details of preparation, their cultural significance, and current usage. Earth ovens are said to have originated in Papua New Guinea and have been adopted by the later arriving
Polynesians.
476:. When baking bread, the wheat or barley flour is mixed with water and some salt and then placed directly into the hot sands beneath the camp fire. It is then covered again by hot coal and left to bake. This kind of bread is eaten with
170:. Earth ovens remain a common tool for cooking large quantities of food where no equipment is available. They have been used in various civilizations around the world and are still commonly found in the
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parcels of food which are wrapped in banana leaves or aluminium foil. Leaves are then placed over the assembly and the food is left to cook for a few hours until it is fully cooked.
425:) are also a popular way to cook. In early Taiwanese agricultural society, adults would take children to build earth ovens and cook simple ingredients like sweet potatoes and taro.
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Clast
Analyses of the Burnt Flint from Late Bronze Age Deposits Excavated at the Royal Docks Community School Site, London Borough of Newham. Artefact Services Technical Reports 2
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nomads, a simple earth oven is used – often when men travel without family or kitchen equipment in the desert. The oven is mostly used to bake bread but is also used to cook
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Earth oven cooking was very common in the past and continues into the present – particularly for special occasions, since the earth oven process is very labor-intensive.
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are placed on top and covered once again with more vegetation. Wet cocoa sacks are also sometimes added on top to add even more moisture and trap in more heat.
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In Europe, earth ovens were used from the
Neolithic period onward, with examples from this period found at the sites of Rinyo and Links of Notland on
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use the method primarily for uncovered, live-fire baking, which is a transitional design between the earth oven and the horizontal-plan
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is sheltered by a roof in case of rain, and it is separate from the house. There are no walls, which allows the smoke from the
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were originally prepared with earth ovens, where the inventor is said to have "dug a hole, lit a fire and buried the chicken."
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uses the same method of cooking as many other earth ovens and is closely related to the
Hawaiian earth oven, the
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Today, many communities still use cooking pits for ceremonial or celebratory occasions, including the indigenous
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middens" speculated to be used for large-scale cooking of plants of various sorts, especially the bulbs of
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Earth oven cooking is sometimes used for celebratory cooking in North Africa, particularly
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was the easiest way to cook large quantities of food quickly and efficiently for the
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added to trap in the steam and cook the food, which mainly consists of
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recognize "pit-hearths" as being commonly used in the past. In
Central
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word referring to the pit itself, consists of slow-roasted meat in a
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on the
Atlantic seaboard and considered a traditional element of
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To bake food, the fire is built, then allowed to burn down to a
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cooking pits is a key sign of human settlement often sought by
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Preparing
Hawaiian imu, to cook pig overnight, on Oahu, Hawaii
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on hot rocks above ground, later covered by leaves for cooking
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Host a New
England Clambake for a refreshing Taste Of Summer
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or watia and pachamanca are traditional earth ovens of the
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1043:
How To Feed An Army: Recipes and Lore from the Front Lines
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441:, etymologically related to the Central- and South-Asian
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437:: a whole lamb is cooked in an earth oven (called a
65:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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840:"FARE OF THE COUNTRY; Hong Kong's Mystery Chicken"
703:. Because their creation was so labor-intensive,
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810:"Mammoths roasted in prehistoric barbecue pit"
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284:is a common practice. Barbacoa, originally a
614:of local languages has its own word. In the
610:and English speakers, but each of the other
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410:have been known to use earth ovens to cook.
145:'umu at the early stage of heating the rocks
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866:"Iconic Buildings: Tolou, Fujian province"
751:, in common use up to the Middle Ages. In
492:but may be known under other local names.
27:"Imu" redirects here. For other uses, see
495:
125:Learn how and when to remove this message
1061:Prehistoric Cookery: recipes and history
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629:
499:
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292:-lined pit, popular in Mexico alongside
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161:is one of the simplest and most ancient
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1022:
747:Exceptions do exist, such as the Irish
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996:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
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863:
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1947:
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724:, but are more commonly known in the
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63:adding citations to reliable sources
34:
3611:
934:"Luau Terminology: What Is an Imu?"
13:
14:
3681:
2261:Megalithic architectural elements
1093:
968:e.g. Seager Thomas, Mike (1999).
864:Bisset, Colin (5 November 2016).
838:Basler, Barbara (April 8, 1990).
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3586:
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1948:
911:. youtube.com. 13 January 2008.
39:
3403:Indirect grilling/Plank cooking
2880:Evolutionary origin of religion
1077:Imu - Hawaiian Underground Oven
915:from the original on 2021-12-21
755:, there is also a tradition of
682:
445:and possibly descended from an
385:A modern Chinese earth oven in
50:needs additional citations for
1041:Lewin, J.G; P.J. Huff (2006),
1027:, Periplus, pp. 127–134,
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926:
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1:
2493:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2023:British megalith architecture
1105:The Earth Oven or Cooking Pit
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625:
453:) in a manner similar to the
188:Fijian lovo of cooked staples
2488:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2028:Nordic megalith architecture
816:. 2009-06-03. Archived from
618:the word in Pidgin is Motu.
429:Middle East and North Africa
7:
3245:Bain-marie (Double boiling)
974:. Artefact Services, Lewes.
768:
239:
10:
3686:
3531:List of cooking appliances
3023:List of cooking techniques
2636:British Isles and Brittany
2557:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1023:Brennan, Jennifer (2000),
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909:"Bedouin bread - YouTube"
763:Greek War of Independence
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393:In China, dishes such as
1087:, About.com Entertaining
795:
732:Ages from sites such as
20:Not to be confused with
3536:List of cooking vessels
3106:Grilling (charbroiling)
2868:Evolutionary musicology
2271:Oldest extant buildings
2198:Archaeological features
1717:Prepared-core technique
567:
496:Pacific and Madagascar
376:
272:are other examples. In
3111:Roasting (traditional)
2830:Unchambered long cairn
2678:Mound Builders culture
2011:Neolithic architecture
1146:Prehistoric technology
1059:Renfrew, Jane (2005),
1008:10.1006/jaar.1997.0303
990:Wandsnider, L (1997),
692:
647:
638:preparation with pig,
595:
577:
558:
543:
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404:of China that live in
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211:
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16:Simple pit for cooking
2505:List of Stone Age art
1707:Microblade technology
1655:Langdale axe industry
1253:Ard / plough
1110:Team Mumu Pit Cooking
1045:, New York: Collins,
872:. ABC Radio National.
742:Maiden Castle, Dorset
690:
633:
503:
384:
187:
140:
2912:Prehistoric medicine
2907:Prehistoric counting
2890:Prehistoric religion
2885:Paleolithic religion
2863:Behavioral modernity
2220:Causewayed enclosure
2112:Abri de la Madeleine
1236:Neolithic Revolution
820:on November 29, 2020
606:, "mumu" is used by
228:. The central Asian
226:New England clambake
59:improve this article
29:IMU (disambiguation)
3660:Micronesian cuisine
2951:Prehistoric warfare
1697:Magdalenian culture
1660:Levallois technique
1591:Earliest toolmaking
480:(in the absence of
252:, there are large "
3665:Polynesian cuisine
3655:Melanesian cuisine
3645:Cooking techniques
3408:Stir frying (chao)
2902:Origin of language
2895:Spiritual drug use
2805:Rectangular dolmen
2707:Dartmoor kistvaens
2520:Carved stone balls
2232:Circular enclosure
2191:Other architecture
2134:Alp pile dwellings
1722:Solutrean industry
1633:Gravettian culture
1283:Secondary products
1063:, English Heritage
940:. January 15, 2019
844:The New York Times
693:
648:
523:root *qumun (e.g.
506:
504:A Māori earth oven
391:
339:, meat, potatoes,
333:Chiloé Archipelago
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3551:Food preservation
3475:Burying in ground
3368:Carryover cooking
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3075:Roasting (modern)
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2873:music archaeology
2530:Cup and ring mark
2355:Clothing/textiles
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1939:
1938:
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1742:Yubetsu technique
1727:Striking platform
1692:Lithic technology
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1562:Game drive system
1481:Projectile points
1373:Mortar and pestle
1052:978-0-06-089111-4
1034:978-962-593-819-6
564:Cook Island Māori
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3650:Oceanian cuisine
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244:In many areas,
242:
131:
120:
114:
111:
68:
66:
56:
44:
33:
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3683:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3620:
3619:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
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3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
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3461:
3459:
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3454:
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3441:
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3426:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Caramelization
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Shallow frying
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
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3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
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3144:
3142:
3135:
3131:
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3127:
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3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
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3082:
3077:
3072:
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3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
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3031:
3027:
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3021:
3018:
3017:
3009:
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3001:
2994:
2986:
2977:
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2966:
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2964:
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2953:
2948:
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2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:Alligator drum
2921:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2856:lunar calendar
2853:
2842:
2840:
2839:Other cultural
2836:
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2833:
2832:
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2699:
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2685:
2675:
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2668:
2657:
2655:
2649:
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2646:
2645:
2643:Venus figurine
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2586:
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2574:Megalithic art
2571:
2570:
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2549:
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2527:
2525:Cave paintings
2522:
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2500:
2490:
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2327:Material goods
2319:
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2136:
2126:
2121:
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2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2043:Cliff dwelling
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1975:
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1962:
1954:
1953:
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1628:Fire hardening
1625:
1620:
1618:Clovis culture
1615:
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1598:
1587:
1585:
1579:
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1543:
1541:Manis Mastodon
1538:
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1528:
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1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
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1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
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1441:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:throwing stick
1412:
1406:
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1394:
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1179:
1174:
1169:
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1153:
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1149:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1094:External links
1092:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1071:, Samoa Online
1065:
1056:
1051:
1038:
1033:
1020:
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777:
770:
767:
717:
714:
684:
681:
627:
624:
497:
494:
430:
427:
378:
375:
311:, invented by
246:archaeologists
241:
238:
172:Pacific region
168:archaeologists
133:
132:
47:
45:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3682:
3671:
3668:
3666:
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3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3575:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:Gentle frying
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:Indirect heat
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
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3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
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3071:
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3055:
3052:
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3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
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2857:
2854:
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2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Simple dolmen
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Passage grave
2798:
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2746:Gallery grave
2744:
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2700:
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2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2661:Burial mounds
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Statue menhir
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:Stone carving
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
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2449:
2448:Sewing needle
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2303:
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2276:Timber circle
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2255:
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2250:
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2226:
2225:Tor enclosure
2223:
2222:
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2214:
2213:fulacht fiadh
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2209:
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2201:
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2110:
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2100:
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2034:
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2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1991:
1989:
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1467:
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1449:spear-thrower
1447:
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1437:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:Bow and arrow
1425:
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1336:Grinding slab
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1268:Domestication
1266:
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1263:Digging stick
1261:
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1256:
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1251:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:Founder crops
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
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1182:New Stone Age
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938:Hawaii Luaus™
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890:on 2018-07-18
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785:List of ovens
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753:Greek cuisine
750:
749:Fulacht fiadh
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521:Proto-Oceanic
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511:In some part-
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76: –
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70:Find sources:
64:
60:
54:
53:
48:This article
46:
42:
37:
36:
30:
23:
3417:Device-based
3361:Mixed medium
3214:Slow cooking
3044:Dry roasting
2756:wedge-shaped
2741:Funeral pyre
2734:Great dolmen
2690:Chamber tomb
2671:Round barrow
2626:Stone circle
2498:Blombos Cave
2426:Grooved ware
2350:Chalcolithic
2254:Thornborough
2172:Flush toilet
2107:Blombos Cave
2102:Rock shelter
2058:Quiggly hole
1950:Architecture
1925:illustration
1567:Buffalo jump
1388:Storage pits
1351:Aşıklı Höyük
1341:Ground stone
1323:
1177:Subdivisions
1084:
1076:
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1060:
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1024:
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995:
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963:
954:
942:. Retrieved
937:
928:
917:. Retrieved
903:
892:. Retrieved
888:the original
878:
869:
859:
849:11 September
847:. Retrieved
843:
833:
822:. Retrieved
818:the original
813:
804:
790:Pit barbecue
756:
746:
719:
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696:
694:
683:Hawaiian imu
675:
673:
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649:
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601:
586:
551:Hawaiian imu
510:
507:
450:
438:
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405:
399:
392:
352:
335:consists of
326:
306:
267:
261:
260:. The Mayan
243:
234:masonry oven
191:
176:
158:
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150:
148:
121:
112:
102:
95:
88:
81:
74:"Earth oven"
69:
57:Please help
52:verification
49:
22:Earthen oven
3616:WikiProject
3556:Food safety
3444:Slow cooker
3429:Microwaving
3322:Stir frying
3307:Deep frying
3101:Charbroiler
2778:unchambered
2773:Long barrow
2763:Grave goods
2719:Court cairn
2714:Clava cairn
2666:Bowl barrow
2604:Rock cupule
2547:Golden hats
2540:Hill figure
2441:Unstan ware
2421:Cord-marked
2286:Sweet Track
2208:Burnt mound
2129:Stilt house
2117:Sibudu Cave
1910:Tally stick
1878:Quern-stone
1863:Hammerstone
1853:Fire plough
1824:Pesse canoe
1782:Bannerstone
1752:Other tools
1665:Lithic core
1613:Aurignacian
1501:Bare Island
1383:Quern-stone
1002:(1): 1–48,
674:The Samoan
671:to escape.
650:The Samoan
371:Inca Empire
361:regions of
317:New England
274:Mesoamerica
266:and Andean
254:burned-rock
159:cooking pit
155:ground oven
3635:Earth oven
3629:Categories
3490:Fermenting
3424:Air frying
3373:Barbecuing
3312:Pan frying
3292:Blackening
3219:Smothering
3163:Parboiling
3116:Rotisserie
3063:Convection
3037:Conduction
3015:techniques
2917:trepanning
2810:Ring cairn
2768:Jar burial
2751:transepted
2683:U.S. sites
2584:Petroglyph
2510:Bird stone
2468:wine press
2141:Stone roof
2124:Roundhouse
2016:long house
1993:Stonehenge
1961:Ceremonial
1905:Stone tool
1732:Tool stone
1702:Metallurgy
1606:Mousterian
1583:Toolmaking
1521:Cumberland
1494:Transverse
1464:Schöningen
1356:Qesem cave
1324:Earth oven
1278:Irrigation
1189:Technology
1157:Prehistory
1100:The Samoan
983:References
919:2014-05-27
894:2015-11-04
824:2023-11-05
644:breadfruit
626:Samoan umu
593:, it is a
517:Polynesian
513:Melanesian
344:chapaleles
224:, and the
151:earth oven
115:April 2013
85:newspapers
3398:Fricassee
3388:Deglazing
3280:High heat
3273:Fat-based
3250:Sous-vide
3209:Simmering
3173:Reduction
3158:Decoction
3148:Blanching
3141:High heat
3094:Radiation
2961:symbolism
2825:Tor cairn
2783:Grønsalen
2724:Cremation
2616:Sculpture
2594:Pictogram
2579:Petroform
2399:amber use
2367:Cosmetics
2177:Reservoir
2162:Check dam
2092:Pueblitos
2087:Pit-house
2070:Longhouse
2004:Dwellings
1873:Microlith
1804:Bow drill
1799:Bone tool
1792:prismatic
1601:Acheulean
1516:Cresswell
1489:Arrowhead
1415:Boomerang
1331:Granaries
1293:Terracing
1172:Stone Age
870:Blueprint
701:Hawaiians
608:Tok Pisin
478:black tea
337:shellfish
322:shellfish
298:tortillas
280:nations,
278:Caribbean
174:to date.
3608:Cookbook
3592:Category
3524:See also
3500:Pickling
3458:Non-heat
3378:Braising
3348:Sweating
3336:Low heat
3327:Sautéing
3297:Browning
3260:Steaming
3224:Steeping
3204:Poaching
3199:Infusion
3194:Creaming
3189:Coddling
3182:Low heat
3168:Shocking
3121:Toasting
3085:Barbecue
2599:Rock art
2562:painting
2535:Geoglyph
2360:timeline
2340:Beadwork
2080:Mehrgarh
2075:Mudbrick
1983:megalith
1858:Fire-saw
1680:debitage
1675:analysis
1643:Hand axe
1623:Cupstone
1201:Glossary
1162:Timeline
913:Archived
814:NBC News
769:See also
758:kleftiko
612:hundreds
585:it is a
575:it is a
460:. Among
455:Hawaiian
447:Akkadian
309:clambake
282:barbacoa
276:and the
240:Americas
222:barbacoa
201:Hawaiian
179:smoulder
3600:Commons
3515:Souring
3510:Salting
3495:Juicing
3470:Brining
3287:Basting
3229:Stewing
3153:Boiling
3080:Smoking
3054:Searing
3013:Cooking
2956:Symbols
2567:pigment
2453:Weaving
2416:Cardium
2411:Pottery
2406:Mirrors
2394:Jewelry
2335:Baskets
2315:culture
2167:Cistern
1973:Pyramid
1915:Weapons
1893:Scraper
1883:Racloir
1843:Cleaver
1831:Chopper
1737:Uniface
1648:Grooves
1638:Hafting
1596:Oldowan
1555:Systems
1506:Cascade
1469:woomera
1459:harpoon
1432:history
1398:Hunting
1378:Pottery
1319:Cooking
1228:Farming
1194:history
1167:Outline
1016:7975535
944:May 24,
738:Newquay
634:Samoan
596:ahima'a
589:and in
583:Rotuman
470:venison
462:Bedouin
443:tandoor
435:Morocco
419:Chinese
367:Bolivia
331:of the
329:curanto
230:tandoor
219:Mexican
163:cooking
99:scholar
3485:Drying
3480:Curing
3393:Flambé
3302:Frying
3070:Baking
2934:flutes
2729:Dolmen
2653:Burial
2463:winery
2436:Linear
2266:Midden
2244:Cursus
2237:Goseck
2097:Pueblo
2048:Dugout
2033:Burdei
1712:Mining
1536:Lamoka
1531:Folsom
1511:Clovis
1368:Metate
1346:Hearth
1314:Basket
1288:Sickle
1049:
1031:
1014:
726:Bronze
722:Orkney
716:Europe
591:Tahiti
555:Samoan
525:Tongan
486:labneh
482:labneh
466:Tuareg
451:tinuru
439:tandir
421::
415:Taiwan
387:Zhuhai
359:Andean
355:huatia
341:milcao
300:, and
294:birria
290:maguey
217:, the
206:, the
199:, the
194:Fijian
143:Samoan
101:
94:
87:
80:
72:
3640:Ovens
3505:Purée
3465:Aging
2851:sites
2795:Mummy
2515:Cairn
2431:Jōmon
2382:shoes
2377:Hides
2249:Henge
2203:Broch
2065:Jacal
1920:Wheel
1868:Knife
1814:Canoe
1809:Burin
1787:Blade
1685:flake
1546:Plano
1454:baton
1444:Spear
1410:Arrow
1363:Manos
1216:Tools
1079:, Imu
1012:S2CID
796:Notes
780:Kālua
775:Hāngī
581:, in
545:hāngī
534:Māori
490:Arbut
474:waran
458:kālua
449:word
407:tulou
402:Hakka
348:Chile
302:salsa
286:Taino
269:watia
258:sotol
250:Texas
213:hāngī
208:Māori
106:JSTOR
92:books
2944:gudi
2702:Cist
2631:list
2458:Wine
2387:Ötzi
2372:Glue
2345:Beds
2313:and
2311:Arts
2182:Well
2038:Cave
1968:Kiva
1898:side
1888:Rope
1836:tool
1770:bone
1760:Adze
1526:Eden
1439:Nets
1309:Fire
1273:Goad
1258:Celt
1047:ISBN
1029:ISBN
946:2022
851:2017
740:and
730:Iron
728:and
642:and
640:taro
587:koua
578:lovo
573:Fiji
529:ʻumu
472:and
464:and
400:The
377:Asia
363:Peru
353:The
327:The
307:The
197:lovo
78:news
3134:Wet
3030:Dry
2053:Hut
1988:row
1819:Oar
1777:Axe
1765:Awl
1004:doi
709:imu
705:imu
697:imu
676:umu
669:umu
665:umu
660:umu
656:imu
652:umu
636:umu
602:In
568:umu
559:umu
541:or
538:umu
413:In
263:pib
204:imu
157:or
149:An
61:by
3631::
1010:,
1000:16
998:,
994:,
936:.
868:.
842:.
812:.
736:,
599:.
562:,
553:,
549:,
532:,
515:,
423:炕窯
373:.
365:,
350:.
304:.
296:,
153:,
141:A
3005:e
2998:t
2991:v
1138:e
1131:t
1124:v
1018:.
1006::
948:.
922:.
897:.
853:.
827:.
389:.
128:)
122:(
117:)
113:(
103:·
96:·
89:·
82:·
55:.
31:.
24:.
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