E-meter - Knowledge

50: 956:

spirit of man, not his body, though through the healing of the spirit the body can be affected. They have culled from their literature numerous statements disclaiming any intent to treat disease and recommending that Scientology practitioners send those under their care to doctors when organic defects may be found. They have introduced through testimony a document which they assert all those who undergo auditing or processing must sign which states that Scientology is "a spiritual and religious guide intended to make persons more aware of themselves as spiritual beings, and not treating or diagnosing human ailments of body or mind, and not engaged in the teaching of medical arts or sciences * * *."

598: 458: 382:

equipment and I could not find anything which would do a job of work. Now, Volney Mathison out on the Coast heard a talk out there one day, and I mentioned this fact. ... I had one of the fanciest electroencephalographs made and it didn't do anything very much, police detectors didn't do anything very much, and Mathison went to work and he floated a current within a current. This machine is relatively simple, but it's a current floating inside another current ... And I am, by the way, very much indebted to Mathison just on this basis of all of a sudden having a pilot.

742: 606: 312: 447: 22: 750:

auditor is the tone arm (a rotating lever) which is held throughout auditing and operated by one hand while the auditor writes with their other hand. As the needle on the display moves off the right or left of the dial, the tone arm is used to bring the needle back on the dial. During an auditing session, the auditor writes down questions he has asked the preclear, the preclear's answers, and activity of the e-meter such as needle movements and tone arm settings

1071:, gave evidence that the E-Meter "used for Scientology" was a "psycho-galvano-meter" and was "dangerous in unqualified hands". He said that if the E-meter "was suggested to possess mysterious powers" to someone who did not understand that it had "been thoroughly discredited as a lie detector" then "that person would be suggestible to ideas foisted on him by the operator". The final report of the inquiry stated that the E-meter enabled Scientology 469: 436: 1144:

charged and what things were not emotionally charged, a lot of time would be saved. So it's simply an assist for the practitioner to direct the individual to areas which he himself may not realize are troubled or charged with emotion or are repressed; and to better direct his attention into those areas ... The E-meter is a simple psycho-galvanometer. It's got some increased sensitivity built into it and the

1149:

device. It registers what is called, commonly, the psychogalvanomic reflex, which is a reflex that is a poorly understood mechanism of the psyche. The body resistance seems to vary when the individual thinks of a painful or pain-associated or traumatic-associated concept, or word or idea. ... Some very early work was done on this by Jung ...

1041:

the use of an E-Meter by Scientologists with medical implications. This plaintiff claimed that, after being audited with the device, she was encouraged to pay tens of thousands of euros for vitamins, books, and courses to improve her condition. She argued that amounted to fraud. The Court agreed, and the ruling was upheld on appeal in 2013. See

822:. The operator manipulates the tone arm to keep the needle near the center of the dial so its motion is easily observed. A simple E-meter powered by direct current, such as that used by the Scientologists and the like, displays several kinds of electrodermal activity (EDA) on the one dial without distinction, including changes in 993:

An individual processed with the aid of the E-Meter was said to reach the intended goal of 'clear' and was led to believe that there was reliable scientific proof that once cleared many, indeed most, illnesses would successfully be cured. Auditing was guaranteed to be successful. All this was and is false.

1143:

The immediate goal of the E-meter is to enhance communication. In other words, just to take a parallel: if an analyst were allowing his patient to free-associate, and the patient were connected in some way with a galvanometer which showed the analyst what things the patient mentioned were emotionally

992:

Hubbard and his fellow Scientologists developed the notion of using an E-Meter to aid auditing. Substantial fees were charged for the meter and for auditing sessions using the meter. They repeatedly and explicitly represented that such auditing effectuated cures of many physical and mental illnesses.

975:

to rule on the truth or falsity of the Church's doctrines and interfere with its practices, provided the claims are not manifestly insincere and the practices are reasonably harmless. The Court ordered a new trial with the mandate that the trial court could not forbid auditing, use of the E-meter, or

945:

The Church claimed that they had not written any publication that the E-meter could or would heal anything and sued to get the property back. Years of litigation ensued. In the first trial beginning on April 3, 1967, the jury found that the Church misrepresented the E-meter, and the judge ordered the

495:

The E-meter was not part of the early days of Dianetics and Scientology. Auditing was composed of conversation and not led by a mechanical device. Hubbard introduced an E-meter prototype during the 1952 Philadelphia Doctorate Course but did not introduce his transistorized version until several years

491:

when Mathison collaborated with Hubbard in 1951. Some sources say the E-meter was "developed by Volney Mathison following Hubbard's designs", or that Hubbard invented it. Hubbard falsely claimed to be the inventor of the E-meter, a claim which is in keeping with the Scientology stance that Hubbard is

1018:

Judge Gesell also ordered the Church to pay all the government's legal fees and warehousing costs for the confiscated property for the nine years of litigation. He also required the church to pay the salaries and travel expenses of FDA agents who might, from time to time, inspect for compliance with

2737:

Carl Jung, possibly the most creative psychologist who ever lived, experimented with skin talk in 1900. Using a primitive instrument to record changes in skin electrical activity, he conducted psychological interviews with patients and found that the skin responded to hidden emotions. It is said he

1398:

By itself, this meter does nothing. It is solely for the guide of Ministers of the Church in Confessionals and pastoral counselling. The Electrometer is not medically or scientifically capable of improving the health or bodily function of anyone and is for religious use by students and Ministers of

1075:

to assume, intensify and retain control over the minds and wills of preclears. Fears of its abilities keep them in constant subjection. Its use can be so manipulated by cunningly phrased questions that almost any desired result can be obtained, and it is used unscrupulously to dominate students and

1040:

In October 2009, a three-judge panel at the Correctional Court in Paris, France, convicted the church and six of its members of organized fraud. The Court's decision followed a three-week trial, where two plaintiffs alleged they were defrauded by the organization. One plaintiff's complaint involved

958:

Finally, with respect to their claim to be a religion and hence within the protection of the First Amendment, they have shown that the Founding Church of Scientology is incorporated as a church in the District of Columbia, and that its ministers are qualified to perform marriages and burials. They

749:

Most prominent on the face of the e-meter is a display with a needle pointer. There are several dials and knobs, and modern e-meters have several LCD displays. All models have knobs for turning the device on, testing it, setting the sensitivity, and boosting the device. The primary control for the

2296:

As described, Scientology does not assert that the E-meter can directly cure or mitigate disease; rather, the E-meter plays a vital role in the allegedly illness-alleviating process of auditing by identifying the presence and location of the cause of psychosomatic illnesses. Other systems work to

1126:

In Scientology it has been discovered that mental energy is simply a finer, higher level of physical energy. The test of this is conclusive in that a thetan "mocking up" (creating) mental image pictures and thrusting them into the body can increase the body mass and by casting them away again can

1096:

Bob Thomas, senior executive of the Church of Scientology in the United States, described the E-meter ... "Some very early work on this was done by Jung, who used a list of words. I think he combined it with the psycho-galvanometer. By this word association, he was attempting to increase the

681:

The Church claims that the E-meter can be used to assess the emotional charge of single words, whole sentences, and questions, as well as indicating the general state of the subject when the operator is not speaking. Few users of the E-meter claim that it does anything to the subject. To most, it

550:

From then on, the E-meter was a required tool for Scientology ministers. The "Hubbard Mark II" E-meter was christened in 1960 and the Hubbard Mark III shortly after. On December 6, 1966, Hubbard won a patent on the Mark V version under the name "Hubbard Electropsychometer". Corydon wrote that the

1083:

In 1965, Victoria banned the use of the E-meter without a license, with Western Australia and South Australia following suit. In 1969, the High Court of Western Australia ruled the ban illegal. South Australia repealed its law in 1973, and Victoria repealed it in 1982. In 1983, the High Court of

794:

controlled by the operator. A small voltage from the battery is applied to electrodes held in the subject's hands. As the electrical properties (electrodermal activity) of the subject's body change during the counseling, the resulting changes in the small electric current are displayed in needle

651:

Scientologists claim that in the hands of a trained operator, the meter can indicate whether a person has been relieved from the spiritual impediment of past experiences. In accordance with a 1974 federal court order, the Church of Scientology asserts that the E-meter is intended for use only in

1135:

is accompanied by three drawings. The first shows a man standing on a weighing scale, which reflects a weight of "150" (the units are not given). The next shows the man on the same scale, weighed down under a burden of "Mental Image Pictures", and the scale indicates a weight of "180". The last

955:

made no attempt to contradict the expert testimony introduced by the Government. They have conceded that the E-meter is of no use in the diagnosis or treatment of disease as such, and have argued that it was never put forward as having such use. Auditing or processing, in their view, treats the

1148:

reactions that you sometimes get in the galvanometer have been damped out by the circuitry, so that the mental reactions, the reactions of the spirit, on the body are emphasized and can be read more clearly. But that's simply the design of the circuitry; it doesn't basically affect the kind of

381:

This machine, the electropsychometer, has been acting as a pilot since about the first of January 1952. Very early I wanted a pilot; I had to have some method of metering preclears which was not dependent at all upon opinion or judgment. And I went out and looked at the existing lie detector

1113:

For the meter to be read, the tiny flow of electrical energy through the preclear (person) has to remain steady. When this tiny flow is changed the needle of the E-Meter moves. This will happen if the preclear pulls in or releases mental mass. This mental mass (condensed energy), acts as an

1972:

By 1906 was using GSR and breath measurement to note changes in respiration and skin resistance to emotionally charged worlds. Found that indicators cluster around stimulus words which indicate the nature of the subject's complexes ... Much later L. Ron Hubbard used this approach in

876:(salt, etc.), conductivity is increased when the sweat glands are activated. But some advocates argue that the meter responds more quickly than would be possible by the exudation and drying of sweat. They propose an additional mechanism termed the "Tarchanoff Response", through which the 513:

In late 1954 the use of the E-meter was discontinued by Hubbard. Wrote Hubbard: "Yesterday, we used an instrument called an E-Meter to register whether or not the process was still getting results so that the auditor would know how long to continue it. While the E-Meter is an interesting

364:

In 1950 ... I next attended a series of lectures being given by a very controversial figure, who several times emphasized that perhaps the major problem of psychotherapy was the difficulty of maintaining the communication of accurate or valid data from the patient to the therapist.

2028:

The E-meter is not a new type of instrument. It is one which is well known to science and has been in use in one form or another for many years. As early as the 1920s, experiments were conducted in psychological research with what was then called an electro-galvanometer or

689:

without an E-meter, and that Hubbard even told Scientologists to buy two E-meters, in the event that one of them fails to operate. According to anthropologist Roy Rappaport, the E-meter is a ritual object, an object that "stand indexically for something intangible".

514:

investigation instrument and has played its part in research, it is not today used by the auditor ... As we long ago suspected, the intervention of a mechanical gadget between the auditor and the preclear had a tendency to depersonalize the session ..."

1193:

Quotation: "Technically it is a specially developed 'Wheatstone Bridge' well known to electrically minded people as a device to measure the amount of resistance to a flow of electricity." Reproduced and cited in The Kotzé Report, Section III, Chapter 8 § 8.7(b).

3552: 1575: 1127:

decrease the body mass. This test has actually been made and an increase of as much as thirty pounds, actually measured on scales, has been added to, and subtracted from, a body by creating "mental energy". Energy is energy. Matter is condensed energy.

3369:

the U.S. Court of Appeals ... reversed the decision of the federal jury and stated that until the government can offer proof that Scientology is not a religion, the E-Meters and the literature seized are protected by our rights of freedom of

526:

is, at this moment, building a new and better E-Meter than has ever been built before, under the trademarked name of Physio-galvanometer, or O-Meter. It has very little in common with the old type E-Meter. Nevertheless, an old type E-Meter can be

351:

or E-meter, and it came to be known as the "Mathison Electropsychometer". In Mathison's words, the E-meter "has a needle that swings back and forth across a scale when a patient holds on to two electrical contacts". Mathison recorded in his book,

937:

in Washington, D.C., and confiscated more than three tons of property, including 5,000 books, 2,900 booklets, and several hundred E-meters. The FDA accused the Church of making false medical claims that the E-meters could treat physical and

3618: 4060: 950:

for the District of Columbia reversed the verdict; the Church, it said, had made substantial showing that Scientology is a religion and the government had done nothing to rebut the claim. The US Court of Appeals wrote:

754:

There are ten main "needle actions" that an auditor is trained to spot, including a "fall," a smooth needle motion to the right; a "rise," a similar motion to the left; and a "free needle," or more commonly called a

3558: 1584: 2373:; Fenwick, Peter B.C.; Trimblea, Michael R. (April 2004). "Clinical efficacy of galvanic skin response biofeedback training in reducing seizures in adult epilepsy: a preliminary randomized controlled study". 1005:

The E-Meter is not medically or scientifically useful for the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of any disease. It is not medically or scientifically capable of improving the health or bodily functions of

633:, each with a specific significance. Religion scholar Dorthe Refslund Christensen describes the e-meter as "a technical device that could help the auditor locate engrams and areas of change when auditing a 2090:

Current research using the skin's electrical activity as a communications medium between patient and therapist looks promising in such stress problems as drug abuse, alcoholism, neuroses and other tension

1847:. International Conference – Scientology in a scholarly perspective 24-25th January 2014. Antwerp, Belgium: University of Antwerp, Faculty for Comparative Study of Religions and Humanism. Archived from 857:". According to Scientology doctrine, the resistance corresponds to the "mental mass and energy" of the subject's mind, which are claimed to change when the subject thinks of particular mental images ( 4102: 1014:

The Hubbard Electrometer is a religious artifact. By itself, this meter does nothing. It is for religious use by students and Ministers of the church in Confessionals and pastoral counseling only.

4553: 1809:

Christensen, Dorthe Refslund (June 24, 2016). "Rethinking Scientology A Thorough Analysis of L. Ron Hubbard's Formulation of Therapy and Religion in Dianetics and Scientology, 1950–1986".

1076:

staff alike. All the evil features of scientology are intensified where the E-meter is involved. When used in conjunction with hypnotic techniques, its evil impact is greatly increased.

1452: 849:

The E-Meter, measuring variations in electrodermal activity (which can be highly responsive to emotion), functions on the same physiological data sources as one of the parts of the

1027:

In 1979 in Sweden, a court forbade calling the E-meter "an invaluable aid to measuring man's mental state and changes in it" in an advertisement. The prohibition was upheld by the

997:

Unable to do more under the mandate from the Court of Appeals, Judge Gesell ordered all the property to be returned to the Church, and thereafter, the E-meter may be used only in "

3013:

An Instant Read. An instant read is defined as that reaction of the needle which occurs at the precise end of any major thought voiced by the auditor. (quoting HCO B May 25, 1962)

1136:

picture shows the man standing upright on the scale, now unburdened by "Mental Image Pictures" and with a smile on his face, while the scale again indicates a weight of "148".

3619:"New Religious Movements, Technology, and Science: The Conceptualization of the E-Meter in Scientology Teachings" Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 51 (3):661-683 (2016) 861:). One account tells about Hubbard using the E-meter to determine whether or not fruits can experience pain, as in his 1968 assertion that tomatoes "scream when sliced". 629:("cans") connected to the meter, and the auditor notes both the verbal response and the activity of the meter. Auditor training includes familiarization with a number of 4678: 3518: 1068: 652:

church-sanctioned auditing sessions; it is not a curative or medical device. The E-meters used by the Church were previously manufactured by Scientologists at their

1840: 1079:

This simple electrical device is not, of course, the sole basis for the condemnation of scientology, but without the E-meter scientology would be partly disarmed.

4235: 2649: 523: 3477: 518:

Though it seemed for a while that Scientology's more advanced techniques would serve without an E-meter, a few months later in May 1955, Hubbard wrote:

298:

publishes disclaimers declaring that the E-Meter "by itself does nothing", is incapable of improving health, and is used solely for spiritual purposes.

4493: 3383: 3311: 3270: 4067: 1645: 4201: 2494:

Vanderark, Sherman D.; Ely, Daniel (1992). "Biochemical and Galvanic Skin Responses to Music Stimuli by College Students in Biology and Music".

4533: 4130: 3982: 3703: 3423:

Bigliardi, Stefano (2016). "New Religious Movements, Technology, and Science: The Conceptualization of the E-meter in Scientology Teachings".

3868: 1612: 1235:". However, auditing occurs well beyond the State of Clear while Hubbard's instructions continue to call the person being audited a preclear. 1010:

The church adopted a modified version of that statement, which it still invokes in connection with the E-meter. The current statement reads:

4473: 4240: 2334:

Shapiro, David A.; Shapiro, Diana (November 1982). "Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement".

2177: 2110: 963:

religion, that auditing is not part of the exercise of that religion, or that the theory of auditing is not a doctrine of that religion.

4784: 4636: 4568: 3873: 3583: 4182: 942:. The FDA also charged that the meters did not bear adequate directions for treating the conditions for which they were recommended. 880:

of the brain affects the current directly. This phenomenon is not completely understood, and further research needs to be performed.

2162: 3450: 2420:"Biofeedback, Galvanic skin response (GSH) or Electrodermal Response, Types of Biofeedback Machines or Biofeedback Techniques<" 4088: 3908: 1951: 1101:

Hubbard credited Mathison with recreating the E-meter and bringing him the first model for use in Dianetics. Hubbard set out his

900: 402:), marketing them through his own company and publications, retaining many of the concepts and terms from his time with Hubbard. 241: 4123: 4032: 1033: 2877: 4789: 3646: 3250: 3220: 3139: 3085: 2962: 2704: 1750: 1527: 1487: 1462: 4116: 2927: 1986: 4573: 4109: 4074: 4046: 3993: 3850: 1215: 903: 894: 560:

The Scientology E-meter has been redesigned and re-patented several times since its first introduction to Dianetics (e.g.:

85: 2537:

Rankin, Robert E.; Campbell, Donald T., Donald T. (July 1955). "Galvanic skin response to Negro and white experimenters".

1322: 4488: 4177: 4095: 3793: 1869: 1028: 501: 2080:. San Bernardino, California: The San Bernardino County Sun. The San Bernardino County Sun. October 11, 1977. p. 12 1973:

Scientology's 'auditing', using the 'e-meter' (a galvanic skin response indicator) to discern the presence of complexes.

782:, an electrical circuit configuration invented in 1833 that enables the detection of very small differences between two 589:

meters were first developed in 1889 in Russia, and psychotherapists began using them as tools for therapy in the 1900s.

4664: 4461: 4265: 3362: 1848: 977: 640:

Scientology concepts associated with the E-meter and its use are regarded by the scientific and medical communities as

1900: 4594: 4348: 4141: 3863: 3663: 3528: 3167: 3109: 3036: 2818: 2696: 2602: 2318: 2257: 2159: 2143: 1782: 1688: 1265: 972: 112: 4699: 4353: 3783: 2047: 625:". The auditor gives the preclear a series of commands or questions while the preclear holds a pair of cylindrical 2023: 1042: 1001:

religious counseling". All meters and referring literature must include a label disclaiming any medical benefits:

413:. Rigorous testing of the polygraph has yielded mixed results, and some critics classify polygraph operation as a 294:, which used the E-Meter, could help heal diseases, the E-Meter became the subject of litigation. Since then, the 4280: 4039: 3835: 757: 386:

Mathison began working with L. Ron Hubbard in 1951 and that year filed application for his first E-meter patent,

496:

later. The E-meter became "the principal material artifact" of Dianetics and Scientology from the 1960s onward.

315:

Illustration provided by Volney Mathison in the original 1951 patent application for the E-Meter, registered as

4769: 4583: 4323: 4225: 4189: 3728: 3612: 2281: 1916: 1883: 1063:, held a Board of Inquiry into Scientology which returned its findings in a document colloquially known as the 934: 926: 682:

does no more than suggest to the operator a change of mental, emotional, or autonomic nervous system activity.

149: 4734: 959:

have introduced their Creed into evidence. The Government has made no claim that the Founding Church is not a

4396: 4391: 4288: 3808: 795:

movements on a large analog panel meter. The dial face is without numbers because the absolute resistance in

390:. After the partnership broke up in 1954, Mathison continued improving his E-meters with additional patents ( 206: 2751: 1206:

Corydon's account was said to be based on the memoirs of Hubbard's son, L. Ron Hubbard, Jr., later known as

597: 4706: 4615: 4255: 3918: 2482:

A statistically significant correlation was found between skin conductance and dental anxiety in all cases.

911: 630: 226: 4727: 3398: 3326: 3285: 4764: 4483: 4250: 3748: 3713: 3688: 3683: 1211: 976:

purveyance of the literature within a religious context. The FDA appealed the decision, but in 1969, the

686: 551:

Hubbard E-meter was actually developed by Scientologists Don Breeding and Joe Wallis, though the patent (

216: 134: 95: 2154:

Religionsfreiheit und Konformismus: Über Minderheiten und die Macht der Mehrheit, Gerhard Besier, 2004.

1651: 4779: 4503: 4328: 3971: 3953: 3820: 1092:

Within the Church of Scientology, the early psychoanalysts are credited with first use of the E-meter.

967:

Having found that Scientology was a religion, the Court wrote that the government was forbidden by the

869: 799:

is relatively unimportant, while the operator watches primarily for characteristic needle motions. The

246: 4713: 1416: 4401: 4245: 4053: 3965: 3855: 3639: 2977: 236: 192: 2834:

Critchley, Hugo D. (April 2002). "Book Review: Electrodermal Responses: What Happens in the Brain".

1431: 1297: 1118:

Hubbard claimed that this "mental mass" has the same physical characteristics, including weight, as

1019:

the court's order. The raid was ruled illegal, but the government retained copies of the documents.

601:

Demonstration of auditing, showing position of e-meter—auditor in foreground, preclear in background

4538: 4518: 4293: 4025: 3758: 3673: 2738:

was so astounded by this phenomenon that he exclaimed, 'Aha, a looking glass into the unconscious!'

2580: 2576: 1677:"Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation—A Technical Memorandum" 1054: 919: 2594: 1622: 4513: 4338: 3999: 3898: 3893: 3733: 2995: 2780: 2586: 2446: 1084:

Australia ruled that Scientology was a religion and as such had the same rights and protections.

221: 100: 80: 3131: 3125: 4774: 4650: 4318: 4298: 4146: 3987: 3883: 3803: 3743: 3678: 3312:""Other People's Faiths": The Scientology Litigation and the Justiciability of Religious Fraud" 2674: 2634: 2626: 1174: 1159: 618: 586: 329: 291: 231: 129: 4165: 2247: 2187: 1114:

additional resistance or lack of resistance to the flow of electrical energy from the E-Meter.

790:). The E-meter is constructed so that one resistance is the subject's body and the other is a 685:

New religious movement scholar Douglas Cowan writes that Scientologists cannot progress along

4671: 4548: 4543: 4363: 4343: 4333: 4313: 4303: 4213: 4172: 3738: 3589: 3384:"Other People's Faiths: The Scientology Litigation and the Justiciability of Religious Fraud" 3271:"Other People's Faiths: The Scientology Litigation and the Justiciability of Religious Fraud" 2445:

Caprara, H. John; Eleazer, Paul D.; Barfield, Robert D.; Chavers, Scott (December 16, 2005).

2019: 1770: 1555: 1300:. Washington, D.C.: United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. p. 1154 907: 787: 295: 173: 161: 49: 3026: 2808: 2407:

Biofeedback training significantly reduced seizure frequency in the active biofeedback group

4643: 4563: 4308: 3933: 3632: 2182: 2138:

Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights by the European Court of Human Rights,

1139:

Bob Thomas, senior executive of the church in the early 1970s, gave a prosaic description.

839: 783: 540: 457: 255: 33: 8: 4558: 4508: 4478: 4061:

New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack

4009: 3888: 3878: 3798: 3788: 3693: 1845:

Clearly Material: Objects, Meaning, and the Ongoing Construction of New Religious Reality

1232: 1060: 947: 843: 823: 634: 201: 4741: 2033: 1676: 1382: 347:

that projected an image of the needle on the wall. He patented his device in 1954 as an

4628: 4622: 3977: 3959: 3928: 3923: 3763: 3753: 3723: 3601: 3557:. East Grinstead, England: Church of Scientology, St. Hill Organization. Archived from 2859: 2678: 2519: 2398: 2370: 1358: 899:

The medical establishment had been watching Hubbard's enterprises since 1951, when the

858: 819: 211: 4720: 2899: 1959: 1214:

to prevent publication and swore an affidavit repudiating everything in the book. See

4657: 4523: 4081: 3938: 3903: 3524: 3358: 3246: 3216: 3210: 3163: 3135: 3105: 3081: 3075: 3032: 2958: 2954: 2863: 2851: 2814: 2700: 2598: 2575:

Harley, Gail M.; Kieffer, John (2009). "The Development and Reality of Auditing". In

2554: 2511: 2466: 2462: 2390: 2351: 2314: 2253: 2155: 2139: 1912: 1879: 1778: 1746: 1711: 1523: 1517: 1483: 1458: 1261: 779: 741: 667:

According to Hubbard, the E-meter is used by the operator for three vital functions:

544: 344: 333: 3503: 2523: 2402: 814:

In the Scientology E-meter, the large control, known as the "tone arm", adjusts the

4601: 4406: 4386: 4376: 4260: 4160: 4018: 3943: 3825: 3768: 3432: 3242: 2843: 2664: 2590: 2546: 2503: 2458: 2382: 2343: 1818: 831: 804: 711: 356:, that the idea of the E-Meter came to him in 1950 while listening to a lecture by 139: 1650:(4 ed.). Los Angeles: Mathison Electropsychometers. p. 1. Archived from 864:

The traditional theory of EDA holds that skin resistance varies with the state of

763:," which is "a rhythmic sweep of the dial at a slow, even pace... back and forth." 492:

the "source", or "the only originator of all Dianetics and Scientology material".

4381: 4194: 2904: 2608: 1994: 1919: 1788: 1617: 1533: 1271: 1064: 968: 922:, charging that they were falsely labeled as a treatment for radiation sickness. 877: 703: 410: 325: 183: 3595: 3523:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. Introduction: 5, 6. 2724: 2507: 2419: 2386: 2076: 1097:

effectiveness of the free association techniques, which he was not sure about."

4446: 4426: 4421: 4371: 3183: 3121: 2847: 2347: 985: 939: 758: 645: 610: 605: 357: 287: 90: 3607: 3352: 1353: 574: 568: 562: 553: 398: 392: 387: 317: 4758: 4685: 4416: 4206: 3778: 3162:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. Introduction: 5. 2447:"Objective Measurement of Patient's Dental Anxiety by Galvanic Skin Reaction" 1207: 730: 726: 699: 641: 414: 2668: 2612: 1998: 1923: 446: 4451: 4436: 4411: 3913: 3815: 2855: 2727:. Pocatello, Idaho: Field Enterprises, Inc. Idaho State Journal. p. 32 2558: 2470: 2394: 2283:

Scientology and the FDA: A Look Back, A Modern Analysis, And A New Approach

1865: 1792: 1537: 1275: 930: 865: 854: 718: 710:(lie detector) system, which has been widely criticized as ineffective and 536: 506: 264: 21: 4103:

Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.

2515: 2355: 2231:

Hubbard, L Ron (February 20, 1970). "Floating Needles and End Phenomena".

1909:

The Technical Bulletins of Dianetics and Scientology, Volume II, 1954–1956

1822: 4441: 3655: 1875: 1448: 1164: 980:

declined to review the case, commenting only that "Scientology meets the

873: 827: 808: 532: 488: 337: 283: 70: 41: 3621:, a thorough historical and critical study by scholar Stefano Bigliardi. 1679:. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. 1983 4431: 3436: 1694: 835: 722: 626: 4608: 4230: 4218: 4155: 3698: 3071: 2550: 1067:. Psychiatrist Ian Holland Martin, honorary federal secretary of the 915: 850: 707: 657: 653: 484: 477:

Mark V, Mark VI, Mark Super VII Quantum, and Mark VIII Ultra e-meters

406: 405:

In a separate line of development, EDA monitors were incorporated in

340: 75: 468: 4528: 4498: 3130:(First American ed.). New York: Henry Holt & Co. pp. 1987:"XII. On the Psychogalvanaic Phenomenon in Association Experiments" 1902:

Professional Auditor's Bulletin No. 52 — Auditing the "Whole Track"

1454:

Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine

1169: 791: 622: 311: 1434:(Report). Republic of South Africa. RP 55/1973 (The Kotzé Report). 925:

On January 4, 1963, in service of an FDA complaint, more than 100

373:

it appeared to me that the psychogalvanometer showed most promise.

4270: 3773: 2984:: "Lastly, galvanic skin responses are delayed 1–3 seconds." 1993:. New York, NY: Moffat, Yard & Company. pp. 446 et seq. 1145: 815: 800: 435: 178: 2201:

Hubbard, L Ron (May 27, 1970). "Unreading Questions and Items".

2063:

Some form of 'E-meter' has actually been in use since before WWI

1937:

What is Scientology? History, Beliefs, Rules, Secrets, and Facts

1231:

clear, because the end goal of early auditing was to reach the "

286:

that allegedly "registers emotional reactions". After claims by

3830: 2681:'s contributions, and why the bridge carries Wheatstone's name. 1102: 661: 124: 3624: 1745:. United States of America: Signature Books, Inc. p. 10. 984:

test of religion". In his 1973 judgment, District Court Judge

3948: 2444: 2368: 1939:(1 ed.). Newark, Delaware: Speedy Publishing. p. 5. 1775:

The Health Robbers : A Close Look at Quackery in America

1432:

Report of the Commission of Enquiry into Scientology for 1972

3585:

Scientology Today: What is the E-Meter and how does it work?

2297:

actually accomplish the discharge of illness-causing agents.

2249:

Searching for Spiritual Unity... Can There Be Common Ground?

3840: 3102:

Sectarianism: Analyses of Religious and Non-Religious Sects

2928:"Scientology Mythbusting with Jon Atack: The Tomato Photo!" 1743:

Studies in Contemporary Religion: The Church of Scientology

1323:"Court Order - FDA - Scientology Dianetics Hubbard E-meter" 1119: 803:

applied to the electrodes is less than 1.5 V, and the

377:

Hubbard told of that encounter in a 1952 recorded lecture:

144: 910:) for practicing medicine without a license. In 1958, the 3454: 2536: 796: 698:

Similar devices have been used as research tools in many

617:

E-meters are used by Scientology practitioners known as "

4679:

A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant

4110:

Church of Scientology Intl. v. Time Warner, Inc., et al.

2725:"Skin Talks – And It May Not Be Saying What You Want To" 1577:

Taped Lecture: How to Audit a Theta Line, Parts I and II

3208: 671:

To determine what process to run and what to run it on.

3451:"French court convicts Church of Scientology of fraud" 3357:. New York: Dell/Delacorte Press. pp. Chapter 4. 2625: 946:

confiscated materials destroyed. However, in 1969 the

621:". Scientology materials refer to the subject as the " 3239:

Bare-Faced Messiah: The true story of L. Ron Hubbard

3127:

Bare-faced Messiah, The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard

3059:

Bulletin of the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation

3031:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 7. 2813:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2. 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 4236:

Hubbard Association of Scientologists International

1216:

Affidavit submitted by DeWolf to a notary in Nevada

1087: 1069:

Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists

904:

prosecuted the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation

3184:"The Battle Mounts – Those Who Oppose Scientology" 2948: 2342:(3). American Psychological Association: 581–604. 2075: 1777:. Buffalo NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 330–332. 1202: 1200: 717:EDA meters are used in both therapist-patient and 522:And here come E-Meters back into the picture. The 4082:Church of Scientology Intl. v. Fishman and Geertz 3478:"Scientology's fraud conviction upheld in France" 2216:Hubbard, L Ron (February 18, 1961). "SOP Goals". 2096: 2024:"Report of the Board of Inquiry into Scientology" 1563:(4 ed.). Los Angeles: Mathison Psychometers. 1447: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1043:Scientology in France § Conviction for fraud 807:through the subject's body is less than a half a 4756: 4068:Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong 2545:(1). American Psychological Association: 30–33. 2048:"Possible origins for Dianetics and Scientology" 1804: 1802: 1773:. In Barrett, Stephen; Wallace, Janssen (eds.). 721:settings. EDA is one of the factors recorded by 3504:Report of the Board of Inquiry into Scientology 3237:Russell Miller (1987). "15. Visits To Heaven". 3120: 2309:Lewis, James R. (2008). Lewis, James R. (ed.). 1457:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 163–65. 1197: 16:Device that measures electrical charges on skin 4534:New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project 4494:Concerned Businessmen's Association of America 4131:Headley v. Church of Scientology International 3236: 2949:Martini, Frederic; Bartholomew, Edwin (2001). 2684: 2333: 2311:The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements 2171: 2169: 2077:"You can learn control of how your skin talks" 2012: 1341: 842:aspects of EDA that can be observed only with 3640: 3615:on May 9, 1996, and published January 4, 2000 2574: 2539:The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 2124:"Inside Scientology Reaching for the Stars". 2026:. Government Printer, Melbourne. p. 95. 1860: 1858: 1834: 1832: 1799: 1549: 1547: 644:, as the E-meter has never been subjected to 3554:Taped Lecture 6207C19 SHSBC-191: The E-Meter 2570: 2568: 2493: 1811:Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review 1317: 1315: 531:The Scientology meter was smaller, based on 4474:Association for Better Living and Education 4241:International Association of Scientologists 2166: 1905:. London, UK: Hubbard Communication Office. 1808: 1522:. Secaucus, New Jersey: The Citadel Press. 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 901:New Jersey State Board of Medical Examiners 868:in the skin. Sweating is controlled by the 677:To know when the process should be stopped. 674:To observe how well the process is running. 4637:Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath 4569:World Institute of Scientology Enterprises 3874:Church of Scientology editing on Knowledge 3647: 3633: 3018: 2878:"Official Scientology page on the E-meter" 1984: 1855: 1829: 1764: 1762: 1705: 1703: 1544: 1370:– via National Library of Australia. 581: 48: 3422: 3114: 2920: 2833: 2657:Engineering Science and Education Journal 2595:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.003.0010 2565: 2502:(3_suppl). Ammons Scientific: 1079–1090. 2279: 1404: 1312: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 778:One of E-meter's primary components is a 656:facility, but were being manufactured in 4089:Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto 3064: 3024: 2892: 2806: 2718: 2716: 2239: 2018: 1643: 1553: 1515: 1496: 1374: 740: 702:and as one of several components of the 604: 596: 310: 20: 3544: 2749: 2690: 2230: 2215: 2200: 1898: 1864: 1768: 1759: 1722:(7). American Psychological Association 1709: 1700: 1583:. Church of Scientology. Archived from 1477: 1471: 1443: 1441: 1410: 1122:as commonly understood by lay persons: 4757: 4124:Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia 4075:R. v. Church of Scientology of Toronto 4033:X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden 2951:Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology 2650:"The Genesis of the Wheatstone Bridge" 2647: 2245: 2113:. Church of Scientology International. 1740: 1671: 1669: 1295: 1282: 1255: 1034:X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden 3628: 3516: 3391:Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 3381: 3350: 3319:Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 3309: 3278:Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 3268: 3264: 3262: 3190:. Church of Scientology International 3157: 3153: 3151: 3070: 3061:, Elizabeth, New Jersey. January 1951 2827: 2722: 2713: 2308: 2175: 2045: 1934: 1838: 1607: 1605: 1429: 1380: 1354:"Scientology Venus Trip 'a Delusion'" 1105:of how the E-meter works in his book 592: 4574:Youth for Human Rights International 4047:Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology 3994:The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power 3080:. New York: Carol Publishing Group. 2280:Cavanaugh, Jeanne (April 27, 2004). 2176:Tobin, Thomas C (October 25, 1998). 1480:Suppressed and Incredible Inventions 1438: 1423: 1417:Publications Organization World Wide 1296:Wright, Skelley (February 5, 1969). 895:History of Dianetics and Scientology 714:by legal experts and psychologists. 4489:Citizens Commission on Human Rights 4178:Church of Scientology International 4096:Religious Technology Center v Lerma 3597:Secrets of Scientology: The E-Meter 3475: 2993: 2778: 2723:Brown, Barbara (November 9, 1977). 1949: 1666: 1621:. December 22, 1952. Archived from 1227:The person was originally called a 1029:European Commission of Human Rights 818:, while a smaller one controls the 725:, and EDA meters are often used in 483:The E-meter was adopted for use in 263:For the scientific instrument, see 13: 4266:Scientology Missions International 4231:Golden Era Productions (Gold Base) 4207:Flag Building/Super Power Building 4117:Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany 3259: 3148: 2930:. tonyortega.org. February 2, 2013 2246:Lebron, Robyn (January 13, 2012). 1871:L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman? 1602: 1574:Hubbard, L. Ron (April 16, 1952). 914:(FDA) seized and destroyed 21,000 557:) does not list other developers. 502:L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman? 282:) is an electronic device used in 14: 4801: 4785:Scientology beliefs and practices 3864:Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act 3577: 3551:Hubbard, L. Ron (July 19, 1962). 3397:(1): 175, fn. 116. Archived from 1689:Federation of American Scientists 3784:Scientology and religious groups 3209:Christopher Riche Evans (1974). 2463:10.1097/00004770-200308000-00001 1899:Hubbard, L. Ron (May 13, 1955). 1413:The Book Introducing the E-Meter 1088:Scientology beliefs and theories 888: 609:Using an e-meter to perform the 467: 456: 445: 434: 4564:The Way to Happiness Foundation 4040:Church of Scientology v. Sweden 3654: 3510: 3495: 3469: 3443: 3416: 3375: 3344: 3303: 3230: 3202: 3176: 3094: 3052: 2987: 2971: 2942: 2870: 2800: 2772: 2743: 2641: 2619: 2530: 2487: 2438: 2412: 2362: 2327: 2302: 2273: 2224: 2209: 2194: 2148: 2132: 2117: 2068: 2039: 1978: 1943: 1928: 1892: 1734: 1637: 1567: 1519:The Hidden Story of Scientology 1482:. Health Research. p. 41. 1399:the Church of Scientology only. 1258:America's Alternative Religions 1221: 883: 631:characteristic needle movements 539:, and powered by a low-voltage 4595:Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology 4226:Founding Church of Scientology 4190:Church of Spiritual Technology 3613:Church of Spiritual Technology 2648:Ekelöf, Stig (February 2001). 1430:Kotzé, G.P.C. (June 9, 1972). 1249: 1187: 935:Founding Church of Scientology 773: 736: 1: 3869:Books critical of Scientology 3354:Scientology: The Now Religion 3215:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2631:Mark Super VII Owner's manual 2457:(8). Elsevier Inc.: 493–496. 1573: 1242: 693: 4790:Fraudulent detection devices 4256:Rehabilitation Project Force 3909:Guardian's Office operations 3550: 3188:Those Who Oppose Scientology 2426:. ICBS, Inc. January 1, 2004 2286:. Boston: Harvard University 2088:– via Newspapers.com. 1769:Janssen, Wallace F. (1993). 1554:Mathison, Volney G. (1954). 1048: 912:Food and Drug Administration 428:Chronology of e-meter models 7: 4251:Religious Technology Center 3749:Keeping Scientology Working 2752:"Understanding the E-Meter" 2750:Hubbard, Lafayette (1982). 2508:10.2466/pms.1992.74.3c.1079 2496:Perceptual and Motor Skills 2387:10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.12.003 2252:. CrossBooks. p. 549. 2046:Atack, Jon (June 6, 2014). 1991:Studies in Word-Association 1952:"Notes on Carl Gustav Jung" 1383:"Inside the Mark Super VII" 1260:. SUNY Press. p. 386. 1153: 1059:In 1964, the government of 933:with drawn guns raided the 687:the Bridge to Total Freedom 306: 10: 4806: 3972:The Secrets of Scientology 3501:State of Victoria (1965). 3025:Boucsein, Wolfram (2012). 2997:The Book of E-meter Drills 2848:10.1177/107385840200800209 2807:Boucsein, Wolfram (2012). 2782:The Book of E-meter Drills 2348:10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.581 1839:Cowan, Douglas E. (2014). 1741:Melton, J. Gordon (2000). 1516:Garrison, Omar V. (1974). 1362:. June 2, 1964. p. 27 1052: 892: 870:sympathetic nervous system 830:potential. Researchers in 420: 301: 262: 4695: 4582: 4460: 4362: 4279: 4246:Office of Special Affairs 4202:Flag Service Organization 4140: 4054:Hernandez v. Commissioner 4008: 3966:Scientology as a business 3849: 3662: 2693:Understanding the E-Meter 1841:"Acta Comparanda, French" 1710:Adelson, R. (July 2004). 1644:Mathison, Volney (1952). 1133:Understanding the E-Meter 1107:Understanding the E-Meter 1022: 872:. Because sweat contains 237:Office of Special Affairs 4539:Oxford Capacity Analysis 4026:United States v. Hubbard 3517:Lewis, James R. (2009). 3476:AFP (October 17, 2013). 3382:Heins, Marjorie (1982). 3325:(1): 171. Archived from 3310:Heins, Marjorie (1982). 3284:(1): 170. Archived from 3269:Heins, Marjorie (1982). 3158:Lewis, James R. (2009). 2691:Hubbard, L. Ron (1982). 2381:(2). Elsevier: 216–223. 2313:. Vol. 1. OUP USA. 2128:. October 23, 2009. ABC. 1712:"The polygraph in doubt" 1411:Hubbard, L. Ron (1968). 1256:Miller, Timothy (1995). 1180: 1055:Scientology in Australia 920:Distribution Center Inc. 3894:Death of Lisa McPherson 2587:Oxford University Press 2375:Epilepsy & Behavior 2178:"A place called 'Gold'" 2111:"How the E-Meter works" 1989:. In Jung, Carl (ed.). 1985:Binswanger, L. (1919). 1956:Sonoma State University 1451:; Edzard Ernst (2008). 918:tablets from Hubbard's 648:as a therapeutic tool. 582:Earlier similar devices 290:that the procedures of 135:Bridge to Total Freedom 4504:Cult Awareness Network 3351:Malko, George (1970). 3028:Electrodermal Activity 2810:Electrodermal Activity 2635:Golden Era Productions 2627:L. Ron Hubbard Library 2451:Journal of Endodontics 2336:Psychological Bulletin 2020:Anderson, Kevin Victor 1478:Freeman, John (1987). 1387:Secrets of Scientology 1175:Thought identification 1160:Auditing (Scientology) 1151: 1129: 1116: 1099: 1081: 1016: 1008: 995: 965: 771: 746: 614: 602: 587:Electrodermal activity 529: 516: 384: 375: 367: 322: 26: 4770:Measuring instruments 4672:A Token of My Extreme 4549:Second Chance Program 4544:Safe Environment Fund 4214:Flag Ship Service Org 4173:Church of Scientology 3884:Death of Elli Perkins 3590:Church of Scientology 3404:on September 24, 2015 3332:on September 24, 2015 3291:on September 24, 2015 2953:. San Francisco, CA: 2669:10.1049/esej:20010106 2190:on November 12, 1999. 1851:on February 16, 2017. 1823:10.5840/asrr201662323 1716:Monitor on Psychology 1210:, but in 1987 DeWolf 1141: 1124: 1111: 1094: 1073: 1012: 1003: 990: 953: 908:Elizabeth, New Jersey 784:electrical impedances 752: 744: 608: 600: 575:U.S. patent 4,702,259 569:U.S. patent 4,578,635 563:U.S. patent 4,459,995 554:U.S. patent 3,290,589 520: 511: 399:U.S. patent 2,810,383 393:U.S. patent 2,736,313 388:U.S. Patent 2,684,670 379: 371: 362: 318:U.S. patent 2,684,670 314: 296:Church of Scientology 162:Church of Scientology 113:Beliefs and practices 25:A Scientology E-Meter 24: 4644:My Scientology Movie 3983:Tax status in the US 3934:Operation Snow White 2994:Hubbard, Lafayette. 2900:"30 Dumb Inventions" 2779:Hubbard, Lafayette. 2589:. pp. 183–206. 2183:St. Petersburg Times 1935:Grant, Boyd (2014). 756: 541:rechargeable battery 280:Hubbard Electrometer 4559:Volunteer Ministers 4509:The Delphian School 4479:Applied Scholastics 3889:Death of Kaja Ballo 3879:Clearwater Hearings 3561:on January 22, 2015 3077:A Piece of Blue Sky 2759:The Starlight Meter 2697:Bridge Publications 2371:Goldstein, Laura H. 2029:psychogalvanometer. 1590:on January 22, 2015 1061:Victoria, Australia 948:US Court of Appeals 844:alternating current 834:are also exploring 768:Harley and Kieffer 745:Parts of an e-meter 613:, a recruiting tool 174:Officials and staff 4765:1951 introductions 4524:Moxon & Kobrin 3978:Suppressive person 3960:Scientology and Me 3929:Operation Freakout 3924:Operation Clambake 3754:Marcab Confederacy 3729:Ethics and justice 3602:David S. Touretzky 3457:. October 27, 2009 3437:10.1111/zygo.12281 2424:Holisticonline.com 1647:Electropsychometry 1557:Electropsychometry 1359:The Canberra Times 1212:sued the publisher 747: 615: 603: 593:Use in Scientology 354:Electropsychometry 349:electropsychometer 323: 276:electropsychometer 212:Suppressive person 150:Ethics and justice 27: 4780:Religious objects 4752: 4751: 4708:Wikimedia Commons 4289:Status by country 4183:Guaranty Building 3939:Project Chanology 3904:Fishman Affidavit 3836:Training routines 3608:E-Meter US Patent 3252:978-1-55013-027-0 3222:978-0-374-13324-5 3212:Cults of Unreason 3141:978-0-8050-0654-4 3104:, Page 92, 1975, 3087:978-0-8184-0499-3 2964:978-0-13-061567-1 2955:Benjamin Cummings 2908:. January 1, 1968 2880:. Scientology.org 2706:978-0-88404-078-1 2673:Author discusses 1962:on April 19, 2015 1950:Daniels, Victor. 1752:978-1-56085-139-4 1625:on March 19, 2007 1613:"Remember Venus?" 1529:978-0-8065-0440-7 1489:978-0-7873-1091-2 1464:978-0-393-06661-6 1381:Touretzky, Dave. 1329:. August 25, 2008 780:Wheatstone bridge 345:moving-coil meter 334:Wheatstone bridge 261: 260: 247:War on psychiatry 242:Guardian's Office 207:Status by country 4797: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4602:Being Tom Cruise 4407:Jessica Feshbach 4387:Shelly Miscavige 4377:Mary Sue Hubbard 4261:Saint Hill Manor 4161:Celebrity Centre 4019:Hubbard v Vosper 3944:Project Normandy 3826:Study Technology 3769:Operating Thetan 3649: 3642: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3610: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3514: 3508: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3403: 3388: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3331: 3316: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3290: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3243:Key Porter Books 3234: 3228: 3226: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3118: 3112: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2980:Skin conductance 2975: 2969: 2968: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2787: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2688: 2682: 2672: 2654: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2572: 2563: 2562: 2551:10.1037/h0041539 2534: 2528: 2527: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2293: 2291: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2186:. Archived from 2173: 2164: 2152: 2146: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2085: 2079: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1958:. Archived from 1947: 1941: 1940: 1932: 1926: 1906: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1862: 1853: 1852: 1836: 1827: 1826: 1806: 1797: 1796: 1771:"The Gadgeteers" 1766: 1757: 1756: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1707: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1684: 1673: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1589: 1582: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1551: 1542: 1541: 1513: 1494: 1493: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1445: 1436: 1435: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1350: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1319: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1293: 1280: 1279: 1253: 1236: 1225: 1219: 1204: 1195: 1191: 978:US Supreme Court 940:mental illnesses 832:psychophysiology 805:electric current 769: 760: 712:pseudoscientific 577: 571: 565: 556: 471: 460: 449: 438: 401: 395: 320: 52: 29: 28: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4691: 4585: 4578: 4466:and recruitment 4465: 4463: 4456: 4397:John Carmichael 4382:David Miscavige 4358: 4275: 4195:Trementina Base 4144: 4136: 4004: 3854: 3845: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3611:, filed by the 3606: 3580: 3575: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3365: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3273: 3267: 3260: 3253: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3122:Miller, Russell 3119: 3115: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3023: 3019: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2957:. p. 263. 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2754: 2748: 2744: 2730: 2728: 2721: 2714: 2707: 2689: 2685: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2624: 2620: 2605: 2577:Lewis, James R. 2573: 2566: 2535: 2531: 2492: 2488: 2475: 2473: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2367: 2363: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2307: 2303: 2289: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2244: 2240: 2229: 2225: 2214: 2210: 2199: 2195: 2174: 2167: 2153: 2149: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2108: 2097: 2083: 2081: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2056: 2054: 2052:Scientology 101 2044: 2040: 2017: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1983: 1979: 1965: 1963: 1948: 1944: 1933: 1929: 1907:On page 195 in 1897: 1893: 1886: 1878:. p. 313. 1863: 1856: 1837: 1830: 1807: 1800: 1785: 1767: 1760: 1753: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1708: 1701: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1654:on June 7, 2011 1642: 1638: 1628: 1626: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1552: 1545: 1530: 1514: 1497: 1490: 1476: 1472: 1465: 1446: 1439: 1428: 1424: 1409: 1405: 1391: 1389: 1379: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1352: 1351: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1321: 1320: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1294: 1283: 1268: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1226: 1222: 1205: 1198: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1156: 1090: 1065:Anderson Report 1057: 1051: 1025: 969:First Amendment 957: 897: 891: 886: 878:cerebral cortex 786:(in this case, 776: 770: 767: 762: 759:floating needle 739: 704:Leonarde Keeler 696: 646:clinical trials 595: 584: 573: 567: 561: 552: 481: 480: 479: 478: 474: 473: 472: 463: 462: 461: 452: 451: 450: 441: 440: 439: 430: 429: 423: 411:Leonarde Keeler 397: 391: 326:Volney Mathison 316: 309: 304: 268: 184:David Miscavige 166: 117: 63: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4803: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4588: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4447:Michelle Stith 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4427:Kendrick Moxon 4424: 4422:Heber Jentzsch 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4372:L. Ron Hubbard 4368: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4349:United Kingdom 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4166:Château Élysée 4158: 4152: 4150: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3668: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3604: 3593: 3579: 3578:External links 3576: 3573: 3572: 3543: 3529: 3509: 3494: 3468: 3442: 3415: 3374: 3364:978-1112963735 3363: 3343: 3302: 3258: 3251: 3229: 3221: 3201: 3175: 3168: 3147: 3140: 3113: 3093: 3086: 3063: 3051: 3037: 3017: 2986: 2970: 2963: 2941: 2919: 2891: 2869: 2842:(2): 132–142. 2836:Neuroscientist 2826: 2819: 2799: 2771: 2742: 2712: 2705: 2683: 2640: 2618: 2603: 2564: 2529: 2486: 2437: 2411: 2361: 2326: 2319: 2301: 2272: 2258: 2238: 2223: 2208: 2193: 2165: 2147: 2131: 2116: 2095: 2067: 2038: 2011: 1977: 1942: 1927: 1891: 1884: 1854: 1828: 1798: 1783: 1758: 1751: 1733: 1699: 1665: 1636: 1601: 1566: 1543: 1528: 1495: 1488: 1470: 1463: 1437: 1422: 1403: 1373: 1340: 1311: 1281: 1266: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1233:State of Clear 1220: 1196: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1155: 1152: 1089: 1086: 1050: 1047: 1024: 1021: 986:Gerhard Gesell 929:and deputized 893:Main article: 890: 887: 885: 882: 775: 772: 765: 738: 735: 695: 692: 679: 678: 675: 672: 594: 591: 583: 580: 476: 475: 466: 465: 464: 455: 454: 453: 444: 443: 442: 433: 432: 431: 427: 426: 425: 424: 422: 419: 358:L. Ron Hubbard 343:, and a large 308: 305: 303: 300: 288:L. Ron Hubbard 259: 258: 252: 251: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 196: 195: 189: 188: 187: 186: 181: 176: 168: 167: 165: 164: 158: 155: 154: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 119: 118: 116: 115: 109: 106: 105: 104: 103: 98: 93: 91:L. Ron Hubbard 88: 83: 78: 73: 65: 64: 62: 61: 57: 54: 53: 45: 44: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4802: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4775:Pseudoscience 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4733: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4705: 4703: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4686:We Stand Tall 4683: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4464:organizations 4459: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4417:Leisa Goodman 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4354:United States 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4142:Organizations 4139: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3856:controversies 3852: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3809:Homosexuality 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3789:Reincarnation 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3779:Reactive mind 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3714:Disconnection 3712: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3532: 3530:9780199887118 3526: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3483: 3482:The Telegraph 3479: 3472: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3347: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3306: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3263: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3205: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3171: 3169:9780199887118 3165: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3110:0-470-91910-8 3107: 3103: 3100:Wallis, Roy. 3097: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3040: 3038:9781461411260 3034: 3030: 3029: 3021: 3014: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2983: 2981: 2974: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2929: 2923: 2907: 2906: 2901: 2895: 2879: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2820:9781461411260 2816: 2812: 2811: 2803: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2760: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2726: 2719: 2717: 2708: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2604:9780199852321 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2569: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2483: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2369:Nagai, Yoko; 2365: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2320:9780195369649 2316: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2285: 2284: 2276: 2261: 2259:9781462719525 2255: 2251: 2250: 2242: 2234: 2227: 2219: 2212: 2204: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2172: 2170: 2163: 2161: 2160:3-8258-7654-3 2157: 2151: 2145: 2144:90-247-2383-3 2141: 2135: 2127: 2120: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2092: 2078: 2071: 2064: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1974: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1946: 1938: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1895: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1866:Corydon, Bent 1861: 1859: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1833: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1784:9780879758554 1780: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1763: 1754: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1704: 1696: 1690: 1678: 1672: 1670: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1640: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1586: 1579: 1578: 1570: 1559: 1558: 1550: 1548: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1474: 1466: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1433: 1426: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1400: 1388: 1384: 1377: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1299: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1267:0-7914-2398-0 1263: 1259: 1252: 1248: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208:Ronald DeWolf 1203: 1201: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1147: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131:This text in 1128: 1123: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1093: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 974: 970: 964: 962: 952: 949: 943: 941: 936: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 902: 896: 889:United States 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 789: 785: 781: 764: 761: 751: 743: 734: 732: 731:psychological 728: 727:human studies 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 700:human studies 691: 688: 683: 676: 673: 670: 669: 668: 665: 663: 659: 655: 649: 647: 643: 642:pseudoscience 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 612: 607: 599: 590: 588: 579: 576: 570: 564: 558: 555: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 528: 525: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 503: 499:In the book, 497: 493: 490: 486: 470: 459: 448: 437: 418: 416: 415:pseudoscience 412: 408: 403: 400: 394: 389: 383: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 350: 346: 342: 339: 335: 331: 327: 319: 313: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 266: 257: 254: 253: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 217:Disconnection 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 194: 193:Controversies 191: 190: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 170: 169: 163: 160: 159: 157: 156: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 122: 121: 120: 114: 111: 110: 108: 107: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 68: 67: 66: 59: 58: 56: 55: 51: 47: 46: 43: 40: 39: 35: 31: 30: 23: 19: 4684: 4677: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4519:Front groups 4452:Kurt Weiland 4437:Mark Rathbun 4412:David Gaiman 4129: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4017: 3992: 3970: 3958: 3919:The Internet 3914:Keith Henson 3816:Silent birth 3718: 3704: 3596: 3584: 3563:. Retrieved 3559:the original 3553: 3546: 3534:. Retrieved 3519: 3512: 3502: 3497: 3485:. Retrieved 3481: 3471: 3459:. Retrieved 3445: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3406:. Retrieved 3399:the original 3394: 3390: 3377: 3368: 3353: 3346: 3334:. Retrieved 3327:the original 3322: 3318: 3305: 3293:. Retrieved 3286:the original 3281: 3277: 3238: 3232: 3211: 3204: 3192:. Retrieved 3187: 3178: 3159: 3126: 3116: 3101: 3096: 3076: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3042:. Retrieved 3027: 3020: 3012: 3005:. Retrieved 3003:. p. 27 2996: 2989: 2979: 2973: 2950: 2944: 2934:February 10, 2932:. Retrieved 2922: 2910:. Retrieved 2903: 2894: 2882:. Retrieved 2872: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2809: 2802: 2790:. Retrieved 2788:. p. 11 2781: 2774: 2762:. Retrieved 2758: 2745: 2736: 2729:. Retrieved 2692: 2686: 2663:(1): 37–40. 2660: 2656: 2643: 2630: 2621: 2581: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2481: 2474:. Retrieved 2454: 2450: 2440: 2428:. Retrieved 2423: 2414: 2406: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2288:. Retrieved 2282: 2275: 2263:. Retrieved 2248: 2241: 2233:HCO Bulletin 2232: 2226: 2218:HCO Bulletin 2217: 2211: 2203:HCO Bulletin 2202: 2196: 2188:the original 2181: 2150: 2134: 2125: 2119: 2089: 2082:. Retrieved 2070: 2062: 2055:. Retrieved 2051: 2041: 2034:HTML version 2027: 2014: 2002:. Retrieved 1990: 1980: 1971: 1964:. Retrieved 1960:the original 1955: 1945: 1936: 1930: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1870: 1849:the original 1844: 1814: 1810: 1774: 1742: 1736: 1724:. Retrieved 1719: 1715: 1687:– via 1681:. Retrieved 1656:. Retrieved 1652:the original 1646: 1639: 1627:. Retrieved 1623:the original 1616: 1592:. Retrieved 1585:the original 1576: 1569: 1556: 1518: 1479: 1473: 1453: 1449:Singh, Simon 1425: 1419:. p. 1. 1412: 1406: 1397: 1390:. Retrieved 1386: 1376: 1364:. Retrieved 1357: 1331:. Retrieved 1326: 1302:. Retrieved 1257: 1251: 1228: 1223: 1189: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1058: 1039: 1032: 1026: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 998: 996: 991: 981: 973:Constitution 966: 960: 954: 944: 931:longshoremen 924: 898: 884:Legal issues 874:electrolytes 866:sweat glands 863: 855:lie detector 848: 813: 777: 753: 748: 719:bio-feedback 716: 697: 684: 680: 666: 664:as of 1998. 650: 639: 616: 585: 559: 549: 545:line voltage 543:rather than 537:vacuum tubes 535:rather than 530: 521: 517: 512: 507:Bent Corydon 500: 498: 494: 482: 409:machines by 404: 385: 380: 376: 372: 368: 363: 353: 348: 324: 279: 275: 271: 269: 265:electrometer 96:Publications 18: 4736:Wikiversity 4623:Going Clear 4484:Celebrities 4462:Affiliated 4442:Mike Rinder 4402:Tommy Davis 4329:New Zealand 4324:Netherlands 3821:Space opera 3664:Beliefs and 3656:Scientology 3592:description 3588:, official 3520:Scientology 3160:Scientology 2982:, main page 2912:October 28, 2582:Scientology 1876:Lyle Stuart 1817:: 155–227. 1695:PDF version 1629:January 28, 1165:Biofeedback 988:ruled that: 982:prima facie 927:US marshals 828:bioelectric 809:milliampere 788:resistances 774:Electronics 737:Description 733:responses. 611:stress test 533:transistors 489:Scientology 338:vacuum tube 332:based on a 284:Scientology 71:Scientology 42:Scientology 4759:Categories 4743:Wiktionary 4729:Wikisource 4665:South Park 4658:The Profit 4651:The Master 4616:The Bridge 4554:Trademarks 4432:Karin Pouw 4147:properties 4010:Litigation 3954:Psychiatry 3431:(3): 668. 3227:Chapter 6. 3072:Atack, Jon 2679:Wheatstone 2675:Christie's 1917:0884040429 1885:0818404442 1392:January 5, 1366:August 13, 1327:Scribd.com 1243:References 1146:myological 1053:See also: 836:admittance 824:resistance 816:meter bias 723:polygraphs 694:Other uses 627:electrodes 202:Litigation 4722:Wikiquote 4701:Wikibooks 4609:Bowfinger 4514:Free Zone 4392:Bob Adams 4364:Officials 4294:Australia 4281:Countries 4219:Freewinds 4156:Cadet Org 3899:Fair game 3794:Sec Check 3705:Dianetics 3699:Dianetics 3666:practices 3536:April 14, 3487:March 29, 3194:April 10, 3044:April 10, 2864:146232135 2764:March 31, 2613:16943235M 2126:Nightline 2004:March 30, 1999:23343062M 1924:39796274M 1911:, (1976) 1304:April 10, 1298:"Opinion" 1049:Australia 999:bona fide 961:bona fide 916:Dianazene 851:polygraph 840:impedance 729:to gauge 708:polygraph 658:Hong Kong 654:Gold Base 527:utilized. 485:Dianetics 407:polygraph 341:amplifier 330:EDA meter 328:built an 222:Fair game 76:Dianetics 4715:Wikinews 4584:Popular 4529:Narconon 4499:Criminon 4339:Pakistan 4000:Timeline 3988:The Hole 3759:Marriage 3744:Incident 3734:Glossary 3679:Auditing 3674:Abortion 3565:June 10, 3461:July 23, 3408:April 9, 3370:worship. 3336:April 9, 3295:April 9, 3124:(1987). 3074:(1990). 3007:April 8, 2978:Article 2856:11954558 2792:April 8, 2731:April 8, 2629:(1990). 2559:13242282 2524:23923608 2476:April 9, 2471:12929693 2430:April 8, 2403:23077324 2395:15123023 2290:April 2, 2265:April 2, 2084:April 8, 2057:April 2, 2022:(1965). 1966:April 4, 1868:(1987). 1793:8130932M 1726:July 27, 1683:July 27, 1594:June 10, 1538:5071463M 1276:1092279M 1170:Ohmmeter 1154:See also 1031:in case 792:rheostat 766:— 635:preclear 623:preclear 619:auditors 307:Mathison 292:auditing 232:The Hole 130:Auditing 101:Glossary 81:Timeline 34:a series 32:Part of 4586:culture 4319:Germany 4299:Belgium 4271:Sea Org 3851:History 3774:OT VIII 3739:Implant 3719:E-meter 3132:227–228 2884:June 3, 2579:(ed.). 2516:1501973 2356:7156259 2091:states. 1658:May 12, 1333:June 3, 1006:anyone. 971:to the 859:engrams 801:voltage 509:wrote: 421:Hubbard 302:History 272:E-Meter 179:Sea Org 86:History 60:General 4344:Russia 4334:Norway 4314:France 4304:Canada 3831:Thetan 3804:Gender 3724:Engram 3707:(book) 3689:Bridge 3527: 3361: 3249: 3219: 3166: 3138: 3108: 3084: 3035: 2961: 2862: 2854: 2817: 2703: 2611: 2601: 2557: 2522: 2514: 2469: 2401: 2393: 2354: 2317: 2256: 2158: 2142: 1997: 1922: 1915: 1882: 1791: 1781: 1749: 1536: 1526: 1486: 1461: 1274: 1264: 1103:theory 1023:Europe 853:, or " 662:Taiwan 274:(also 125:Thetan 4309:Egypt 4145:(and 3949:R2-45 3694:Clear 3684:Books 3600:, by 3507:p. 96 3425:Zygon 3402:(PDF) 3387:(PDF) 3330:(PDF) 3315:(PDF) 3289:(PDF) 3274:(PDF) 3001:(PDF) 2860:S2CID 2786:(PDF) 2755:(PDF) 2653:(PDF) 2520:S2CID 2399:S2CID 1588:(PDF) 1581:(PDF) 1561:(PDF) 1181:Notes 4629:film 3841:Xenu 3764:MEST 3567:2015 3538:2015 3525:ISBN 3489:2014 3463:2018 3410:2015 3359:ISBN 3338:2015 3297:2015 3247:ISBN 3217:ISBN 3196:2015 3164:ISBN 3136:ISBN 3106:ISBN 3082:ISBN 3046:2015 3033:ISBN 3009:2015 2959:ISBN 2936:2013 2914:2009 2905:Life 2886:2012 2852:PMID 2815:ISBN 2794:2015 2766:2015 2733:2015 2701:ISBN 2677:and 2599:ISBN 2555:PMID 2512:PMID 2478:2015 2467:PMID 2432:2015 2391:PMID 2352:PMID 2315:ISBN 2292:2015 2267:2015 2254:ISBN 2156:ISBN 2140:ISBN 2086:2015 2059:2015 2006:2015 1968:2015 1913:ISBN 1880:ISBN 1779:ISBN 1747:ISBN 1728:2017 1685:2017 1660:2015 1631:2008 1618:Time 1596:2015 1524:ISBN 1484:ISBN 1459:ISBN 1394:2016 1368:2013 1335:2012 1306:2015 1262:ISBN 1120:mass 838:and 826:and 820:gain 797:ohms 660:and 524:HASI 487:and 369:and 336:, a 278:and 270:The 256:More 145:Xenu 3853:and 3799:Sex 3455:CNN 3433:doi 2844:doi 2665:doi 2591:doi 2547:doi 2504:doi 2459:doi 2383:doi 2344:doi 1819:doi 1229:pre 706:'s 637:". 578:). 227:RPF 4761:: 3480:. 3453:. 3429:51 3427:. 3393:. 3389:. 3367:. 3321:. 3317:. 3280:. 3276:. 3261:^ 3245:. 3241:. 3186:. 3150:^ 3134:. 3011:. 2902:. 2858:. 2850:. 2838:. 2757:. 2735:. 2715:^ 2699:. 2695:. 2661:10 2659:. 2655:. 2633:. 2609:OL 2607:. 2597:. 2585:. 2567:^ 2553:. 2543:51 2541:. 2518:. 2510:. 2500:74 2498:. 2480:. 2465:. 2455:29 2453:. 2449:. 2422:. 2405:. 2397:. 2389:. 2377:. 2350:. 2340:92 2338:. 2294:. 2180:. 2168:^ 2098:^ 2061:. 2050:. 1995:OL 1970:. 1954:. 1920:OL 1874:. 1857:^ 1843:. 1831:^ 1813:. 1801:^ 1789:OL 1787:. 1761:^ 1720:35 1718:. 1714:. 1702:^ 1668:^ 1615:. 1604:^ 1546:^ 1534:OL 1532:. 1498:^ 1440:^ 1415:. 1396:. 1385:. 1356:. 1343:^ 1325:. 1314:^ 1284:^ 1272:OL 1270:. 1199:^ 1109:: 1045:. 1037:. 846:. 811:. 572:, 566:, 547:. 505:, 417:. 396:, 360:: 140:OT 36:on 4674:" 4670:" 4149:) 3648:e 3641:t 3634:v 3569:. 3540:. 3491:. 3465:. 3439:. 3435:: 3412:. 3395:9 3340:. 3323:9 3299:. 3282:9 3255:. 3225:. 3198:. 3172:. 3144:. 3090:. 3048:. 2967:. 2938:. 2916:. 2888:. 2866:. 2846:: 2840:8 2823:. 2796:. 2768:. 2709:. 2671:. 2667:: 2637:. 2615:. 2593:: 2561:. 2549:: 2526:. 2506:: 2461:: 2434:. 2385:: 2379:5 2358:. 2346:: 2323:. 2269:. 2235:. 2220:. 2205:. 2036:) 2032:( 2008:. 1888:. 1825:. 1821:: 1815:7 1795:. 1755:. 1730:. 1697:) 1693:( 1691:. 1662:. 1633:. 1598:. 1540:. 1492:. 1467:. 1337:. 1308:. 1278:. 1218:. 906:( 755:" 321:. 267:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index