588:
43:
595:
In Hoy's time, the word "dumb" was used to describe someone who could not speak, rather than someone who was stupid. But since the ability to speak was often connected to one's intelligence, the epithets "dumb" and "dummy" became interchangeable with stupidity. Hoy himself often corrected individuals
628:
No articles printed during Hoy's lifetime have been found to support the suggestion that he influenced the creation of signals, nor did he ever maintain that he had such a role. Nonetheless, due to the possibility that he may have played a role in the use of signals, as well as for his all-around
536:. He finished fourth in runs (112) and on-base percentage (.407). He ended his Major League career with the Reds in 1902, batting .290 and breaking Brown's record of 4,461 career total chances in the outfield. He played for Los Angeles in the
453:
Hoy's speed was a great advantage in the outfield, and he was able to play shallow as a result. On June 19, 1889, he set an MLB record (which has since been tied twice) by throwing out three runners at home plate in one game, with catcher
338:
player in MLB history, and is credited by some sources with causing the establishment of signals for safe and out calls. He held the MLB record for games in center field (1,726) from 1889 to 1902, set records for career
668:
596:
who addressed him as
William, and referred to himself as Dummy. Said to have been able to speak with a voice that resembled a squeak, he was one of the most intelligent players of his time.
783:). The documentary, using photographs of Hoy and actors to recreate certain events, chronicled the highlights of Hoy's life and his contributions to baseball; Hoy was portrayed by
1728:
567:. He had 488 stolen bases from 1888 through 1897, and 108 more after the statistic was redefined to its present meaning in 1898. His 1,795 games in the outfield ranked second to
525:
in 1900, where
Comiskey was now the team owner, Hoy stayed with the team when the AL achieved major league status in 1901, helping them to the league's (and his) first pennant.
1272:
999:
478:
for the league's final season, leading the league with 119 walks and scoring a career-high 136 runs, second in the league. He returned to
Washington for two years with the
687:. He could see, if not hear, the standing ovation he received. Upon his death that December, his remains were cremated according to family tradition and were scattered at
575:
broke his MLB record for career putouts in 1905, and Clarke topped his record for career total chances in 1909. His record for career games in center field was broken by
438:. In his rookie year he led the league in stolen bases (although the statistic was defined differently prior to 1898), and also finished second with 69 walks while
297:
3651:
2891:
1508:
3601:
3616:
1193:
3646:
1719:
1265:
869:
858:
3681:
3641:
1017:
3636:
3586:
813:
703:
broke Hoy's record by becoming the first ex-major leaguer to reach the age of 100. Altogether, 25 former big league ballplayers have become
1258:
2884:
1501:
3666:
3676:
3656:
2901:
996:
303:
3611:
3591:
1712:
607:
is believed to have created signals for balls and strikes while working in the minor leagues. In the
November 6, 1886 issue of
2877:
1494:
1290:
3621:
3606:
1813:
1805:
1781:
1773:
1652:
423:
375:
190:
3631:
1684:
719:
700:
3626:
765:
1705:
1151:
479:
280:
270:
260:
256:
246:
242:
232:
228:
224:
218:
208:
198:
194:
410:. He opened a shoe repair store in his hometown and played baseball on weekends, earning a professional contract in
3596:
661:
3661:
2689:
2669:
1211:
1035:
750:
3671:
649:
772:
738:
866:
855:
760:
Deaf
Awareness Week; it is contested between members of the Rochester Recreation Club of the Deaf and the
3316:
1486:
1090:
966:
934:
648:. Among their six children was Carson, an Ohio judge, and their grandson, Judson, became a member of the
1180:
529:
483:
439:
427:
139:
1104:
3547:
2221:
2017:
1977:
1383:
657:
522:
510:
2729:
2721:
2713:
699:
Upon his death in 1961 at the age of 99, Hoy was the longest-lived former MLB player ever. In 1973,
3106:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
1376:
1227:
399:
370:. He is one of only 29 players to have played in four different Major Leagues. His 1,006 career
1313:
1058:
3442:
3372:
1797:
1540:
1439:
1320:
1022:
680:
2869:
671:
Hall of Fame. At the age of 99 and just two months before his death in
Cincinnati following a
3505:
3365:
3064:
3015:
2613:
1901:
1697:
1645:
1404:
1172:
634:
630:
568:
471:
324:
214:
1076:
625:
is credited with introducing those signals to the Major
Leagues, in the early 20th century.
3581:
3576:
1789:
1749:
734:
545:
537:
532:'s record of 3,623 career outfield putouts, and led the league with 86 walks and 14 times
8:
3120:
1281:
1176:
1027:
757:
641:
490:
459:
435:
252:
204:
2857:
2825:
640:
In retirement, Hoy and his wife Anna Maria, who was also deaf, operated a dairy farm in
347:(4,625) as an outfielder, and retired among the leaders in outfield games (2nd; 1,795),
3519:
2809:
2793:
2785:
1857:
974:
942:
746:
723:
463:
447:
442:.274. At 5'4" and batting left-handed, he was able to gain numerous walks with a small
415:
3029:
1250:
1184:
1517:
1147:
1140:
1135:
761:
684:
609:
600:
560:
514:
348:
266:
3190:
2229:
1453:
1425:
742:
730:
718:
At the time of his death, Dummy Hoy was the last surviving participant of both the
712:
645:
506:
486:. He was traded to the Reds in December 1893, where he was reunited with Comiskey.
475:
467:
411:
505:, who was his roommate. He hit .304 and .306 in his two seasons with the club. In
3309:
3260:
3225:
3204:
3162:
3155:
2959:
2952:
2917:
2801:
2705:
2605:
2597:
2261:
2245:
1524:
1460:
1341:
1031:
1003:
873:
862:
618:
518:
391:
328:
276:
238:
71:
3001:
2966:
3463:
3386:
3323:
3267:
3239:
3071:
2924:
2777:
2769:
2637:
2253:
2197:
2113:
2081:
2033:
1885:
1845:
1672:
1603:
1554:
1547:
1390:
1242:
756:
The
William "Dummy" Hoy Classic is a baseball game held every two years during
549:
403:
363:
320:
159:
149:
51:
3570:
3526:
3512:
3141:
3022:
2994:
2973:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2681:
2629:
2485:
2285:
2153:
2137:
2129:
1905:
1853:
1631:
1624:
1589:
798:
708:
676:
572:
556:
513:'s Major League record of 1,459 games in center field. After playing for the
407:
371:
344:
3414:
548:
in the first faceoff between deaf players in the Major
Leagues. Hoy got two
540:
in 1903. In May of his last season with the Reds, he batted against pitcher
3554:
3533:
3351:
3330:
3253:
3183:
3148:
3134:
3127:
3085:
3078:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3008:
2987:
2980:
2945:
2931:
2833:
2621:
2213:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1893:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1837:
1582:
1561:
1467:
1411:
1327:
1299:
1189:
854:, Silver Spring, Maryland: National Association of the Deaf, pp. 291–295 (
737:
was named the
William "Dummy" Hoy Baseball Field. He was inducted into the
704:
576:
541:
533:
494:
379:
3449:
1516:
1199:
587:
3421:
3400:
3379:
3358:
3295:
3288:
3197:
3176:
3169:
3036:
2841:
2817:
2697:
2677:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2477:
2469:
2429:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2277:
2269:
2237:
2205:
2181:
2161:
2145:
2121:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2073:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1765:
1638:
1617:
1596:
1568:
1432:
1369:
1059:"Crew films documentary on 19th century deaf baseball player 'Dummy' Hoy"
502:
498:
455:
443:
419:
367:
359:
352:
169:
3540:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3456:
3435:
3428:
3393:
3344:
3337:
3281:
3246:
3211:
3113:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2189:
1829:
1821:
1741:
1610:
1355:
1334:
1306:
688:
653:
395:
327:(MLB) who played for several teams from 1888 to 1902, most notably the
88:
1208: – website promoting his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame
430:
Hoy, became the third deaf player in the major leagues, after pitcher
3477:
3470:
3407:
3274:
3099:
3092:
2849:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2177:
2169:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2025:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1969:
1446:
1418:
1362:
784:
622:
614:
604:
555:
Hoy retired with a .288 batting average, 2,048 hits, 1,429 runs, 725
431:
316:(May 23, 1862 – December 15, 1961) was an American professional
20:
1168:
3232:
2938:
1474:
1348:
667:
In 1951 he was the first deaf athlete elected to membership in the
564:
335:
317:
1127:
Sandy, Steve; Miller, Richard. "No Dummy: William Ellsworth Hoy."
796:
The William Hoy Story: How a Deaf Baseball Player Changed the Game
599:
He is sometimes credited with developing the hand signals used by
3302:
2899:
790:
At least three picture books for children have been published:
672:
664:
after supervising hundreds of deaf workers during World War I.
340:
1727:
1050:
378:
when he retired. He ended his career ranking eighth in career
42:
1205:
1109:
617:
is credited as using hand signals while umpiring a game in
119:
April 20, 1888, for the Washington Nationals
764:
Club of the Deaf, at a recreated 19th-century ballpark at
629:
play, there is a movement to support his election to the
792:
Silent Star: The Story of Deaf Major Leaguer William Hoy
1280:
446:, leading the league twice and compiling a .386 career
660:
in Los Angeles. Hoy also worked as an executive with
129:
July 17, 1902, for the Cincinnati Reds
1212:
The Dummy Hoy documentary film, I See the Crowd Roar
458:
recording the outs. In 1890, he and Mack joined the
919:
917:
907:
905:
903:
1234:Oldest recognized verified living baseball player
1139:
603:to this day, though this view is widely disputed.
852:Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America
679:, built on the site of his former home field, to
3568:
990:
914:
900:
879:
3652:Chicago White Stockings (minor league) players
1167:Career statistics and player information from
366:nine times, and often finishing among the top
2885:
1713:
1502:
1266:
803:The Little-Known Heroes: William 'Dummy' Hoy
1018:"Playing a game to honor a baseball legend"
1006:. Baseball Reliquary. Retrieved 2019-08-14.
812:, tells the story of Hoy, who is played by
2892:
2878:
1729:National League season stolen base leaders
1720:
1706:
1509:
1495:
1273:
1259:
1237:October 31, 1956 – December 15, 1961
1056:
3647:Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players
964:
932:
669:American Athletic Association of the Deaf
3602:Washington Nationals (1886–1889) players
1196:, by Ralph Berger, Retrieved 2016-01-13.
826:
586:
3682:Sportspeople from Hamilton County, Ohio
3642:Oshkosh (minor league baseball) players
3617:Washington Senators (1891–1899) players
1015:
1009:
3569:
3637:National League stolen base champions
3587:Major League Baseball center fielders
2873:
1701:
1490:
1254:
1202: – profile and career highlights
1134:
374:put him second in MLB history behind
331:and two Washington, D.C. franchises.
997:"Shrine of the Eternals – Inductees"
805:by Kaushay and Spencer Ford (2021).
398:at age three. He graduated from the
16:American baseball player (1862–1961)
1131:, March–April 2000, pp. 48–53.
1016:Memmott, Jim (September 19, 2012).
965:Drebinger, John (October 7, 1961).
933:Drebinger, John (October 7, 1961).
715:, dying at the age of 111 in 2006.
13:
1105:"The Silent Natural (2019) - IMDb"
1091:"William 'Dummy' Hoy (Hard Cover)"
766:Genesee Country Village and Museum
14:
3693:
1161:
1034:. pp. 1B, 4B. Archived from
3667:People from Hancock County, Ohio
582:
571:(then at 1,829) in MLB history.
470:Hoy returned to the AA with the
41:
3677:People from Mount Healthy, Ohio
1194:SABR Baseball Biography Project
1142:Triumph and Tragedy in Mudville
1097:
1083:
1069:
1057:Rich Davis (October 19, 2008).
808:The 2019 limited-release movie
675:, the Reds brought him back to
493:, where his teammates included
3657:American disabled sportspeople
1527:1901 American League champions
1063:Evansville Courier & Press
958:
926:
888:
844:
835:
400:Ohio State School for the Deaf
1:
3612:St. Louis Browns (AA) players
3592:19th-century baseball players
1138:(2003). "The Amazing Dummy".
1121:
841:Gould, pp 127–9 refutes this.
650:Ohio House of Representatives
334:Hoy is the most accomplished
314:William Ellsworth "Dummy" Hoy
2904:Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame
816:, who is deaf in real life.
745:. Hoy was inducted into the
739:Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame
418:, team which was managed by
304:Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame
290:Career highlights and awards
7:
3622:Louisville Colonels players
3607:Buffalo Bisons (PL) players
1181:Baseball Reference (Minors)
422:in 1887. In 1888, with the
10:
3698:
3632:Baseball players from Ohio
652:. They raised his nephew,
390:Born in the small town of
18:
3627:Chicago White Sox players
2912:
1735:
1682:
1662:
1535:
1289:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1146:. New York: W.W. Norton.
694:
658:Helms Athletic Foundation
385:
294:
289:
187:
182:
178:
168:
158:
148:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
95:
78:
58:
49:
40:
33:
923:Sandy and Miller, p. 53.
911:Sandy and Miller, p. 49.
885:Sandy and Miller, p. 50.
832:Sandy and Miller, p. 48.
819:
681:throw out the first ball
523:last minor league season
394:, Hoy became deaf after
19:Not to be confused with
3597:Cincinnati Reds players
1520:Chicago White Stockings
1077:"The William Hoy Story"
895:Buffalo Morning Express
1023:Democrat and Chronicle
897:, April 13, 1890, p.14
777:Dummy Hoy: A Deaf Hero
751:Shrine of the Eternals
733:the baseball field at
707:, with one of the 25,
592:
591:A baseball card of Hoy
3662:Deaf baseball players
1038:on September 20, 2012
794:by Bill Wise (2012),
683:before Game 3 of the
656:, the founder of the
635:Cooperstown, New York
631:Baseball Hall of Fame
621:on October 20, 1886.
590:
489:Hoy later joined the
474:under player-manager
325:Major League Baseball
298:NL stolen base leader
3672:American deaf people
1093:. February 26, 2021.
850:Gannon, Jack. 1981.
781:I See the Crowd Roar
775:aired the biography
735:Gallaudet University
720:American Association
538:Pacific Coast League
424:Washington Nationals
358:He was an excellent
191:Washington Nationals
1282:Buffalo Bisons (PL)
1200:Dummy Hoy Biography
1028:Rochester, New York
967:"Reds Bow in Ninth"
935:"Reds Bow in Ninth"
773:Documentary Channel
758:Rochester, New York
642:Mount Healthy, Ohio
613:, the deaf pitcher
559:, 248 doubles, 121
491:Louisville Colonels
480:Washington Senators
362:, scoring over 100
253:Louisville Colonels
225:Washington Senators
124:Last MLB appearance
3520:Johnny Vander Meer
1173:Baseball Reference
1136:Gould, Stephen Jay
1002:2020-09-19 at the
975:The New York Times
943:The New York Times
872:2012-04-24 at the
861:2012-04-24 at the
810:The Silent Natural
747:Baseball Reliquary
593:
528:In 1901, he broke
448:on-base percentage
416:Oshkosh, Wisconsin
3564:
3563:
2867:
2866:
1695:
1694:
1484:
1483:
1249:
1248:
1240:Succeeded by
762:Buffalo, New York
685:1961 World Series
610:The Sporting News
515:Chicago White Sox
311:
310:
267:Chicago White Sox
82:December 15, 1961
3689:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3191:Bubbles Hargrave
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2906:
2905:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1896:
1888:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1675:
1668:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1454:General Stafford
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1225:Preceded by
1217:
1216:
1157:
1145:
1115:
1114:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1013:
1007:
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
971:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
939:
930:
924:
921:
912:
909:
898:
892:
886:
883:
877:
848:
842:
839:
833:
830:
713:supercentenarian
476:Charles Comiskey
472:St. Louis Browns
351:(7th; 273), and
215:St. Louis Browns
89:Cincinnati, Ohio
85:
68:
66:
45:
36:
31:
30:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3310:Frank McCormick
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3261:Brooks Lawrence
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3226:Fred Hutchinson
3224:
3217:
3210:
3205:August Herrmann
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3163:Ken Griffey Sr.
3161:
3156:Ken Griffey Jr.
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3030:Dave ConcepciĂłn
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2960:Ewell Blackwell
2958:
2953:Jack Billingham
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2918:Sparky Anderson
2916:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2900:Members of the
2898:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1899:
1891:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1461:Larry Twitchell
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1342:Bert Cunningham
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:All-time roster
1285:
1284:all-time roster
1279:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1164:
1154:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1032:Gannett Company
1014:
1010:
1004:Wayback Machine
995:
991:
981:
979:
969:
963:
959:
949:
947:
937:
931:
927:
922:
915:
910:
901:
893:
889:
884:
880:
874:Wayback Machine
863:Wayback Machine
849:
845:
840:
836:
831:
827:
822:
724:Players' League
697:
691:in Cincinnati.
619:Mobile, Alabama
585:
546:New York Giants
519:American League
484:National League
464:Players' League
428:National League
392:Houcktown, Ohio
388:
329:Cincinnati Reds
277:Cincinnati Reds
239:Cincinnati Reds
140:Batting average
109:
108:
102:
87:
83:
72:Houcktown, Ohio
70:
64:
62:
34:
29:
28:Baseball player
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3464:Frank Robinson
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3324:Bill McKechnie
3320:
3317:Mike McCormick
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3268:Ernie Lombardi
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3240:Ted Kluszewski
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3121:CĂ©sar GerĂłnimo
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3072:Paul Derringer
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2925:Bronson Arroyo
2921:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1897:
1889:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1687:Regular season
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1673:Clark Griffith
1669:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1653:Billy Sullivan
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1604:Herm McFarland
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1555:Clark Griffith
1551:
1548:Nixey Callahan
1544:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1391:Jocko Halligan
1387:
1384:George Haddock
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1243:Buster Burrell
1241:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1187:
1163:
1162:External links
1160:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1132:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1096:
1082:
1068:
1049:
1008:
989:
957:
925:
913:
899:
887:
878:
843:
834:
824:
823:
821:
818:
711:, becoming an
696:
693:
654:Paul Hoy Helms
584:
581:
557:runs batted in
460:Buffalo Bisons
387:
384:
376:Billy Hamilton
321:center fielder
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
292:
291:
287:
286:
285:
284:
274:
264:
250:
236:
222:
212:
205:Buffalo Bisons
202:
185:
184:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
166:
165:
162:
160:Runs batted in
156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
142:
136:
135:
134:MLB statistics
131:
130:
126:
125:
121:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
103:
97:
96:
93:
92:
86:(aged 99)
76:
75:
56:
55:
52:Center fielder
47:
46:
38:
37:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3694:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:George Wright
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:Bucky Walters
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:Johnny Temple
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:Wayne Granger
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:George Foster
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:Gordy Coleman
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:Smoky Burgess
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2974:Rube Bressler
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1690:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:Frank Shugart
1629:
1626:
1625:Roy Patterson
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:Fielder Jones
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:Jim Gillespie
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1229:
1228:John Leighton
1223:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1153:0-393-32557-1
1149:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1042:September 19,
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1005:
1001:
998:
993:
982:September 12,
977:
976:
968:
961:
950:September 12,
945:
944:
936:
929:
920:
918:
908:
906:
904:
896:
891:
882:
875:
871:
868:
864:
860:
857:
853:
847:
838:
829:
825:
817:
815:
811:
806:
804:
801:(2016)., and
800:
799:Nancy Churnin
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:In 2008, the
769:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
709:Silas Simmons
706:
702:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:Crosley Field
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:
606:
602:
597:
589:
583:Personal life
580:
578:
574:
573:Jesse Burkett
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:valedictorian
405:
401:
397:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:base stealers
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
345:total chances
342:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
305:
302:
299:
296:
295:
293:
288:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
254:
251:
248:
244:
240:
237:
234:
230:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
192:
189:
188:
186:
181:
177:
173:
171:
167:
163:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
141:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
106:
100:
94:
90:
81:
77:
73:
61:
57:
54:
53:
48:
44:
39:
32:
26:
22:
3555:Harry Wright
3534:Billy Werber
3352:Tony Mullane
3331:Roy McMillan
3254:Barry Larkin
3218:
3184:Noodles Hahn
3149:Danny Graves
3135:Ival Goodman
3128:Warren Giles
3086:Dan Driessen
3079:Pete Donohue
3058:Jake Daubert
3051:Hughie Critz
3044:Sam Crawford
3009:Clay Carroll
3002:Leo Cárdenas
2988:Tom Browning
2981:Dave Bristol
2967:Pedro BorbĂłn
2946:Johnny Bench
2932:Jake Beckley
2230:Schoendienst
1757:
1583:Frank Isbell
1575:
1562:Fred Hartman
1468:Deacon White
1412:George Keefe
1397:
1328:Spider Clark
1314:John Buckley
1300:Lady Baldwin
1233:
1206:DummyHoy.com
1141:
1128:
1108:
1099:
1085:
1071:
1062:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:the original
1021:
1011:
992:
980:. Retrieved
978:. Cincinnati
973:
960:
948:. Retrieved
946:. Cincinnati
941:
928:
894:
890:
881:
851:
846:
837:
828:
814:Miles Barbee
809:
807:
802:
795:
791:
789:
780:
776:
770:
755:
728:
717:
705:centenarians
701:Ralph Miller
698:
666:
639:
627:
608:
598:
594:
577:Tris Speaker
554:
542:Dummy Taylor
534:hit by pitch
527:
511:Mike Griffin
495:Honus Wagner
488:
452:
434:and pitcher
389:
380:games played
357:
353:double plays
343:(3,958) and
333:
313:
312:
170:Stolen bases
104:
98:
84:(1961-12-15)
79:
69:May 23, 1862
59:
50:
25:
3582:1961 deaths
3577:1862 births
3443:John Reilly
3422:Vada Pinson
3401:Dave Parker
3387:Jim O'Toole
3380:Joe Nuxhall
3373:Fred Norman
3359:Billy Myers
3296:Jim Maloney
3289:Jerry Lynch
3198:Tommy Helms
3177:Don Gullett
3170:Heinie Groh
3037:Harry Craft
1858:Van Haltren
1639:John Skopec
1618:Wiley Piatt
1597:Jack Katoll
1569:Zaza Harvey
1541:Jimmy Burke
1440:John Rainey
1433:Connie Mack
1370:Alex Ferson
1321:Jack Carney
521:during its
503:Tommy Leach
499:Fred Clarke
456:Connie Mack
444:strike zone
420:Frank Selee
355:(3rd; 72).
35:William Hoy
3571:Categories
3541:Will White
3506:Mario Soto
3499:Cy Seymour
3492:Tom Seaver
3485:Chris Sabo
3457:Eppa Rixey
3436:Bob Purkey
3429:Wally Post
3415:Tony PĂ©rez
3394:Ron Oester
3366:Gary Nolan
3345:Joe Morgan
3338:Bid McPhee
3282:Dolf Luque
3247:Larry Kopf
3212:Bob Howsam
3114:Lonny Frey
3065:Eric Davis
3016:Sean Casey
2738:W. Taveras
2638:Young, Sr.
2486:F. Taveras
1646:Joe Sugden
1611:Sam Mertes
1405:John Irwin
1356:Bill Duzen
1335:Dan Cotter
1307:Ed Beecher
1185:Retrosheet
1183:, or
1179:, or
1175:, or
1171:, or
1122:References
689:Lytle Park
646:Cincinnati
644:, outside
569:Jimmy Ryan
396:meningitis
360:baserunner
65:1862-05-23
3478:Edd Roush
3471:Pete Rose
3450:José Rijo
3408:Gabe Paul
3275:Red Lucas
3219:Dummy Hoy
3100:Bob Ewing
3093:Adam Dunn
2858:Acuña Jr.
2826:Acuña Jr.
2778:Young Jr.
2706:Podsednik
1838:Delahanty
1576:Dummy Hoy
1447:Jack Rowe
1419:Gus Krock
1398:Dummy Hoy
1363:Jay Faatz
1190:Dummy Hoy
1177:Fangraphs
785:Ryan Lane
753:in 2004.
623:Bill Klem
615:Ed Dundon
605:Cy Rigler
579:in 1920.
565:home runs
530:Tom Brown
509:he broke
436:Tom Lynch
432:Ed Dundon
406:as class
382:(1,796).
114:MLB debut
21:Dummy Boy
3233:Joey Jay
2939:Gus Bell
2690:Castillo
2670:Castillo
2262:Robinson
2246:Robinson
2198:Murtaugh
1886:Sheckard
1846:Sheckard
1814:Hamilton
1806:Hamilton
1782:Hamilton
1774:Hamilton
1475:Sam Wise
1349:Fred Doe
1220:Records
1129:Timeline
1000:Archived
870:Archived
859:Archived
722:and the
662:Goodyear
414:with an
404:Columbus
318:baseball
3303:Lee May
2770:Cabrera
2682:Rollins
2606:Grissom
2598:Grissom
2590:Coleman
2582:Coleman
2574:Coleman
2566:Coleman
2558:Coleman
2550:Coleman
2510:LeFlore
2278:Jethroe
2270:Jethroe
2254:Ashburn
2222:Barrett
2214:Vaughan
2182:Handley
1962:Bescher
1954:Bescher
1946:Bescher
1938:Bescher
1906:Maloney
1854:Donovan
1766:Fogarty
1742:Andrews
1667:Manager
1192:at the
601:umpires
563:and 40
561:triples
544:of the
517:in the
482:of the
462:of the
440:batting
426:of the
349:assists
341:putouts
99:Batted:
2856:2023:
2848:2022:
2842:Turner
2840:2021:
2832:2020:
2824:2019:
2818:Turner
2816:2018:
2810:Gordon
2808:2017:
2802:Villar
2800:2016:
2794:Gordon
2792:2015:
2786:Gordon
2784:2014:
2776:2013:
2768:2012:
2760:2011:
2752:2010:
2744:2009:
2736:2008:
2728:2007:
2720:2006:
2712:2005:
2704:2004:
2698:Pierre
2696:2003:
2688:2002:
2680:&
2678:Pierre
2676:2001:
2668:2000:
2662:Womack
2660:1999:
2654:Womack
2652:1998:
2646:Womack
2644:1997:
2636:1996:
2628:1995:
2622:Biggio
2620:1994:
2612:1993:
2604:1992:
2596:1991:
2588:1990:
2580:1989:
2572:1988:
2564:1987:
2556:1986:
2548:1985:
2542:Raines
2540:1984:
2534:Raines
2532:1983:
2526:Raines
2524:1982:
2518:Raines
2516:1981:
2508:1980:
2502:Moreno
2500:1979:
2494:Moreno
2492:1978:
2484:1977:
2476:1976:
2468:1975:
2460:1974:
2452:1973:
2444:1972:
2436:1971:
2428:1970:
2420:1969:
2412:1968:
2404:1967:
2396:1966:
2388:1965:
2380:1964:
2372:1963:
2364:1962:
2356:1961:
2348:1960:
2340:1959:
2332:1958:
2324:1957:
2316:1956:
2310:Bruton
2308:1955:
2302:Bruton
2300:1954:
2294:Bruton
2292:1953:
2284:1952:
2276:1951:
2268:1950:
2260:1949:
2252:1948:
2244:1947:
2238:Reiser
2236:1946:
2228:1945:
2220:1944:
2212:1943:
2206:Reiser
2204:1942:
2196:1941:
2188:1940:
2180:&
2176:1939:
2168:1938:
2160:1937:
2154:Martin
2152:1936:
2144:1935:
2138:Martin
2136:1934:
2130:Martin
2128:1933:
2120:1932:
2114:Frisch
2112:1931:
2106:Cuyler
2104:1930:
2098:Cuyler
2096:1929:
2090:Cuyler
2088:1928:
2082:Frisch
2080:1927:
2074:Cuyler
2072:1926:
2064:1925:
2056:1924:
2048:1923:
2040:1922:
2034:Frisch
2032:1921:
2024:1920:
2016:1919:
2008:1918:
2000:1917:
1992:1916:
1984:1915:
1976:1914:
1968:1913:
1960:1912:
1952:1911:
1944:1910:
1936:1909:
1930:Wagner
1928:1908:
1922:Wagner
1920:1907:
1914:Chance
1912:1906:
1904:&
1902:Devlin
1900:1905:
1894:Wagner
1892:1904:
1884:&
1882:Chance
1880:1903:
1874:Wagner
1872:1902:
1866:Wagner
1864:1901:
1856:&
1852:1900:
1844:1899:
1836:1898:
1828:1897:
1822:Kelley
1820:1896:
1812:1895:
1804:1894:
1796:1893:
1788:1892:
1780:1891:
1772:1890:
1764:1889:
1756:1888:
1748:1887:
1740:1886:
1150:
779:(aka:
695:Legacy
673:stroke
386:Career
300:(1888)
105:Threw:
91:, U.S.
74:, U.S.
2850:Berti
2834:Story
2762:Bourn
2754:Bourn
2746:Bourn
2730:Reyes
2722:Reyes
2714:Reyes
2630:Veras
2478:Lopes
2470:Lopes
2462:Brock
2454:Brock
2446:Brock
2438:Brock
2430:Tolan
2422:Brock
2414:Brock
2406:Brock
2398:Brock
2390:Wills
2382:Wills
2374:Wills
2366:Wills
2358:Wills
2350:Wills
2286:Reese
2162:Galan
2146:Galan
2122:Klein
2066:Carey
2058:Carey
2050:Carey
2042:Carey
2026:Carey
2018:Burns
2010:Carey
2002:Carey
1994:Carey
1986:Carey
1978:Burns
1970:Carey
1830:Lange
1798:Brown
1426:Lewis
970:(PDF)
938:(PDF)
820:Notes
466:. In
372:walks
183:Teams
154:2,048
107:Right
80:Died:
60:Born:
2614:Carr
2342:Mays
2334:Mays
2326:Mays
2318:Mays
2190:Frey
2178:Hack
2170:Hack
1790:Ward
1750:Ward
1148:ISBN
1110:IMDb
1044:2012
984:2020
952:2020
743:2003
731:2001
550:hits
507:1899
501:and
468:1891
412:1886
364:runs
336:deaf
281:1902
271:1901
261:1899
257:1898
247:1897
243:1894
233:1893
229:1892
219:1891
209:1890
199:1889
195:1888
150:Hits
144:.288
101:Left
1758:Hoy
1169:MLB
867:PDF
856:PDF
749:'s
741:in
729:In
633:in
402:in
323:in
174:596
164:725
3573::
1107:.
1061:.
1030:.
1026:.
1020:.
972:.
940:.
916:^
902:^
865:)(
787:.
768:.
726:.
637:.
552:.
497:,
450:.
2893:e
2886:t
2879:v
1721:e
1714:t
1707:v
1510:e
1503:t
1496:v
1274:e
1267:t
1260:v
1156:.
1113:.
1079:.
1065:.
1046:.
986:.
954:.
876:)
283:)
279:(
273:)
269:(
263:)
259:–
255:(
249:)
245:–
241:(
235:)
231:–
227:(
221:)
217:(
211:)
207:(
201:)
197:–
193:(
67:)
63:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
