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profoundly affect the economy by potentially altering state tax revenue streams. Furthermore, the transition to autonomous vehicles might disrupt employment patterns and labor markets, particularly in industries heavily reliant on driving professions. Data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics indicates that in 2019, the sector employed over two million individuals as tractor-trailer truck drivers. Additionally, taxi and delivery drivers represented approximately 370,400 positions, and bus drivers constituted a workforce of over 680,000. Collectively, this amounts to a conceivable displacement of nearly 2.9 million jobs, surpassing the job losses experienced in the 2008 Great Recession.
2490:. In a civil suit between the father of the driver killed and Tesla, Tesla documented that the car had been on Autopilot. According to Tesla, "neither Autopilot nor the driver noticed the white side of the tractor-trailer against a brightly lit sky, so the brake was not applied." Tesla claimed that this was Tesla's first known Autopilot death in over 130 million miles (210 million kilometers) with Autopilot engaged. Tesla claimed that on average one fatality occurs every 94 million miles (151 million kilometers) across all vehicle types in the US. However, this number also includes motorcycle/pedestrian fatalities. The ultimate
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1520:. Multiple sensors can provide a more complete view of the surroundings and can be used to cross-check each other to correct errors. For example, radar can image a scene in, e.g., a nighttime snowstorm, that defeats cameras and LiDAR, albeit at reduced precision. After experimenting with radar and ultrasound, Tesla adopted a vision-only approach, asserting that humans drive using only vision, and that cars should be able to do the same, while citing the lower cost of cameras versus other sensor types. By contrast, Waymo makes use of the higher resolution of LiDAR sensors and cites the declining cost of that technology.
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service. Mercedes Benz offers Level 3 service in Las Vegas in highway traffic jams at speeds up to 40 miles per hour (64 km/h). Mobileye's SuperVision system offers hands-off/eyes-on driving on all road types at speeds up to 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph). GM's hands-free Super Cruise operates on specific roads in specific conditions, stopping or returning control to the driver when ODD changes. In 2024 the company announced plans to expand road coverage from 400,000 miles to 750,000 miles. Ford's BlueCruise hands-off system operates on 130,000 miles of US divided highways.
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1629:(AI) plays a pivotal role in the development and operation of autonomous vehicles (AVs), enabling them to perceive their surroundings, make decisions, and navigate safely without human intervention. AI algorithms empower AVs to interpret sensory data from various onboard sensors, such as cameras, LiDAR, radar, and GPS, to understand their environment and improve its technological ability and overall safety over time.
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2456:, disguised himself as a car seat in a study to test people's reactions to driverless cars. He said, "We wanted to explore how pedestrians would interact with a driverless car and developed this unique methodology to explore their reactions." The study found that, in the absence of someone in the driving seat, pedestrians trust certain visual prompts more than others when deciding whether to cross the road.
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with a successful demonstration in 1997. Partly funded by the
National Automated Highway System and DARPA, Navlab drove 4,584 km (2,848 mi) across the US in 1995, 4,501 km (2,797 mi) or 98% autonomously. In 2015, Delphi piloted a Delphi technology-based Audi, over 5,472 km (3,400 mi) through 15 states, 99% autonomously. In 2015,
1569:/TC 22 specifies in-vehicle transport information and control systems, while ISO/TC 204 specifies information, communication and control systems in surface transport. International standards have been developed for ADAS functions, connectivity, human interaction, in-vehicle systems, management/engineering, dynamic map and positioning, privacy and security.
1027:. The context is defined by a set of conditions, including environmental, geographical, time of day, and other conditions. For vehicles, traffic and roadway characteristics are included. Manufacturers use ODD to indicate where/how their product operates safely. A given system may operate differently according to the immediate ODD.
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is traveling under 40 miles per hour (64 km/h), there is a vehicle in front, readable line markings, during the day, clear weather, and on freeways mapped by
Mercedes down to the centimeter (100,000 miles in California). As of April 2024, one Mercedes vehicle with this capability has been sold in California.
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and its Full Self-Driving (FSD) ADAS suites are available on all Tesla cars since 2016. FSD offers highway and street driving (without geofencing), navigation/turn management, steering, and dynamic cruise control, collision avoidance, lane-keeping/switching, emergency braking, obstacle avoidance, but
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In 2017, Waymo reported 63 disengagements over 352,545 mi (567,366 km) of testing, an average distance of 5,596 mi (9,006 km) between disengagements, the highest (best) among companies reporting such figures. Waymo also logged more autonomous miles than other companies. Their 2017
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One public opinion survey reported that harm reduction was preferred, except that passengers wanted the vehicle to prefer them, while pedestrians took the opposite view. Utilitarian regulations were unpopular. Additionally, cultural viewpoints exert substantial influence on shaping responses to these
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The first level, hands-on/eyes-on, implies that the driver is fully engaged in operating the vehicle, but is supervised by the system, which intervenes according to the features it supports (e.g., adaptive cruise control, automatic emergency braking). The driver is entirely responsible, with hands on
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The US allocated US$ 650 million in 1991 for research on the
National Automated Highway System, which demonstrated automated driving, combining highway-embedded automation with vehicle technology, and cooperative networking between the vehicles and highway infrastructure. The programme concluded
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In 2019, results from two opinion surveys of 54 and 187 US adults respectively were published. The questionnaire was termed the autonomous vehicle acceptance model (AVAM), including additional description to help respondents better understand the implications of various automation levels. Users were
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Mercedes Drive Pilot has been available on the EQS and S-class sedan in
Germany since 2022, and in California and Nevada since 2023. A subscription costs between €5,000 and €7,000 for three years in Germany and $ 2,500 for one year in the United States. Drive Pilot can only be used when the vehicle
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vehicles. The system provided features such as lane centering, street sign recognition, and hands-free highway driving on more than 130,000 miles of divided highways. The 2022 1.2 version added features including hands-free lane changing, in-lane repositioning, and predictive speed assist. In April
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In March 2024, a drunk driver who was speeding, holding her cell phone, and using BlueCruise on a
Pennsylvania freeway struck and killed two people who had been driving two cars. The first car had become disabled and was on the left shoulder with part of the car in the left driving lane. The second
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SAE Automation Levels have been criticized for their technological focus. It has been argued that the structure of the levels suggests that automation increases linearly and that more automation is better, which may not be the case. SAE Levels also do not account for changes that may be required to
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Vendors have taken a variety of approaches to the self-driving problem. Tesla's approach is to allow their "full self-driving" (FSD) system to be used in all ODDs as a Level 2 (hands/on, eyes/on) ADAS. Waymo picked specific ODDs (city streets in
Phoenix and San Francisco) for their Level 5 robotaxi
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The concept presumes that automated systems have limitations. Relating system function to the ODD it supports is important for developers and regulators to establish and communicate safe operating conditions. Systems should operate within those limitations. Some systems recognize the ODD and modify
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The primary obstacle to ACs is the advanced software and mapping required to make them work safely across the wide variety of conditions that drivers experience. In addition to handling day/night driving in good and bad weather on roads of arbitrary quality, ACs must cope with other vehicles, road
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lane keeping systems could only meet two out of the twelve principles required to guarantee safety, going on to say they cannot, therefore, be classed as 'automated driving', preferring 'assisted driving'". The first occurrence of the "automated" word refers to an Unece automated system, while the
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is developing the "Ultra Cruise" ADAS system, that will be a dramatic improvement over their current "Super Cruise" system. Ultra Cruise will cover "95 percent" of driving scenarios on 2 million miles of roads in the US, according to the company. The system hardware in and around the car includes
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In 2015, a survey of 5,000 people from 109 countries reported that average respondents found manual driving the most enjoyable. 22% did not want to pay more money for autonomy. Respondents were found to be most concerned about hacking/misuse, and were also concerned about legal issues and safety.
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collided with a construction vehicle. NIO's self-driving feature was in beta and could not deal with static obstacles. The vehicle's manual clearly stated that the driver must take over near construction sites. Lawyers of the deceased's family questioned NIO's private access to the vehicle, which
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According to Google Waymo's accident reports as of early 2016, their test cars had been involved in 14 collisions, of which other drivers were at fault 13 times, although in 2016 the car's software caused a crash. On 14 February 2016 a Google vehicle attempted to avoid sandbags blocking its path.
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Autonomous also present various political and economic implications. The transportation sector holds significant sway in many the political and economic landscapes. For instance, many US states generates much annual revenue from transportation fees and taxes. The advent of self-driving cars could
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Eyes-off/hands-off means that the driver can stop monitoring the system, leaving the system in full control. Eyes-off requires that no errors be reproducible (not triggered by exotic transitory conditions) or frequent, that speeds are contextually appropriate (e.g., 80 mph on limited-access
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NTSB's final report determined that the immediate cause of the accident was that safety driver
Rafaela Vasquez failed to monitor the road, because she was distracted by her phone, but that Uber's "inadequate safety culture" contributed. The report noted that the victim had "a very high level" of
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The prominence of certain demographic groups within the tech industry inevitably shapes the trajectory of autonomous vehicle (AV) development, potentially perpetuating existing inequalities. There are others in society without a political agenda who believe that the advancement of technology has
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Tesla's FSD rewrite V12 (released in March 2024) uses a single deep learning transformer model for all aspects of perception, monitoring, and control. It relies on its eight cameras for its vision-only perception system, without use of LiDAR, radar, or ultrasound. As of April 2024, FSD has been
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On 20 January 2016, the first of five known fatal crashes of a Tesla with
Autopilot occurred, in China's Hubei province. Initially, Tesla stated that the vehicle was so badly damaged from the impact that their recorder was not able to determine whether the car had been on Autopilot at the time.
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In June 2015, Google confirmed that 12 vehicles had suffered collisions as of that date. Eight involved rear-end collisions at a stop sign or traffic light, in two of which the vehicle was side-swiped by another driver, one in which another driver rolled a stop sign, and one where a driver was
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ACs must be able to predict the behavior of possibly moving vehicles, pedestrians, etc in real time in order to proceed safely. The task becomes more challenging the further into the future the prediction extends, requiring rapid revisions to the estimate to cope with unpredicted behavior. One
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rate of 0.18 disengagements per 1,000 mi (1,600 km) was an improvement over the 0.2 disengagements per 1,000 mi (1,600 km) in 2016, and 0.8 in 2015. In March 2017, Uber reported an average of 0.67 mi (1.08 km) per disengagement. In the final three months of 2017,
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ACs can be tested via digital simulations, in a controlled test environment, and/or on public roads. Road testing typically requires some form of permit or a commitment to adhere to acceptable operating principles. For example, New York requires a test driver to be in the vehicle, prepared to
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Standards for liability have yet to be adopted to address crashes and other incidents. Liability could rest with the vehicle occupant, its owner, the vehicle manufacturer, or even the ADAS technology supplier, possibly depending on the circumstances of the crash. Additionally, the infusion of
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Consumers will avoid ACs unless they trust them as safe. Robotaxis operating in San
Francisco received pushback over perceived safety risks. Automatic elevators were invented in 1900, but did not become common until operator strikes and trust was built with advertising and features such as an
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and CTO Shai Shalev-Shwartz proposed an alternative taxonomy for autonomous driving systems, claiming that a more consumer-friendly approach was needed. Its categories reflect the amount of driver engagement that is required. Some vehicle makers have informally adopted some of the terminology
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Software controls the vehicle, and can provide entertainment and other services. Over-the-air updates can deliver bug fixes and additional features over the internet. Software updates are one way to accomplish recalls that in the past required a visit to a service center. In March 2021, the
1416:. Some systems use basic maps, relying on perception to deal with anomalies. Such a map understands which roads lead to which others, whether a road is a freeway, a highway, are one-way, etc. Other systems require highly detailed maps, including lane maps, obstacles, traffic controls, etc.
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finds a sequence of segments that a vehicle can use to move from origin to destination. Techniques used for path planning include graph-based search and variational-based optimization techniques. Graph-based techniques can make harder decisions such as how to pass another vehicle/obstacle.
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Trials began in the 1950s. The first semi-autonomous car was developed in 1977, by Japan's Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory. It required specially marked streets that were interpreted by two cameras on the vehicle and an analog computer. The vehicle reached speeds of 30 km/h
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Maps are necessary for navigation. Map sophistication varies from simple graphs that show which roads connect to each other, with details such as one-way vs two-way, to those that are highly detailed, with information about lanes, traffic controls, roadworks, and more. Researchers at the
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In a 2016 US survey of 1,584 people, "66 percent of respondents said they think autonomous cars are probably smarter than the average human driver". People were worried about safety and hacking risk. Nevertheless, only 13% of the interviewees saw no advantages in this new kind of cars.
1718:(DOJ) accused Chinese security officials of coordinating a hacking campaign to steal information from government entities, including research related to autonomous vehicles. China has prepared "the Provisions on Management of Automotive Data Security (Trial) to protect its own data".
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ACs make use of road infrastructure (e.g., traffic signs, turn lanes) and may require modifications to that infrastructure to fully achieve their safety and other goals. In March 2023, the Japanese government unveiled a plan to set up a dedicated highway lane for ACs. In April 2023,
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During the maneuver it struck a bus. Google stated, "In this case, we clearly bear some responsibility, because if our car hadn't moved, there wouldn't have been a collision." Google characterized the crash as a misunderstanding and a learning experience. No injuries were reported.
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Some ACs require an internet connection to function, opening the possibility that a hacker might gain access to private information such as destinations, routes, camera recordings, media preferences, and/or behavioral patterns, although this is true of an internet-connected device.
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Research from Georgia Tech revealed that autonomous vehicle detection systems were generally five percent less effective at recognizing darker-skinned individuals. This accuracy gap persisted despite adjustments for environmental variables like lighting and visual obstructions.
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less accepting of high autonomy levels and displayed significantly lower intention to use autonomous vehicles. Additionally, partial autonomy (regardless of level) was perceived as requiring uniformly higher driver engagement (usage of hands, feet and eyes) than full autonomy.
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Hasuo, Ichiro; Eberhart, Clovis; Haydon, James; Dubut, Jérémy; Bohrer, Brandon; Kobayashi, Tsutomu; Pruekprasert, Sasinee; Zhang, Xiao-Yi; Andre Pallas, Erik; Yamada, Akihisa; Suenaga, Kohei; Ishikawa, Fuyuki; Kamijo, Kenji; Shinya, Yoshiyuki; Suetomi, Takamasa (5 July 2022).
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Reporting companies use varying definitions of what qualifies as a disengagement, and such definitions can change over time. Executives of self-driving car companies have criticized disengagements as a deceptive metric, because it does not consider varying road conditions.
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In 2016, a survey of 1,603 people in Germany that controlled for age, gender, and education reported that men felt less anxiety and more enthusiasm, whereas women showed the opposite. The difference was pronounced between young men and women and decreased with age.
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technology in autonomous vehicles adds layers of complexity to ownership and ethical dynamics. Given that AI systems are inherently self-learning, a question arises of whether accountability should rest with the vehicle owner, the manufacturer, or the AI developer?
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Driver monitoring is used to assess the driver's attention and alertness. Techniques in use include eye monitoring, and requiring the driver to maintain torque on the steering wheel. It attempts to understand driver status and identify dangerous driving behaviors.
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Some driving automation systems may indeed be autonomous if they perform all of their functions independently and self-sufficiently, but if they depend on communication and/or cooperation with outside entities, they should be considered cooperative rather than
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Finally, respondents from more developed countries were less comfortable with their vehicle sharing data. The survey reported consumer interest in purchasing an AC, stating that 37% of surveyed current owners were either "definitely" or "probably" interested.
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A 2013 survey of 1,500 consumers across 10 countries found 57% "stated they would be likely to ride in a car controlled entirely by technology that does not require a human driver", with Brazil, India and China the most willing to trust automated technology.
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defined self-driving as "cars or trucks in which human drivers are never required to take control to safely operate the vehicle. Also known as autonomous or 'driverless' cars, they combine sensors and software to control, navigate, and drive the vehicle."
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In California, self-driving car manufacturers are required to submit annual reports describing how often their vehicles autonomously disengaged from autonomous mode. This is one measure of system robustness (ideally, the system should never disengage).
1496:(which has only 2D road features), with sensors that observe road conditions. One issue with highly-detailed maps is updating them as the world changes. Vehicles that can operate with less-detailed maps do not require frequent updates or geo-fencing.
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In a 2014 US telephone survey, over three-quarters of licensed drivers said they would consider buying a self-driving car, rising to 86% if car insurance were cheaper. 31.7% said they would not continue to drive once an automated car was available.
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in 1987. By 1985, ALV had reached 31 km/h (19 mph), on two-lane roads. Obstacle avoidance came in 1986, and day and night off-road driving by 1987. In 1995 Navlab 5 completed the first autonomous US coast-to-coast journey. Traveling from
1843:. Adapted for ACs, it considers an AC carrying one passenger confronts a pedestrian who steps in its way. The ADAS notionally has to choose between killing the pedestrian or swerving into a wall, killing the passenger. Possible frameworks include
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Other obstacles include cost, liability, consumer reluctance, ethical dilemmas, security, privacy, and legal/regulatory framework. Further, AVs could automate the work of professional drivers, eliminating many jobs, which could slow acceptance.
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Self-driving: "A vehicle “satisfies the self-driving test” if it is designed or adapted with the intention that a feature of the vehicle will allow it to travel autonomously, and it is capable of doing so, by means of that feature, safely and
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This is the first known fatality in just over 130 million miles where Autopilot was activated. Among all vehicles in the US, there is a fatality every 94 million miles. Worldwide, there is a fatality approximately every 60 million
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still requires the driver to remain ready to control the vehicle at any moment. Its driver management system combines eye tracking with monitoring pressure on the steering wheel to ensure that drives are both eyes on and hands on.
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The US has standardized the use of turquoise lights to inform other drivers that a vehicle is driving autonomously. It will be used in the 2026 Mercedes-Benz EQS and S-Class sedans with Drive Pilot, an SAE Level 3 driving system.
1115:; the details are revised occasionally. This classification is based on the role of the driver, rather than the vehicle's capabilities, although these are related. After SAE updated its classification in 2016, (J3016_201609), the
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second refers to the British legal definition of an automated vehicle. British law interprets the meaning of "automated vehicle" based on the interpretation section related to a vehicle "driving itself" and an insured vehicle.
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Advanced Technologies Group (ATG) in Arizona. A safety driver was in the car. Herzberg was crossing the road about 400 feet from an intersection. Some experts said a human driver could have avoided the crash. Arizona governor
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ACs complicate the need for drivers to communicate with each other, e.g., to decide which car enters an intersection first. In an AC without a driver, traditional means such as hand signals do not work (no driver, no hands).
7615:"Four Chinese Nationals Working with the Ministry of State Security Charged with Global Computer Intrusion Campaign Targeting Intellectual Property and Confidential Business Information, Including Infectious Disease Research"
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The perception system processes visual and audio data from outside and inside the car to create a local model of the vehicle, the road, traffic, traffic controls and other observable objects, and their relative motion. The
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commercialized its AC in 2021. In 2023 BMW stated that its Level-3 technology was nearing release. It would be the second manufacturer to deliver Level-3 technology, but the only one with a Level 3 technology which works
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A 2012 survey of 17,400 vehicle owners found 37% who initially said they would be interested in purchasing a "fully autonomous car". However, that figure dropped to 20% if told the technology would cost US$ 3,000 more.
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Erz, Jannis; Schütt, Barbara; Braun, Thilo; Guissouma, Houssem; Sax, Eric (April 2022). "Towards an Ontology That Reconciles the Operational Design Domain, Scenario-based Testing, and Automated Vehicle Architectures".
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approach is to wholly recompute the position and trajectory of each object many times per second. Another is to cache the results of an earlier prediction for use in the next one to reduce computational complexity.
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have proposed terminology standards. However, most terms have no standard definition and are employed variously by vendors and others. Proposals to adopt aviation automation terminology for cars have not prevailed.
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controlling the car manually. In July 2015, three employees suffered minor injuries when their vehicle was rear-ended by a car whose driver failed to brake. This was the first collision that resulted in injuries.
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is a system that automates specific driving features, such as keeping the car within its lane, cruise control, and emergency braking. An ADAS requires a human driver to handle tasks that the ADAS does not support.
271:. Self-driving cars are responsible for all driving activities, such as perceiving the environment, monitoring important systems, and controlling the vehicle, which includes navigating from origin to destination.
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stated that its system did not autonomously handle all driving tasks. In the United Kingdom, a fully self-driving car is defined as a car so registered, rather than one that supports a specific feature set. The
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and automated driving through Coordination Actions CARTRE and SCOUT programs. The Strategic Transport Research and Innovation Agenda (STRIA) Roadmap for Connected and Automated Transport was published in 2019.
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in 2005, automated vehicle research in the United States was primarily funded by DARPA, the US Army, and the US Navy, yielding incremental advances in speeds, driving competence, controls, and sensor systems.
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Testing of Chinese automated cars in the US has raised concern over which US data are collected by Chinese vehicles to be stored in Chinese country and concern with any link with the Chinese communist party.
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that it was suspending its testing permit following a reported collision in Fremont on 28 October. In May 2022, DMV revoked Pony.ai's permit for failing to monitor the driving records of its safety drivers.
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roads), and that the system handle typical maneuvers (e.g., getting cut off by another vehicle). The automation level could vary according to the road (e.g., eyes-off on freeways, eyes-on on side streets).
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Names such as AutonoDrive, PilotAssist, Full-Self Driving or DrivePilot are used even though the products offer an assortment of features that may not match the names. Despite offering a system ot called
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sedans equipped with Level 3 "Traffic Jam Pilot" driving technology, which legally allowed drivers to take their eyes off the road when the car was travelling under 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph).
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In September 2021, Cruise, General Motors, and Honda started a joint testing programme, using Cruise AV. In 2023, the Origin was put on indefinite hold following Cruise's loss of its operating permit.
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In 2024, a study by Saravanos et al. at New York University reported that 87% of their respondents (from a sample of 358) believed that conditionally automated cars (at Level 3) would be easy to use.
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The NHTSA began mandating incident reports from autonomous vehicle companies in June 2021. Some reports cite incidents from as early as August 2019, with current data available through June 17, 2024.
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became the first reported pedestrian killed by a self-driving car, an Uber test vehicle with a human backup driver; prosecutors did not charge Uber, while the human driver was sentenced to probation.
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In September 2022, Biprogy released Driving Intelligence Validation Platform (DIVP) as part of Japanese national project "SIP-adus", which is interoperable with Open Simulation Interface (OSI) of
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suspended the company's ability to test its ACs citing an "unquestionable failure" of Uber to protect public safety. Uber also stopped testing in California until receiving a new permit in 2020.
11923:"Review of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) for Automated Vehicles: Identifying potential barriers and challenges for the certification of automated vehicles using existing FMVSS"
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Drive by wire is the use of electrical or electro-mechanical systems for performing vehicle functions such as steering or speed control that are traditionally achieved by mechanical linkages.
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286:), and as of April 2024 offers services in Arizona (Phoenix) and California (San Francisco and Los Angeles). In June 2024, after a Waymo self-driving taxi crashed into a utility pole in
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In February 2024, a driver using the Ford BlueCruise hands-free driving feature struck and killed the driver of a stationary car with no lights on in the middle lane of a freeway in Texas.
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The British Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 law defines a vehicle as "driving itself" if the vehicle is "not being controlled, and does not need to be monitored, by an individual".
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1492:(CSAIL) developed a system called MapLite, which allows self-driving cars to drive with simple maps. The system combines the GPS position of the vehicle, a "sparse topological map" such as
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Hohenberger, C.; Spörrle, M.; Welpe, I. M. (2016). "How and why do men and women differ in their willingness to use automated cars? The influence of emotions across different age groups".
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In a 2017 survey of 4,135 US adults found that many Americans anticipated significant impacts from various automation technologies including the widespread adoption of automated vehicles.
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Variational-based optimization techniques require more stringent restrictions on the vehicle's path to prevent collisions. The large scale path of the vehicle can be determined by using a
653:"automated vehicle" means a vehicle that can move without continuous driver supervision, but that driver intervention is still expected or required in the operational design domains (ODD);
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Taiebat, Morteza; Brown, Austin; Safford, Hannah; Qu, Shen; Xu, Ming (2019). "A Review on Energy, Environmental, and Sustainability Implications of Connected and Automated Vehicles".
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IEEE is attempting to forge a standard for safety models as "IEEE P2846: A Formal Model for Safety Considerations in Automated Vehicle Decision Making". In 2022, a research group at
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in marketing was dangerous because car ads make motorists think "autonomous" and "autopilot" imply that the driver can rely on the car to control itself, even though they do not.
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Hewitt, Charlie; Politis, Ioannis; Amanatidis, Theocharis; Sarkar, Advait (2019). "Assessing public perception of self-driving cars: The autonomous vehicle acceptance model".
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deployed on two million Tesla cars. As of January 2024, Tesla has not initiated requests for Level 3 status for its systems and has not disclosed its reason for not doing so.
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obstacles, poor/missing traffic controls, flawed maps, and handle endless edge cases, such as following the instructions of a police officer managing traffic at a crash site.
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There have been a total of 3,979 autonomous vehicle incidents (both ADS and ADAS) reported during this timeframe. 2,146 of those incidents (53.9%) involved Tesla vehicles.
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A critical requirement for the higher two levels is that the vehicle be able to conduct a Minimum Risk Maneuver and stop safely out of traffic without driver intervention.
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Taeihagh, Araz; Lim, Hazel Si Min (2 January 2019). "Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks".
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Several classifications have been proposed to describe ADAS technology. One proposal is to adopt these categories: navigation, path planning, perception, and car control.
428:, Pennsylvania and San Diego, California, 98.2% of the trip was autonomous. It completed the trip at an average speed of 63.8 mph (102.7 km/h). Until the second
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290:, all 672 of its Jaguar I-Pace were recalled after they were found to have susceptibility to crashing into pole like items and had their software updated. In July 2021,
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ethical quandaries. Another study found that cultural biases impact preferences in prioritizing the rescue of certain individuals over others in car accident scenarios.
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6343:"Self-driving cars for country roads: Today's automated vehicles require hand-labeled 3-D maps, but CSAIL's MapLite system enables navigation with just GPS and sensors"
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Autonomy: A vehicle travels “autonomously” if it is controlled by the vehicle, and neither the vehicle nor its surroundings are monitored by a person who can intervene.
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Above Level 1, level differences are related to how responsibility for safe movement is divided/shared between ADAS and driver rather than specific driving features.
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9948:"'Inadequate Safety Culture' Contributed to Uber Automated Test Vehicle Crash – NTSB Calls for Federal Review Process for Automated Vehicle Testing on Public Roads"
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2494:(NTSB) report concluded Tesla was not at fault; the investigation revealed that for Tesla cars, the crash rate dropped by 40 percent after Autopilot was installed.
1459:(RTLS) technologies to aid localization. Tesla's "vision only" system uses eight cameras, without LIDAR or radar, to create its bird's-eye view of the environment.
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SAE Level 2 features are available as part of the ADAS systems in many vehicles. In the US, 50% of new cars provide driver assistance for both steering and speed.
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As of 2023 most commercially available ADAS vehicles are SAE Level 2. A couple of companies reached higher levels, but only in restricted (geofenced) locations.
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1455:(SLAM) algorithms. Another technique is detection and tracking of other moving objects (DATMO), used to handle potential obstacles. Other systems use roadside
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Huval, Brody; Wang, Tao; Tandon, Sameep; Kiske, Jeff; Song, Will; Pazhayampallil, Joel (2015). "An Empirical Evaluation of Deep Learning on Highway Driving".
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Vehicles can potentially benefit from communicating with others to share information about traffic, road obstacles, to receive map and software updates, etc.
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Meyer, Gereon (2018). "European Roadmaps, Programs, and Projects for Innovation in Connected and Automated Road Transport". In G. Meyer; S. Beiker (eds.).
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presented its findings from its Level 3 pilot testing on Italian highways. Stellantis's Highway Chauffeur claimed Level 3 capabilities, as tested on the
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In December 2018, Waymo was the first to commercialize a robotaxi service, in Phoenix, Arizona. In October 2020, Waymo launched a robotaxi service in a (
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1131:, combines an ODD with matched driving requirements (e.g., expressway merging, traffic jam). Cars may switch levels in accord with the driving mode.
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7344:[Administrative order to Mercedes-Benz Japan Co., Ltd. for the descriptions that are different from the fact – The Consumer Affairs Agency].
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Eyes-on/hands-off allows the driver to let go of the wheel. The system drives, the driver monitors and remains prepared to resume control as needed.
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11099:"Exclusive: Mercedes becomes the first automaker to sell autonomous cars in the U.S. that don't come with a requirement that drivers watch the road"
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https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0438214EN/level-3-highly-automated-driving-available-in-the-new-bmw-7-series-from-next-spring
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Li, Li; Shum, Hubert P. H.; Breckon, Toby P. (2023). "Less is More: Reducing Task and Model Complexity for 3D Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation".
1606:(NII, Japan) enhanced Mobileye's Reliable Safety System as "Goal-Aware RSS" to enable RSS rules to deal with complex scenarios via program logic.
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Europe is developing a new "Driver Control Assistance Systems" (DCAS) level 2 regulation to no longer limit the use of lane changing systems to
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their behavior accordingly. For example, an autonomous car might recognize that traffic is heavy and disable its automated lane change feature.
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As of April 2024, two car manufacturers have sold or leased Level 3 cars: Honda in Japan, and Mercedes in Germany, Nevada and California.
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Level 3 highly automated driving available in the new BMW 7 Series from next spring, 10.11.2023, Press Release, Christophe Koenig, BMW Group
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in her body. The board called on federal regulators to carry out a review before allowing automated test vehicles to operate on public roads.
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1479:, or a driving corridor algorithm. The latter allows the vehicle to locate and drive within open space that is bounded by lanes or barriers.
11863:(Report). National Cooperative Highway Research Program Legal Research Digest. Vol. 69. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
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services in parts of Arizona (Phoenix) and California (San Francisco and Los Angeles), as fully autonomous vehicles without safety drivers.
1691:. At that time, Mercedes-Benz rejected the claims and stopped its "self-driving car" ad campaign that had been running. In August 2022, the
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In a 2012 survey of about 1,000 German drivers, 22% had a positive attitude, 10% were undecided, 44% were skeptical and 24% were hostile.
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9142:"New International Standard Issued for the Scenario-Based Safety Evaluation Framework for Automated Driving Systems Formulated by Japan"
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In 2018 and 2019 former Apple engineers were charged with stealing information related to Apple's self-driving car project. In 2021 the
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Turk, M.A.; Morgenthaler, D.G.; Gremban, K.D.; Marra, M. (May 1988). "VITS-a vision system for automated land vehicle navigation".
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received authorization in early 2023 to pilot its Level 3 software in Las Vegas. California also authorized Drive Pilot in 2023.
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Another British government definition stated, "Self-driving vehicles are vehicles that can safely and lawfully drive themselves".
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5532:"Preparing the UK's motorways for self-driving vehicles: New £1m research project announced in partnership with Highways England"
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3554:. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Sensors, Signal and Image Processing. Association for Computing Machinery.
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555:; as of early 2024, Honda leases a Level 3 car in Japan, and Mercedes sells two Level 3 cars in Germany, California and Nevada.
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With the Automated Vehicles Bill (AVB) self-driving car-makers could face prison for misleading adverts in the United-Kingdom.
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The highest level does not require a human driver in the car: monitoring is done either remotely (telepresence) or not at all.
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Navigation involves the use of maps to define a path between origin and destination. Hybrid navigation is the use of multiple
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https://www.consumerreports.org/cars/automotive-technology/how-much-automation-does-your-car-really-have-level-2-a3543419955/
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5622:"Mobileye Proposes New Taxonomy and Requirements for Consumer Autonomous Vehicles to Ensure Clarity, Safety, and Scalability"
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2969:(fifth generation) based TRI-P4 with Level 4 capability. In August 2021, Toyota operated a potentially Level 4 service using
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486:) part of the area. The cars were monitored in real-time, and remote engineers intervened to handle exceptional conditions.
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In November 2023 the British Government introduced the Automated Vehicles Bill. It proposed definitions for related terms:
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9114:"ISO 34502:2022 Road vehicles — Test scenarios for automated driving systems — Scenario based safety evaluation framework"
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Shalev-Shwartz, Shai; Shammah, Shaked; Shashua, Amnon (2017). "On a Formal Model of Safe and Scalable Self-driving Cars".
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4690:
4629:"Adopting Aviation Safety Knowledge into the Discussions of Safe Implementation of Connected and Autonomous Road Vehicles"
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In British English, the word automated alone has several meanings, such as in the sentence: "Thatcham also found that the
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8490:"Autonomous Vehicles for Smart and Sustainable Cities: An In-Depth Exploration of Privacy and Cybersecurity Implications"
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Uses information about the driving environment and with the expectation that the driver performs all other driving tasks.
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announced testing of autonomous cars without a safety driver. However, an employee was in the car to handle emergencies.
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10328:"Consumers in US and UK Frustrated with Intelligent Devices That Frequently Crash or Freeze, New Accenture Survey Finds"
8324:
Himmelreich, Johannes (17 May 2018). "Never Mind the Trolley: The Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles in Mundane Situations".
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In April 2023 in Japan, a Level 4 protocol became part of the amended Road Traffic Act. ZEN drive Pilot Level 4 made by
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Rather than communicating among vehicles, they can communicate with road-based systems to receive similar information.
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11572:"Automotive luxury experienced in a completely new way – The main points of the new Mercedes-Benz S-Class at a glance"
8893:"Uber' self-driving system was still 400 times worse [than] Waymo in 2018 on key distance intervention metric"
8571:"The Costs of Self-Driving Cars: Reconciling Freedom and Privacy with Tort Liability in Autonomous Vehicle Regulation"
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are used to analyse inputs from these sensors to detect and identify objects and their trajectories. Some systems use
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Full-time performance by the driver of all aspects of driving, even when "enhanced by warning or intervention systems"
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In 2022, a survey reported that only a quarter (27%) of the world's population would feel safe in self-driving cars.
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11649:"Honda to Start Testing Program in September Toward Launch of Autonomous Vehicle Mobility Service Business in Japan"
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released a collaboration for autonomous driving up to Level 3. This joint development targets Level 4 capabilities.
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Sensors are necessary for the vehicle to properly respond to the driving environment. Sensor types include cameras,
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In a 2011 online survey of 2,006 US and UK consumers, 49% said they would be comfortable using a "driverless car".
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10227:"Woman who used hands-free driving system in fatal DUI crash on I-95 turns herself in to face charges, police say"
8945:"Despite a drop in how many companies are testing autonomous driving on California roads, miles driven are way up"
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2023 BlueCruise was approved in the UK for use on certain motorways, starting with 2023 models of Ford's electric
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These books are based on presentations and discussions at the Automated Vehicles Symposium organized annually by
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5365:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 13335, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 416–434,
5251:"Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles (SAE J3016)"
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3227:. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Vol. 3. Kyongju. pp. 1507–1512.
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New UN regulation paves the way for the roll-out of additional driver assistance systems, 1 February 2024, UNECE
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7045:"Forced-choice decision-making in modified trolley dilemma situations: a virtual reality and eye tracking study"
2931:. Kia and Hyundai Korean car makers delayed their Level 3 plans, and will not deliver Level 3 vehicles in 2023.
2890:' brand, announced in January 2022 its plan to offer Level 3 autonomous driving system in the Polestar 3 SUV, a
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ACs need to be able to perceive the world around them. Supporting technologies include combinations of cameras,
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8195:"Diversity and STEM: Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities 2023 | NSF - National Science Foundation"
7315:"Senators Call for Investigation of Tesla's Marketing Claims of Its Autopilot and "Full Self-Driving" Features"
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is function-specific, handling issues such as speed control, but leaves broader decision-making to the driver.
17:
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548:. In 2023, Cruise suspended its robotaxi service. Nuro was approved for Level 4 in Palo Alto in August, 2023.
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7644:"The Justice Dept. accuses Chinese security officials of a hacking attack seeking data on viruses like Ebola"
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11022:"How Many Tesla Cars Are Deployed With FSD In America? AI Head Reveals Latest Numbers - Tesla (NASDAQ:TSLA)"
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7892:"Trust in Automation – Before and After the Experience of Take-over Scenarios in a Highly Automated Vehicle"
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1119:(NHTSA) adopted the SAE standard. The classification is a topic of debate, with various revisions proposed.
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A six-level classification system – ranging from fully manual to fully automated – was published in 2014 by
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Srinivas, Rao P; Rohan Gudla; Vijay Shankar Telidevulapalli; Jayasree Sarada Kota; Gayathri Mandha (2022).
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9223:"Waymo's Collision Avoidance Testing: Evaluating our Driver's Ability to Avoid Crashes Compared to Humans"
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Gold, Christian; Körber, Moritz; Hohenberger, Christoph; Lechner, David; Bengler, Klaus (1 January 2015).
7823:
A Virtual Reality Framework for Human-Driver Interaction Research: Safe and Cost-Effective Data Collection
5402:"A critique of the SAE conditional driving automation definition, and analyses of options for improvement"
5332:
3756:. JCAI'85 Proceedings of the 9th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Archived from
3010:(CES). The company claimed the vehicle is the world's first Level 4 shuttle built to automotive standard.
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Opinion surveys may have little salience given that few respondents had any personal experience with ACs.
1680:(FTC) to investigate this marketing in 2021. In December 2021 in Japan, Mercedes-Benz was punished by the
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10696:"Autonomous Vehicle Regulation: How an Uncertain Legal Landscape May Hit the Brakes on Self-Driving Cars"
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3258:"Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control for Connected Autonomous Vehicles Using Spring Damping Energy Model"
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continued to enhance its Level 3 technology. As of 2023, 80 vehicles with Level 3 support had been sold.
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10451:"Public opinion on automated driving: Results of an international questionnaire among 5,000 respondents"
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7534:"Ex-Apple engineer arrested on his way to China, charged with stealing company's autonomous car secrets"
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Corke, Peter; Lobo, Jorge; Dias, Jorge (1 June 2007). "An Introduction to Inertial and Visual Sensing".
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nothing to do with promoting inequalities in certain groups and see this as a ridiculous presumption.
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then takes actions to move the vehicle, considering the local model, road map, and driving regulations.
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9253:[Commercial product of the achievement of SIP-adus: Driving Intelligence Validation Platform].
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Jean-François Bonnefon; Azim Shariff; Iyad Rahwan (2016). "The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles".
8221:"A new study finds a potential risk with self-driving cars: failure to detect dark-skinned pedestrians"
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test cars, which had been trained using professional rally drivers. Toyota used its collaboration with
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1023:(ODD) is a term for a particular operating context for an automated system, often used in the field of
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defined autonomous as "the system acts independently of the driver to avoid or mitigate the accident".
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49:
5461:"Automated Driving – Levels of Driving Automation are Defined in New SAE International Standard J3016"
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A remote driver is a driver that operates a vehicle at a distance, using a video and data connection.
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Parkin, John; Clark, Benjamin; Clayton, William; Ricci, Miriam; Parkhurst, Graham (27 October 2017).
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Steckhan, Lorenz; Spiessl, Wolfgang; Quetschlich, Nils; Bengler, Klaus (2022), Krömker, Heidi (ed.),
4821:"Remote Driving Control With Real-Time Video Streaming Over Wireless Networks: Design and Evaluation"
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2996:. In November 2022, Germany’s Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) approved the system for use at
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Autonomy implies that an automation system is under the control of the vehicle rather than a driver.
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became the first service provider to offer driverless taxi rides to the general public, in a part of
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started offering BlueCruise service on certain vehicles in 2022; the system is named ActiveGlide in
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In September 2020, Vasquez pled guilty to endangerment and was sentenced to three years' probation.
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5848:"Algorithmic Decision-Making in AVs: Understanding Ethical and Technical Concerns for Smart Cities"
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3165:"Distributed Motion Planning for Safe Autonomous Vehicle Overtaking via Artificial Potential Field"
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In the 2010s, researchers openly worried that delayed regulations could delay deployment. In 2020,
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1935:) averaged 5,224 mi (8,407 km) per disengagement over 62,689 mi (100,888 km).
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Driving mode-specific execution by one or more driver assistance systems of both steering and speed
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540:. In December 2022, several manufacturers scaled back plans for self-driving technology, including
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7003:"New Allstate Survey Shows Americans Think They Are Great Drivers – Habits Tell a Different Story"
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5320:[JASO TP 18004: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems]
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Lee, Chung Won; Nayeer, Nasif; Garcia, Danson Evan; Agrawal, Ankur; Liu, Bingbing (October 2020).
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3550:
Munir, Farzeen; Azam, Shoaib; Hussain, Muhammad Ishfaq; Sheri, Ahmed Muqeem; Jeon, Moongu (2018).
3529:"Mercedes-Benz Drive Pilot certified for use in Nevada – first L3 system approved for US highways"
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A safety model is software that attempts to formalize rules that ensure that ACs operate safely.
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Saravanos, Antonios; Pissadaki, Eleftheria K.; Singh, Wayne S.; Delfino, Donatella (April 2024).
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4862:"Identifying the Operational Design Domain for an Automated Driving System through Assessed Risk"
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11697:"New Benteler brand Holon presents world's first autonomous mover built to automotive standards"
7096:"Symmetrical Simulation Scheme for Anomaly Detection in Autonomous Vehicles Based on LSTM Model"
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2715:
The regulation of autonomous cars concerns liability, approvals, and international conventions.
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Another fatal Autopilot crash occurred in May in Florida in a Tesla Model S that crashed into a
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was considering the possibility that imported Chinese AC technology could facilitate espionage.
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9480:"China's first accidental death due to Tesla's automatic driving: not hitting the front bumper"
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on emergency call, and sparked questions about its ability to handle unexpected circumstances.
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11518:"Toyota to Offer Rides in SAE Level-4 Automated Vehicles on Public Roads in Japan Next Summer"
8706:"Simulation-Based Identification of Critical Scenarios for Cooperative and Automated Vehicles"
5907:"Detection of Static and Mobile Targets by an Autonomous Agent with Deep Q-Learning Abilities"
2795:
multiple cameras, short- and long-range radar, and a LiDAR sensor, and will be powered by the
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If a driver does not respond appropriately to a request to intervene, the car can stop safely.
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was the first to offer rides in self-driving taxis to the public in limited geographic areas (
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10008:"Arizona driver in fatal autonomous Uber crash in 2018 pleads guilty, sentenced to probation"
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Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems
803:
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5002:"We put our blind faith in Mercedes-Benz's first-of-its-kind autonomous Drive Pilot feature"
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4233:"The backup driver in the 1st death by a fully autonomous car pleads guilty to endangerment"
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In 2023 David R. Large, senior research fellow with the Human Factors Research Group at the
656:"fully automated vehicle" means a vehicle that can move entirely without driver supervision;
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became the second service provider to offer driverless taxi rides to the general public, in
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offered self-driving taxi service in San Francisco, but suspended service in 2023. In 2021,
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8862:"California Robocar Disengagement Reports Reveal Tidbits About Tesla, AutoX, Apple, Others"
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7807:"What's big, orange and covered in LEDs? This start-up's new approach to self-driving cars"
7169:
Petit, J.; Shladover, S.E. (1 April 2015). "Potential Cyberattacks on Automated Vehicles".
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3324:"Waymo recalls driverless cars to make them less likely to drive into poles | CNN Business"
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List of self-driving system suppliers § Date of first public road driverless operation
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as the world's fastest autonomous car. Robocar reached 282.42 km/h (175.49 mph).
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9141:
7094:
Alsulami, Abdulaziz A.; Abu Al-Haija, Qasem; Alqahtani, Ali; Alsini, Raed (15 July 2022).
5673:"Ford BlueCruise | Consumer Reports Top-Rated Active Driving Assistance System | Ford.com"
1706:
In the 2020s, concerns over ACs' vulnerability to cyberattacks and data theft emerged.
8:
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16117:
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14636:
14448:
14193:
13553:
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12935:
12839:
12521:
11124:"Honda Unveils Next-generation Technologies of Honda SENSING 360 and Honda SENSING Elite"
10620:
9509:"Two Years On, A Father Is Still Fighting Tesla Over Autopilot And His Son's Fatal Crash"
7538:
5559:"Social and behavioural questions associated with Automated Vehicles A Literature Review"
5358:
2796:
2769:
1024:
993:
798:
785:
738:
699:
457:
11824:
10742:
10509:
10466:
9170:"New driver-assistance technology dramatically improves collision-avoidance performance"
8646:
8570:
8515:
8450:
7820:
Crosato, Luca; Shum, Hubert P. H.; Ho, Edmond S. L.; Wei, Chongfeng; Sun, Yuzhu (2024).
7111:
6402:
6119:
5922:
5873:
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The ADAS has to be able to safely accept control from and return control to the driver.
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started offering self-driving taxi rides in Shenzhen, China. Starting in February 2022,
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11810:
10912:"Tesla Admits Current "Full Self-Driving Beta" Will Always Be a Level 2 System: Emails"
10769:
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10597:
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9568:
9250:
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8436:
8409:
8349:
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8247:
7648:
7289:"Tesla Admits Current "Full Self-Driving Beta" Will Always Be a Level 2 System: Emails"
7194:
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7044:
6809:
6791:
6730:
6429:
6386:
6247:
6174:
6146:
6103:
6084:
6037:
5941:
5906:
5887:
5859:
5492:"It's Time to Rethink Levels of Automation for Self-Driving Vehicles [Opinion]"
5439:
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4125:
3729:
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1906:
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Legal: a vehicle that offers an acceptably low risk of committing a traffic infraction.
861:
541:
162:
15545:
12312:
11907:"Meet the Companies Building Self-Driving Cars for Google and Tesla (And Maybe Apple)"
9455:"There are some scary similarities between Tesla's deadly crashes linked to Autopilot"
6531:"How road rage really affects your driving -- and the self-driving cars of the future"
6212:
Durrant-Whyte, H.; Bailey, T. (5 June 2006). "Simultaneous localization and mapping".
5254:
4524:
4365:"Robocar: Watch the world's fastest autonomous car reach its record-breaking 282 km/h"
3707:
Proceedings of the 1986 ACM fourteenth annual conference on Computer science - CSC '86
1618:
As of 2023, the Turquoise light had not been standardized by the P.R.C or the UN-ECE.
551:
As of August 2023, vehicles operating at Level 3 and above were an insignificant
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7043:
Skulmowski, Alexander; Bunge, Andreas; Kaspar, Kai; Pipa, Gordon (16 December 2014).
6958:
6948:
6813:
6434:
6416:
6305:
6280:"Tesla Vision Update: Replacing Ultrasonic Sensors with Tesla Vision | Tesla Support"
6265:
6239:
6192:
6151:
6133:
6104:"A Survey of Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling Communication Technologies and Challenges"
6088:
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5891:
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5513:
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5443:
5431:
5401:
5374:
4936:
4922:
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4891:
4877:
4628:
4543:
4385:[The world's first! approval of level-3 type designation for certification].
4129:
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3149:
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1407:
1108:
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564:
407:
and ALV semi-autonomous projects launched in the 1980s, funded by the United States'
135:
87:
11917:
11848:
10792:
10645:"Gauging Public Acceptance of Conditionally Automated Vehicles in the United States"
10601:
10196:"NTSB investigating deadly crash in San Antonio involving a semi-autonomous vehicle"
9305:"Development of "Driving Intelligence Validation Platform" for ADS safety assurance"
8533:
8474:
8152:
7588:"A second Apple employee was charged with stealing self-driving car project secrets"
7198:
5697:
5581:"Autonomous vehicle interactions in the urban street environment: a research agenda"
4602:
3577:
3086:
2620:
driver had parked his car behind the first car presumably to help the first driver.
1591:
regulation on software update and software update management systems was published.
16691:
16595:
16279:
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15885:
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12025:
12008:
11887:"The driving forces behind what would be the next revolution in the haulage sector"
11828:
10831:"Ford BlueCruise Version 1.2 Hands-Off Review: More Automation, Improved Operation"
10764:
10746:
10666:
10579:
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10482:
10470:
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9694:
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8717:
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8519:
8454:
8393:
8384:
Karnouskos, Stamatis (2020). "Self-Driving Car Acceptance and the Role of Ethics".
8333:
8267:
8259:
7957:"California agency approves San Francisco robotaxi expansion amid heavy opposition"
7903:
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Ahangar, M. Nadeem; Ahmed, Qasim Z.; Khan, Fahd A.; Hafeez, Maryam (January 2021).
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5592:
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5421:
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5026:
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4754:
4179:"Waymo is first to put fully self-driving cars on US roads without a safety driver"
4107:
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roads with 2 lanes and a physical separation from traffic in the opposite direction
942:
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873:
517:
287:
14478:
11048:"GM's Ultra Cruise will use radar, camera, and lidar to enable hands-free driving"
10857:"Ford updates its BlueCruise driver assist with hands-free lane changing and more"
10817:
How Much Automation Does Your Car Really Have? Jeff S. Bartlett, November 4, 2021
9479:
9000:"(GRVA) New Assessment/Test Method for Automated Driving (NATM) – Master Document"
7562:"Former Apple engineer accused of stealing automotive trade secrets pleads guilty"
4339:"Waymo will allow more people to ride in its fully driverless vehicles in Phoenix"
3609:
3070:
1641:
Autonomous delivery vehicles stuck in one place by attempting to avoid one another
16538:
16311:
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15807:
15651:
15067:
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13862:
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13628:
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13190:
12595:
12549:
11739:
11598:"Bosch – Stuttgart Airport Set to Welcome Fully Automated and Driverless Parking"
11466:
9875:"Uber puts the brakes on testing robot cars in California after Arizona fatality"
9337:
8623:
8368:
7908:
7891:
6188:
5370:
4952:"Tesla pushes new Full Self-Driving Beta v11 update as it slowly expands rollout"
4873:
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913:
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743:
573:
11623:"Mercedes-Benz and Bosch driverless parking system: Approved for commercial use"
10727:"On the future of transportation in an era of automated and autonomous vehicles"
9642:
9408:"Tesla admits its semi-autonomous driving tech is not the world's most advanced"
8074:"Occupational Outlook Handbook: Delivery Truck Drivers and Driver/Sales Workers"
6977:
5775:"A Decentralized Cluster Formation Containment Framework for Multirobot Systems"
4845:
4820:
4111:
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12940:
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12829:
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11680:
11549:
11381:"Korean firms enhance car cybersecurity before Level 3 autonomous car releases"
10882:
10731:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
10671:
10644:
10576:
Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
9899:
9590:
9484:
8857:
7826:. 2024 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction. ACM/IEEE.
7785:"US lawmakers raise concerns over Chinese self-driving testing data collection"
7453:"California DMV accuses Tesla of deceptive marketing for its self-driving tech"
6779:
6702:"UN Regulation No. 156 – Software update and software update management system"
6506:"Why driver monitoring will be critical to next-generation autonomous vehicles"
6385:
Yeong, De Jong; Velasco-Hernandez, Gustavo; Barry, John; Walsh, Joseph (2021).
5982:
5965:
5774:
5234:
4861:
4714:
4410:
4258:"Waymo launches nation's first commercial self-driving taxi service in Arizona"
3378:"Waymo recalls software in all its cars after its robotaxi crashes into a pole"
3257:
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386:
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12029:
10517:
10474:
10060:"Nio's Autopilot, NOP, Faces Intense Scrutiny With First Fatal Crash in China"
8337:
8263:
8100:"Occupational Outlook Handbook: Taxi Drivers, Shuttle Drivers, and Chauffeurs"
7263:"Reliance on autopilot is now the biggest threat to flight safety, study says"
7182:
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5417:
3775:
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8426:
8405:
8397:
8345:
8194:
7932:"Survey Data Suggests Self-Driving Cars Could Be Slow To Gain Consumer Trust"
7917:
7731:"What is V2X communication? Creating connectivity for the autonomous car era"
7190:
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5790:
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5517:
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5491:
5435:
3817:
3467:"Honda to start selling world's 1st level-3 autonomous car for $ 103K on Fri"
3273:
3232:
3078:
2981:
2924:
2858:
2836:
2377:
In October 2021, Europe's pilot test, L3Pilot, demonstrated ADAS for cars in
2141:
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1529:
1517:
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1318:
552:
537:
529:
461:
450:
412:
326:
307:
14553:
12854:
11832:
10995:
10751:
10583:
10114:"Pony.ai loses permit to test autonomous vehicles with driver in California"
10034:"NIO Stock: 10 Things to Know About the Fatal Crash Dragging Down Nio Today"
9748:"For the first time, Google's self-driving car takes some blame for a crash"
8458:
7831:
6962:
5749:"Hands-off with the first true hands-free car in the US, and it's not Tesla"
3559:
3141:
2803:
electric vehicle will be one of the first vehicles to feature Ultra Cruise.
16239:
15870:
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15576:
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14543:
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12737:
12648:
12561:
11840:
10778:
9594:
9539:
9360:
8918:"California DMV releases autonomous vehicle disengagement reports for 2019"
8814:"Apply for an Autonomous Vehicle Technology Demonstration / Testing Permit"
8466:
8281:
7080:
6647:
6619:
6438:
6155:
5950:
5597:
5580:
5359:"Beyond SAE J3016: New Design Spaces for Human-Centered Driving Automation"
3705:
2865:
obtained authorization to test vehicles with Level 3 systems on motorways.
1721:
525:
505:
390:
291:
11676:"GM's Self-Driving Cruise Origin Indefinitely Delayed Amid Major Setbacks"
11437:"Waymo, Cruise and Zoox Inch Forward Ahead of Tesla Joining Robotaxi Race"
9657:"Fatal Tesla Autopilot accident investigation ends with no recall ordered"
9113:
8649:[Challenging self-driving Level 4 approval of Kesennuma Line BRT]
7821:
6171:
2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
5230:"Tesla Tells California DMV that FSD Is Not Capable of Autonomous Driving"
5196:
4971:"Waymo's Robotaxis Are Hitting The Highway, A First For Self-Driving Cars"
4145:
STRIA Roadmap Connected and Automated Transport: Road, Rail and Waterborne
3715:
3303:"Waymo's Robotaxis are Hitting the Highway, A First For Self Driving Cars"
1391:
329:
in San Francisco, 2023. This model was recalled after a crash into a pole.
30:
This article is about the road vehicle type. For the general concept, see
16660:
16564:
16147:
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14117:
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13734:
13643:
13638:
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13238:
12590:
11410:"Hyundai Motor Puts Level 3 Autonomous Driving Technology on Back Burner"
8766:"Adopted Regulations for Testing of Autonomous Vehicles by Manufacturers"
8721:
7698:
5426:
5201:
3704:
Kanade, Takeo (February 1986). "Autonomous land vehicle project at CMU".
2928:
2605:
2408:
published a document about collision avoidance testing in December 2022.
2120:
1884:(BRT) in rural area from the current Level 2 to Level 4 at 60 km/h.
1668:
Tesla calls its Level 2 ADAS "Full Self-Driving (FSD) Beta". US Senators
878:
577:
15306:
12867:
11492:[Domestically the first! Approved as Level 4 self-driving car].
10996:"Tesla's FSD enters a new phase as self-driving competition intensifies"
10253:"Feds Investigate Ford BlueCruise's Role In Deadly Mustang Mach-E Crash"
9251:"SIP自動運転の成果を活用した安全性評価用シミュレーションソフトの製品化~戦略的イノベーション創造プログラム(SIP)研究成果を社会実装へ~"
8248:"Responsibility for Crashes of Autonomous Vehicles: An Ethical Analysis"
8048:"Occupational Outlook Handbook: Heavy and Tractor trailer Truck Drivers"
7847:"Novel AI system enhances the predictive accuracy of autonomous driving"
7480:"Self-driving car-makers could face prison for misleading adverts in UK"
7120:
7095:
1687:
Mercedes-Benz was criticized for a misleading US commercial advertising
649:
can be used together. For instance, Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 supplied:
16543:
15219:
14696:
14681:
14676:
14443:
14282:
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14137:
14112:
13857:
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13724:
13633:
13541:
13453:
13433:
12970:
12945:
10537:
10118:
10090:
8949:
8524:
8489:
5882:
5847:
3501:"Honda Legend Sedan with Level 3 Autonomy Available for Lease in Japan"
3470:
3225:
Dead reckoning and cartography using stereo vision for an automated car
3006:
In January 2023, Holon announced an autonomous shuttle during the 2023
2891:
2887:
2869:
2542:
2305:
1509:
1433:
903:
723:
629:
545:
524:
began autonomous commercial delivery operations in California in 2021.
425:
268:
9622:"Adding Some Statistical Perspective To Tesla Autopilot Safety Claims"
8973:"Self-Driving Taxis Are Causing All Kinds of Trouble in San Francisco"
6411:
6387:"Sensor and Sensor Fusion Technology in Autonomous Vehicles: A Review"
6128:
5931:
5585:
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer
4511:"GM's Cruise suspends supervised and manual car trips, expands probes"
528:
launched robotaxi service in Shenzhen in July 2021. In December 2021,
16501:
16496:
16486:
16481:
16471:
16466:
16461:
15521:
15333:
14844:
14784:
14724:
14691:
14593:
14578:
14538:
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14493:
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14406:
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14107:
13852:
13821:
13719:
13563:
13526:
13463:
13417:
13412:
13397:
13015:
11052:
9661:
7592:
7506:"National Security Implications of Leadership in Autonomous Vehicles"
6557:"Driving autonomous vehicles forward with intelligent infrastructure"
4758:
3019:
2877:
2854:
2503:
2437:
635:
483:
335:
16358:
11264:"IM Motors gets permit to test L3 self-driving vehicles in Shanghai"
10421:"Autonomous cars: Bring 'em on, drivers say in Insurance.com survey"
8245:
4283:"Waymo's Self-Driving Future Looks Real Now That the Hype Is Fading"
3809:
3408:"Cruise opens up driverless taxi service to public in San Francisco"
1205:
Driving mode-specific control by an ADAS of either steering or speed
16559:
16456:
16451:
15875:
15259:
15239:
15082:
15077:
15052:
14789:
14518:
14508:
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14483:
14458:
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14287:
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13754:
13586:
13059:
13019:
12965:
12955:
12922:
12600:
12585:
11815:
11378:
11152:"Honda to develop advanced level 3 self-driving technology by 2029"
10661:
10142:"An Autonomous Car Blocked a Fire Truck Responding to an Emergency"
9535:"Tesla driver dies in first fatal crash while using autopilot mode"
8506:
8441:
7756:"Autonomous Vehicles Join the List of US National Security Threats"
7145:"Driverless cars face cyber security, skills and safety challenges"
7093:
6796:
6735:
6179:
6042:
5864:
4656:"What's in a name? For Tesla's Full Self Driving, it may be danger"
3944:
3934:
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2883:
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1314:
830:
490:
446:
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339:
157:
15937:
11545:"Hyperdrive Daily: The Driverless Shuttle Helping Toyota Win Gold"
11207:"Mercedes Drive Pilot Level 3 ADAS Approved For Use In California"
10967:"Tesla, Waymo, Nuro, Zoox And Many Others Embrace New AI To Drive"
10725:
Hancock, P. A.; Nourbakhsh, Illah; Stewart, Jack (16 April 2019).
10616:"Majority of world's population feel self-driving cars are unsafe"
9803:"Video Shows Moments Before Uber Robot Car Rammed into Pedestrian"
9361:"Microsoft and Toyota Join Forces in FIA World Rally Championship"
6750:
3969:"The Automated Highway System: An Idea Whose Time Has Come | FHWA"
2564:
On 12 August 2021, a 31-year-old Chinese man was killed after his
1247:
Driving mode-specific control by an ADAS of all aspects of driving
16434:
16429:
15611:
15606:
15476:
15439:
14729:
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13486:
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11305:
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11082:
Paving the way to driving automation in EU, 19 January 2023, CCAM
9851:
7426:
7423:"Mercedes rejects claims about "misleading" self-driving car ads"
5356:
3106:
3024:
2582:
2565:
2378:
2258:
2231:
715:
10941:"Tesla finally releases FSD v12, its last hope for self-driving"
10455:
Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
10170:"GM's Cruise Autonomous Car Blocks Fire Truck on Emergency Call"
10086:"California suspends Pony.ai driverless test permit after crash"
8792:"The Pathway to Driverless Cars: A Code of Practice for testing"
6384:
3593:"Review on self-driving cars using neural network architectures"
3162:
16444:
16439:
15496:
15481:
15429:
15409:
15151:
14739:
13892:
13872:
13744:
13536:
13024:
12793:
11724:
11521:
10303:"Data Analysis: Self-Driving Car Accidents [2019-2024]"
9830:"Human Driver Could Have Avoided Fatal Uber Crash, Experts Say"
9626:
9365:
9174:
8866:
4903:
4901:
4411:"Nuro set to be California's first driverless delivery service"
4203:
3552:
Autonomous Vehicle: The Architecture Aspect of Self Driving Car
3307:
2962:
2914:
2899:
2722:
was issued to address regulation of Level 3 automated driving.
2429:
2401:
2400:
In April 2022, collision avoidance testing was demonstrated by
2030:
1877:
announced their challenge to raise their self-driving level of
1840:
854:
438:
404:
11181:"Level 3 Automated Driving Tech Has Major Limitations: Report"
10642:
9685:"Google founder defends accident records of self-driving cars"
8132:. Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections
8106:. Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections
8080:. Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections
8054:. Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections
7669:
5964:
Zhao, Jianfeng; Liang, Bodong; Chen, Qiuxia (2 January 2018).
5773:
Hu, J.; Bhowmick, P.; Jang, I.; Arvin, F.; Lanzon, A. (2021).
5027:"Mobileye SuperVision™ | The Bridge from ADAS to Consumer AVs"
3798:
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
3353:"Waymo issues second recall after robotaxi hit telephone pole"
2736:
Vehicles operating below Level 5 still offer many advantages.
66:
15419:
14613:
14468:
14037:
13693:
13673:
13663:
13658:
13653:
13648:
13611:
13443:
12732:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12533:
11652:
11128:
10573:
9974:"'I'm the Operator': The Aftermath of a Self-Driving Tragedy"
9848:"Governor Ducey suspends Uber from automated vehicle testing"
9227:
9198:"Nissan Tests Collision Avoidance Tech for Self-Driving Cars"
8710:
SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles
8619:"Japan Planning 100-kilometer Lane for Self-Driving Vehicles"
7734:
6582:"Frequency of Target Crashes for IntelliDrive Safety Systems"
6306:"Computing possible driving corridors for automated vehicles"
3440:
3436:"Honda to Begin Sales of Legend with New Honda SENSING Elite"
2939:
2830:
2513:
2405:
2385:. SAE Level 3 and 4 functions were tested on ordinary roads.
2254:
2099:
1984:
1911:
1513:
1505:
1429:
1425:
1084:
Safe: a vehicle that conforms to an acceptably safe standard.
834:
513:
501:
469:
322:
299:
279:
11741:
Gridlock: Why We're Stuck in Traffic and What To Do About It
11379:
Seo Jin-woo; Jung You-jung; Lee Ha-yeon (16 February 2022).
8743:
8420:
7889:
7844:
6728:
4898:
4452:"Mercedes-Benz self-driving car technology approved for use"
3795:
3683:
Navlab: The Carnegie Mellon University Navigation Laboratory
2374:
GRVA proposed a "Test Method for Automated Driving (NATM)".
1250:
Driver must appropriately respond to a request to intervene.
16615:
13683:
12783:
12509:
9922:"Uber back-up driver faulted in fatal autonomous car crash"
7565:
5156:"The ABI and Thatcham warn against automated driving plans"
4728:
Antsaklis, Panos J.; Passino, Kevin M.; Wang, S.J. (1991).
3163:
Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Bhowmick, P.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2022).
3102:"Self-driving Uber car kills Arizona woman crossing street"
2537:
2527:
2328:
2208:
521:
385:(ADAS) since at least the 1920s. The first ADAS system was
8703:
5659:"Defining a New Taxonomy for Consumer Autonomous Vehicles"
4805:
4803:
4801:
4482:"Slow Self-Driving Car Progress Tests Investors' Patience"
2479:/Full Self Driving (beta) was classified as Level 2 ADAS.
2388:
In November 2022, an International Standard ISO 34502 on "
14773:
14343:
14231:
14068:
12275:"Autonomous vehicles – who will be liable for accidents?"
12002:"Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers"
10887:
10448:
10373:"Große Akzeptanz für selbstfahrende Autos in Deutschland"
9900:"Uber self-driving cars allowed back on California roads"
9028:"L3Pilot: Joint European effort boosts automated driving"
8704:
Hallerbach, S.; Xia, Y.; Eberle, U.; Koester, F. (2018).
7346:
7236:"Will Regulators Allow Self-Driving Cars in a Few Years?"
7042:
6888:
5400:
Inagaki, Toshiyuki; Sheridan, Thomas B. (November 2019).
4721:
3494:
3492:
2862:
2842:
2569:
they argued did not guarantee the integrity of the data.
2009:
1437:
264:
10724:
10449:
Kyriakidis, M.; Happee, R.; De Winter, J. C. F. (2015).
8153:"Employment Loss and the 2007–09 Recession: An Overview"
6829:"Thanks to Mercedes, Turquoise Lights Mean Self-Driving"
6780:"Goal-Aware RSS for Complex Scenarios Via Program Logic"
6776:
6454:"Now Revealed: Why Teslas Have Only Camera-Based Vision"
5657:
Shashua, Amnon; Shalev-Shwartz, Shai (5 February 2023).
4317:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
3936:
Technology Development for Army Unmanned Ground Vehicles
274:
As of early 2024, no system has achieved full autonomy (
15575:
15205:
Automated Guideway Transit System project (Philippines)
11993:"Remembering When Driverless Elevators Drew Skepticism"
11858:
A Look at the Legal Environment for Driverless Vehicles
10495:
8594:"What are the next steps to reaching Level 4 autonomy?"
7983:"Remembering When Driverless Elevators Drew Skepticism"
7171:
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
6881:"Remembering When Driverless Elevators Drew Skepticism"
5723:"Level 2 of autonomous driving - "EYES ON / HANDS OFF""
5578:
5133:"Self-driving vehicles listed for use in Great Britain"
5053:"GM Adding 350,000 Miles Of Super Cruise Road Coverage"
4907:
4798:
4106:. Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer. pp. 27–39.
4050:"This Is Big: A Robo-Car Just Drove Across the Country"
3995:"The National Automated Highway System That Almost Was"
3169:
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
1490:
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
532:
received approval for a Level 3 car. In February 2022,
11233:"BMW Details Plan For Fully Automated Driving By 2021"
10351:"Many car buyers show interest in autonomous car tech"
7398:"Mercedes-Benz to Stop Running "Self-Driving Car" Ads"
6266:"A Brief Survey on SLAM Methods in Autonomous Vehicle"
6101:
5812:"European Roadmap Smart Systems for Automated Driving"
5108:"Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 becomes law"
4859:
3489:
2749:
Lane centering § Sample of level 2 automated cars
1695:(DMV) accused Tesla of deceptive marketing practices.
16644:
11800:
9453:
Horwitz, Josh; Timmons, Heather (20 September 2016).
8373:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 93–102.
7670:
Mark Schaub; Atticus Zhao; Mark Fu (24 August 2021).
5970:
International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems
5656:
4525:"https://twitter.com/nuro/status/1688965912165265408"
4076:"Self-driving cars to be tested on Virginia highways"
3776:"Prof. Schmidhuber's highlights of robot car history"
3549:
3523:
3521:
303:
11919:
John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center
11329:"Polestar 3 with Level 3 Autonomous Tech on the Way"
10533:"Autonomous cars seen as smarter than human drivers"
9278:
6907:
6905:
6035:
6005:
6003:
6001:
4727:
4509:
Shepardson, David; Klayman, Ben (14 November 2023).
604:
397:(19 mph) with the support of an elevated rail.
10498:
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
10399:"Autonomous Cars Found Trustworthy in Global Study"
10278:"Standing General Order on Crash Reporting | NHTSA"
8611:
7672:"China MIIT formulating new rules on data security"
6340:
6304:Althoff, Matthias; Sontges, Sebastian (June 2017).
6211:
5772:
4911:
2022 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon)
4682:"Tesla's Autopilot Technology Faces Fresh Scrutiny"
4444:
4434:"DeepRoute.ai closes $ 300M Series B funding round"
2813:
11536:
10883:"Ford launches hands-free driving on UK motorways"
9766:"Google's Self-Driving Car Caused Its First Crash"
9742:
9740:
8852:
8850:
7503:
7372:"Mercedes-Benz Slammed Over Misleading Commercial"
7334:
7214:"Challenges facing Autonomous Vehicle Development"
6479:"Informing smarter lidar solutions for the future"
6341:Connor-Simons, Adam; Gordon, Rachel (7 May 2018).
5455:
5453:
5363:HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems
3518:
2604:'s testing vehicle was reported to have blocked a
2392:based safety evaluation framework" was published.
1914:'s self-driving car, navigating public streets in
12380:
12316:, self-driving vehicles and enabling technologies
10559:Smith, Aaron; Anderson, Monica (4 October 2017).
9784:"Passenger bus teaches Google robot car a lesson"
9718:"Google Autonomous Car Experiences Another Crash"
9641:Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety.
9555:
9526:
8299:"The Ethical Considerations of Self-Driving Cars"
7845:City University of Hong Kong (6 September 2023).
7813:
7280:
6914:"Hidden Obstacles for Google's Self-Driving Cars"
6902:
6318:
5998:
5248:
4574:"The State of Level 3 Autonomous Driving in 2023"
4508:
2483:However, the car failed to take evasive action.
1289:System controls the vehicle under all conditions.
16668:
16404:Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers
16103:
10793:"Self-Driving Cars: Everything You Need To Know"
10375:. motorvision.de. 9 October 2012. Archived from
9800:
9562:Vlasic, Bill; Boudette, Neal E. (30 June 2016).
9389:"Driver disguises himself as car seat for study"
7819:
7728:
7703:"Is Your New Car a Threat to National Security?"
5966:"The key technology toward the self-driving car"
5072:"What is Ford BlueCruise, and How Does It Work?"
4626:
4603:"Self-Driving Cars: Everything You Need To Know"
4020:"Back to the Future: Autonomous Driving in 1995"
3880:"Back to the Future: Autonomous Driving in 1995"
3128:Thrun, Sebastian (2010). "Toward Robotic Cars".
3100:Maki, Sydney; Sage, Alexandria (19 March 2018).
504:began leasing in Japan a limited edition of 100
453:allowed autonomous car testing on public roads.
267:that is capable of operating with reduced or no
12814:IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society
10139:
9801:Bensinger, Greg; Higgins, Tim (22 March 2018).
9737:
9446:
8847:
8246:Alexander Hevelke; Julian Nida-Rümelin (2015).
7585:
6321:"Design Considerations For Autonomous Vehicles"
5450:
5399:
5227:
4730:"An Introduction to Autonomous Control Systems"
4375:
4313:"What Full Autonomy Means for the Waymo Driver"
4231:Billeaud, Jacques; Snow, Anita (28 July 2023).
3430:
3428:
2742:
1322:involved, while not formally committing to it.
15450:Unbuilt Rosemont personal rapid transit system
10111:
9561:
9452:
8964:
8942:
8856:
8023:"The Political Economy Of Autonomous Vehicles"
7168:
6303:
6059:The International Journal of Robotics Research
5556:
5489:
3597:World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews
3255:
3223:Gehrig, Stefan K.; Stein, Fridtjof J. (1999).
3121:
1117:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
283:
16374:
15953:
15561:
15137:
14053:
13129:
12883:
12859:
12298:
11694:
11462:"Level 4 Autonomous Driving Allowed in Japan"
11352:
11301:"Stellantis Shows Off its Level 3 Technology"
11261:
11230:
10558:
8549:"How Self-Driving Cars Will Threaten Privacy"
7369:
6503:
6168:
6056:
5963:
4866:2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)
4633:SAE Technical Papers (SAE WCX Digital Summit)
4627:Umar Zakir Abdul, Hamid; et al. (2021).
4432:Staff, The Robot Report (14 September 2021).
4226:
4224:
3405:
3321:
3256:Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2023).
2732:History of self-driving cars § The 2020s
1001:
623:
216:
15617:List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications
15280:UP Diliman Automated Guideway Transit System
13143:
12804:VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge
11355:"Bosch and CARIAD advance automated driving"
10687:
10530:
9564:"Self-Driving Tesla Involved in Fatal Crash"
8970:
8591:
8179:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8126:"Occupational Outlook Handbook: Bus Drivers"
7663:
7641:
7531:
7142:
6854:"How AI Is Making Autonomous Vehicles Safer"
4712:
4230:
3654:"Where to? A History of Autonomous Vehicles"
3425:
3208:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2984:introduced world's first commercial Level 4
2934:
2596:Cruise (autonomous vehicle) § Incidents
2411:
2356:
681:
15737:Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV)
12218:
12171:
12132:
12093:
12054:
12015:
11737:
11701:ADAS & Autonomous Vehicle International
11542:
10167:
9532:
9195:
9134:
8487:
8386:IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management
8366:
8323:
7748:
7697:
7559:
7395:
7005:(Press release). PR Newswire. 2 August 2011
6648:"ISO/TC 204: Intelligent transport systems"
6554:
6011:"2020 Autonomous Vehicle Technology Report"
5846:Lim, THazel Si Min; Taeihagh, Araz (2019).
5845:
5490:Stayton, E.; Stilgoe, J. (September 2020).
4151:. European Commission. 2019. Archived from
3773:
3461:
3459:
3222:
3046:
1901:
592:
16381:
16367:
15960:
15946:
15568:
15554:
15144:
15130:
14060:
14046:
13136:
13122:
13096:
12890:
12876:
12305:
12291:
12219:Meyer, Gereon; Beiker, Sven, eds. (2019).
12172:Meyer, Gereon; Beiker, Sven, eds. (2019).
12133:Meyer, Gereon; Beiker, Sven, eds. (2018).
12094:Meyer, Gereon; Beiker, Sven, eds. (2016).
12055:Meyer, Gereon; Beiker, Sven, eds. (2015).
12016:Meyer, Gereon; Beiker, Sven, eds. (2014).
11298:
10531:Hall-Geisler, Kristen (22 December 2016).
10058:Ruffo, Gustavo Henrique (17 August 2021).
9640:
9302:
9106:
9046:
8697:
8488:Lim, Hazel Si Min; Taeihagh, Araz (2018).
8383:
8150:
7865:"Human Factors behind Autonomous Vehicles"
7782:
6942:
5557:Cavoli, Clemence; Phillips, Brian (2017).
5175:
4788:"Autonomous Emergency Braking – Euro NCAP"
4221:
3623:
3406:Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (2 February 2022).
2623:The NTSB is investigating both incidents.
2536:died after she was hit by an AC tested by
1812:
1621:
1008:
994:
714:
601:is an SAE J3016 level 3 or higher system.
302:was the first manufacturer to sell an SAE
223:
209:
15210:Bicutan Automated Guideway Transit System
12897:
11814:
11758:
11326:
11204:
10964:
10768:
10750:
10670:
10660:
10083:
9533:Yadron, Danny; Tynan, Dan (1 July 2016).
9084:"L3Pilot Final Project Results published"
9054:"From the Final Event Week: On Motorways"
8523:
8505:
8440:
8271:
7907:
7445:
7205:
7143:Moore-Colyer, Roland (12 February 2015).
7119:
7070:
7060:
6795:
6784:IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles
6734:
6694:
6428:
6410:
6225:
6178:
6162:
6145:
6127:
6070:
6041:
5981:
5957:
5940:
5930:
5904:
5881:
5863:
5596:
5507:
5425:
5242:
4844:
4748:
4571:
3608:
3498:
3262:IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
3060:
2637:
409:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
27:Vehicle operated with reduced human input
14464:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
12000:Anderson, James M.; et al. (2016).
11999:
11965:Capitol Research – Transportation Policy
10785:
10224:
8546:
6975:
5318:"JASO TP 18004: 自動車用運転自動化システムのレベル分類及び定義"
5172:Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018
5153:
4819:Yu, Yang; Lee, Sanghwan (16 June 2022).
4679:
4310:
3456:
3099:
2559:
2528:Uber's Advanced Technologies Group (ATG)
2507:
1905:
1739:
1636:
1552:
1390:
1306:
1095:
352:
342:autonomous racing car on display at the
334:
316:
14810:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
11884:
11262:Kang/CnEVPost, Lei (18 December 2023).
11092:
11090:
11088:
11045:
10993:
10989:
10987:
10938:
10934:
10932:
10693:
10220:
10218:
10216:
10031:
8293:
8291:
8016:
8014:
7477:
7312:
6943:Negroponte, Nicholas (1 January 2000).
6214:IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine
5069:
4949:
4715:"Insurers warning on "autonomous" cars"
4362:
4336:
4176:
3746:
2579:California Department of Motor Vehicles
2447:
1803:
1783:
1693:California Department of Motor Vehicles
1299:infrastructure and road user behavior.
1103:is classified as an SAE Level 2 system.
669:
14:
16669:
16414:Société des ingénieurs de l'automobile
16113:3D reconstruction from multiple images
11904:
11855:
11803:Environmental Science & Technology
11780:
11673:
11434:
11179:Smith, Christopher (28 January 2022).
11019:
10909:
10444:
10442:
10348:
10225:Torrejón, Rodrigo (3 September 2024).
10193:
9715:
9619:
9506:
8886:
8884:
8218:
7783:Shepardson, David (16 November 2023).
7286:
7260:
6995:
6976:Adhikari, Richard (11 February 2016).
6969:
6872:
6826:
6820:
6205:
6050:
6029:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5619:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4653:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4306:
4304:
4177:Hawkins, Andrew J. (7 November 2017).
4073:
3703:
3350:
2965:started public demonstration rides on
2471:Tesla Autopilot § Notable crashes
2395:
2004:1,450,000 mi (2,330,000 km)
1998:1,271,587 mi (2,046,421 km)
1867:
1748:
1663:
1057:
16388:
16362:
16133:Simultaneous localization and mapping
15941:
15549:
15125:
14041:
13117:
12871:
12858:
12286:
11955:
11768:(thesis). The University of Edinburgh
11759:Macdonald, Iain David Graham (2011).
11178:
11096:
10057:
10005:
9405:
9333:"Toyota pushes AI to drive like pros"
8151:Goodman, Mance, Christopher, Steven.
7478:Sparkes, Matthew (13 November 2023).
7211:
6936:
6911:
5841:
5839:
5837:
4818:
4431:
4337:Hawkins, Andrew J. (8 October 2020).
4101:
3877:
3767:
3750:First results in robot road-following
3651:
3401:
3399:
3346:
3344:
3322:Valdes-Dapena, Peter (13 June 2024).
3127:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1684:for misleading product descriptions.
1453:simultaneous localization and mapping
1342:
1091:
660:
113:Pedestrian crash avoidance mitigation
15302:List of airport people mover systems
13974:Generative adversarial network (GAN)
12723:Dedicated short-range communications
12272:
11990:
11407:
11085:
10984:
10929:
10250:
10213:
9872:
9406:Mulac, Jordan h (28 February 2023).
8890:
8568:
8547:Lafrance, Adrienne (21 March 2016).
8288:
8011:
7729:Charles McLellan (4 November 2019).
7049:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
6878:
6451:
6319:Deepshikha Shukla (16 August 2019).
5917:(8). Entropy, 2022, 24, 1168: 1168.
5496:IEEE Technology and Society Magazine
5070:Wardlaw, Christian (20 April 2021).
5050:
5000:Golson, Daniel (27 September 2023).
3042:
3040:
2725:
2492:National Transportation Safety Board
2094:831,040 mi (1,337,430 km)
1992:635,868 mi (1,023,330 km)
1537:
1334:
16491:
15967:
15727:Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)
11958:"State Laws on Autonomous Vehicles"
11738:O'Toole, Randal (18 January 2010).
10439:
10032:Rearick, Brenden (16 August 2021).
8943:Rebecca Bellan (10 February 2022).
8881:
8481:
8360:
8239:
8020:
7504:James Andrew Lewis (28 June 2021).
7023:
5898:
5766:
5746:
5639:
5286:"Federal Automated Vehicles Policy"
5249:SAE International (30 April 2021).
5154:Hancocks, Simon (26 October 2020).
4988:
4968:
4713:Cellan-Jones, Rory (12 June 2018).
4680:Boudette, Neal E. (23 March 2021).
4647:
4591:
4517:
4363:Suggitt, Connie (17 October 2019).
4301:
3939:. National Research Council. 2002.
3624:Vanderbilt, Tom (6 February 2012).
3156:
1716:United States Department of Justice
1325:
1081:Control: control of vehicle motion.
585:claimed that the usage of the word
381:Experiments have been conducted on
24:
16198:Automatic number-plate recognition
15600:Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)
15400:Computer-controlled Vehicle System
15178:Hamersley & Robe River railway
12410:Automated emergency braking system
11718:
11674:MILLER, CALEB (29 November 2023).
9971:
9090:. 28 February 2022. Archived from
8575:Yale Journal of Law and Technology
7261:Newton, Casey (18 November 2013).
6978:"Feds Put AI in the Driver's Seat"
6452:Tara, Roopinder (2 October 2023).
5834:
5747:Dow, Jameson (27 September 2023).
5620:Hagman, Brian (16 February 2023).
5209:from the original on 10 April 2019
4425:
4403:
3626:"Autonomous Cars Through The Ages"
3396:
3341:
3249:
2894:successor, with technologies from
2626:
2277:108,300 mi (174,300 km)
2249:174,845 mi (281,386 km)
2088:447,621 mi (720,376 km)
1826:
1575:
1518:combine data from multiple sensors
1302:
1122:
976:IEEE Robotics and Automation Award
383:advanced driver assistance systems
118:Vehicle infrastructure integration
25:
16713:
15722:Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)
15415:Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit
14474:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
12432:Advanced driver-assistance system
12341:Intelligent transportation system
11885:Newbold, Richard (17 June 2015).
11783:"The Future of Self-driving Cars"
11408:Herh, Michael (1 December 2023).
11353:hannovermesse (26 January 2022).
10965:Templeton, Brad (18 April 2024).
10939:Lambert, Fred (22 January 2024).
10251:Bell, Sebastien (18 March 2024).
9854:. Associated Press. 27 March 2018
9507:Felton, Ryan (27 February 2018).
9060:. 13 October 2021. Archived from
8742:. 8 December 2016. Archived from
8647:"気仙沼線 BRT における自動運転レベル4認証取得を目指します"
8326:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice
8001:"Episode 642: The Big Red Button"
6827:Tucker, Sean (19 December 2023).
6504:Alain Dunoyer (27 January 2022).
5479:from the original on 1 July 2018.
5331:. 1 February 2018. Archived from
4654:Morris, David (8 November 2020).
4458:. 9 December 2021. Archived from
3992:
3542:"'Phantom Auto' will tour city".
3499:Beresford, Colin (4 March 2021).
3037:
2317:79,745 mi (128,337 km)
2226:68,762 mi (110,662 km)
2203:67,015 mi (107,850 km)
1792:
1604:National Institute of Informatics
1331:the wheel, and eyes on the road.
611:Advanced driver-assistance system
605:Advanced driver assistance system
16654:
16203:Automated species identification
14012:
14011:
13991:
13095:
12654:Safe speed automotive common law
11905:Bergen, Mark (27 October 2015).
11781:Knight, Will (22 October 2013).
11723:
11695:Anthony James (5 January 2022).
11688:
11667:
11641:
11615:
11590:
11564:
11510:
11482:
11454:
11435:Ludlow, Edward (15 April 2024).
11428:
11401:
11372:
11346:
11320:
11299:Paul Myles (17 September 2021).
11292:
11274:
11255:
11243:
11224:
11198:
11172:
11144:
11116:
11076:
11067:
11046:Hawkins, Andrew (7 March 2023).
11039:
11013:
10958:
10903:
10875:
10849:
10823:
10811:
10718:
10636:
10608:
10567:
10552:
10524:
10489:
10413:
10391:
10365:
10342:
10320:
10295:
10270:
10244:
10187:
10161:
10133:
10105:
10077:
10051:
10025:
9999:
9965:
9940:
9914:
9892:
9866:
9840:
9822:
9794:
9776:
9758:
9709:
9677:
9649:
9634:
9613:
9583:
9500:
9472:
9425:
9399:
9381:
9353:
9325:
9296:
9271:
9243:
9215:
9189:
9162:
9076:
9020:
8992:
8971:David Zipper (8 December 2022).
8936:
8910:
8820:
8806:
8784:
8758:
8728:
8716:(2). SAE International: 93–106.
8671:
8639:
8592:Steve McEvoy (26 January 2023).
8585:
8569:Jack, Boeglin (1 January 2015).
8562:
8540:
8377:
8317:
8212:
8187:
8144:
8118:
8092:
8066:
8040:
7993:
7975:
7949:
7924:
7883:
7857:
7838:
7799:
7776:
7722:
7691:
7635:
7607:
7579:
7553:
7525:
7497:
7471:
7415:
7389:
7363:
7342:"メルセデス・ベンツ日本に措置命令 事実と異なる記載 消費者庁"
7306:
7254:
7228:
7162:
7136:
7087:
7036:
7017:
6846:
6770:
6743:
6722:
6668:
6640:
6612:
6574:
6548:
6523:
6497:
6471:
6445:
6378:
6356:
6334:
6312:
6297:
6272:
6258:
6173:. IEEE/CVF. pp. 9361–9371.
6095:
5800:– via ieeexplore.ieee.org.
5406:Cognition, Technology & Work
5228:Roberto Baldwin (9 March 2021).
5051:HUNT, RHIAN (15 February 2024).
4919:10.1109/SysCon53536.2022.9773840
3351:Bellan, Rebecca (12 June 2024).
2956:
2927:to offer a Level 3 self-driving
2825:
2814:Level 3 – Conditional Automation
2340:26,899 mi (43,290 km)
2300:39,729 mi (63,938 km)
2294:32,858 mi (52,880 km)
2274:18,050 mi (29,050 km)
2271:18,093 mi (29,118 km)
2243:16,356 mi (26,322 km)
2220:24,680 mi (39,720 km)
2197:30,764 mi (49,510 km)
2091:12,221 mi (19,668 km)
2001:11,017 mi (17,730 km)
1995:11,154 mi (17,951 km)
1898:override the ADAS as necessary.
1523:
1462:
687:This section is an excerpt from
389:, which was invented in 1948 by
65:
16591:Engineering Societies' Building
16188:Audio-visual speech recognition
15695:Automatic train operation (ATO)
15390:Aramis (personal rapid transit)
15173:List of automated train systems
13050:Vehicular communication systems
12643:
12346:Context-aware pervasive systems
11934:US Department of Transportation
11930:National Transportation Library
11231:Angel Sergeev (31 March 2017).
11097:Jones, Rachyl (18 April 2024).
10700:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
10578:. ACM Press. pp. 518–527.
10349:Yvkoff, Liane (27 April 2012).
10194:Moreno, Julie (15 March 2024).
10140:Aarian Marshall (27 May 2022).
9873:Said, Carolyn (27 March 2018).
9716:Mathur, Vishal (17 July 2015).
9488:(in Chinese). 14 September 2016
8679:"Automobile simulation example"
8160:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
8130:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
8104:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
8078:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
8052:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
7586:Sean O'Kane (30 January 2019).
7429:. 25 April 2016. Archived from
7351:(in Japanese). 10 December 2021
7026:"The Ethics of Autonomous Cars"
7024:Lin, Patrick (8 October 2013).
6751:"WG: VT/ITS/AV Decision Making"
5804:
5740:
5715:
5690:
5665:
5613:
5572:
5550:
5524:
5483:
5393:
5350:
5310:
5278:
5269:
5221:
5189:
5166:
5147:
5125:
5100:
5082:
5063:
5044:
5019:
4962:
4943:
4853:
4812:
4780:
4706:
4673:
4620:
4601:Tucker, Sean (9 January 2024).
4565:
4502:
4474:
4391:(in Japanese). 11 November 2020
4356:
4330:
4311:Ackerman, Evan (4 March 2021).
4275:
4250:
4196:
4170:
4136:
4095:
4067:
4042:
4012:
3986:
3961:
3927:
3902:
3871:
3846:
3824:
3789:
3740:
3697:
3671:
3645:
3617:
3584:
3535:
3370:
2705:Regulation of self-driving cars
2684:
2497:
2381:, Germany, in conjunction with
2323:7,544 mi (12,141 km)
2246:6,476 mi (10,422 km)
2082:8,156 mi (13,126 km)
1609:
1594:
1559:Vehicular communication systems
1378:
1038:
583:Association of British Insurers
16033:Recognition and categorization
15758:Unmanned surface vehicle (USV)
15685:Automated guided vehicle (AGV)
15255:Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
15111:Template:EC car classification
14067:
13924:Recurrent neural network (RNN)
13914:Differentiable neural computer
12743:Radio-frequency identification
12467:Automated Lane Keeping Systems
11205:Mihalascu, Dan (9 June 2023).
10994:Mengdan, Shen (3 April 2024).
10112:Rebecca Bellan (25 May 2022).
10084:Rita Liao (14 December 2021).
10006:Vanek, Corina (21 July 2023).
8219:Samuel, Sigal (5 March 2019).
7560:Kif Leswing (22 August 2022).
7370:Steph Willems (28 July 2016).
6680:connected automated driving.eu
6593:. October 2010. Archived from
4950:Lambert, Fred (8 March 2023).
4026:. 3 April 2015. Archived from
3473:. 4 March 2021. Archived from
3315:
3295:
3216:
3093:
2923:is enhancing cybersecurity of
2786:
2240:1,022 mi (1,645 km)
2223:2,022 mi (3,254 km)
2217:1,028 mi (1,654 km)
2200:1,595 mi (2,567 km)
2194:1,923 mi (3,095 km)
2155:1,749 mi (2,815 km)
2107:2,658 mi (4,278 km)
2085:5,205 mi (8,377 km)
2044:5,473 mi (8,808 km)
2038:6,056 mi (9,746 km)
1989:5,128 mi (8,253 km)
1722:Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything
1127:A "driving mode", aka driving
558:
34:. For wider applications, see
13:
1:
16297:Optical character recognition
16228:Content-based image retrieval
15680:Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)
15595:Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
13969:Variational autoencoder (VAE)
13929:Long short-term memory (LSTM)
13196:Computational learning theory
12659:Automated lane keeping system
12400:Lane departure warning system
11543:River Davis (2 August 2021).
11490:"国内初!自動運転車に対するレベル4の認可を取得しました"
11327:Jay Ramey (11 January 2022).
11020:Ashraf, Anan (8 April 2024).
10706:(Annual Review 2016): 851–878
10561:"Automation in Everyday Life"
9196:Graham Hope (26 April 2022).
8891:Wang, Brian (25 March 2018).
8367:Meyer, G.; Beiker, S (2014).
7642:Katie Benner (19 July 2021).
7532:Allyson Chiu (11 July 2018).
6912:Gomes, Lee (28 August 2014).
6555:Mike Beevor (11 April 2019).
5779:IEEE Transactions on Robotics
5094:Union of Concerned Scientists
5090:"Self-Driving Cars Explained"
4737:IEEE Control Systems Magazine
4572:AUTOCRYPT (13 January 2023).
4383:"世界初! 自動運転車(レベル3)の型式指定を行いました"
3878:Crowe, Steve (3 April 2015).
3610:10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.2.1240
3071:10.1080/01441647.2018.1494640
3030:
2698:
1892:
1632:
1419:
1401:
1367:
1045:Union of Concerned Scientists
411:(DARPA) starting in 1984 and
16575:SAE Supermileage Competition
15487:High Speed Surface Transport
15380:Advanced Transit Association
13949:Convolutional neural network
12779:American Center for Mobility
12748:Automotive navigation system
12536:, formerly Google Car (2012)
12483:Automotive navigation system
12442:Intelligent speed adaptation
12331:History of self-driving cars
11991:Henn, Steve (31 July 2015).
11969:Council of State Governments
10910:Stumpf, Rob (8 March 2021).
10401:. autosphere.ca. 22 May 2013
10330:. Accenture. 10 October 2011
8303:Montreal AI Ethics Institute
7909:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.847
7396:Aaron Brown (29 July 2016).
7287:Stumpf, Rob (8 March 2021).
7212:Tussy, Ron (29 April 2016).
6879:Henn, Steve (31 July 2015).
6364:"How Self-Driving Cars Work"
6189:10.1109/CVPR52729.2023.00903
5371:10.1007/978-3-031-04987-3_28
4874:10.1109/IV47402.2020.9304552
4413:. BBC News. 24 December 2020
4074:Ramsey, John (1 June 2015).
3834:. Carnegie Mellon University
3774:Schmidhuber, Jürgen (2009).
2743:Level 2 – Partial Automation
2459:
2365:
2172:983 mi (1,582 km)
2149:673 mi (1,083 km)
2017:638 mi (1,027 km)
2014:638 mi (1,027 km)
1774:
1709:
1645:
1516:. Control systems typically
1351:
417:Bundeswehr University Munich
377:History of self-driving cars
275:
83:Assured clear distance ahead
7:
15344:PeopleMover (Magic Kingdom)
15245:Harbour Island People Mover
13944:Multilayer perceptron (MLP)
13073:Automated vacuum collection
12437:Driver drowsiness detection
12336:Impact of self-driving cars
12221:"Road Vehicle Automation 6"
12174:"Road Vehicle Automation 5"
12135:"Road Vehicle Automation 4"
12096:"Road Vehicle Automation 3"
12057:"Road Vehicle Automation 2"
11956:Slone, Sean (August 2016).
10621:Lloyd's Register Foundation
10168:Graham Hope (29 May 2022).
9902:. BBC News. 5 February 2020
9032:Connected Automated Driving
5905:Matzliach, Barouch (2022).
5298:. September 2016. p. 9
4846:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3183758
4204:"FAQ – Early Rider Program"
4112:10.1007/978-3-319-94896-6_3
3013:
2337:0.4 mi (0.64 km)
1757:
1728:. As of November 2022, the
1701:
1658:
60:& self-driving vehicles
10:
16718:
16193:Automatic image annotation
16028:Noise reduction techniques
15354:Véhicule Automatique Léger
15183:Iron Ore Company of Canada
14800:Gasoline / petrol
14564:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
14020:Artificial neural networks
13934:Gated recurrent unit (GRU)
13160:Differentiable programming
12677:Self-driving car liability
12581:Automated guideway transit
12415:Collision avoidance system
11762:A Simulated Autonomous Car
10672:10.3390/smartcities7020038
9433:"Tesla Fatalities Dataset"
7809:. NBC News. 3 August 2018.
6756:IEEE Standards Association
6620:"ISO/TC 22: Road vehicles"
5983:10.1108/IJIUS-08-2017-0008
3652:Weber, Marc (8 May 2014).
2799:Ride Platform. The luxury
2746:
2729:
2708:
2702:
2593:
2572:
2501:
2468:
2320:118 mi (190 km)
2314:1.1 mi (1.8 km)
2297:280 mi (450 km)
2291:100 mi (160 km)
2268:206 mi (332 km)
2152:1.5 mi (2.4 km)
2128:550 mi (890 km)
2061:590 mi (950 km)
2058:197 mi (317 km)
2041:210 mi (340 km)
2035:263 mi (423 km)
1887:
1858:
1796:
1724:technologies are based on
1579:
1556:
1541:
1527:
1499:
1405:
1371:
926:Technological unemployment
686:
624:Autonomy versus automation
608:
401:Carnegie Mellon University
374:
370:
29:
16583:
16552:
16531:
16515:
16422:
16396:
16345:
16158:Free viewpoint television
16094:
16061:
15975:
15914:
15823:
15766:
15750:
15714:
15672:
15637:
15630:
15587:
15462:
15366:
15288:
15191:
15163:
15096:
15020:
14940:(engine / drive)
14934:
14906:
14853:
14705:
14627:
14419:
14357:
14316:
14263:
14230:
14202:
14174:
14136:
14085:
14076:
13987:
13901:
13845:
13774:
13707:
13579:
13479:
13472:
13426:
13390:
13353:Artificial neural network
13333:
13209:
13176:Automatic differentiation
13149:
13091:
13058:
12984:
12921:
12912:
12905:
12865:
12860:Links to related articles
12822:
12809:Eureka Prometheus Project
12789:European Land-Robot Trial
12767:
12756:
12708:Artificial neural network
12683:
12671:
12664:Regulation (EU) 2019/2144
12634:
12571:
12502:
12495:
12455:
12388:
12379:
12356:Smart, connected products
12321:
12233:10.1007/978-3-030-22933-7
12225:Lecture Notes in Mobility
12186:10.1007/978-3-319-94896-6
12178:Lecture Notes in Mobility
12147:10.1007/978-3-319-60934-8
12139:Lecture Notes in Mobility
12108:10.1007/978-3-319-40503-2
12100:Lecture Notes in Mobility
12069:10.1007/978-3-319-19078-5
12061:Lecture Notes in Mobility
12030:10.1007/978-3-319-05990-7
12022:Lecture Notes in Mobility
12018:"Road Vehicle Automation"
10694:Brodsky, Jessica (2016).
10518:10.1016/j.tra.2016.09.022
10475:10.1016/j.trf.2015.04.014
8338:10.1007/s10677-018-9896-4
8264:10.1007/s11948-014-9565-5
7677:King & Wood Mallesons
7183:10.1109/TITS.2014.2342271
5418:10.1007/s10111-018-0471-5
4809:Regulation (EU) 2019/2144
3747:Wallace, Richard (1985).
3181:10.1109/TITS.2022.3189741
3130:Communications of the ACM
3008:Consumer Electronics Show
2935:Level 4 – High Automation
2589:
2475:As of 2023, Tesla's ADAS
2423:
2412:Simulation and validation
2357:Disengagement definitions
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1916:Mountain View, California
1457:real-time locating system
1359:
1270:
1252:
1246:
1231:
1213:
1207:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1148:
1021:Operational design domain
689:Operational design domain
682:Operational design domain
421:EUREKA Prometheus Project
186:Automatic train operation
16223:Computer-aided diagnosis
15732:Intervention AUV (I-AUV)
15339:PeopleMover (Disneyland)
15317:Metro-Airport Connection
15250:Krauss-Maffei Transurban
15215:Bombardier Innovia Metro
14579:Sedan delivery/Panel van
13181:Neuromorphic engineering
13144:Differentiable computing
12999:Alternative fuel vehicle
12728:Real-time Control System
12607:Freightliner Inspiration
12472:Vehicular ad hoc network
11856:Glancy, Dorothy (2016).
11387:Maeil Business Newspaper
8398:10.1109/TEM.2018.2877307
8021:Talbott, Selika Josiah.
7062:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00426
6806:10.1109/TIV.2022.3169762
6236:10.1109/mra.2006.1638022
6081:10.1177/0278364907079279
5791:10.1109/TRO.2021.3071615
5509:10.1109/MTS.2020.3012315
5183:"Automated Vehicle Bill"
4024:Robotics Business Review
3685:. The Robotics Institute
3274:10.1109/TVT.2022.3218575
3233:10.1109/IROS.1999.811692
2711:Regulation of algorithms
2642:
2464:
2454:University of Nottingham
2442:World Rally Championship
2351:
2146:2 mi (3.2 km)
2125:3 mi (4.8 km)
2104:15 mi (24 km)
2079:55 mi (89 km)
1979:Total distance traveled
1971:Total distance traveled
1963:Total distance traveled
1902:2010s and disengagements
1765:
1678:Federal Trade Commission
1582:Over-the-air programming
1544:Driver monitoring system
1138:J3016 Automation Levels
593:Automated driving system
489:In March 2019, ahead of
344:2017 New York City ePrix
191:Unmanned surface vehicle
16682:Automotive technologies
16285:Moving object detection
16275:Medical image computing
16038:Research infrastructure
16008:Image sensor technology
15801:spaceflights to the ISS
15517:Skyrail Midorizaka Line
15512:São Paulo Metro Line 17
15507:São Paulo Metro Line 15
15230:Docklands Light Railway
14840:Liquified petroleum gas
14652:Driverless (autonomous)
13954:Residual neural network
13370:Artificial Intelligence
12961:Pulse detonation engine
12931:Adaptive compliant wing
12556:Yandex self-driving car
12458:the driving environment
12425:Adaptive cruise control
12391:the driving environment
11833:10.1021/acs.est.8b00127
10752:10.1073/pnas.1805770115
10584:10.1145/3301275.3302268
9879:San Francisco Chronicle
9808:The Wall Street Journal
8828:"Disengagement Reports"
8459:10.1126/science.aaf2654
8370:Road vehicle automation
7832:10.1145/3610977.3634923
5566:UCL Transport Institute
5536:Loughborough University
5135:. GOV.UK. 20 April 2022
4487:The Wall Street Journal
4104:Road Vehicle Automation
4081:Richmond Times-Dispatch
3658:Computer History Museum
3560:10.1145/3290589.3290599
3142:10.1145/1721654.1721679
2986:Automated Valet Parking
2611:
2444:since the 2017 season.
2383:ITS World Congress 2021
2169:7 mi (11 km)
1820:ArtificiaI Intelligence
1813:Rationale for liability
1771:emergency stop button.
1682:Consumer Affairs Agency
1627:Artificial intelligence
1622:Artificial Intelligence
1482:
1160:Fallback responsibility
460:funded development for
456:From 2016 to 2018, the
441:, Florida, California,
366:Baidu self-driving car
36:Unmanned ground vehicle
16322:Video content analysis
16290:Small object detection
16069:Computer stereo vision
15901:Remote control vehicle
15896:Radio-controlled model
15502:Palm Jumeirah Monorail
15492:Incheon Airport Maglev
15324:Barcelona Metro line 9
15157:fixed-guideway transit
14745:Compressed natural gas
14672:Personal rapid transit
13030:Personal rapid transit
12951:High-altitude platform
12713:Computer stereo vision
12661:(unece regulation 157)
12389:Human driver monitors
11732:at Wikimedia Commons
8740:University of Michigan
8736:"Mcity testing center"
7896:Procedia Manufacturing
7457:CBT Automotive Network
6676:"Standards Collection"
5823:. 2015. Archived from
5598:10.1680/jmuen.16.00062
4868:. pp. 1317–1322.
4369:Guinness World Records
2990:Intelligent Park Pilot
2638:Public opinion surveys
2577:In November 2021, the
2516:
2345:0 mi (0 km)
1919:
1642:
1477:occupancy grid mapping
1395:
1311:
1244:Conditional Automation
1104:
952:Trade shows and awards
679:
563:Organizations such as
367:
346:
330:
16523:Wright Brothers Medal
16327:Video motion analysis
16138:Structure from motion
16084:3D object recognition
15906:Remote control animal
15527:Transport System Bögl
15445:Ultra (rapid transit)
15329:Cabletren Bolivariano
15011:Dual motor-four-wheel
14609:Town (Coupé de Ville)
13909:Neural Turing machine
13497:Human image synthesis
12899:Emerging technologies
12799:DARPA Grand Challenge
12622:Mobility as a service
12572:Buses and commercial
11787:MIT Technology Review
10231:Philadelphia Inquirer
9723:Government Technology
9256:Cabinet Office, Japan
6918:MIT Technology Review
5698:"Hands-Free, Eyes On"
5197:"Support – Autopilot"
3716:10.1145/324634.325197
2921:Hyundai Motor Company
2560:NIO Navigate on Pilot
2511:
1909:
1740:Driver communications
1640:
1553:Vehicle communication
1394:
1310:
1099:
724:Automation in general
674:
641:In Europe, the words
495:Guinness World Record
430:DARPA Grand Challenge
365:
338:
320:
278:). In December 2020,
16250:Foreground detection
16233:Reverse image search
16213:Bioimage informatics
16183:Activity recognition
15891:Autonomous logistics
15275:SkyTrain (Vancouver)
15022:Engine configuration
14000:Computer programming
13979:Graph neural network
13554:Text-to-video models
13532:Text-to-image models
13380:Large language model
13365:Scientific computing
13171:Statistical manifold
13166:Information geometry
13045:Transit Elevated Bus
12976:Supersonic transport
12366:Ambient intelligence
12361:Ubiquitous computing
12273:Kemp, Roger (2018).
10012:The Arizona Republic
8722:10.4271/2018-01-1066
7376:The Truth About Cars
5830:on 12 February 2015.
5205:. 13 February 2019.
3832:"Look, Ma, No Hands"
2896:Luminar Technologies
2504:Waymo § Crashes
2448:Pedestrian reactions
2432:demonstrated one of
1804:Pedestrian Detection
1784:Equity and Inclusion
1726:5G wireless networks
1446:Deep neural networks
1442:inertial measurement
1374:Vehicular automation
895:Impact of automation
196:Vehicular automation
32:Vehicular automation
16317:Autonomous vehicles
16255:Gesture recognition
16118:2D to 3D conversion
15774:Uncrewed spacecraft
15312:Birmingham Air-Rail
15028:internal combustion
14830:Internal combustion
14637:All-terrain vehicle
14559:Retractable hardtop
13346:In-context learning
13186:Pattern recognition
13068:Pneumatic transport
13011:Ground-effect train
12936:Backpack helicopter
12840:Anthony Levandowski
12522:General Motors EN-V
11978:on 28 February 2021
11825:2019arXiv190110581T
11809:(20): 11449–11465.
11627:Mercedes-Benz Group
11602:IoT Automotive News
11286:breakingthenews.net
11282:"Breaking The News"
10743:2019PNAS..116.7684H
10510:2016TRPA...94..374H
10467:2015TRPF...32..127K
9790:. 29 February 2016.
9754:. 29 February 2016.
9752:The Washington Post
9643:"FARS Encyclopedia"
9369:. 20 September 2016
8860:(9 February 2021).
8746:on 16 February 2017
8516:2018arXiv180410367L
8451:2016Sci...352.1573B
7539:The Washington Post
7242:. 24 September 2013
7121:10.3390/sym14071450
7112:2022Symm...14.1450A
6485:. 21 September 2022
6403:2021Senso..21.2140Y
6120:2021Senso..21..706A
5923:2022Entrp..24.1168M
5874:2019arXiv191013122L
5257:on 20 December 2021
4837:2022IEEEA..1064920Y
4694:on 28 December 2021
4262:The Washington Post
3890:on 29 December 2017
3175:(11): 21531–21547.
2988:(AVP) system named
2980:In September 2020,
2868:In September 2021,
2853:In 2023, in China,
2797:Qualcomm Snapdragon
2396:Collision avoidance
1940:
1939:Disengagement data
1868:Road infrastructure
1847:(formal rules) and
1749:Behavior prediction
1664:Deceptive marketing
1139:
1058:British definitions
1025:autonomous vehicles
458:European Commission
239:, also known as an
16332:Video surveillance
16270:Landmark detection
16178:3D pose estimation
16163:Volumetric capture
16123:Gaussian splatting
16079:Object recognition
15993:Commercial systems
15425:Schmid Peoplemover
13939:Echo state network
13827:Jürgen Schmidhuber
13522:Facial recognition
13517:Speech recognition
13427:Software libraries
12617:Self-driving truck
12612:Driverless tractor
12447:Blind spot monitor
12371:Internet of things
11744:. Cato Institute.
11655:. 8 September 2021
11629:. 30 November 2022
11578:. 2 September 2020
10863:. 9 September 2022
10624:. 25 November 2022
9928:. 19 November 2019
9569:The New York Times
9341:. 17 November 2021
9259:. 6 September 2022
9231:. 14 December 2022
9150:. 16 November 2022
8924:. 26 February 2020
8525:10.3390/en11051062
7764:. 21 November 2022
7649:The New York Times
6561:Smart Cities World
6366:. 14 December 2017
6017:. 20 February 2020
5883:10.3390/su11205791
5677:Ford Motor Company
5338:on 1 December 2021
5112:penningtonslaw.com
4686:The New York Times
4490:. 28 November 2022
4462:on 9 December 2021
4158:on 16 October 2022
3854:"Navlab 5 Details"
3710:. pp. 71–80.
3546:. 1926. p. 4.
3544:Milwaukee Sentinel
3531:. 27 January 2023.
2975:Tokyo 2020 Olympic
2517:
2512:Google's in-house
2428:In November 2022,
1938:
1920:
1851:(harm reduction).
1837:thought experiment
1670:Richard Blumenthal
1643:
1414:navigation systems
1396:
1343:Eyes-off/hands-off
1312:
1226:Partial Automation
1137:
1105:
1092:SAE classification
661:Cooperative system
512:In December 2020,
493:, Robocar set the
468:In November 2017,
368:
347:
331:
163:Self-driving truck
16702:Transport culture
16687:Automotive safety
16677:Self-driving cars
16642:
16641:
16636:
16635:
16390:SAE International
16356:
16355:
16265:Image restoration
16208:Augmented reality
16173:
16172:
16153:4D reconstruction
16105:3D reconstruction
15998:Feature detection
15935:
15934:
15927:Unmanned vehicles
15742:Underwater glider
15710:
15709:
15581:uncrewed vehicles
15543:
15542:
15539:
15538:
15535:
15534:
15458:
15457:
15435:SK (people mover)
15362:
15361:
15119:
15118:
14415:
14414:
14184:Compact executive
14035:
14034:
13797:Stephen Grossberg
13770:
13769:
13111:
13110:
13087:
13086:
13083:
13082:
12852:
12851:
12848:
12847:
12718:Image recognition
12630:
12629:
12491:
12490:
12405:Automatic parking
12314:Self-driving cars
12242:978-3-030-22932-0
12195:978-3-319-94895-9
12156:978-3-319-60933-1
12117:978-3-319-40502-5
12078:978-3-319-19077-8
12039:978-3-319-05989-1
11870:978-0-309-37501-6
11751:978-1-935308-24-9
11730:Self-driving cars
11728:Media related to
11651:(Press release).
11576:Mercedes me media
11524:. 24 October 2019
11520:(Press release).
11160:. 1 December 2022
11132:. 1 December 2022
10737:(16): 7684–7691.
9788:Los Angeles Times
9690:Los Angeles Times
9665:. 19 January 2016
9620:Abuelsamid, Sam.
9593:(Press release).
9485:China State Media
9034:. 15 October 2021
8897:NextBigFuture.com
6947:. Vintage Books.
6628:. 2 November 2016
6412:10.3390/s21062140
6198:979-8-3503-0129-8
6129:10.3390/s21030706
5932:10.3390/e24081168
5469:SAE International
5380:978-3-031-04986-6
5275:SAE International
4928:978-1-6654-3992-3
4883:978-1-7281-6673-5
4551:External link in
4289:. 21 January 2021
4121:978-3-319-94895-9
3763:on 6 August 2014.
3679:"Carnegie Mellon"
3049:Transport Reviews
2998:Stuttgart Airport
2905:In January 2022,
2902:, and Zenseact.
2801:Cadillac Celestiq
2776:Tesla's Autopilot
2726:Commercialization
2349:
2348:
1953:California, 2019
1950:California, 2018
1947:California, 2016
1882:bus rapid transit
1538:Driver monitoring
1408:Hybrid navigation
1335:Eyes-on/hands-off
1296:
1295:
1211:Driver and system
1202:Driver Assistance
1109:SAE International
1018:
1017:
936:Post-work society
921:Self-driving cars
574:Full Self-Driving
363:
351:
350:
306:car, followed by
233:
232:
136:Automatic parking
88:Autonomous racing
58:Self-driving cars
16:(Redirected from
16709:
16659:
16658:
16657:
16650:
16596:SAE steel grades
16383:
16376:
16369:
16360:
16359:
16280:Object detection
16245:Face recognition
16128:Shape from focus
16101:
16100:
15988:Digital geometry
15962:
15955:
15948:
15939:
15938:
15886:Autonomous robot
15881:Robot locomotion
15796:Cargo spacecraft
15789:list of orbiters
15690:Self-driving car
15635:
15634:
15570:
15563:
15556:
15547:
15546:
15460:
15459:
15364:
15363:
15286:
15285:
15265:Nuremberg U-Bahn
15189:
15188:
15153:Automated trains
15146:
15139:
15132:
15123:
15122:
15031:
14990:Front-four-wheel
14941:
14804:direct injection
14715:Alternative fuel
14529:Multi-stop truck
14083:
14082:
14062:
14055:
14048:
14039:
14038:
14025:Machine learning
14015:
14014:
13995:
13750:Action selection
13740:Self-driving car
13547:Stable Diffusion
13512:Speech synthesis
13477:
13476:
13341:Machine learning
13217:Gradient descent
13138:
13131:
13124:
13115:
13114:
13099:
13098:
13040:Self-driving car
13004:Hydrogen vehicle
12919:
12918:
12910:
12909:
12892:
12885:
12878:
12869:
12868:
12856:
12855:
12765:
12764:
12516:Spirit of Berlin
12500:
12499:
12456:System monitors
12386:
12385:
12351:Mobile computing
12307:
12300:
12293:
12284:
12283:
12278:
12254:
12215:
12168:
12129:
12090:
12051:
12012:
12009:RAND Corporation
12006:
11996:
11987:
11985:
11983:
11977:
11971:. Archived from
11962:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11942:
11936:. Archived from
11927:
11914:
11901:
11899:
11897:
11881:
11879:
11877:
11862:
11852:
11818:
11797:
11795:
11793:
11777:
11775:
11773:
11767:
11755:
11727:
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11707:
11692:
11686:
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11671:
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11664:
11662:
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11645:
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10955:
10953:
10951:
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10927:
10926:
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10907:
10901:
10900:
10898:
10896:
10879:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10868:
10853:
10847:
10846:
10844:
10842:
10827:
10821:
10815:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10804:
10797:Kelley Blue Book
10789:
10783:
10782:
10772:
10754:
10722:
10716:
10715:
10713:
10711:
10691:
10685:
10684:
10674:
10664:
10640:
10634:
10633:
10631:
10629:
10612:
10606:
10605:
10571:
10565:
10564:
10556:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10545:
10528:
10522:
10521:
10493:
10487:
10486:
10446:
10437:
10436:
10434:
10432:
10417:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10406:
10395:
10389:
10388:
10386:
10384:
10369:
10363:
10362:
10360:
10358:
10346:
10340:
10339:
10337:
10335:
10324:
10318:
10317:
10315:
10313:
10299:
10293:
10292:
10290:
10288:
10274:
10268:
10267:
10265:
10263:
10248:
10242:
10241:
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10237:
10222:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10191:
10185:
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10182:
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10165:
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10137:
10131:
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10126:
10109:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10081:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10070:
10055:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10029:
10023:
10022:
10020:
10018:
10003:
9997:
9996:
9994:
9992:
9972:Smiley, Lauren.
9969:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9958:
9944:
9938:
9937:
9935:
9933:
9918:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9896:
9890:
9889:
9887:
9885:
9870:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9844:
9838:
9837:
9836:. 22 March 2018.
9826:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9815:
9798:
9792:
9791:
9780:
9774:
9773:
9772:. February 2016.
9762:
9756:
9755:
9744:
9735:
9734:
9732:
9730:
9713:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9702:
9695:Associated Press
9681:
9675:
9674:
9672:
9670:
9653:
9647:
9646:
9638:
9632:
9631:
9617:
9611:
9610:
9604:
9602:
9587:
9581:
9580:
9578:
9576:
9559:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9530:
9524:
9523:
9521:
9519:
9504:
9498:
9497:
9495:
9493:
9476:
9470:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9450:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9439:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9418:
9403:
9397:
9396:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9374:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9346:
9329:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9309:
9303:Seigo Kuzumaki.
9300:
9294:
9293:
9291:
9289:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9247:
9241:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9219:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9166:
9160:
9159:
9157:
9155:
9138:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9110:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9099:
9080:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9069:
9064:on 27 April 2022
9050:
9044:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9024:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9013:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8968:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8957:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8888:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8874:
8854:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8840:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8810:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8762:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8732:
8726:
8725:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8675:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8652:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8632:
8615:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8604:
8598:Automotive World
8589:
8583:
8582:
8566:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8527:
8509:
8485:
8479:
8478:
8444:
8435:(6293): 1573–6.
8424:
8418:
8417:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8321:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8295:
8286:
8285:
8275:
8243:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8232:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8178:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8157:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8122:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8096:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8085:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8059:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8018:
8009:
8008:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7979:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7968:
7963:. 11 August 2023
7953:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7911:
7887:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7803:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7752:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7695:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7611:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7529:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7490:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7419:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7320:Consumer Reports
7310:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7166:
7160:
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7155:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7123:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7074:
7064:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6924:on 16 March 2015
6920:. Archived from
6909:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6858:hai.stanford.edu
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6833:Kelley Blue Book
6824:
6818:
6817:
6799:
6790:(4): 3040–3072.
6774:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6599:
6586:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6552:
6546:
6545:
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6527:
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6518:
6516:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6432:
6414:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6229:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6182:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6149:
6131:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6074:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6007:
5996:
5995:
5985:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5944:
5934:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5885:
5867:
5843:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5816:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5785:(6): 1936–1955.
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5694:
5688:
5687:
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5617:
5611:
5610:
5600:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5563:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5511:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5465:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5429:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5323:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5290:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5253:. Archived from
5246:
5240:
5239:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
4997:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4913:. pp. 1–8.
4905:
4896:
4895:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4796:
4795:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4761:. Archived from
4759:10.1109/37.88585
4752:
4734:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4693:
4688:. Archived from
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4607:Kelley Blue Book
4598:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4438:The Robot Report
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4237:Associated Press
4228:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4150:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3973:highways.dot.gov
3965:
3959:
3958:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3886:. Archived from
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3755:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3547:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3268:(3): 2974–2987.
3253:
3247:
3246:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3064:
3044:
2953:operates there.
2911:Volkswagen Group
2720:UNECE WP.29 GRVA
1974:Distance between
1966:Distance between
1958:Distance between
1941:
1937:
1326:Eyes-on/hands-on
1283:
1282:
1262:
1261:
1241:
1240:
1223:
1222:
1199:
1198:
1172:
1171:
1140:
1136:
1010:
1003:
996:
931:Jobless recovery
718:
695:
694:
518:Phoenix, Arizona
506:Legend Hybrid EX
364:
313:
312:
288:Phoenix, Arizona
237:self-driving car
225:
218:
211:
69:
45:
44:
21:
16717:
16716:
16712:
16711:
16710:
16708:
16707:
16706:
16667:
16666:
16665:
16655:
16653:
16645:
16643:
16638:
16637:
16632:
16579:
16548:
16539:Andrew L. Riker
16527:
16511:
16418:
16392:
16387:
16357:
16352:
16341:
16312:Robotic mapping
16260:Image denoising
16169:
16090:
16057:
16023:Motion analysis
15971:
15969:Computer vision
15966:
15936:
15931:
15910:
15819:
15808:Space telescope
15784:list by program
15762:
15746:
15706:
15668:
15626:
15583:
15574:
15544:
15531:
15464:
15454:
15371:
15369:
15358:
15293:
15291:
15284:
15196:
15194:
15187:
15165:
15159:
15150:
15120:
15115:
15092:
15063:Single-cylinder
15025:
15024:
15016:
15004:Rear-four-wheel
14955:Front mid-front
14939:
14938:
14930:
14908:Engine position
14902:
14849:
14835:Liquid nitrogen
14701:
14629:
14623:
14411:
14353:
14312:
14259:
14245:Crossover (CUV)
14226:
14198:
14170:
14132:
14072:
14066:
14036:
14031:
13983:
13897:
13863:Google DeepMind
13841:
13807:Geoffrey Hinton
13766:
13703:
13629:Project Debater
13575:
13473:Implementations
13468:
13422:
13386:
13329:
13271:Backpropagation
13205:
13191:Tensor calculus
13145:
13142:
13112:
13107:
13079:
13054:
12980:
12901:
12896:
12861:
12853:
12844:
12818:
12771:
12769:
12768:Organizations,
12760:
12759:Projects &
12758:
12757:Organizations,
12752:
12685:
12679:
12667:
12626:
12573:
12567:
12550:LUTZ Pathfinder
12487:
12459:
12457:
12451:
12392:
12390:
12375:
12323:
12317:
12311:
12281:
12243:
12196:
12157:
12118:
12079:
12040:
12004:
11981:
11979:
11975:
11960:
11946:
11944:
11943:on 16 June 2017
11940:
11925:
11895:
11893:
11875:
11873:
11871:
11860:
11791:
11789:
11771:
11769:
11765:
11752:
11721:
11719:Further reading
11716:
11715:
11705:
11703:
11693:
11689:
11672:
11668:
11658:
11656:
11647:
11646:
11642:
11632:
11630:
11621:
11620:
11616:
11606:
11604:
11596:
11595:
11591:
11581:
11579:
11570:
11569:
11565:
11555:
11553:
11541:
11537:
11527:
11525:
11516:
11515:
11511:
11501:
11499:
11498:. 31 March 2023
11488:
11487:
11483:
11473:
11471:
11467:Yomiuri Shimbun
11460:
11459:
11455:
11445:
11443:
11433:
11429:
11419:
11417:
11406:
11402:
11392:
11390:
11377:
11373:
11363:
11361:
11351:
11347:
11337:
11335:
11325:
11321:
11311:
11309:
11297:
11293:
11280:
11279:
11275:
11260:
11256:
11248:
11244:
11229:
11225:
11215:
11213:
11203:
11199:
11189:
11187:
11177:
11173:
11163:
11161:
11150:
11149:
11145:
11135:
11133:
11122:
11121:
11117:
11107:
11105:
11095:
11086:
11081:
11077:
11072:
11068:
11058:
11056:
11044:
11040:
11030:
11028:
11018:
11014:
11004:
11002:
10992:
10985:
10975:
10973:
10963:
10959:
10949:
10947:
10937:
10930:
10920:
10918:
10908:
10904:
10894:
10892:
10891:. 14 April 2023
10881:
10880:
10876:
10866:
10864:
10855:
10854:
10850:
10840:
10838:
10837:. 15 March 2023
10829:
10828:
10824:
10816:
10812:
10802:
10800:
10791:
10790:
10786:
10723:
10719:
10709:
10707:
10692:
10688:
10641:
10637:
10627:
10625:
10614:
10613:
10609:
10594:
10572:
10568:
10557:
10553:
10543:
10541:
10529:
10525:
10494:
10490:
10447:
10440:
10430:
10428:
10419:
10418:
10414:
10404:
10402:
10397:
10396:
10392:
10382:
10380:
10371:
10370:
10366:
10356:
10354:
10347:
10343:
10333:
10331:
10326:
10325:
10321:
10311:
10309:
10301:
10300:
10296:
10286:
10284:
10276:
10275:
10271:
10261:
10259:
10249:
10245:
10235:
10233:
10223:
10214:
10204:
10202:
10192:
10188:
10178:
10176:
10174:IoT World Today
10166:
10162:
10152:
10150:
10138:
10134:
10124:
10122:
10110:
10106:
10096:
10094:
10082:
10078:
10068:
10066:
10056:
10052:
10042:
10040:
10030:
10026:
10016:
10014:
10004:
10000:
9990:
9988:
9970:
9966:
9956:
9954:
9946:
9945:
9941:
9931:
9929:
9926:Financial Times
9920:
9919:
9915:
9905:
9903:
9898:
9897:
9893:
9883:
9881:
9871:
9867:
9857:
9855:
9846:
9845:
9841:
9828:
9827:
9823:
9813:
9811:
9799:
9795:
9782:
9781:
9777:
9764:
9763:
9759:
9746:
9745:
9738:
9728:
9726:
9714:
9710:
9700:
9698:
9683:
9682:
9678:
9668:
9666:
9655:
9654:
9650:
9639:
9635:
9618:
9614:
9600:
9598:
9591:"A Tragic Loss"
9589:
9588:
9584:
9574:
9572:
9560:
9556:
9546:
9544:
9543:. San Francisco
9531:
9527:
9517:
9515:
9505:
9501:
9491:
9489:
9478:
9477:
9473:
9463:
9461:
9451:
9447:
9437:
9435:
9431:
9430:
9426:
9416:
9414:
9404:
9400:
9387:
9386:
9382:
9372:
9370:
9359:
9358:
9354:
9344:
9342:
9338:Yomiuri Shimbun
9331:
9330:
9326:
9316:
9314:
9307:
9301:
9297:
9287:
9285:
9277:
9276:
9272:
9262:
9260:
9249:
9248:
9244:
9234:
9232:
9221:
9220:
9216:
9206:
9204:
9202:IoT World Today
9194:
9190:
9180:
9178:
9168:
9167:
9163:
9153:
9151:
9140:
9139:
9135:
9125:
9123:
9122:. November 2022
9112:
9111:
9107:
9097:
9095:
9082:
9081:
9077:
9067:
9065:
9052:
9051:
9047:
9037:
9035:
9026:
9025:
9021:
9011:
9009:
9008:. 13 April 2021
8998:
8997:
8993:
8983:
8981:
8969:
8965:
8955:
8953:
8941:
8937:
8927:
8925:
8916:
8915:
8911:
8901:
8899:
8889:
8882:
8872:
8870:
8855:
8848:
8838:
8836:
8826:
8825:
8821:
8812:
8811:
8807:
8797:
8795:
8790:
8789:
8785:
8775:
8773:
8764:
8763:
8759:
8749:
8747:
8734:
8733:
8729:
8702:
8698:
8688:
8686:
8677:
8676:
8672:
8662:
8660:
8650:
8645:
8644:
8640:
8630:
8628:
8624:Yomiuri Shimbun
8617:
8616:
8612:
8602:
8600:
8590:
8586:
8567:
8563:
8553:
8551:
8545:
8541:
8486:
8482:
8425:
8421:
8382:
8378:
8365:
8361:
8322:
8318:
8308:
8306:
8297:
8296:
8289:
8244:
8240:
8230:
8228:
8217:
8213:
8203:
8201:
8193:
8192:
8188:
8172:
8171:
8164:
8162:
8155:
8149:
8145:
8135:
8133:
8124:
8123:
8119:
8109:
8107:
8098:
8097:
8093:
8083:
8081:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8057:
8055:
8046:
8045:
8041:
8031:
8029:
8019:
8012:
7999:
7998:
7994:
7981:
7980:
7976:
7966:
7964:
7955:
7954:
7950:
7940:
7938:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7888:
7884:
7874:
7872:
7871:. 25 April 2018
7869:Robson Forensic
7863:
7862:
7858:
7843:
7839:
7818:
7814:
7805:
7804:
7800:
7790:
7788:
7781:
7777:
7767:
7765:
7754:
7753:
7749:
7739:
7737:
7727:
7723:
7713:
7711:
7701:(1 July 2022).
7696:
7692:
7682:
7680:
7668:
7664:
7654:
7652:
7640:
7636:
7626:
7624:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7598:
7596:
7584:
7580:
7570:
7568:
7558:
7554:
7544:
7542:
7530:
7526:
7516:
7514:
7502:
7498:
7488:
7486:
7476:
7472:
7462:
7460:
7459:. 9 August 2022
7451:
7450:
7446:
7436:
7434:
7421:
7420:
7416:
7406:
7404:
7394:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7368:
7364:
7354:
7352:
7340:
7339:
7335:
7325:
7323:
7311:
7307:
7297:
7295:
7285:
7281:
7271:
7269:
7259:
7255:
7245:
7243:
7234:
7233:
7229:
7219:
7217:
7210:
7206:
7167:
7163:
7153:
7151:
7141:
7137:
7092:
7088:
7041:
7037:
7022:
7018:
7008:
7006:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6986:
6984:
6974:
6970:
6955:
6941:
6937:
6927:
6925:
6910:
6903:
6893:
6891:
6877:
6873:
6863:
6861:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6837:
6835:
6825:
6821:
6775:
6771:
6761:
6759:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6727:
6723:
6713:
6711:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6685:
6683:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6659:
6657:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6631:
6629:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6603:
6601:
6600:on 5 April 2021
6597:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6565:
6563:
6553:
6549:
6539:
6537:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6514:
6512:
6502:
6498:
6488:
6486:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6462:
6460:
6458:Engineering.com
6450:
6446:
6383:
6379:
6369:
6367:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6347:
6345:
6339:
6335:
6325:
6323:
6317:
6313:
6302:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6227:10.1.1.135.9810
6210:
6206:
6199:
6167:
6163:
6100:
6096:
6055:
6051:
6034:
6030:
6020:
6018:
6009:
6008:
5999:
5962:
5958:
5903:
5899:
5844:
5835:
5827:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5795:
5793:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5729:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5706:
5704:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5681:
5679:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5655:
5640:
5630:
5628:
5626:Self Drive News
5618:
5614:
5577:
5573:
5561:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5539:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5451:
5398:
5394:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5301:
5299:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5247:
5243:
5226:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5068:
5064:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
4998:
4989:
4979:
4977:
4969:Ohnsman, Alan.
4967:
4963:
4948:
4944:
4929:
4906:
4899:
4884:
4858:
4854:
4831:: 64920–64932.
4817:
4813:
4808:
4799:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4732:
4726:
4722:
4711:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4599:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4570:
4566:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4491:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4319:
4309:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4239:
4229:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4122:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4030:on 12 June 2018
4018:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3884:Robotics Trends
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3810:10.1109/34.3899
3794:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3726:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3622:
3618:
3589:
3585:
3570:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3497:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3477:on 5 March 2021
3465:
3464:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3412:Motor Authority
3404:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3349:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3320:
3316:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3221:
3217:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3161:
3157:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3098:
3094:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3016:
2959:
2937:
2874:Maserati Ghibli
2828:
2816:
2789:
2755:
2745:
2734:
2728:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2687:
2645:
2640:
2629:
2627:Total Incidents
2614:
2600:In April 2022,
2598:
2592:
2581:(DMV) notified
2575:
2562:
2551:methamphetamine
2534:Elaine Herzberg
2532:In March 2018,
2530:
2506:
2500:
2488:tractor-trailer
2473:
2467:
2462:
2450:
2426:
2414:
2398:
2370:In April 2021,
2368:
2359:
2354:
1976:disengagements
1975:
1968:disengagements
1967:
1960:disengagements
1959:
1910:A prototype of
1904:
1895:
1890:
1870:
1861:
1833:trolley problem
1829:
1827:Trolley problem
1815:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1712:
1704:
1666:
1661:
1648:
1635:
1624:
1612:
1597:
1584:
1578:
1576:Software update
1561:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1502:
1485:
1473:voronoi diagram
1465:
1422:
1410:
1404:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1345:
1337:
1328:
1305:
1303:Mobileye System
1286:Full Automation
1280:
1279:
1265:High Automation
1259:
1258:
1238:
1237:
1220:
1219:
1196:
1195:
1169:
1168:
1153:
1125:
1123:Classifications
1101:Tesla Autopilot
1094:
1060:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1014:
985:
947:
890:
825:
821:Vending machine
791:Semi-automation
692:
684:
663:
626:
613:
607:
595:
561:
500:In March 2021,
477:Elaine Herzberg
475:In March 2018,
379:
373:
353:
229:
200:
172:
122:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16715:
16705:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16689:
16684:
16679:
16664:
16663:
16640:
16639:
16634:
16633:
16631:
16630:
16629:
16628:
16623:
16618:
16613:
16608:
16603:
16593:
16587:
16585:
16581:
16580:
16578:
16577:
16572:
16570:SAE Aerodesign
16567:
16562:
16556:
16554:
16550:
16549:
16547:
16546:
16541:
16535:
16533:
16529:
16528:
16526:
16525:
16519:
16517:
16513:
16512:
16510:
16509:
16504:
16499:
16494:
16489:
16484:
16479:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16459:
16454:
16448:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16426:
16424:
16420:
16419:
16417:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16400:
16398:
16394:
16393:
16386:
16385:
16378:
16371:
16363:
16354:
16353:
16346:
16343:
16342:
16340:
16339:
16337:Video tracking
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16309:
16307:Remote sensing
16304:
16299:
16294:
16293:
16292:
16287:
16277:
16272:
16267:
16262:
16257:
16252:
16247:
16242:
16237:
16236:
16235:
16225:
16220:
16218:Blob detection
16215:
16210:
16205:
16200:
16195:
16190:
16185:
16180:
16174:
16171:
16170:
16168:
16167:
16166:
16165:
16160:
16150:
16145:
16143:View synthesis
16140:
16135:
16130:
16125:
16120:
16115:
16109:
16107:
16098:
16092:
16091:
16089:
16088:
16087:
16086:
16076:
16074:Motion capture
16071:
16065:
16063:
16059:
16058:
16056:
16055:
16050:
16045:
16040:
16035:
16030:
16025:
16020:
16015:
16010:
16005:
16000:
15995:
15990:
15985:
15979:
15977:
15973:
15972:
15965:
15964:
15957:
15950:
15942:
15933:
15932:
15930:
15929:
15924:
15919:
15915:
15912:
15911:
15909:
15908:
15903:
15898:
15893:
15888:
15883:
15878:
15873:
15868:
15863:
15858:
15853:
15848:
15843:
15838:
15833:
15827:
15825:
15821:
15820:
15818:
15817:
15816:
15815:
15805:
15804:
15803:
15793:
15792:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15779:list of probes
15770:
15768:
15764:
15763:
15761:
15760:
15754:
15752:
15748:
15747:
15745:
15744:
15739:
15734:
15729:
15724:
15718:
15716:
15712:
15711:
15708:
15707:
15705:
15704:
15703:
15702:
15692:
15687:
15682:
15676:
15674:
15670:
15669:
15667:
15666:
15665:
15664:
15654:
15649:
15643:
15641:
15632:
15628:
15627:
15625:
15624:
15619:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15603:
15602:
15591:
15589:
15585:
15584:
15573:
15572:
15565:
15558:
15550:
15541:
15540:
15537:
15536:
15533:
15532:
15530:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15509:
15504:
15499:
15494:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15474:
15472:Cairo Monorail
15468:
15466:
15456:
15455:
15453:
15452:
15447:
15442:
15437:
15432:
15427:
15422:
15417:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15397:
15392:
15387:
15385:Alden staRRcar
15382:
15376:
15374:
15360:
15359:
15357:
15356:
15351:
15349:U-Bahn Serfaus
15346:
15341:
15336:
15331:
15326:
15321:
15320:
15319:
15314:
15309:
15298:
15296:
15283:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15270:Shanghai Metro
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15222:
15217:
15212:
15207:
15201:
15199:
15186:
15185:
15180:
15175:
15169:
15167:
15161:
15160:
15149:
15148:
15141:
15134:
15126:
15117:
15116:
15114:
15113:
15108:
15103:
15097:
15094:
15093:
15091:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15075:
15070:
15065:
15060:
15055:
15050:
15045:
15040:
15034:
15032:
15018:
15017:
15015:
15014:
15007:
15000:
14997:Mid-four-wheel
14993:
14986:
14979:
14972:
14965:
14958:
14951:
14944:
14942:
14932:
14931:
14929:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14912:
14910:
14904:
14903:
14901:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14865:
14859:
14857:
14851:
14850:
14848:
14847:
14842:
14837:
14832:
14827:
14822:
14812:
14807:
14797:
14792:
14787:
14782:
14777:
14767:
14761:
14752:
14747:
14742:
14737:
14732:
14727:
14722:
14717:
14711:
14709:
14703:
14702:
14700:
14699:
14694:
14689:
14684:
14679:
14674:
14669:
14664:
14659:
14654:
14649:
14644:
14639:
14633:
14631:
14625:
14624:
14622:
14621:
14616:
14611:
14606:
14601:
14596:
14591:
14586:
14584:Shooting brake
14581:
14576:
14574:Saloon / Sedan
14571:
14566:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14546:
14541:
14536:
14531:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14466:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14446:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14425:
14423:
14417:
14416:
14413:
14412:
14410:
14409:
14404:
14399:
14394:
14389:
14384:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14363:
14361:
14355:
14354:
14352:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14320:
14318:
14314:
14313:
14311:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14269:
14267:
14261:
14260:
14258:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14236:
14234:
14228:
14227:
14225:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14208:
14206:
14200:
14199:
14197:
14196:
14191:
14186:
14180:
14178:
14172:
14171:
14169:
14168:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14148:
14142:
14140:
14134:
14133:
14131:
14130:
14125:
14120:
14115:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14095:
14089:
14087:
14080:
14078:Classification
14074:
14073:
14065:
14064:
14057:
14050:
14042:
14033:
14032:
14030:
14029:
14028:
14027:
14022:
14009:
14008:
14007:
14002:
13988:
13985:
13984:
13982:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13961:
13956:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13905:
13903:
13899:
13898:
13896:
13895:
13890:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13855:
13849:
13847:
13843:
13842:
13840:
13839:
13837:Ilya Sutskever
13834:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13802:Demis Hassabis
13799:
13794:
13792:Ian Goodfellow
13789:
13784:
13778:
13776:
13772:
13771:
13768:
13767:
13765:
13764:
13759:
13758:
13757:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13711:
13709:
13705:
13704:
13702:
13701:
13696:
13691:
13686:
13681:
13676:
13671:
13666:
13661:
13656:
13651:
13646:
13641:
13636:
13631:
13626:
13621:
13620:
13619:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13583:
13581:
13577:
13576:
13574:
13573:
13568:
13567:
13566:
13561:
13551:
13550:
13549:
13544:
13539:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13504:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13483:
13481:
13474:
13470:
13469:
13467:
13466:
13461:
13456:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13436:
13430:
13428:
13424:
13423:
13421:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13394:
13392:
13388:
13387:
13385:
13384:
13383:
13382:
13375:Language model
13372:
13367:
13362:
13361:
13360:
13350:
13349:
13348:
13337:
13335:
13331:
13330:
13328:
13327:
13325:Autoregression
13322:
13317:
13316:
13315:
13305:
13303:Regularization
13300:
13299:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13278:
13273:
13268:
13266:Loss functions
13263:
13258:
13253:
13248:
13243:
13242:
13241:
13231:
13226:
13225:
13224:
13213:
13211:
13207:
13206:
13204:
13203:
13201:Inductive bias
13198:
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13155:
13153:
13147:
13146:
13141:
13140:
13133:
13126:
13118:
13109:
13108:
13106:
13105:
13092:
13089:
13088:
13085:
13084:
13081:
13080:
13078:
13077:
13076:
13075:
13064:
13062:
13056:
13055:
13053:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13013:
13008:
13007:
13006:
12996:
12990:
12988:
12982:
12981:
12979:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12953:
12948:
12943:
12941:Delivery drone
12938:
12933:
12927:
12925:
12916:
12907:
12903:
12902:
12895:
12894:
12887:
12880:
12872:
12866:
12863:
12862:
12850:
12849:
12846:
12845:
12843:
12842:
12837:
12835:Alberto Broggi
12832:
12830:Harold Goddijn
12826:
12824:
12820:
12819:
12817:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12775:
12773:
12762:
12754:
12753:
12751:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12700:
12695:
12689:
12687:
12681:
12680:
12675:
12673:
12669:
12668:
12666:
12665:
12662:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12640:
12638:
12632:
12631:
12628:
12627:
12625:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12583:
12577:
12575:
12569:
12568:
12566:
12565:
12559:
12553:
12547:
12540:Tesla Model S
12537:
12531:
12525:
12519:
12513:
12506:
12504:
12497:
12493:
12492:
12489:
12488:
12486:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12469:
12463:
12461:
12460:(Levels 3,4,5)
12453:
12452:
12450:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12428:
12427:
12420:Cruise control
12417:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12396:
12394:
12393:(Levels 0,1,2)
12383:
12377:
12376:
12374:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12327:
12325:
12319:
12318:
12310:
12309:
12302:
12295:
12287:
12280:
12279:
12258:
12257:
12256:
12255:
12241:
12216:
12194:
12169:
12155:
12130:
12116:
12091:
12077:
12038:
12013:
11997:
11988:
11953:
11921:(March 2016).
11915:
11902:
11882:
11869:
11853:
11798:
11778:
11756:
11750:
11734:
11720:
11717:
11714:
11713:
11687:
11681:Car and Driver
11666:
11640:
11614:
11589:
11563:
11550:Bloomberg News
11535:
11509:
11481:
11470:. 1 April 2023
11453:
11427:
11400:
11371:
11345:
11319:
11291:
11273:
11254:
11242:
11223:
11197:
11171:
11143:
11115:
11084:
11075:
11066:
11038:
11012:
10983:
10957:
10928:
10902:
10874:
10848:
10822:
10810:
10799:. 3 March 2023
10784:
10717:
10686:
10655:(2): 913–931.
10635:
10607:
10592:
10566:
10551:
10523:
10488:
10438:
10427:. 28 July 2014
10412:
10390:
10379:on 15 May 2016
10364:
10341:
10319:
10307:Craft Law Firm
10294:
10269:
10243:
10212:
10186:
10160:
10132:
10104:
10076:
10050:
10024:
9998:
9964:
9939:
9913:
9891:
9865:
9839:
9821:
9793:
9775:
9757:
9736:
9708:
9676:
9648:
9633:
9612:
9597:. 30 June 2016
9582:
9554:
9525:
9499:
9471:
9445:
9424:
9398:
9380:
9352:
9324:
9295:
9270:
9242:
9214:
9188:
9161:
9133:
9105:
9094:on 22 May 2022
9075:
9045:
9019:
8991:
8963:
8935:
8909:
8880:
8858:Brad Templeton
8846:
8833:California DMV
8819:
8805:
8794:. 19 July 2015
8783:
8772:. 18 June 2016
8757:
8727:
8696:
8685:. 18 June 2018
8670:
8659:. 4 April 2023
8638:
8627:. 1 April 2023
8610:
8584:
8561:
8539:
8480:
8419:
8392:(2): 252–265.
8376:
8359:
8332:(3): 669–684.
8316:
8287:
8258:(3): 619–630.
8252:Sci Eng Ethics
8238:
8211:
8186:
8143:
8117:
8091:
8065:
8039:
8010:
7992:
7974:
7948:
7923:
7882:
7856:
7851:techxplore.com
7837:
7812:
7798:
7775:
7747:
7721:
7690:
7662:
7634:
7623:. 19 July 2021
7606:
7578:
7552:
7524:
7496:
7470:
7444:
7433:on 31 May 2022
7414:
7388:
7362:
7333:
7305:
7279:
7253:
7227:
7204:
7177:(2): 546–556.
7161:
7135:
7086:
7035:
7016:
6994:
6968:
6954:978-0679762904
6953:
6935:
6901:
6871:
6860:. 7 March 2022
6845:
6819:
6769:
6742:
6721:
6710:. 4 March 2021
6693:
6682:. 18 June 2019
6667:
6639:
6611:
6573:
6547:
6522:
6510:SBD Automotive
6496:
6470:
6444:
6377:
6355:
6333:
6311:
6296:
6271:
6257:
6204:
6197:
6161:
6094:
6072:10.1.1.93.5523
6065:(6): 519–535.
6049:
6028:
5997:
5956:
5897:
5852:Sustainability
5833:
5803:
5765:
5739:
5714:
5689:
5664:
5638:
5612:
5571:
5549:
5523:
5482:
5449:
5412:(4): 569–578.
5392:
5379:
5349:
5309:
5277:
5268:
5241:
5235:Car and Driver
5220:
5188:
5174:
5165:
5146:
5124:
5099:
5081:
5062:
5043:
5018:
4987:
4961:
4942:
4927:
4897:
4882:
4852:
4811:
4797:
4779:
4768:on 16 May 2017
4750:10.1.1.840.976
4720:
4705:
4672:
4646:
4635:(2021–01–0074)
4619:
4590:
4564:
4516:
4501:
4473:
4443:
4424:
4402:
4374:
4355:
4329:
4300:
4274:
4249:
4220:
4195:
4169:
4135:
4120:
4094:
4066:
4041:
4011:
3985:
3960:
3953:
3945:10.17226/10592
3926:
3910:"NHAA Journal"
3901:
3870:
3845:
3823:
3804:(3): 342–361.
3788:
3766:
3739:
3724:
3696:
3670:
3644:
3616:
3603:(2): 736–746.
3583:
3568:
3534:
3517:
3505:Car and Driver
3488:
3455:
3444:. 4 March 2021
3424:
3395:
3384:. 13 June 2024
3369:
3340:
3314:
3294:
3248:
3241:
3215:
3155:
3120:
3092:
3055:(1): 103–128.
3035:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3012:
2961:In July 2020,
2958:
2955:
2936:
2933:
2925:connected cars
2827:
2824:
2815:
2812:
2792:General Motors
2788:
2785:
2770:Mustang Mach-E
2744:
2741:
2727:
2724:
2703:Main article:
2700:
2697:
2686:
2683:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2628:
2625:
2613:
2610:
2591:
2588:
2574:
2571:
2561:
2558:
2529:
2526:
2499:
2496:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2449:
2446:
2425:
2422:
2413:
2410:
2397:
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2364:
2358:
2355:
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2331:
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2315:
2312:
2310:
2308:
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2301:
2298:
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2287:
2285:
2279:
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2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2075:General Motors
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1879:Kesennuma Line
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1849:utilitarianism
1828:
1825:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1799:Machine ethics
1794:
1793:Ethical issues
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1689:E-Class models
1676:called on the
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1647:
1644:
1634:
1631:
1623:
1620:
1611:
1608:
1596:
1593:
1577:
1574:
1557:Main article:
1554:
1551:
1542:Main article:
1539:
1536:
1528:Main article:
1525:
1522:
1501:
1498:
1484:
1481:
1464:
1461:
1421:
1418:
1406:Main article:
1403:
1400:
1386:control system
1380:
1377:
1372:Main article:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1304:
1301:
1294:
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1290:
1287:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1163:Mode coverage
1161:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1124:
1121:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1059:
1056:
1040:
1037:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1005:
998:
990:
987:
986:
984:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
957:
954:
953:
949:
948:
946:
945:
940:
939:
938:
933:
923:
918:
917:
916:
906:
900:
897:
896:
892:
891:
889:
888:
883:
882:
881:
871:
869:Guided vehicle
866:
865:
864:
859:
858:
857:
850:Vacuum cleaner
841:
838:
837:
827:
826:
824:
823:
818:
813:
811:Teller machine
808:
807:
806:
801:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
751:Highway system
748:
747:
746:
736:
730:
727:
726:
720:
719:
711:
710:
704:
703:
693:
685:
683:
680:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
625:
622:
609:Main article:
606:
603:
594:
591:
560:
557:
387:cruise control
375:Main article:
372:
369:
349:
348:
332:
249:driverless car
241:autonomous car
231:
230:
228:
227:
220:
213:
205:
202:
201:
199:
198:
193:
188:
182:
179:
178:
177:Related topics
174:
173:
171:
170:
168:Tunnel problem
165:
160:
155:
154:
153:
143:
138:
132:
129:
128:
124:
123:
121:
120:
115:
110:
108:Lane centering
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
79:
76:
75:
71:
70:
62:
61:
54:
53:
26:
18:Driverless car
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16714:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16674:
16672:
16662:
16652:
16651:
16648:
16627:
16624:
16622:
16619:
16617:
16614:
16612:
16609:
16607:
16604:
16602:
16599:
16598:
16597:
16594:
16592:
16589:
16588:
16586:
16582:
16576:
16573:
16571:
16568:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16557:
16555:
16551:
16545:
16542:
16540:
16537:
16536:
16534:
16530:
16524:
16521:
16520:
16518:
16514:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16449:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16427:
16425:
16421:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16401:
16399:
16397:Organizations
16395:
16391:
16384:
16379:
16377:
16372:
16370:
16365:
16364:
16361:
16351:
16350:
16349:Main category
16344:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16303:
16302:Pose tracking
16300:
16298:
16295:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16282:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16248:
16246:
16243:
16241:
16238:
16234:
16231:
16230:
16229:
16226:
16224:
16221:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16204:
16201:
16199:
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16191:
16189:
16186:
16184:
16181:
16179:
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16156:
16155:
16154:
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16149:
16146:
16144:
16141:
16139:
16136:
16134:
16131:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16119:
16116:
16114:
16111:
16110:
16108:
16106:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16093:
16085:
16082:
16081:
16080:
16077:
16075:
16072:
16070:
16067:
16066:
16064:
16060:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16041:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16031:
16029:
16026:
16024:
16021:
16019:
16016:
16014:
16011:
16009:
16006:
16004:
16001:
15999:
15996:
15994:
15991:
15989:
15986:
15984:
15981:
15980:
15978:
15974:
15970:
15963:
15958:
15956:
15951:
15949:
15944:
15943:
15940:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15922:Radio control
15920:
15917:
15916:
15913:
15907:
15904:
15902:
15899:
15897:
15894:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15874:
15872:
15869:
15867:
15864:
15862:
15861:BEAM robotics
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15849:
15847:
15844:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15828:
15826:
15822:
15814:
15811:
15810:
15809:
15806:
15802:
15799:
15798:
15797:
15794:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15777:
15776:
15775:
15772:
15771:
15769:
15765:
15759:
15756:
15755:
15753:
15749:
15743:
15740:
15738:
15735:
15733:
15730:
15728:
15725:
15723:
15720:
15719:
15717:
15713:
15701:
15698:
15697:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15677:
15675:
15671:
15663:
15660:
15659:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15648:
15645:
15644:
15642:
15640:
15636:
15633:
15629:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15605:
15601:
15598:
15597:
15596:
15593:
15592:
15590:
15586:
15582:
15578:
15577:Mobile robots
15571:
15566:
15564:
15559:
15557:
15552:
15551:
15548:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15469:
15467:
15461:
15451:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15428:
15426:
15423:
15421:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15377:
15375:
15373:
15365:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15345:
15342:
15340:
15337:
15335:
15332:
15330:
15327:
15325:
15322:
15318:
15315:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15305:
15304:
15303:
15300:
15299:
15297:
15295:
15287:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15211:
15208:
15206:
15203:
15202:
15200:
15198:
15190:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15170:
15168:
15162:
15158:
15154:
15147:
15142:
15140:
15135:
15133:
15128:
15127:
15124:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15098:
15095:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15076:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15058:Reciprocating
15056:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15036:
15035:
15033:
15029:
15023:
15019:
15012:
15008:
15005:
15001:
14998:
14994:
14991:
14987:
14984:
14980:
14977:
14976:Rear mid-rear
14973:
14970:
14966:
14963:
14959:
14956:
14952:
14949:
14946:
14945:
14943:
14937:
14933:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14913:
14911:
14909:
14905:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14860:
14858:
14856:
14852:
14846:
14843:
14841:
14838:
14836:
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14826:
14823:
14820:
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14811:
14808:
14805:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14775:
14771:
14768:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14756:
14753:
14751:
14748:
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14733:
14731:
14728:
14726:
14723:
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14713:
14712:
14710:
14708:
14704:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14653:
14650:
14648:
14645:
14643:
14640:
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14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14600:
14597:
14595:
14592:
14590:
14589:Station wagon
14587:
14585:
14582:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14572:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14537:
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14532:
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14527:
14525:
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14517:
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14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14482:
14480:
14479:Coupé utility
14477:
14475:
14472:
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14467:
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14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
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14450:
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14325:
14322:
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14319:
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14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
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14293:Sport compact
14291:
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14279:
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14233:
14229:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14209:
14207:
14205:
14204:Minivan / MPV
14201:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14181:
14179:
14177:
14173:
14167:
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14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14017:
14010:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13997:
13994:
13990:
13989:
13986:
13980:
13977:
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13972:
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13957:
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13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13906:
13904:
13902:Architectures
13900:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
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13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
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13850:
13848:
13846:Organizations
13844:
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13828:
13825:
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13810:
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13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13782:Yoshua Bengio
13780:
13779:
13777:
13773:
13763:
13762:Robot control
13760:
13756:
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13748:
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13710:
13706:
13700:
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13690:
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13685:
13682:
13680:
13679:Chinchilla AI
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
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13650:
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13389:
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13371:
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13359:
13358:Deep learning
13356:
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13332:
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13269:
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13264:
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13246:Hallucination
13244:
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12623:
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12613:
12610:
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12599:
12597:
12596:Navia shuttle
12594:
12592:
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12528:MadeInGermany
12526:
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12514:
12511:
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12501:
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12479:
12478:Connected car
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12352:
12349:
12347:
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12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12328:
12326:
12322:Overview and
12320:
12315:
12308:
12303:
12301:
12296:
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12276:
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12088:
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12070:
12066:
12062:
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12035:
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12027:
12023:
12019:
12014:
12010:
12003:
11998:
11994:
11989:
11974:
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11966:
11959:
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11939:
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11924:
11920:
11916:
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11726:
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11519:
11513:
11497:
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11491:
11485:
11469:
11468:
11463:
11457:
11442:
11441:Bloomberg.com
11438:
11431:
11415:
11414:Businesskorea
11411:
11404:
11389:
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11382:
11375:
11360:
11359:hannovermesse
11356:
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10990:
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10623:
10622:
10617:
10611:
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10593:9781450362726
10589:
10585:
10581:
10577:
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10562:
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10539:
10534:
10527:
10519:
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10503:
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10480:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10456:
10452:
10445:
10443:
10426:
10425:Insurance.com
10422:
10416:
10400:
10394:
10378:
10374:
10368:
10352:
10345:
10329:
10323:
10308:
10304:
10298:
10283:
10282:www.nhtsa.gov
10279:
10273:
10258:
10254:
10247:
10232:
10228:
10221:
10219:
10217:
10201:
10197:
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10164:
10149:
10148:
10143:
10136:
10121:
10120:
10115:
10108:
10093:
10092:
10087:
10080:
10065:
10064:autoevolution
10061:
10054:
10039:
10038:InvestorPlace
10035:
10028:
10013:
10009:
10002:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9968:
9953:
9949:
9943:
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9923:
9917:
9901:
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9876:
9869:
9853:
9849:
9843:
9835:
9834:Bloomberg.com
9831:
9825:
9810:
9809:
9804:
9797:
9789:
9785:
9779:
9771:
9767:
9761:
9753:
9749:
9743:
9741:
9725:
9724:
9719:
9712:
9697:. 3 June 2015
9696:
9692:
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9686:
9680:
9664:
9663:
9658:
9652:
9644:
9637:
9629:
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9609:
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9542:
9541:
9536:
9529:
9514:
9510:
9503:
9487:
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9475:
9460:
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9434:
9428:
9413:
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9402:
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9390:
9384:
9368:
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9362:
9356:
9340:
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9328:
9313:
9306:
9299:
9284:
9280:
9274:
9258:
9257:
9252:
9246:
9230:
9229:
9224:
9218:
9203:
9199:
9192:
9177:
9176:
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9165:
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9121:
9120:
9115:
9109:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9079:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9049:
9033:
9029:
9023:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8995:
8980:
8979:
8974:
8967:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8939:
8923:
8919:
8913:
8898:
8894:
8887:
8885:
8869:
8868:
8863:
8859:
8853:
8851:
8835:
8834:
8829:
8823:
8816:. 9 May 2017.
8815:
8809:
8793:
8787:
8771:
8767:
8761:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8731:
8723:
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8715:
8711:
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8700:
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8626:
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8614:
8599:
8595:
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8576:
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8565:
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8535:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8499:
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8468:
8464:
8460:
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8452:
8448:
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8438:
8434:
8430:
8423:
8415:
8411:
8407:
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8399:
8395:
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8387:
8380:
8372:
8371:
8363:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8305:. 18 May 2022
8304:
8300:
8294:
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8274:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
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8215:
8200:
8199:ncses.nsf.gov
8196:
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8131:
8127:
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8101:
8095:
8079:
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8069:
8053:
8049:
8043:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8015:
8006:
8002:
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7988:
7984:
7978:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7937:
7933:
7927:
7919:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7902:: 3025–3032.
7901:
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7507:
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7484:New Scientist
7481:
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7321:
7316:
7313:Keith Barry.
7309:
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6998:
6983:
6982:Technewsworld
6979:
6972:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6950:
6946:
6945:Being digital
6939:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6906:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6875:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6834:
6830:
6823:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6773:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6737:
6732:
6725:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6697:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6656:. 7 July 2021
6655:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6615:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6583:
6577:
6562:
6558:
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6536:
6532:
6526:
6511:
6507:
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6484:
6480:
6474:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6365:
6359:
6344:
6337:
6322:
6315:
6307:
6300:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6267:
6261:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6220:(2): 99–110.
6219:
6215:
6208:
6200:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6157:
6153:
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6016:
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5875:
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5849:
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5840:
5838:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5813:
5807:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5769:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5703:
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5651:
5649:
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5645:
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5627:
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5616:
5608:
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5599:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5538:. 6 July 2020
5537:
5533:
5527:
5519:
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5510:
5505:
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5497:
5493:
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5475:
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5470:
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5445:
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5437:
5433:
5428:
5427:1721.1/116231
5423:
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5376:
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5368:
5364:
5360:
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4318:
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4287:Bloomberg.com
4284:
4278:
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4077:
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4055:
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4045:
4029:
4025:
4021:
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4000:
3996:
3993:Novak, Matt.
3989:
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3970:
3964:
3956:
3954:9780309086202
3950:
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3725:9780897911771
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3606:
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3409:
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3242:0-7803-5184-3
3238:
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3136:(4): 99–106.
3135:
3131:
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3108:
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3076:
3072:
3068:
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3018:
3017:
3011:
3009:
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2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2982:Mercedes-Benz
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
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2947:
2945:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2926:
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2875:
2871:
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2837:Mercedes-Benz
2834:
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2809:
2804:
2802:
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2793:
2784:
2780:
2777:
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2567:
2557:
2554:
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2546:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2514:automated car
2510:
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2267:
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2260:
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2253:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
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2222:
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2166:
2163:
2162:
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2145:
2143:
2142:Mercedes-Benz
2140:
2139:
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2132:
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2122:
2119:
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2113:
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2072:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
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2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1956:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1899:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1876:
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1852:
1850:
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1842:
1838:
1834:
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1810:
1800:
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1781:
1772:
1763:
1755:
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1737:
1733:
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1727:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:Edward Markey
1671:
1656:
1652:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1583:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1535:
1531:
1530:Drive by wire
1524:Drive by wire
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1494:OpenStreetMap
1491:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1468:Path planning
1463:Path planning
1460:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:, audio, and
1431:
1427:
1417:
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1319:Amnon Shashua
1316:
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1175:No Automation
1174:
1167:
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1154:speed control
1152:Direction and
1151:
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911:
910:
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887:
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875:
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709:
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668:According to
666:
655:
652:
651:
650:
648:
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639:
637:
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602:
600:
590:
588:
584:
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575:
569:
566:
556:
554:
553:market factor
549:
547:
543:
539:
538:San Francisco
535:
531:
530:Mercedes-Benz
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
487:
485:
480:
478:
473:
471:
466:
463:
459:
454:
452:
451:Washington DC
448:
444:
440:
434:
431:
427:
422:
418:
414:
413:Mercedes-Benz
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
378:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
327:Jaguar I-Pace
324:
319:
315:
314:
311:
309:
308:Mercedes-Benz
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
226:
221:
219:
214:
212:
207:
206:
204:
203:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
181:
180:
176:
175:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
131:
130:
126:
125:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
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104:
101:
99:
96:
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91:
89:
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84:
81:
80:
78:
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72:
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63:
59:
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51:
47:
46:
43:
41:
37:
33:
19:
16553:Competitions
16347:
16316:
16240:Eye tracking
16096:Applications
16062:Technologies
16048:Segmentation
15871:Nanorobotics
15856:Agricultural
15689:
14898:Twelve-wheel
14855:Drive wheels
14651:
14628:Specialized
14549:Pickup truck
14454:Cabrio coach
14298:Sports sedan
14273:Grand tourer
13868:Hugging Face
13832:David Silver
13739:
13480:Audio–visual
13334:Applications
13313:Augmentation
13158:
13100:
13039:
13025:Maglev train
12994:Airless tire
12738:Eye tracking
12686:technologies
12649:IEEE 802.11p
12562:Honda Legend
12541:
12313:
12259:
12224:
12177:
12138:
12099:
12060:
12021:
11982:28 September
11980:. Retrieved
11973:the original
11964:
11945:. Retrieved
11938:the original
11929:
11910:
11894:. Retrieved
11891:The Loadstar
11890:
11874:. Retrieved
11806:
11802:
11790:. Retrieved
11786:
11770:. Retrieved
11761:
11740:
11722:
11704:. Retrieved
11700:
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11669:
11657:. Retrieved
11643:
11631:. Retrieved
11626:
11617:
11605:. Retrieved
11601:
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11580:. Retrieved
11575:
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11554:. Retrieved
11548:
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11526:. Retrieved
11512:
11500:. Retrieved
11493:
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11472:. Retrieved
11465:
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11444:. Retrieved
11440:
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11418:. Retrieved
11413:
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11391:. Retrieved
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11362:. Retrieved
11358:
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11332:
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11310:. Retrieved
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11214:. Retrieved
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11057:. Retrieved
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11025:
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10948:. Retrieved
10944:
10919:. Retrieved
10915:
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10865:. Retrieved
10860:
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10839:. Retrieved
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10813:
10801:. Retrieved
10796:
10787:
10734:
10730:
10720:
10708:. Retrieved
10703:
10699:
10689:
10652:
10649:Smart Cities
10648:
10638:
10626:. Retrieved
10619:
10610:
10575:
10569:
10554:
10542:. Retrieved
10536:
10526:
10501:
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10491:
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10429:. Retrieved
10424:
10415:
10403:. Retrieved
10393:
10381:. Retrieved
10377:the original
10367:
10355:. Retrieved
10344:
10332:. Retrieved
10322:
10310:. Retrieved
10306:
10297:
10285:. Retrieved
10281:
10272:
10260:. Retrieved
10256:
10246:
10234:. Retrieved
10230:
10203:. Retrieved
10199:
10189:
10177:. Retrieved
10173:
10163:
10151:. Retrieved
10145:
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380:
292:DeepRoute.ai
273:
260:
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248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
57:
42:
40:
16565:Formula SAE
16148:Visual hull
16043:Researchers
15866:Microbotics
15622:Ornithopter
15405:HUD reports
15395:Cabinentaxi
15235:Dubai Metro
15225:Delhi Metro
15048:Four-stroke
14948:Front-front
14888:Eight-wheel
14863:Front-wheel
14795:Natural gas
14780:Fossil fuel
14735:Biogasoline
14421:Body styles
14349:Vintage car
14016:Categories
13964:Autoencoder
13919:Transformer
13787:Alex Graves
13735:OpenAI Five
13639:IBM Watsonx
13261:Convolution
13239:Overfitting
12644:Legislation
12591:ParkShuttle
11495:METI, Japan
11416:(in Korean)
11312:29 November
10710:29 November
10544:26 December
10504:: 374–385.
10461:: 127–140.
10405:6 September
10383:6 September
10262:8 September
10236:8 September
10205:8 September
10069:17 February
10043:17 February
9373:20 November
9345:20 November
9235:15 December
9207:15 December
9181:15 December
9154:14 December
9147:METI, Japan
9126:17 November
8928:30 November
8922:VentureBeat
8776:13 February
8750:13 February
8683:Cyberbotics
8500:(5): 1062.
7941:3 September
7768:22 November
7699:Justin Ling
7463:22 November
7272:19 November
7106:(7): 1450.
7009:7 September
6987:12 February
6686:23 November
6540:25 November
6489:13 February
6463:13 February
6397:(6): 2140.
5976:(1): 2–20.
5753:Electrek.co
5261:25 December
5213:6 September
5076:jdpower.com
5036:14 February
5011:13 February
4980:13 February
4956:electrek.co
4825:IEEE Access
4743:(4): 5–13.
4717:. BBC News.
4494:14 December
4466:10 December
4417:27 December
4388:MLIT, Japan
4242:1 September
4213:30 November
4162:10 November
3999:Smithsonian
3689:20 December
2973:around the
2957:Development
2929:Genesis G90
2913:subsidiary
2848:in the dark
2826:Development
2787:Development
2606:fire engine
1730:US Congress
804:Switchboard
677:autonomous.
559:Definitions
284:SAE Level 4
276:SAE Level 5
269:human input
257:robotic car
16671:Categories
16544:Henry Ford
16018:Morphology
15976:Categories
15918:Categories
15851:Disability
15715:Underwater
15463:Driverless
15220:Dashaveyor
15073:Two-stroke
14969:Front-rear
14962:Rear-front
14878:Four-wheel
14868:Rear-wheel
14707:Propulsion
14697:Voiturette
14682:Flying car
14677:Police car
14642:Amphibious
14554:Quad coupé
14444:Berlinetta
14161:Street rod
14103:Subcompact
14005:Technology
13858:EleutherAI
13817:Fei-Fei Li
13812:Yann LeCun
13725:Q-learning
13708:Decisional
13634:IBM Watson
13542:Midjourney
13434:TensorFlow
13281:Activation
13234:Regression
13229:Clustering
12971:Spaceplane
12946:Flying car
12772:and events
12636:Regulation
12381:SAE Levels
11816:1901.10581
11706:21 January
11633:3 February
11556:7 November
11420:2 February
11364:26 January
11237:Motor1.com
11216:2 February
11190:2 February
11185:Motor1.com
11164:1 December
11136:1 December
10950:3 February
10835:MotorTrend
10662:2402.11444
10628:4 December
10538:TechCrunch
10119:TechCrunch
10091:TechCrunch
10017:2 February
9991:24 October
9957:24 October
9932:24 October
9906:24 October
9669:19 January
9438:17 October
9417:2 February
9038:9 November
8984:9 December
8950:TechCrunch
8554:4 November
8507:1804.10367
8442:1510.03346
8227:. VoxMedia
7967:2 February
7791:1 February
7489:2 February
7216:. AutoSens
6928:22 January
6838:3 February
6797:2207.02387
6736:1708.06374
6180:2303.11203
6114:(3): 706.
6043:1504.01716
5865:1910.13122
5796:2 February
5758:8 February
5732:8 February
5707:8 February
5702:www.gm.com
5682:8 February
5631:4 February
5386:24 January
5342:1 December
5302:1 December
4772:21 January
4267:6 December
4188:7 November
3914:cs.cmu.edu
3858:cs.cmu.edu
3471:Kyodo News
3357:TechCrunch
3287:1 February
3194:2 February
3062:1807.05720
3031:References
2892:Volvo XC90
2888:Volvo Cars
2870:Stellantis
2747:See also:
2730:See also:
2709:See also:
2699:Regulation
2594:See also:
2543:Doug Ducey
2502:See also:
2469:See also:
1944:Car maker
1931:(owned by
1893:Approaches
1845:deontology
1797:See also:
1633:Challenges
1580:See also:
1510:ultrasound
1434:ultrasound
1420:Perception
1402:Navigation
1368:Technology
1157:Monitoring
1111:as J3016,
904:Manumation
874:Industrial
862:Lawn mower
795:Telephone
756:Laboratory
708:Automation
647:autonomous
630:Automation
587:autonomous
546:Volkswagen
426:Pittsburgh
325:-operated
146:Regulation
16507:SAE J3400
16502:SAE J3105
16497:SAE J3068
16492:SAE J3016
16487:SAE J2452
16482:SAE J1939
16477:SAE J1814
16472:SAE J1772
16467:SAE J1708
16462:SAE J1587
16423:Standards
15522:Slope car
15465:monorails
15334:MiniMetro
15290:Automated
15193:Automated
15164:Automated
14983:Rear-rear
14893:Ten-wheel
14883:Six-wheel
14873:Two-wheel
14785:Fuel cell
14725:Biodiesel
14692:Tow truck
14667:Pedal car
14647:Connected
14619:Vis-à-vis
14594:Targa top
14539:Panel van
14534:Notchback
14514:Limousine
14504:Landaulet
14494:Hatchback
14439:Barchetta
14407:S-segment
14402:M-segment
14397:J-segment
14392:F-segment
14387:E-segment
14382:D-segment
14377:C-segment
14372:B-segment
14367:A-segment
14278:Hot hatch
14255:Coupe SUV
14189:Executive
14151:Lead sled
14128:Full-size
14108:Supermini
13888:MIT CSAIL
13853:Anthropic
13822:Andrew Ng
13720:AlphaZero
13564:VideoPoet
13527:AlphaFold
13464:MindSpore
13418:SpiNNaker
13413:Memristor
13320:Diffusion
13296:Rectifier
13276:Batchnorm
13256:Attention
13251:Adversary
13016:Hyperloop
12914:Transport
12770:projects
12684:Enabling
12672:Liability
12544:Autopilot
12251:2196-5544
12212:168659939
12204:2196-5544
12165:2196-5544
12126:2196-5544
12087:2196-5544
12048:2196-5544
11385:Pulse by
11211:InsideEVs
11053:The Verge
10921:29 August
10916:The Drive
10761:0027-8424
10681:2624-6511
10312:14 August
10287:14 August
10257:Carscoops
9986:1059-1028
9662:The Verge
8414:115447875
8406:0018-9391
8354:150184601
8346:1386-2820
7918:2351-9789
7593:The Verge
7571:23 August
7402:The Drive
7298:29 August
7293:The Drive
7267:The Verge
7246:5 January
7191:1524-9050
7130:2073-8994
6894:14 August
6814:250311612
6421:1424-8220
6289:31 August
6244:1070-9932
6222:CiteSeerX
6138:1424-8220
6089:206499861
6067:CiteSeerX
5992:2049-6427
5892:204951009
5607:0965-0903
5518:1937-416X
5444:254144879
5436:1435-5558
5160:Visordown
5006:The Verge
4937:248850678
4892:231599295
4745:CiteSeerX
4578:AUTOCRYPT
4534:10 August
4456:Feet News
4343:The Verge
4183:The Verge
4130:169808153
3978:30 August
3818:0162-8828
3548:Cited in
3282:253359200
3189:250588120
3150:207177792
3079:0144-1647
3020:Autopilot
2977:Village.
2971:e-Palette
2878:Fiat 500X
2855:IM Motors
2477:Autopilot
2460:Incidents
2438:Microsoft
2366:Standards
1775:Economics
1710:Espionage
1646:Obstacles
1352:No driver
1149:Narrative
1075:legally."
1064:automated
816:Vehicular
799:Attendant
786:Reasoning
781:Pop music
766:Broadcast
670:SAE J3016
643:automated
636:Euro NCAP
484:geofenced
462:connected
310:in 2023.
151:Liability
16697:Robotics
16626:SAE 904L
16616:SAE 440C
16611:SAE 316L
16560:Baja SAE
16457:SAE J306
16452:SAE J300
16053:Software
16013:Learning
16003:Geometry
15983:Datasets
15876:Robotics
15836:Military
15831:Domestic
15647:Humanoid
15368:Personal
15307:Aerotrén
15260:Minitram
15240:Ford ACT
15195:guideway
15106:Category
15083:W engine
15068:Straight
14825:Hydrogen
14790:Fuel gas
14755:Electric
14630:vehicles
14569:Runabout
14519:Microvan
14509:Liftback
14499:Kammback
14484:Fastback
14459:Cab over
14449:Brougham
14194:Personal
14166:T-bucket
14156:Lowrider
14123:Mid-size
13996:Portals
13755:Auto-GPT
13587:Word2vec
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13060:Pipeline
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12586:CAVForth
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12496:Vehicles
11849:52174043
11841:30192527
11772:17 April
11659:16 March
11528:17 March
11446:30 April
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11333:Autoweek
11268:CnEVPost
11108:20 April
11026:Benzinga
10945:Electrek
10895:18 April
10861:Engadget
10779:30642956
10602:67773581
10097:23 April
9952:ntsb.gov
9858:27 March
9814:25 March
9518:18 March
9492:18 March
9464:19 March
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9312:SIP-adus
9098:27 April
9068:27 April
9012:23 April
8956:25 April
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8873:24 April
8839:24 April
8631:11 April
8534:13749987
8494:Energies
8475:35400794
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8136:24 April
8110:24 April
8084:24 April
8058:24 April
8032:23 April
7875:17 April
7683:23 April
7599:18 April
7545:18 April
7517:12 April
7437:15 April
7407:15 April
7381:15 April
7355:13 April
7326:13 April
7199:15605711
7154:24 April
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7081:25565997
6963:68020226
6864:23 April
6714:20 March
6604:27 April
6566:27 April
6439:33803889
6370:18 April
6326:18 April
6156:33494191
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6015:Wevolver
5951:36010832
5542:13 April
5474:Archived
5472:. 2014.
5207:Archived
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5031:Mobileye
4639:12 April
4612:21 April
4583:21 April
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3578:58534759
3417:27 March
3382:NBC News
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3087:49862783
3014:See also
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16430:ARP4754
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15053:H-block
14819:plug-in
14817: (
14802: (
14772: (
14770:Ethanol
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14757: (
14730:Biofuel
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13699:PanGu-Σ
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8512:Bibcode
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7627:14 June
7620:DOJ, US
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7108:Bibcode
7072:4267265
7055:: 426.
6885:NPR.org
6762:18 July
6430:8003231
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6252:8061430
6147:7864337
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12046:
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11839:
11748:
11607:21 May
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10777:
10767:
10759:
10679:
10600:
10590:
10481:
10353:. CNET
10179:30 May
10153:30 May
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3280:
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3077:
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