662:
1257:
62:
647:
267:
1038:
126:
53:
4469:
674:
81:
103:
4479:
4489:
1084:). Home range requirements for breeding pairs of spotted owls are at least 400 hectares (4.0 km; 990 acres) of old growth. Red tree voles may also be found in immature forests if Douglas-fir is a significant component. The red vole nests almost exclusively in the foliage of the trees, typically 2–50 metres (5–165 ft) above the ground, and its diet consists chiefly of Douglas-fir needles.
1307:. Douglas-fir is one of the world's best timber-producing species and yields more timber than any other species in North America, making the forestlands of western Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia the most productive on the continent. In 2011, Douglas-fir represented 34.2% of US lumber exports, to a total of 1.053 billion board-feet. Douglas fir timber is used for
886:, the Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir or interior Douglas-fir. Interior Douglas-fir intergrades with coast Douglas-fir in the Cascades of northern Washington and southern British Columbia, and from there ranges northward to central British Columbia and southeastward to the Mexican border, becoming increasingly disjunct as latitude decreases and altitude increases.
603:; they completely encircle the branches, which can be useful in recognizing the species. As the trees grow taller in denser forest, they lose their lower branches, such that the foliage may start as high as 34 m (110 ft) off the ground. Douglas-firs in environments with more light may have branches much closer to the ground.
1215:, undisturbed Douglas-fir stands in humid areas will eventually give way to later successional, more shade-tolerant associates such as the western redcedar and western hemlock—though this process may take a thousand years or more. It is more shade tolerant than some associated fire-dependent species, such as
1292:, especially from the coastal variety. In addition early settlers used Douglas fir for all forms of building construction, including floors, beams, and fine carving. Even today much of the Northwest chain saw art is completed on Douglas fir logs. The structures built from fir have lasted 150 years and more.
614:
blisters. On mature trees, usually exceeding 80 years, it is very thick and corky, growing up to 36 cm (14 in) thick with distinctive, deep vertical fissures caused by the gradual expansion of the growing tree. Some of the mature bark is brown, while other parts are lighter colored with a
1123:
is conspicuous on the undersides of the leaves by the small white "fluff spots" of protective wax that it produces. It is often present in large numbers, and can cause the foliage to turn yellowish from the damage it causes. Exceptionally, trees may be partially defoliated by it, but the damage is
1343:
perform well on
Douglas fir timbers with the mild caution that the natural color of this species varies and care must be taken to ensure uniformity of color. Pitch pockets that may ooze resin can be present in timbers that have not been kiln dried. Because of the timber sizes available, stamped
1334:
Douglas fir sees wide use in heavy timber structures, as its wood is strong, available in a number of specifications including kiln dried and grade stamped, and can be supplied in very long lengths to 60 feet. West coast mills are sophisticated in their processing of timbers, making lead times
552:, reach heights near 100 m) and commonly reach 2.4 m (8 ft) in diameter, although trees with diameters of almost 5 metres (16 feet) exist. The largest coast Douglas-firs regularly live over 500 years, with the oldest specimens living for over 1,300 years.
977:. It occurs in nearly all forest types and competes well on most parent materials, aspects, and slopes. Adapted to a more moist, mild climate than the interior subspecies, it grows larger and faster than Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir. Associated trees include
969:
exhibits even greater plasticity, occurring in stands of interior temperate rainforest in
British Columbia, as well as at the edge of semi-arid sagebrush steppe throughout much of its range, where it generates even deeper taproots still.
559:
There are records of former coast
Douglas-firs exceeding 120 metres (390 feet) in height, which if alive today would make it the tallest tree species on Earth. Particular historical specimens with heights exceeding 400 feet include the
2299:
940:, and is subject to control measures. But is also one of the most common lumber trees used in forestry alongside Radiata pine with large plantations throughout the country. The species was introduced in the 1900s for its wood.
1235:
can cause significant damage, and in plantation settings dominated by
Douglas-fir monocultures may cause extreme damage to vast swathes of trees. Interplanting with resistant or nonhost species such as western redcedar and
1256:
696:, a Scottish botanist and collector who first reported the extraordinary nature and potential of the species. The common name is misleading since it is not a true fir, i.e., not a member of the genus
257:
2303:
875:
region. It occurs from sea level along the coast to elevations of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) or higher, and inland in some cases up to 2,100 m (6,900 ft).
2674:
637:
of
Douglas fir was sequenced in 2017 by the large PineRefSeq consortium, revealing a specialized photosynthetic apparatus in the light-harvesting complex of genes.
4917:
1065:
harvests and hoards great quantities of
Douglas-fir cones, and also consumes mature pollen cones, the inner bark, terminal shoots, and developing young needles.
615:
cork-like texture; these develop in multiple layers. This thick bark makes the
Douglas-fir perhaps the most fire-resistant tree native to the Pacific Northwest.
4362:
1949:
1762:
2597:
5256:
867:
in Santa
Barbara County. One of the last remaining old growth stands of conifers is in the Mattole Watershed, and is under threat of logging. In the
5251:
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1917:
5119:
4742:
2264:
4830:
5206:
2047:
4352:
2816:
661:
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This was the preferred species for
Hawaiian war canoes. The Hawaiians, of course, did not log the trees; they had to rely on driftwood.
4938:
2568:
5080:
4680:
30:"Douglas-fir" redirects here. For the genus and the other species with common names containing "Douglas fir" or "Douglas-fir", see
646:
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253:
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Douglas-fir prefers acidic or neutral soils. However, it exhibits considerable morphological plasticity, and on drier sites
279:
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4337:
1859:
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which protrude prominently above each scale and are said to resemble the back half of a mouse, with two feet and a tail.
2777:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
2684:
1837:
1565:
5276:
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4641:
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in Oregon. It is most dominant in areas with a more frequent fire regime that suppresses less fire-resistant conifers.
4482:
4367:
1707:
1634:
295:
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1344:
timber grading, and relatively short lead times, Douglas fir sees wide use in both public and residential projects.
5226:
5005:
4342:
2288:(Special Publication 2b). Forest Research Laboratory, College of Forestry, Oregon State University. pp. 23–24.
1942:
1755:
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110:
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due to its strength, hardness and durability. As of 2012, the only wooden ships still currently in use by the
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17:
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1547:
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1308:
1245:
2000:"The Douglas-Fir Genome Sequence Reveals Specialization of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Pinaceae"
5261:
4897:
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The
Distribution of Forest Trees in California USDA Forest Service Research Paper PSW – 82/1972
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35:
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are pendulous, with persistent scales, unlike those of true firs. They have distinctive long,
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3515:
3364:
3226:
3138:
2745:
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wooden hulls—typically oak, Douglas-fir, or Nootka Cypress—coated in glass-reinforced plastic
236:
2675:"As a homeless teen, I foraged for wild food to survive. The lessons still shape my cooking"
1362:. They possess a tangy citrus flavor and may serve in some recipes as a wild substitute for
1347:
The species has ornamental value in large parks and gardens. It has been commonly used as a
5216:
4773:
4721:
4615:
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4377:
4261:
4152:
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3326:
3306:
3246:
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2393:
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1088:
848:
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1095:, although in the winter when other food sources are lacking it can become important, and
556:, found further to the east, are less long-lived, usually not exceeding 400 years in age.
8:
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4097:
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groups used the bark, resin, and needles to make herbal treatments for various diseases.
887:
653:
473:
70:
4930:
2630:
2397:
973:
The coast Douglas-fir variety is the dominant tree west of the Cascade Mountains in the
599: in) long, generally resembling those of the firs, occurring singly rather than in
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3670:
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1999:
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120:
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2933:
2717:
2401:
2099:
2019:
2011:
1887:
Russell, Tony; Cutler, Catherine; Walters, Martin (2014). "Pseudotsuga menziesii".
1424:
1062:
1049:
Douglas-fir seeds are an extremely important food source for small mammals such as
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561:
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1358:, a clear, colorless fruit brandy. Douglas-fir pine leaves can be used to make
1348:
1241:
1212:
1148:
1133:
1099:
browse new seedlings and saplings in spring and summer. The spring diet of the
1042:
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150:
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3028:
3013:
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and several others. Pure stands are also common, particularly north of the
982:
789:
619:
425:
2015:
1801:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
4804:
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488:
213:
31:
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Mature or "old-growth" Douglas-fir forest is the primary habitat of the
827:, the coast Douglas-fir, grows in the coastal regions from west-central
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4685:
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3998:
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3003:
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2741:
1355:
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1300:
1211:
and mosses are common sights on Douglas-firs. As it is only moderately
986:
936:). In New Zealand it is considered to be an invasive species, called a
832:
793:
163:
4711:
4628:
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and ponderosa pine, and often replaces these species further inland.
1107:
998:
541:
411:
4503:
2285:
The Genus Pseudotsuga : Ancestral History and Past Distribution
5168:
5111:
5039:
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since the 1920s, and the trees are typically grown on plantations.
1296:
1289:
1204:
1092:
1058:
922:
914:
421:
203:
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4408:
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4226:
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4003:
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3810:
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3800:
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3462:
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3128:
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2978:
2815:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
2550:
910:
417:
414:
193:
183:
173:
4620:
2753:
773:(although again red pine may refer to a different tree species,
4569:
4398:
4127:
3875:
3626:
3576:
3472:
3442:
3382:
3256:
3181:
3143:
3096:
2963:
2881:
1304:
1166:
1120:
1061:, which consume an estimated 65% of each annual seed crop. The
1018:
895:
836:
634:
572:
510:
505:
2822:
2711:
Money Trees: The Douglas-Fi.r and American Forestry, 1900–1944
4276:
4185:
4180:
4165:
3586:
3377:
3370:
3341:
3321:
3291:
3276:
3236:
3221:
3211:
3196:
3191:
3171:
3148:
3123:
3043:
2384:
Barton GM (1972). "New C-methylflavanones from Douglas-fir".
1336:
1054:
698:
627:
611:
525:
496:
137:
610:
on young trees is thin, smooth, grey, and contains numerous
4175:
3704:
3641:
3566:
3447:
3402:
3397:
3133:
2877:
1539:. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1398:
1240:
can reduce this risk. Other threats to Douglas-fir include
731:
in 1791. Colloquially, the species is also known simply as
520:
515:
1943:"Identifying Mature and Old Forests In Western Washington"
1756:"Identifying Mature and Old Forests In Western Washington"
4301:
3792:
3561:
3387:
3281:
3113:
1948:(pdf). Washington State Department of Natural Resources.
1761:(pdf). Washington State Department of Natural Resources.
500:
492:
2546:"The Navy's Wooden Avengers Are Real-Life Mine Sweepers"
2228:. Berkeley, California: USDA Forest Service. p. 114
1627:
Forensic procedures for boundary and title investigation
2656:"Foraging for Pine Needles (and other conifer needles)"
1724:"World's Largest Douglas-fir Tree - the Red Creek Fir!"
1700:
Trees of North America: A Guide to Field Identification
1533:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
843:, its range is continuous from the eastern edge of the
727:
to David Douglas. Menzies first documented the tree on
544:
trees, 20–100 metres (70–330 feet) tall (although only
2141:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1665:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
4363:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
2802:
Humboldt State University — Photo Tour: Douglas-fir,
851:
and Pacific Ocean. In California, it is found in the
2247:"Douglas Fir, Then and Now | The Seattle Times"
1886:
1698:
Brockman, C. Frank (1968). "Pseudotsuga menziesii".
2734:, (Douglas-spruce, Douglas-pine, Hemlock, Red-fir)"
2219:Griffin, James R.; Critchfield, William B. (1976).
2194:"A New Douglas-Fir Locality in Southern California"
739:(although the latter common name may also refer to
2302:. Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh. Archived from
1975:"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Open Spaces Blog"
1889:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Trees of the World
1288:ashore. The wood has historically been favored as
1159:The inner bark is the primary winter food for the
2713:Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press.
2191:
1169:is a flavanone, a type of flavonoid, produced by
5198:
807:
797:
702:. For this reason, the name is often written as
575:are flat, soft, linear needles 2–4 centimetres (
540:Douglas-firs are medium-size to extremely large
2265:"Tensions Rise In the Battle To Save Old Trees"
1798:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
932:throughout Europe, Argentina and Chile (called
2738:Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains
1891:. London: Anness Publishing Ltd. p. 120.
1603:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
1514:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
2838:
2797:Arboretum de Villardebelle – cone photos
2575:. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from
2281:
2105:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42357A2974933.en
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1430:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42429A2979531.en
1797:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1536:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
2817:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
2771:"Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii"
2498:
2073:
1685:Forest Giants of the World Past and Present
1450:
745:). Other names for this tree have included
2845:
2831:
2125:
2079:
1702:. New York: Golden Press. pp. 44–45.
1649:
1572:
1444:
1404:
1103:features Douglas-fir needles prominently.
265:
101:
79:
60:
51:
2590:
2543:
2383:
2103:
2058:. Oregon State University. Archived from
2023:
1874:"Giant logged long ago but not forgotten"
1607:
1496:
1428:
863:, with a small stand as far south as the
5257:Flora of the South-Central United States
4353:Building and Wood Workers' International
2179:Lushootseed: the language of Puget Sound
2119:
1997:
1940:
1753:
1697:
1524:
1255:
1182:
1036:
294: Blue: Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (
5252:Flora of the Southwestern United States
5247:Flora of the Northwestern United States
2768:
2040:
1643:
1479:"Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.5.0"
1335:predictable and availability reliable.
1284:) from coast Douglas-fir logs that had
1222:
1087:Douglas-fir needles are generally poor
878:Another variety exists further inland,
14:
5199:
2775:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
2625:
2502:Timber Supply in the Pacific Northwest
2499:Curtis, Robert; Carey, Andrew (1996).
1918:"Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii"
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1682:
1624:
4508:
4507:
2826:
2716:
2631:"An Orchard in a Bottle, at 80 Proof"
2139:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
2056:Common Trees of the Pacific Northwest
1955:from the original on 11 November 2020
1912:
1910:
1908:
1768:from the original on 11 November 2020
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1663:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
5148:5c6dab27-96c0-40f9-b957-840d582da5f6
5006:1056bf4a-f977-4c67-ae24-ec0d7ed1ac12
4846:26cce971-1339-4543-b9f9-29da79dcf0c0
4488:
2672:
2367:"Douglas-fir Tree on the Tree Guide"
2192:Griffin, James R. (September 1964).
2158:
1838:"Douglas Fir: Pseudotsuga menziesii"
546:Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii
5207:IUCN Red List least concern species
4478:
4338:American Association of Woodturners
2602:National Christmas Tree Association
2091:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1780:
1471:
1416:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1295:The species is extensively used in
1152:have been recorded specifically on
898:, is often considered a variety of
24:
2703:
1934:
1905:
1730:
1518:
1354:The buds have been used to flavor
948:
25:
5288:
5161:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1104654-2
4368:National Wood Carvers Association
2782:
2673:Boyd, Sabra (November 27, 2020).
2544:Tarantola, Andrew (23 May 2012).
1804:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
1143:as well as the cone scale-eating
1045:provides nest cavities for birds.
1032:
723:, a Scottish physician and rival
4957:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677141-1
4487:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4343:Architectural Woodwork Institute
2807:— Institute for Redwood Ecology.
2161:Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem
1860:"Tallest Douglas Fir in America"
1625:Wilson, Donald A. (2008-01-28).
1106:The leaves are also used by the
894:), which ranges as far south as
871:, it ranges as far south as the
706:(a name also used for the genus
672:
660:
645:
278: Green: Coast Douglas-fir (
124:
2852:
2666:
2648:
2619:
2561:
2537:
2512:
2492:
2459:
2436:
2412:
2377:
2359:
2341:
2317:
2292:
2275:
2257:
2239:
2212:
2185:
2167:
2152:
1991:
1967:
1880:
1866:
1852:
1830:
1716:
1691:
1676:
1260:A 9-ft log, scaling over 7,000
1128:, apart from some that feed on
961:will generate deeper taproots.
815:
792:name for the tree, used in the
4348:British Woodworking Federation
2282:R. K. Hermann (October 1985).
1840:. National Wildlife Federation
1558:
535:
13:
1:
5222:Pacific temperate rainforests
4358:Caricature Carvers of America
2406:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90036-0
2300:"Distribution of Douglas-fir"
1391:
806:language, the tree is called
448:. There are three varieties:
5242:Flora of Southwestern Mexico
5237:Flora of Northwestern Mexico
5232:Flora of Northeastern Mexico
2004:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
1381:List of Douglas-fir diseases
1339:adhere well to Douglas fir.
1173:in reaction to infection by
363:(Sabine ex D. Don) Carrière
7:
2769:Uchytil, Ronald J. (1991).
2163:. Vol. I. p. 213.
1552:Harvard University Herbaria
1376:List of Douglas-fir species
1369:
1315:using traditional joinery,
1197:Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe
779:, and red fir may refer to
687:
554:Rocky Mountain Douglas-firs
10:
5293:
5212:NatureServe secure species
2744:(illustrations). Chicago:
1329:Avenger-class minesweepers
1124:rarely this severe. Among
943:
905:Fossils (wood, pollen) of
462:Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir
29:
5277:Trees of Northern America
5272:Flora of British Columbia
5029:
4516:
4463:
4437:
4386:
4373:Society of Wood Engravers
4330:
4244:
4194:
4151:
4023:
4016:
3904:
3791:
3733:
3552:
3543:
3486:
3157:
3076:
3067:
2891:
2860:
2477:. The Gymnosperm Database
2159:Galloway, Brent Douglas.
1941:Van Pelt, Robert (2007).
1754:Van Pelt, Robert (2007).
1629:. John Wiley & Sons.
1548:Missouri Botanical Garden
1546:– via eFloras.org,
1525:Lipscomb, Barney (1993).
1386:List of superlative trees
1309:timber frame construction
652:Mature individual in the
316:
309:
273:
264:
242:
235:
121:Scientific classification
119:
99:
77:
68:
59:
50:
45:
2709:Brock, Emily K. (2015).
2660:Grow Forage Cook Ferment
2325:"Weed Information Sheet"
2251:archive.seattletimes.com
1227:Fungal diseases such as
1161:North American porcupine
1115:; this 0.5 mm-long
1011:California incense-cedar
5227:Flora of Central Mexico
1331:, made of Douglas-fir.
1264:of timber, c. 1937
1251:
857:California Coast Ranges
808:
798:
692:The common name honors
532:means "false hemlock".
4450:Frameless construction
3531:Wood-plastic composite
2746:A.C. McClurg & Co.
2571:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2508:. USDA Forest Service.
2269:Cal Alumni Association
1550:, St. Louis, MO &
1506:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1265:
1201:Arceuthobium douglasii
1046:
909:are recorded from the
751:British Columbian pine
384:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
36:Oregon Pine (schooner)
4918:pseudotsuga-menziesii
4898:Pseudotsuga menziesii
4575:pseudotsuga-menziesii
4548:Pseudotsuga menziesii
4518:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2812:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2804:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2791:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2724:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
2469:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2016:10.1534/g3.117.300078
1657:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1591:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1529:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1459:. Arlington, Virginia
1455:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1409:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1259:
1183:Value to other plants
1074:Arborimus longicaudus
1040:
963:Pseudotsuga menziesii
880:Pseudotsuga menziesii
831:southward to central
821:Pseudotsuga menziesii
715:The specific epithet
432:and is also known as
407:Pseudotsuga menziesii
376:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
368:Pseudotsuga mucronata
360:Pseudotsuga douglasii
297:Pseudotsuga menziesii
281:Pseudotsuga menziesii
246:Pseudotsuga menziesii
4378:Timber Framers Guild
3232:Australian Blackwood
2687:on November 27, 2020
2662:. December 23, 2015.
2271:. September 1, 2018.
2098:: e.T42357A2974933.
1808:. pp. 101–110.
1483:npgsweb.ars-grin.gov
1451:NatureServe (2024).
1423:: e.T42429A2979531.
1282:double-hulled canoes
1223:Diseases and insects
1108:woolly conifer aphid
859:as far south as the
849:Pacific Coast Ranges
524:). It is also not a
420:in the pine family,
34:. For the ship, see
4098:Hammer-headed tenon
3617:Janka hardness test
2680:The Washington Post
2629:(August 15, 2007).
2398:1972PChem..11..426B
2080:Farjon, A. (2013).
1876:. 4 September 2011.
1862:. 12 November 2012.
1683:Carder, Al (1995).
1405:Farjon, A. (2013).
1233:shoestring root-rot
888:Mexican Douglas-fir
654:Wenatchee Mountains
491:, it is not a true
474:Mexican Douglas-fir
71:Conservation status
2959:Japanese carpentry
2635:The New York Times
1806:Mountaineers Books
1303:tree for softwood
1266:
1246:Douglas-fir beetle
1229:laminated root rot
1082:Strix occidentalis
1047:
991:western white pine
892:P. lindleyana
679:Mature female cone
550:coast Douglas-firs
5194:
5193:
4880:Open Tree of Life
4510:Taxon identifiers
4501:
4500:
4455:Green woodworking
4312:Wood preservation
4240:
4239:
4143:Tongue and groove
4123:Mortise and tenon
4012:
4011:
3710:Warrington hammer
3539:
3538:
3227:African Blackwood
3019:Segmented turning
2718:Chase, J. Smeaton
2420:"Corylus cornuta"
2181:. March 18, 2017.
2084:Pinus douglasiana
1998:Neale DB (2017).
1898:978-1-4351-5597-8
1815:978-1-68051-329-5
1097:black-tailed deer
975:Pacific Northwest
861:Santa Lucia Range
742:Pinus douglasiana
721:Archibald Menzies
667:Young female cone
633:The massive mega-
528:; the genus name
450:coast Douglas-fir
398:
397:
392:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
347:Sabine ex D. Don
340:
332:
324:
228:P. menziesii
114:
94:
16:(Redirected from
5284:
5267:Flora of Alberta
5187:
5186:
5177:
5176:
5164:
5163:
5151:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5128:
5127:
5115:
5114:
5102:
5101:
5089:
5088:
5076:
5075:
5063:
5062:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5022:
5021:
5009:
5008:
4996:
4995:
4986:
4985:
4973:
4972:
4960:
4959:
4947:
4946:
4934:
4933:
4921:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4901:
4900:
4888:
4887:
4875:
4874:
4862:
4861:
4849:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4826:
4825:
4823:NHMSYS0000462103
4813:
4812:
4800:
4799:
4787:
4786:
4777:
4776:
4764:
4763:
4751:
4750:
4738:
4737:
4725:
4724:
4715:
4714:
4702:
4701:
4689:
4688:
4676:
4675:
4663:
4662:
4650:
4649:
4637:
4636:
4624:
4623:
4611:
4610:
4598:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4578:
4577:
4565:
4564:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4505:
4504:
4491:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4021:
4020:
3690:Thickness planer
3550:
3549:
3344:(lime, basswood)
3074:
3073:
2934:Chainsaw carving
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2778:
2765:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2683:. Archived from
2670:
2664:
2663:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2604:. Archived from
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2353:www.nzfoa.org.nz
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2010:(9): 3157–3167.
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1914:
1903:
1902:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1795:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1751:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1622:
1605:
1604:
1585:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1554:, Cambridge, MA.
1545:
1544:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1402:
1299:management as a
1274:Native Hawaiians
1263:
1209:crustose lichens
1137:Chionodes abella
1132:in general, the
1063:Douglas squirrel
1015:Lawson's cypress
1007:western redcedar
829:British Columbia
811:
801:
755:Puget Sound pine
729:Vancouver Island
676:
664:
649:
626:(three-pointed)
598:
597:
593:
590:
584:
583:
579:
562:Lynn Valley Tree
390:
387:
378:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
330:
322:
293:
277:
269:
248:
129:
128:
108:
105:
104:
88:
83:
82:
64:
55:
43:
42:
21:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5262:Flora of Alaska
5197:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5182:
5180:
5172:
5167:
5159:
5154:
5146:
5144:
5136:
5131:
5123:
5118:
5110:
5105:
5097:
5092:
5084:
5079:
5071:
5066:
5058:
5053:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5031:Abies menziesii
5025:
5017:
5012:
5004:
4999:
4991:
4989:
4981:
4976:
4968:
4963:
4955:
4950:
4942:
4937:
4929:
4924:
4916:
4914:
4906:
4904:
4896:
4891:
4883:
4878:
4870:
4867:Observation.org
4865:
4857:
4852:
4844:
4842:
4834:
4829:
4821:
4816:
4808:
4803:
4795:
4790:
4782:
4781:MichiganFlora:
4780:
4772:
4767:
4759:
4754:
4746:
4741:
4733:
4728:
4720:
4718:
4710:
4705:
4697:
4692:
4684:
4679:
4671:
4666:
4658:
4653:
4645:
4640:
4632:
4627:
4619:
4614:
4606:
4601:
4593:
4591:
4583:
4581:
4573:
4568:
4560:
4555:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4512:
4502:
4497:
4459:
4445:Frame and panel
4433:
4382:
4326:
4236:
4195:Surface piecing
4190:
4147:
4068:Crown of thorns
4008:
3994:Smoothing plane
3900:
3787:
3729:
3632:Milling machine
3535:
3496:Cross-laminated
3482:
3153:
3063:
3034:Spindle turning
3024:Shingle weaving
2994:Pallet crafting
2887:
2856:
2851:
2785:
2706:
2704:Further reading
2701:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2671:
2667:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2480:
2478:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2382:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2280:
2276:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2046:
2045:
2041:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1899:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1816:
1796:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1696:
1692:
1687:. pp. 3–4.
1681:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1623:
1608:
1587:
1586:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1542:
1540:
1523:
1519:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1372:
1360:pine needle tea
1270:Native American
1268:Many different
1261:
1254:
1238:beaked hazelnut
1225:
1189:parasitic plant
1185:
1134:gelechiid moths
1112:Adelges cooleyi
1035:
979:western hemlock
951:
949:Preferred sites
946:
938:wilding conifer
818:
782:Abies magnifica
690:
685:
684:
683:
680:
677:
668:
665:
656:
650:
595:
591:
588:
586:
581:
577:
576:
538:
385:
352:Pinus taxifolia
344:Pinus douglasii
336:Abies taxifolia
328:Abies mucronata
320:Abies menziesii
305:
291:
289:
275:
260:
250:
244:
231:
123:
115:
106:
102:
95:
84:
80:
73:
39:
28:
27:Species of tree
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5290:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5178:
5165:
5152:
5142:
5129:
5116:
5103:
5090:
5077:
5064:
5051:
5035:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5019:wfo-0000478194
5010:
4997:
4987:
4974:
4961:
4948:
4935:
4922:
4912:
4902:
4889:
4876:
4863:
4850:
4840:
4827:
4814:
4801:
4788:
4778:
4765:
4752:
4739:
4726:
4716:
4703:
4690:
4677:
4664:
4651:
4638:
4625:
4612:
4599:
4589:
4579:
4566:
4553:
4538:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4485:
4475:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4424:Quarter sawing
4421:
4416:
4414:Wood splitting
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4322:Wood finishing
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4282:Paint stripper
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3989:Shoulder plane
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3964:Moulding plane
3961:
3956:
3954:Japanese plane
3951:
3946:
3944:Grooving plane
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3758:Flooring clamp
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Winding sticks
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:Timber-framing
3692:
3687:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3521:Particle board
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3501:Glue laminated
3498:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
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3082:
3080:
3071:
3065:
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3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:Timber framing
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Relief carving
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
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2976:
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2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
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2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Bush carpentry
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
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2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2808:
2799:
2794:
2789:Conifers.org:
2784:
2783:External links
2781:
2780:
2779:
2766:
2726:, Also called
2714:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2665:
2647:
2618:
2589:
2560:
2536:
2511:
2491:
2458:
2435:
2411:
2392:(1): 426–429.
2386:Phytochemistry
2376:
2358:
2340:
2316:
2291:
2274:
2256:
2238:
2211:
2198:Forest Science
2184:
2166:
2151:
2133:Pinus resinosa
2118:
2072:
2048:"Douglas-fir (
2039:
1990:
1966:
1933:
1904:
1897:
1879:
1865:
1851:
1829:
1814:
1779:
1729:
1726:. 8 June 2011.
1715:
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1495:
1470:
1443:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1349:Christmas tree
1313:timber trusses
1253:
1250:
1224:
1221:
1213:shade tolerant
1184:
1181:
1149:Cydia illutana
1141:C. periculella
1034:
1033:Use by animals
1031:
995:ponderosa pine
950:
947:
945:
942:
865:Purisima Hills
817:
814:
776:Pinus resinosa
759:Douglas spruce
689:
686:
682:
681:
678:
671:
669:
666:
659:
657:
651:
644:
641:
640:
639:
566:Nooksack Giant
548:, common name
537:
534:
446:Columbian pine
438:Douglas spruce
396:
395:
394:
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365:
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4407:
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4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Chainsaw mill
4392:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
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4371:
4369:
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4364:
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4359:
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4351:
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4333:
4331:Organizations
4329:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Steam bending
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
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4263:
4260:
4258:
4257:French polish
4255:
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4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:Rabbet/Rebate
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Mason's mitre
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
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3985:
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3977:
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3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Jointer plane
3957:
3955:
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3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:Compass plane
3927:
3925:
3924:Chamfer plane
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:Bedrock plane
3912:
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3726:
3723:
3721:
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3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:Veneer hammer
3698:
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3688:
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3613:
3612:Impact driver
3610:
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3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Red Quebracho
3426:
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3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
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3002:
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2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Bow and arrow
2902:
2900:
2899:Boat building
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
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2865:
2863:
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2686:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2608:on 2020-08-03
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:"Douglas-Fir"
2593:
2579:on 2013-11-09
2578:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2525:
2524:Wood Database
2521:
2520:"Douglas-Fir"
2515:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2445:
2444:"Douglas Fir"
2439:
2425:
2424:www.fs.fed.us
2421:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2349:"Douglas-fir"
2344:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2306:on 2012-02-15
2305:
2301:
2295:
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2136:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2062:on 2012-12-19
2061:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1923:
1922:www.fs.fed.us
1919:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1890:
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1738:
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1711:
1709:0-307-13658-2
1705:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1679:
1664:
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1638:
1636:9780470113691
1632:
1628:
1621:
1619:
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1613:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1566:"Douglas Fir"
1561:
1553:
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1538:
1537:
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1507:
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1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1217:western larch
1214:
1210:
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1180:
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1177:
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1109:
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1102:
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1090:
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1079:
1075:
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1070:red tree vole
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:bigleaf maple
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:coast redwood
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
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976:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
941:
939:
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920:
919:Siebengebirge
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
869:Sierra Nevada
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
813:
810:
805:
800:
796:language, is
795:
791:
786:
784:
783:
778:
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772:
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764:
763:false hemlock
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
712:as a whole).
711:
710:
705:
701:
700:
695:
694:David Douglas
675:
670:
663:
658:
655:
648:
643:
642:
638:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
613:
609:
604:
602:
574:
569:
567:
563:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:
517:
513:
512:
507:
503:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:North America
427:
423:
419:
416:
413:
409:
408:
403:
389:
382:
377:
374:
371:(Raf.) Sudw.
369:
366:
361:
358:
353:
350:
345:
342:
337:
334:
329:
326:
321:
318:
317:
315:
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308:
303:
302:
298:
287:
286:
282:
272:
268:
263:
259:
255:
249:
247:
241:
238:
237:Binomial name
234:
230:
229:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
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188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:Tracheophytes
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
118:
112:
98:
92:
87:
86:Least Concern
76:
72:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5030:
4517:
4262:Heat bending
4207:Edge banding
3979:Router plane
3974:Rebate plane
3934:Finger plane
3665:
3369:
3363:
3343:
3337:Lignum vitae
3108:
3095:
3089:
3054:Wood carving
3029:Shipbuilding
3014:Root carving
2974:Log building
2939:Chip carving
2811:
2803:
2790:
2774:
2748:p. 36.
2737:
2732:P. mucronata
2731:
2728:P. douglasii
2727:
2723:
2710:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:the original
2678:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2634:
2627:Asimov, Eric
2621:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:the original
2601:
2592:
2581:. Retrieved
2577:the original
2570:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2523:
2514:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2479:. Retrieved
2472:
2468:
2461:
2450:. Retrieved
2438:
2427:. Retrieved
2423:
2414:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2371:arborday.org
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:
2319:
2308:. Retrieved
2304:the original
2294:
2284:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2230:. Retrieved
2221:
2214:
2204:December 31,
2202:. Retrieved
2197:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2138:
2132:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2095:
2089:
2083:
2075:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:the original
2055:
2049:
2042:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1936:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1888:
1882:
1868:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1832:
1800:
1770:. Retrieved
1718:
1699:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1667:. Retrieved
1662:
1656:
1645:
1626:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1560:
1541:. Retrieved
1535:
1528:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1488:24 September
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1454:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1420:
1414:
1408:
1400:
1353:
1346:
1333:
1294:
1277:
1267:
1242:red ring rot
1226:
1200:
1193:P. menziesii
1192:
1186:
1176:Poria weirii
1174:
1171:P. menziesii
1170:
1165:
1158:
1154:P. menziesii
1153:
1147:
1145:tortrix moth
1140:
1136:
1129:
1110:
1105:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1048:
1027:Umpqua River
983:Sitka spruce
972:
966:
962:
958:
955:P. menziesii
954:
952:
933:
927:
925:, Austria).
906:
904:
900:P. menziesii
899:
891:
883:
879:
877:
847:west to the
824:
820:
819:
816:Distribution
790:Coast Salish
787:
780:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
740:
737:Douglas pine
736:
732:
716:
714:
707:
703:
697:
691:
632:
617:
605:
570:
558:
545:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:common names
487:Despite its
486:
481:
478:P. menziesii
477:
469:
466:P. menziesii
465:
457:
454:P. menziesii
453:
445:
441:
437:
433:
406:
405:
401:
399:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
300:
296:
284:
280:
245:
243:
227:
226:
214:
164:Gymnospermae
157:
144:
46:Douglas fir
40:
5217:Pseudotsuga
4931:kew-2556763
4805:NatureServe
4707:iNaturalist
4542:Wikispecies
4483:WikiProject
4429:Rift sawing
4419:Flat sawing
4307:Wood drying
3984:Scrub plane
3969:Razee plane
3919:Block plane
3773:Mitre clamp
3720:Wood scribe
3671:Combination
3413:Purpleheart
3109:Douglas fir
3059:Woodturning
2892:Occupations
2854:Woodworking
2819:(EUFORGEN).
2742:Eytel, Carl
2691:December 1,
2640:February 1,
2329:Weedbusters
2111:19 November
2050:Pseudotsuga
1979:www.fws.gov
1844:1 September
1772:1 September
1436:19 November
1278:waʻa kaulua
1191:which uses
1130:Pseudotsuga
1126:Lepidoptera
1101:blue grouse
1078:spotted owl
934:Pino OregĂłn
930:naturalised
928:It is also
917:of Europe (
907:Pseudotsuga
804:Lushootseed
747:Oregon pine
709:Pseudotsuga
704:Douglas-fir
618:The female
536:Description
530:Pseudotsuga
442:Oregon pine
434:Douglas-fir
428:to western
402:Douglas fir
215:Pseudotsuga
111:NatureServe
32:Pseudotsuga
18:Douglas-fir
5201:Categories
4926:Plant List
4592:Calflora:
4438:Techniques
4387:Conversion
4317:Wood stain
4245:Treatments
4033:Birdsmouth
3999:Spokeshave
3949:Jack plane
3939:Fore plane
3778:Pipe clamp
3743:Band clamp
3667:Carpenters
3488:Engineered
3438:Rubberwood
3287:Eucalyptus
3091:Calocedrus
3004:Pyrography
2969:Kohlrosing
2612:2022-02-10
2583:2012-07-14
2529:August 15,
2473:menziesii
2452:2020-02-21
2429:2021-05-12
2334:2021-05-12
2310:2009-01-31
2232:2015-05-03
2145:2018-11-07
2127:USDA, NRCS
2066:2022-02-13
1984:2021-05-12
1927:2021-05-11
1824:1141235469
1669:2018-11-07
1651:USDA, NRCS
1595:menziesii
1543:2018-11-07
1392:References
1356:eau de vie
1301:plantation
1076:) and the
987:sugar pine
841:Washington
833:California
794:Halkomelem
725:naturalist
482:lindleyana
170:Division:
5112:1104654-2
5046:Q17359120
4673:200005380
4660:200005380
4227:Parquetry
4222:Oystering
4217:Marquetry
4058:Butterfly
3725:Workbench
3657:Sandpaper
3637:Mitre box
3582:Drawknife
3572:Burnisher
3557:Abrasives
3506:Hardboard
3167:Afromosia
3049:Whittling
2999:Parquetry
2984:Marquetry
2929:Certosina
2924:Carpentry
2914:Cabinetry
2861:Overviews
2481:March 17,
2200:: 317–319
2175:"čəbidac"
1463:18 August
1325:U.S. Navy
1205:Epiphytes
1119:-sucking
1093:ungulates
1059:chipmunks
999:grand fir
959:menziesii
825:menziesii
802:. In the
719:is after
717:menziesii
601:fascicles
542:evergreen
458:menziesii
412:evergreen
285:menziesii
222:Species:
184:Pinopsida
174:Pinophyta
134:Kingdom:
5181:VASCAN:
5174:24900284
5169:Tropicos
5125:11184950
5040:Wikidata
5001:VicFlora
4990:VASCAN:
4983:24900226
4978:Tropicos
4810:2.136725
4748:10591308
4735:211600-2
4582:BioLib:
4527:Wikidata
4473:Category
4252:Adhesive
4232:Purfling
4212:Intarsia
4153:Profiles
4078:Dovetail
4017:Geometry
3856:Hand saw
3841:Crosscut
3826:Circular
3821:Chainsaw
3768:Holdfast
3433:Rosewood
3365:American
3360:Mahogany
3332:Jelutong
3302:Hornbeam
3267:Cocobolo
3262:Chestnut
3177:Andiroba
2989:Millwork
2954:Intarsia
2949:Fretwork
2944:Ébéniste
2873:Glossary
2754:11004975
2720:(1911).
2129:(n.d.).
2034:28751502
1950:Archived
1763:Archived
1653:(n.d.).
1601:Calflora
1512:Calflora
1370:See also
1364:rosemary
1321:flooring
1297:forestry
1290:firewood
1262:board-ft
1244:and the
1207:such as
923:Gleiwitz
915:Pliocene
873:Yosemite
845:Cascades
799:lá:yelhp
771:red pine
733:Doug fir
688:Taxonomy
564:and the
424:. It is
422:Pinaceae
410:) is an
379:Britton
311:Synonyms
204:Pinaceae
200:Family:
91:IUCN 3.1
5086:2685817
4885:1075713
4792:MoBotPF
4686:2685796
4621:1061712
4533:Q156687
4493:Commons
4409:Whipsaw
4404:Sawmill
4297:Varnish
4292:Thermal
4267:Lacquer
4202:Binding
4171:Chamfer
4038:Biscuit
4004:Surform
3896:Whipsaw
3866:Keyhole
3851:Fretsaw
3831:Compass
3816:Bucksaw
3806:Bandsaw
3801:Backsaw
3783:Sawbuck
3753:F-clamp
3748:C-clamp
3622:Jointer
3526:Plywood
3478:Zebrano
3418:Ovankol
3383:Meranti
3371:African
3342:Linden
3297:Hickory
3252:Cedrela
3247:Camphor
3242:Bubinga
3237:Boxwood
3217:Bilinga
3202:Avodire
3119:Juniper
3104:Cypress
2979:Luthier
2868:History
2762:3477527
2551:Gizmodo
2394:Bibcode
2025:5592940
1286:drifted
1195:is the
944:Ecology
911:Miocene
853:Klamath
809:čəbidac
767:red fir
594:⁄
580:⁄
526:hemlock
518:(genus
508:(genus
418:species
415:conifer
388:viridis
210:Genus:
194:Pinales
190:Order:
180:Class:
138:Plantae
109: (
107:Secure
89: (
5145:NZOR:
5138:183425
5060:205622
4939:PLANTS
4843:NZOR:
4797:285009
4761:183424
4647:150562
4570:ARKive
4562:173780
4399:Hewing
4138:Splice
4093:Halved
4088:Groove
4083:Finger
4063:Coping
4048:Bridle
4025:Joints
3906:Planes
3891:Veneer
3881:Scroll
3876:Ripsaw
3861:Jigsaw
3836:Coping
3735:Clamps
3662:Square
3652:Shaper
3647:Router
3627:Mallet
3602:Gimlet
3577:Chisel
3473:Willow
3463:Walnut
3453:Totara
3443:Sapele
3408:Poplar
3393:Padauk
3355:Merbau
3327:Jarrah
3312:Imbuia
3307:Idigbo
3272:Cumaru
3257:Cherry
3182:Anigre
3144:Spruce
3097:Cedrus
2964:Khatam
2919:Caning
2882:lumber
2760:
2752:
2032:
2022:
1959:11 May
1895:
1822:
1812:
1706:
1633:
1341:Stains
1337:Paints
1319:, and
1317:veneer
1305:timber
1276:built
1167:Poriol
1121:insect
1089:browse
1057:, and
1055:shrews
1019:tanoak
967:glauca
896:Oaxaca
884:glauca
837:Oregon
635:genome
628:bracts
624:trifid
573:leaves
514:), or
506:spruce
472:) and
470:glauca
444:, and
426:native
355:Lamb.
339:Poir.
323:Mirb.
301:glauca
292:
276:
258:Franco
254:Mirbel
5184:22128
5120:IRMNG
5073:63YVL
4970:14090
4915:PPE:
4905:PFI:
4854:NZPCN
4774:42429
4743:IRMNG
4719:IPA:
4712:48256
4699:30191
4642:EUNIS
4634:PSTME
4608:6WHCL
4595:10283
4277:Paint
4186:Ovolo
4181:Ogive
4166:Bevel
4133:Scarf
4118:Miter
3886:Table
3871:Miter
3846:Frame
3763:Gripe
3679:Speed
3675:Miter
3607:Gauge
3597:Float
3592:Fence
3587:Drill
3545:Tools
3468:Wenge
3458:Utile
3423:Ramin
3378:Maple
3350:Lovoa
3322:Iroko
3292:Hazel
3277:Ebony
3222:Birch
3212:Beech
3207:Balsa
3197:Aspen
3192:Apple
3172:Alder
3129:Kauri
3124:Larch
3086:Cedar
3069:Woods
3044:Treen
2506:(PDF)
2471:var.
2447:(PDF)
2226:(PDF)
1953:(PDF)
1946:(PDF)
1766:(PDF)
1759:(PDF)
1593:var.
1051:moles
965:var.
957:var.
882:var.
835:. In
823:var.
769:, or
699:Abies
620:cones
612:resin
521:Pinus
511:Picea
501:Abies
497:genus
480:var.
468:var.
456:var.
391:ined.
331:Raf.
299:var.
283:var.
158:Clade
145:Clade
5156:POWO
5133:ITIS
5107:IPNI
5094:GRIN
5081:GBIF
5055:APNI
4993:7200
4952:POWO
4944:PSME
4908:8586
4893:PfaF
4872:7274
4859:2860
4836:3357
4831:NCBI
4784:2845
4769:IUCN
4756:ITIS
4730:IPNI
4722:2735
4694:GRIN
4681:GBIF
4629:EPPO
4585:2388
4557:APNI
4176:Ogee
4161:Bead
4103:Knee
4073:Dado
4053:Butt
3793:Saws
3705:Vise
3642:Rasp
3567:Adze
3448:Teak
3403:Plum
3398:Pear
3159:Hard
3139:Rimu
3134:Pine
3078:Soft
2878:Wood
2758:OCLC
2750:LCCN
2693:2020
2642:2009
2531:2018
2483:2013
2206:2010
2113:2021
2096:2013
2030:PMID
1961:2021
1893:ISBN
1846:2021
1820:OCLC
1810:ISBN
1774:2021
1704:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1490:2019
1465:2024
1438:2021
1421:2013
1327:are
1311:and
1252:Uses
1231:and
1139:and
1091:for
1043:snag
913:and
855:and
839:and
788:One
608:bark
606:The
571:The
516:pine
400:The
386:var.
5099:685
5068:CoL
5014:WFO
4965:RHS
4818:NBN
4668:FoC
4655:FNA
4616:EoL
4603:CoL
4302:Wax
4272:Oil
4108:Lap
4043:Box
3811:Bow
3683:Try
3562:Axe
3516:OSB
3511:MDF
3388:Oak
3317:IpĂŞ
3282:Elm
3187:Ash
3149:Yew
3114:Fir
2730:or
2402:doi
2100:doi
2020:PMC
2012:doi
1425:doi
1203:).
1117:sap
785:).
735:or
504:),
493:fir
484:).
460:),
5203::
5171::
5158::
5135::
5122::
5109::
5096::
5083::
5070::
5057::
5042::
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5003::
4980::
4967::
4954::
4941::
4928::
4895::
4882::
4869::
4856::
4833::
4820::
4807::
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4696::
4683::
4670::
4657::
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4631::
4618::
4605::
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4559::
4544::
4529::
3681:,
3677:,
3673:,
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3368:,
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2773:.
2756:.
2740:.
2736:.
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2658:.
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2388:.
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2052:)"
2028:.
2018:.
2006:.
2002:.
1977:.
1920:.
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1818:.
1782:^
1732:^
1661:.
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1599:.
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1510:.
1481:.
1419:.
1413:.
1366:.
1248:.
1187:A
1179:.
1163:.
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1041:A
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
