119:
130:
24:
51:, placed in such a way that air flows in the intermediate cavity. The ventilation of the cavity can be natural, fan supported or mechanical. Apart from the type of the ventilation inside the cavity, the origin and destination of the air can differ depending mostly on climatic conditions, the use, the location, the occupational hours of the building and the HVAC strategy.
152:. Both of these buildings achieve great environmental credentials for their size, with the benefits of a double skin key to this. The Gherkin features triangular windows on the outer skin which skelter up the skyscraper. These windows open according to weather and building data, allowing more or less air to cross flow through the building for ventilation.
177:
The advantages of double-skin facades over conventional single skin facades are not clear-cut; similar insulative values may be obtained using conventional high performance, low-e windows. The cavity results in a decrease in usable floor space, and depending on the strategy for ventilating the
160:
The cavity between the two skins may be either naturally or mechanically ventilated. In cool climates the solar gain within the cavity may be circulated to the occupied space to offset heating requirements, while in hot climates the cavity may be vented out of the building to mitigate
102:
One of the first modern examples to be constructed was the
Occidental Chemical Building (Niagara Falls, New York, 1980) by Cannon Design. This building, essentially a glass cube, included a 4-feet-deep cavity between glass layers to pre-heat air in winter.
87:(Paris, 1930). American engineers studying the system in 1930 informed Le Corbusier that it would use much more energy than a conventional air system, but Harvey Bryan later concluded Le Corbusier's idea had merit if it included solar heating.
168:
Recent studies showed that the energy performance of a building connected to a double-skin facade can be improved both in the cold and the warm season or in cold and warm climates by optimizing the ventilation strategy of the facade.
54:
The glass skins can be single or double glazing units with a distance from 20 cm up to 2 metres. Often, for protection and heat extraction reasons during the cooling period, solar shading devices are placed inside the cavity.
98:
in Tuxedo Park, NY. This house included "an elaborate double envelope" with a 2-foot-deep air space conditioned by a separate system from the house itself. The object was to maintain high humidity levels inside.
178:
cavity, it may have problems with condensation, becoming soiled or introducing outside noise. The construction of a second skin may also present a significant increase in materials and design costs.
165:
and decrease the cooling load. In each case the assumption is that a higher insulative value may be achieved by using this glazing configuration versus a conventional glazing configuration.
39:. The brown outer facade can be seen being assembled to the inner white facade via struts. These struts create a walkway between both 'skins' for ventilation, solar shading and maintenance.
303:
Mingotti, Nicola; Chenvidyakarn
Torwong; Woods A. W. (2010). "The fluid mechanics of the natural ventilation of a narrow-cavity double-skin facade".
110:
rewards points for reduction in energy consumption vs. a base case, this strategy has been used to optimize energy performance of buildings.
71:(neutralizing wall), involved the insertion of heating/cooling pipes between large layers of glass. Such a system was employed in his
359:
368:
234:
376:
218:
Bryan, Harvey (1991). "Le
Corbusier and the "Mur Neutralisant": An Early Experiment in Double Envelope Construction".
118:
79:, Switzerland, 1916), and proposed for several other projects, including the League of Nations competition (1927),
401:
194:
185:
properties within the cavity, making the modeling of energy performance and the prediction of savings debatable.
125:
in London. Windows open on the outer skin to allow air to enter the cavity between the inner and outer skin.
63:
The essential concept of the double-skin facade was first explored and tested by the Swiss-French architect
406:
416:
274:
Paper presented at the ARCC/EAAE International
Conference on Architectural Research, Montreal, May 2002.
106:
The recent resurgence of efficient building design has renewed interest in this concept. Since the
330:
181:
Building energy modelling of double-skin facades is inherently more difficult because of varying
411:
8:
289:
129:
356:
91:
76:
283:
84:
316:
312:
133:
32:
380:
363:
95:
385:
261:"The Tectonics of the Double Skin: Green Building or Just more Hi-Tech Hi-Jinx?"
149:
141:
284:
Grondzik, Walter T.; Alison G. Kwok; Benjamin Stein; John S. Reynolds (2009).
395:
182:
23:
373:
238:
80:
72:
64:
28:
260:
122:
302:
199:
162:
36:
140:
Examples of notable buildings which utilise a double-skin facade are
16:
This article is about a building feature. For double-skin sails, see
369:
European
Aluminium Association's publications dedicated to Buildings
48:
136:
in
Manchester. The use of a double skin is evident in construction.
17:
107:
235:"Active Glass Walls: A Typological and Historical Account"
220:
67:
in the early 20th century. His idea, which he called
47:
is a system of building consisting of two skins, or
374:European Commission's portal for efficient facades
286:Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings
393:
386:EN 13830: Curtain Walling - Product Standard
258:
128:
117:
22:
394:
232:
90:Another early experiment was the 1937
31:double-skin facade being assembled at
217:
155:
13:
14:
428:
350:
259:Meyer Boake, Terri (May 2002).
195:Climate-adaptive building shell
323:
317:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.09.015
296:
277:
252:
226:
211:
1:
357:Ventilated facades (Wandegar)
205:
172:
7:
188:
113:
10:
433:
58:
15:
305:Building and Environment
233:Braham, William (2005).
83:(Moscow, 1928–33), and
402:Architectural elements
137:
126:
40:
132:
121:
26:
81:Centrosoyuz building
407:Energy conservation
290:John Wiley and Sons
94:house by architect
417:Solar architecture
379:2015-09-23 at the
362:2022-12-28 at the
222:. pp. 257–62.
138:
127:
45:double-skin façade
41:
156:Technical details
77:La Chaux-de-Fonds
424:
345:
344:
342:
341:
335:
327:
321:
320:
300:
294:
293:
281:
275:
273:
271:
270:
265:
256:
250:
249:
247:
246:
237:. Archived from
230:
224:
223:
215:
134:One Angel Square
69:mur neutralisant
33:One Angel Square
432:
431:
427:
426:
425:
423:
422:
421:
392:
391:
381:Wayback Machine
364:Wayback Machine
353:
348:
339:
337:
333:
329:
328:
324:
301:
297:
282:
278:
268:
266:
263:
257:
253:
244:
242:
231:
227:
216:
212:
208:
191:
175:
158:
144:(also known as
116:
96:William Lescaze
61:
21:
12:
11:
5:
430:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
390:
389:
383:
371:
366:
352:
351:External links
349:
347:
346:
322:
311:(4): 807–823.
295:
292:. p. 133.
276:
251:
225:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
197:
190:
187:
174:
171:
157:
154:
150:1 Angel Square
142:30 St Mary Axe
115:
112:
85:Cité du Refuge
60:
57:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
429:
418:
415:
413:
412:Types of wall
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
397:
387:
384:
382:
378:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
361:
358:
355:
354:
332:
326:
318:
314:
310:
306:
299:
291:
287:
280:
262:
255:
241:on 2022-12-28
240:
236:
229:
221:
214:
210:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
186:
184:
183:heat transfer
179:
170:
166:
164:
153:
151:
147:
143:
135:
131:
124:
120:
111:
109:
104:
100:
97:
93:
92:Alfred Loomis
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
56:
52:
50:
46:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
338:. Retrieved
336:. ashrae.org
325:
308:
304:
298:
285:
279:
267:. Retrieved
254:
243:. Retrieved
239:the original
228:
219:
213:
180:
176:
167:
159:
145:
139:
105:
101:
89:
73:Villa Schwob
68:
65:Le Corbusier
62:
53:
44:
42:
29:Waagner-Biro
146:The Gherkin
123:The Gherkin
396:Categories
340:2012-12-27
269:2018-06-04
245:2011-03-20
206:References
200:Rainscreen
173:Criticisms
163:solar gain
37:Manchester
377:Archived
360:Archived
189:See also
114:Examples
18:Wingsail
59:History
49:façades
331:"Home"
148:) and
334:(PDF)
264:(PDF)
108:USGBC
388:>
43:The
313:doi
398::
309:46
307:.
288:.
35:,
27:A
343:.
319:.
315::
272:.
248:.
75:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
