481:
digital documents stripped them of their inherent "digital" qualities, including machine readability and dynamic, user functionalities. Computer museums were also cited as an inadequate practice. There are practical limitations of a limited number of locations capable of maintaining obsolete hardware forever, realistically limiting the full access capabilities of legacy digital documents: additionally, most older data rarely exists in coding formats to take full advantage of their original hardware or software environments. Two digital preservation processes specifically criticized were the implementation of relational database (RDB) standards and an overreliance on migration. While designed for standardization, RDBs and the features of their management systems (RDBMS) often promoted unintentional tribalistic practices among regional institutions, introducing incompatibilities between RDBs: meanwhile, the ubiquity of file and program migration frequently risked failing to compensate for conversional paradigm shifts between increasingly newer software environments. Emulation, with the digital data supported by an encapsulation of metadata, documentation, and software and emulation environment specifications, was argued as the most ideal preservation practice in the face of digital obsolescence.
70:
22:
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obsolescence and the mitigating actions to counter it, the guide dissects a multi-step process toward maintaining digital continuity of archival information. Such steps run the gamut from enforcing responsibility of information continuity and confirming the degree of content metadata, to ensuring critical information discovery through institutional usage and that system migration doesn’t affect information accessibility, to guaranteeing IT support and enforcing contingency plans for information survivability through organizational changes.
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dust and grime. Routine maintenance, calibrations, and cleaning operations can help extend the lifetime of many devices, but broken or failing parts will need repair or replacement: sourcing parts becomes more difficult and expensive as the supply stock for older machines reaches scarcity, and user technical skills grow challenged as newer machines and storage formats use less electromechanical parts and more integrated circuits and other complex components.
187:
210:
environmental vulnerabilities to storage formats (including dust, humidity, radiation, and temperature) and extend preservation for decades, there are other inevitable endangering factors. Magnetic tape and floppy disks are vulnerable to both the deterioration of adhesive holding the magnetic data layer to its backing or the demagnetization of the data layer, commonly called "
385:. While the project's specially customized LaserDisc reader resulted in its own hardware-based preservation problems, the combination of one million personal copyrights belonging to participating civilians, in addition to corporate claims on the specialized computer hardware, means that publicly accessible digital preservation efforts might be stalled until 2090.
516:(OAIS) archive as soon as possible to reduce costs, and the advance execution of any new system’s archiving plan. Using OAIS, CERN developed certification for trustworthy digital repositories (TDR), the ISO 16363 standard, and implemented E-Ternity as the prototype for its compliant digital archive model.
488:
published a second revision to their
Information Assurance Maturity Model (IAMM) in 2009, overviewing digital obsolescence risk management for institutions and businesses. After instructing senior information risk owners on the initial requirements that determined both potential risk of digital
393:
Organizations possessing digital archives should perform assessments of their records in order to identify file corruption and reduce the risks associated with file format obsolescence. Such assessments can be accomplished through internal file format action plans, which list digital file types in an
101:
Little professional thought in the fields of library and archival science was directed toward the topic of digital obsolescence as the use of computerized systems grew more widespread and commonplace, but much discussion began to emerge in the 1990s. Despite this, few options were proposed as genuine
85:
A false sense of security persists regarding digital documents: because an infinite number of identical copies can be created from original files, many users assume that their documents have a virtually indefinite shelf life. In reality, the mediums utilized for digital information storage and access
480:
Writing in 1999, Jeff
Rothenberg was critical of many contemporary preservation procedures and how they improperly addressed digital obsolescence as the most prominent problem in long-term digital information storage. Rothenberg disapproved of the reliance on hard copies, arguing that printing
519:
On 1 January 2021, Adobe ended support and blocked content from running in its Flash Player in response to the advancements in open standards for the Web. This action followed a July 2017 announcement despite affecting the user experience for millions of websites to varying degrees. Since
January
233:
The operability of a format’s appropriate playback or recording device possess their own vulnerabilities. Cassette decks and disk drives rely on the functionality of precision-manufactured moving parts that are susceptible to damages caused by repetitive physical stress and foreign materials like
122:
have been labeled key motivators toward digital obsolescence in society, with newly introduced products frequently assigned greater value than older products. Digital preservation relies on the continuous maintenance and usage of hardware and software formats, which the threat of obsolescence can
286:
Over the past several decades, there have been a number of various, once industry-standard file formats and application platforms for data, images, and text that have been repeatedly replaced and superseded by newer iterations of software formats and applications, often with increasingly greater
245:
personnel discovered that much of the mission data stored on magnetic tapes, including over 3000 unprocessed images of the
Martian surface transmitted by the two Viking probes, was inaccessible due to a multitude of factors. While in possession of indecipherable notes written by long-departed or
496:
recommended developing file format action plans, stating "it is important to shift from more abstract considerations about file format obsolescence to develop actionable strategies for monitoring and mining information about the heterogeneous digital files the organizations are managing". Other
468:
respectively involve institutions maintaining possession or access to legacy hardware and software platforms, and the salvaging methods employed to recover digital information from damaged or obsolete media and devices. Following recovery, some data, such as documentation, can be converted to
60:
efforts in the information and archival fields have implemented protocols and strategies such as data migration and technical audits, while the salvage and emulation of antiquated hardware and software address digital obsolescence to limit the potential damage to long-term information access.
209:
Hardware concerns are two-fold in archival and library fields: in addition to the physical storage medium of magnetic tape, optical disc, or solid-state computer memory, a separate electronic device is often required for information access. And while proper storage can help mitigate some
254:
how the raw data was encoded onto the tapes, which included consulting with the original engineers of the Viking landers’ cameras and imaging hardware. NASA experienced similar issues when attempting to recover and process images from 1960s lunar orbiter missions. Engineers at the
295:
operating system and beyond). One example of a developer cancelling an instance of planned obsolescence occurred in 2008, when
Microsoft retracted intentions of an Office service package dropping support for a number of older file formats, due to the intensity of public outcry.
114:
drives as research has shown many digital storage mediums frequently last considerably shorter in the field compared to manufacturer claims or laboratory testing, leading to the facetious observation that "digital documents last forever—or five years, whichever comes first."
259:
acknowledged in 1990, following a one-year search that located a compatible data tape reader at a United States Air Force base, that a missing part might need to be rebuilt in-house if a replacement could not be sourced from computer salvage yards.
511:
began its
Digital Memory Project in 2016, aiming to preserve decades of the organization’s media output through standardized initiatives. CERN determined that their solution would require continuous access to metadata, the implementation of an
346:
Digital obsolescence has a prominent effect on the preservation of video game history, since many older games and hardware were regarded by players as ephemeral products, due to the continuous process of computer hardware upgrading and
380:
One prime example of copyright issues with software were those encountered during preservation efforts for the BBC Domesday
Project, a 1986 UK multimedia data collection survey that commemorated the 900th anniversary of the original
161:
Because the majority of digital information relies on two factors for curation and retrieval, it is important to separately classify how digital obsolescence impacts digital preservation through both hardware and software mediums.
377:. While video games and other software applications can be orphaned by their parent developers or publishing companies, the copyright issues surrounding software are a very complicated hurdle in the path of digital preservation.
330:
by 1991. Further development of the
Windows version stopped in 1994, and WordStar 7 for MS-DOS was last updated in 1999. Over time, any version of WordStar grew increasingly incompatible with modern versions of Windows beyond
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287:
degrees of incompatibility between each other and along their own product lines. Such incompatibilities now frequently extend to which version of the operating system is installed on the system (such as instances of
146:, or deliberate design changes made to programs and applications so that newer updates are increasingly incompatible with older versions, forcing the user to purchase newer software editions or hardware;
130:, or the mechanical failure of a device that prevents information access, which can be the result of damage through rough handling, gradual wear from extended usage, or intentional failure through
230:
encounter their own form of bit rot when the charges representing individual bits of binary information dissipate beyond a certain level (called "flipping") and the data is rendered unreadable.
56:" (where large swaths of important cultural and intellectual information stored on archaic formats becomes irretrievably lost) was initially met with little concern until the 1990s, modern
86:
present unique preservation challenges compared to many of the physical formats traditionally handled by archives and libraries. Paper materials and printed media migrated to film-based
214:"; optical discs are specifically susceptible to physical damage to their readable surface, and to oxidation occurring between improperly sealed outer layers; a process referred to as "
152:, or the adoption of newer, more accessible technologies with the intention to replace older, often outdated software or hardware, occurring on the side of the consumer or manufacturer.
140:, or intentionally upgrading some information systems within an institution, but not all of them, that is often implemented as part of a "security through obsolescence" strategy;
52:
required for information retrieval being repeatedly replaced by newer devices and systems, resulting in increasingly incompatible formats. While the threat of an eventual "
1058:
645:
1379:
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and their respective storage media released between 1971 and 1981. Floppy disks were a common method of transferring and storing digital files until displaced by
729:
Avoiding technological quicksand: Finding a viable technical foundation for
Digital Preservation: A report to the Council on Library and Information Resources
365:, were developed for hardware platforms so outdated that they are virtually nonexistent today. Many older games of the 1960s and 1970s built for contemporary
250:
needed to correctly run the decoding software had been replaced and disposed of by the agency. Information was eventually recovered after more than a year of
424:
Standard strategies for digital preservation utilized by information institutions are frequently interconnected or otherwise related in function or purpose.
102:
alternatives to the standard method of continuously migrating data to increasingly newer storage media, employed since magnetic tape began succeeding paper
98:. Therefore, digital media have more urgent preservation concerns than the gradual change in written or spoken language experienced with the printed word.
90:, for example, can be accessible for centuries if created and maintained under ideal conditions, compared to mere decades of physical stability offered by
1418:
945:
Audio and video carriers: recording principles, storage and handling, maintenance of equipment, format and equipment obsolescence (Presentation text)
432:) is a foundational operation often employed before many other practices, and facilitates establishing the redundancy of multiple storage locations:
1489:
628:
Mason, S. (2018). Digital preservation at Oxford and
Cambridge training programme pilot. University of Oxford. Retrieved 17 December 2021 from
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440:
converts the format or coding of digital information to enable moving it between different operating systems and hardware generations.
1640:
1157:"Beleaguered WordStar poised to rebound if management can spark user demand. (WordStar International Inc.) – Software Industry Report"
1316:
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cycles. Such cycles are often the result of both systemic and technical obsolescence. Some of the oldest computer games, like 1962's
444:
reduces organizational complexity for archival institutions by reducing the number of similar filetypes through conversion, and
401:, due to source code availability, transparency, and potential adaptability in modern hardware environments. For example, the
1066:
862:
493:
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1383:
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assembles digital information with its associated metadata to guarantee information accessibility. Digital archives employ
1269:
McDonough, J. P. (2010). Packaging videogames for long-term preservation: Integrating FRBR and the OAIS reference model.
348:
33:
reader. Published in 1986, the BBC Domesday Project became the subject of intense preservation efforts beginning in 2002.
1131:"Is the boom (almost) over? (indications that the market for Windows-based applications is slowing down) – Soft-Letter"
436:
is the transportation of unchanging data, frequently between identical or functionally similar storage formats, while
524:
has been one of several Adobe Flash Player preservation projects, salvaging more than 160,000 animations and games.
617:
578:
513:
166:
697:
106:
as practical data storage in the 1960s and 1970s. These basic migration practices persist into the modern era of
456:
established by regional archival institutions maintains organization within the broader spectrum of the field.
402:
1660:
1471:
1000:"Would You Like to Save Your Game?: Establishing a Legal Framework for Long-Term Digital Game Preservation"
477:
platforms within modern hardware and software environments designed to simulate obsolete computer systems.
1675:
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interfere with. Four types of digital obsolescence exist in the realm of hardware and software access:.
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1317:
https://web.archive.org/web/20110206080418/http://www2.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/reports/IPRreport.doc
409:
application supports access for a number of legacy word processor formats, including Version 6 of
118:
The causes for digital obsolescence aren’t always purely technical. Capitalistic accumulation and
593:
629:
944:
336:
1545:
1670:
1470:
National Digital Stewardship Alliance. (2014). 2014 national agenda for digital stewardship.
1023:
573:
568:
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format from the open source community for non-disclosure agreements and translator demands.
394:
archive's holdings and assess the actions taken in order to ensure continued accessibility.
1501:
854:
Digital history : a guide to gathering, preserving, and presenting the past on the Web
588:
558:
533:
485:
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in the form of physically accessible copies, while executable code can be launched through
398:
219:
131:
57:
26:
1635:
1320:
218:" or, inaccurately, "laser rot" (particularly in reference to LaserDiscs). Older forms of
8:
498:
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to ensure that key aspects of documents have survived the process of conversion, while a
251:
1505:
1368:
https://blogs.loc.gov/thesignal/2014/01/file-format-action-plans-in-theory-and-practice/
1620:
1527:
923:
833:
521:
21:
1182:
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1531:
1519:
1490:"The obsolescence of Information and Information Systems CERN Digital Memory project"
1336:
1242:
1112:
1011:
980:
927:
915:
858:
825:
769:
406:
366:
111:
45:
1630:
959:"Recovery of heritage software stored on magnetic tape for Commodore microcomputers"
837:
646:"Obsolescence – a key challenge in the digital age – National Archives of Australia"
397:
One emerging strategic avenue in combatting digital obsolescence is the adoption of
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in the form of a dark ring. Many early discs were poorly manufactured, allowing
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410:
327:
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238:
1362:
Owens, T. (2014, 6 January). File format action plans in theory and practice.
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Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(1)
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919:
911:
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382:
370:
1380:"Open Source, the only weapon against "planned obsolescence" – The Inquirer"
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81:
to occur between layers: affected areas would become unreadable by hardware.
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362:
332:
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Systemic obsolescence in software can be exemplified by the history of the
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268:
200:
177:
103:
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Making things last: Digital obsolescence and its resistance by DIY culture
857:. Internet Archive. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press.
795:
417:. This contrasts with criticism directed toward Microsoft's own purported
1290:
820:
414:
323:
247:
227:
196:
119:
1472:
http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/ndsa/documents/2014NationalAgenda.pdf
501:' Sustainability of Digital Formats page, and the UK National Archives'
999:
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1007:
353:
340:
274:
87:
41:
30:
1208:
563:
374:
303:
215:
74:
49:
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884:. (Publication No. 10151383) . ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
614:
Domesday Redux: The rescue of the BBC Domesday Project Videodiscs
307:
1596:
322:
caused WordStar to lose significant market share to competitors
1641:
Wired Magazine: What death can't destroy and how to digitize it
502:
315:
612:
Darlington, J., Finney, A., & Pearce, A. (2003, July 30).
1413:
742:"Preservation Self-Assessment Program (PSAP) | Optical Media"
630:
https://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/digitalpreservation/risks
358:
279:
78:
1093:"Format obsolescence: assessing the threat and the defenses"
894:
Rubio, Fernando DomĂnguez; Wharton, Glenn (1 January 2020).
335:
to the frustration of long-devoted users, including authors
44:
because of inabilities to access digital assets, due to the
508:
311:
242:
1631:
The Library of Congress: Sustainability of Digital Formats
947:. Training for Audiovisual Preservation in Europe (TAPE).
796:"Digital Preservation: A Time Bomb for Digital Libraries"
186:
318:
operating systems during the 1980s, a delayed port to
1572:"Adobe Flash Cut-Off Will Kill Millions Of Websites"
957:Vries, Denise de; Harrington, Craig (4 July 2017).
497:important resources for assessment support are the
156:
1621:Chamber of Horrors: Obsolete and Endangered Media
896:"The Work of Art in the Age of Digital Fragility"
291:predating Version 4.5 being unable to run on the
1647:
698:Deljanin, Sandra. (2012). Digital Obsolescence.
246:deceased programmers, the computer hardware and
1059:"Lost on Earth – Wealth of Data Found in Space"
956:
731:. Council on Library and Information Resources.
226:storage such as (some) cartridges and (most)
1488:Meur, Jean-Yves Le; Tarocco, Nicola (2019).
893:
616:. Ariadne. Retrieved December 17, 2021 from
1636:The National Archive: PRONOM welcome screen
1487:
1232:
195:Examples of 8-inch, 5-¼ inch, and 3 ½-inch
1513:
1206:
1090:
1056:
974:
963:International Journal of Digital Curation
819:
1409:"Defending against the digital dark age"
1291:"Introduction to the Domesday86 project"
1091:Rosenthal, David S.H. (1 January 2010).
851:Cohen, Daniel J. (Daniel Jared) (2006).
793:
388:
267:
68:
20:
16:Data loss as the format goes into disuse
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939:
937:
876:
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693:
691:
689:
687:
618:http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue36/tna/.
1057:Blakeslee, Sandra (9 November 2012).
997:
850:
764:
762:
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721:
719:
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715:
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494:National Digital Stewardship Alliance
413:, and basic support for Version 4 of
1476:
1421:from the original on 23 October 2012
1235:"How Literature Became Word Perfect"
1043:
640:
638:
1569:
1433:
1398:
1260:
1207:Feigenson, Walter (23 April 2009).
1081:
934:
871:
13:
1451:webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk
759:
706:
664:
14:
1687:
1614:
1159:. 26 October 2012. Archived from
1133:. 26 October 2012. Archived from
794:Hedstrom, Margaret (1 May 1997).
635:
373:can only be played today through
73:Video LaserDisc showing signs of
1546:"Adobe Flash Player End of Life"
1209:"William F Buckley and WordStar"
514:Open Archival Information System
185:
176:
157:Examples of digital obsolescence
1589:
1563:
1538:
1464:
1382:. 20 April 2012. Archived from
1372:
1364:The Signal, Library of Congress
1356:
1308:
1283:
1226:
1200:
1175:
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1123:
991:
950:
887:
648:. 17 March 2014. Archived from
1233:Livingstone, Jo (2 May 2016).
844:
787:
734:
622:
606:
237:Only a decade after the 1970s
1:
1626:Digital Preservation at ICPSR
599:
505:online file format registry.
64:
1515:10.1051/epjconf/201921409003
800:Computers and the Humanities
7:
1444:"UK Government Web Archive"
527:
263:
165:
10:
1692:
403:Apache Software Foundation
278:developed in 1962 for the
29:machine with its modified
1109:10.1108/07378831011047613
746:psap.library.illinois.edu
257:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
138:Postponement obsolescence
912:10.1215/08992363-7816365
812:10.1023/A:1000676723815
727:Rothenberg, J. (1999).
594:Video game preservation
458:Technology preservation
349:home console generation
337:William F. Buckley, Jr.
306:. A popular option for
128:Functional obsolescence
1494:EPJ Web of Conferences
1031:Cite journal requires
976:10.2218/ijdc.v11i2.386
283:
150:Technical obsolescence
92:magnetic tape and disk
82:
34:
943:SchĂĽller, D. (2008).
574:Error correction code
569:Emulation (computing)
454:reliance on standards
389:Prevention strategies
271:
144:Systemic obsolescence
72:
24:
1661:Digital preservation
1597:"Flashpoint Archive"
998:White, Will (2020).
880:Roedl, D. J. (2016)
589:Open source software
559:Digital preservation
534:BBC Domesday Project
399:open source software
310:document editing on
220:floating-gate MOSFET
132:planned obsolescence
58:digital preservation
38:Digital obsolescence
27:BBC Domesday Project
1506:2019EPJWC.21409003L
1417:. 23 October 2012.
499:Library of Congress
367:mainframe terminals
252:reverse engineering
1676:Records management
1323:on 6 February 2011
1315:. 6 February 2011
1183:"WordStar History"
1163:on 26 October 2012
1137:on 26 October 2012
1069:on 9 November 2012
1063:The New York Times
522:Flashpoint Archive
466:digital archeology
375:software emulation
284:
197:floppy disk drives
83:
35:
1344:Missing or empty
1279:10.1002/asi.21412
864:978-0-8122-1923-4
770:"Contents • CLIR"
486:National Archives
426:Bitstream copying
1683:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1570:Collins, Barry.
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1542:
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1468:
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1448:
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1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1393:
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1386:on 20 April 2012
1376:
1370:
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1347:
1342:
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1332:
1330:
1328:
1319:. Archived from
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
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1281:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1239:The New Republic
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1187:www.wordstar.org
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1146:
1144:
1142:
1127:
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1088:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1065:. Archived from
1054:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1019:
995:
989:
988:
978:
954:
948:
941:
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891:
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738:
732:
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704:
700:INFOtheca, 13(1)
695:
662:
661:
659:
657:
652:on 17 March 2014
642:
633:
626:
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549:Digital dark age
539:Data degradation
450:canonicalization
224:read-only-memory
189:
180:
54:digital dark age
1691:
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1680:
1666:Future problems
1656:Data management
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1215:
1213:Wally's Follies
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1201:
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1176:
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1097:Library Hi Tech
1089:
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462:computer museum
391:
289:Microsoft Works
272:The video game
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182:
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96:optical formats
67:
40:is the risk of
17:
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