Diatom - Knowledge

2819: 921:– each consisting of a valve and a girdle band that can easily slide underneath each other and expand to increase cell content over the diatoms progression. The cytoplasm of the centric diatom is located along the inner surface of the shell and provides a hollow lining around the large vacuole located in the center of the cell. This large, central vacuole is filled by a fluid known as "cell sap" which is similar to seawater but varies with specific ion content. The cytoplasmic layer is home to several organelles, like the chloroplasts and mitochondria. Before the centric diatom begins to expand, its nucleus is at the center of one of the valves and begins to move towards the center of the cytoplasmic layer before division is complete. Centric diatoms have a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on from which axis the shell extends, and if spines are present. 1193: 1259: 4283: 2518: 1173: 1001: 2799: 4159: 2380: 3021:

clades appear at a high classification level (and the higher level classification is rather flat)." This classification treats diatoms as a phylum (Diatomeae/Bacillariophyta), accepts the class Mediophyceae of Medlin and co-workers, introduces new subphyla and classes for a number of otherwise isolated genera, and re-ranks a number of previously established taxa as subclasses, but does not list orders or families. Inferred ranks have been added for clarity (Adl. et al. do not use ranks, but the intended ones in this portion of the classification are apparent from the choice of endings used, within the system of botanical nomenclature employed).

2835: 4284: 3296: 3343: 925: 4346: 11385: 3377: 3594: 3327: 1563: 2101: 2242:), this cycle of bloom, bust, then return to pre-bloom conditions typically occurs over an annual cycle, with diatoms only being prevalent during the spring and early summer. In some locations, however, an autumn bloom may occur, caused by the breakdown of summer stratification and the entrainment of nutrients while light levels are still sufficient for growth. Since vertical mixing is increasing, and light levels are falling as winter approaches, these blooms are smaller and shorter-lived than their spring equivalents. 2809: 120: 11913: 935: 138: 1369: 1353: 1410:. The diatom that received the larger frustule becomes the same size as its parent, but the diatom that received the smaller frustule remains smaller than its parent. This causes the average cell size of this diatom population to decrease. It has been observed, however, that certain taxa have the ability to divide without causing a reduction in cell size. Nonetheless, in order to restore the cell size of a diatom population for those that do endure size reduction, sexual reproduction and 3844: 3400: 3311: 3360: 1159:

involved in higher order processes, the dynamics documented through real-time imaging, and the genetic manipulation of silica structure. The approaches established in these recent works provide practical avenues to not only identify the components involved in silica cell wall formation but to elucidate their interactions and spatio-temporal dynamics. This type of holistic understanding will be necessary to achieve a more complete understanding of cell wall synthesis.

1020: 2851: 2046: 1028: 989:. This material is then extruded to the cell exterior and added to the wall. In most species, when a diatom divides to produce two daughter cells, each cell keeps one of the two-halves and grows a smaller half within it. As a result, after each division cycle, the average size of diatom cells in the population gets smaller. Once such cells reach a certain minimum size, rather than simply divide, they reverse this decline by forming an 872: 616: 611:, where waves and currents continually churn, drawing up nutrients from a deeper layer of water below. Scientists say the phytoplankton declines observed over the 15-year study period are due to the mixed layer becoming shallower, which results in fewer nutrients reaching the diatoms. The reduction in population may reduce the amount of carbon dioxide drawn out of the atmosphere and transferred to the deep ocean for long-term storage. 820: 736: 583: 3712: 3703: 1117:

that it was a plant because the parallelograms didn't separate upon agitation, nor did they vary in appearance when dried or subjected to warm water (in an attempt to dissolve the "salt"). Unknowingly, the viewer's confusion captured the essence of diatoms—mineral utilizing plants. It is not clear when it was determined that diatom cell walls are made of silica, but in 1939 a seminal reference characterized the material as

2647: 2091: 2989:, and the system for "all life" represented in Ruggiero et al., 2015, all retain the Round et al. treatment as their basis, albeit with diatoms as a whole treated as a class rather than division/phylum, and Round et al.'s classes reduced to subclasses, for better agreement with the treatment of phylogenetically adjacent groups and their containing taxa. (For references refer the individual sections below). 1291: 2789: 9692: 9215: 8182: 8066: 6128: 5787: 5565: 5374: 4229:

cement production industry, initial material for production of prolonged-release drug carriers, absorption material in an industrial scale, production of porous ceramics, glass industry, used as catalyst support, as a filler in plastics and paints, purification of industrial waters, pesticide holder, as well as for improving the physical and chemical characteristics of certain soils, and other uses.

5297: 1094:. The silica deposition that takes place from the membrane bound vesicle in diatoms has been hypothesized to be a result of the activity of silaffins and long chain polyamines. This Silica Deposition Vesicle (SDV) has been characterized as an acidic compartment fused with Golgi-derived vesicles. These two protein structures have been shown to create sheets of patterned silica 579:(diatomite) is a collection of diatom shells found in the Earth's crust. They are soft, silica-containing sedimentary rocks which are easily crumbled into a fine powder and typically have a particle size of 10 to 200 μm. Diatomaceous earth is used for a variety of purposes including for water filtration, as a mild abrasive, in cat litter, and as a dynamite stabilizer. 1434:. The zygote sheds its silica theca and grows into a large sphere covered by an organic membrane, the auxospore. A new diatom cell of maximum size, the initial cell, forms within the auxospore thus beginning a new generation. Resting spores may also be formed as a response to unfavourable environmental conditions with germination occurring when conditions improve. 2997:

Coscinodiscophyceae-Mediophyceae-Bacillariophyceae, or Coscinodiscophyceae+(Mediophyceae+Bacillariophyceae) (CMB) hypothesis—has been accepted by D.G. Mann among others, who uses it as the basis for the classification of diatoms as presented in Adl. et al.'s series of syntheses (2005, 2012, 2019), and also in the Bacillariophyta chapter of the 2017

1102:. One hypothesis as to how these proteins work to create complex structure is that residues are conserved within the SDV's, which is unfortunately difficult to identify or observe due to the limited number of diverse sequences available. Though the exact mechanism of the highly uniform deposition of silica is as yet unknown, the 8145:

Glibert, Patricia M.; Wilkerson, Frances P.; Dugdale, Richard C.; Raven, John A.; Dupont, Christopher L.; Leavitt, Peter R.; et al. (11 October 2015). "Pluses and minuses of ammonium and nitrate uptake and assimilation by phytoplankton and implications for productivity and community composition,

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Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Medizinal- und Nutzpflanzen, nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über spezielle und medizinisch-pharmazeutische

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presented the following classification of diatoms, while noting: "This revision reflects numerous advances in the phylogeny of the diatoms over the last decade. Due to our poor taxon sampling outside of the Mediophyceae and pennate diatoms, and the known and anticipated diversity of all diatoms, many

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of these animals often yield forms that are not easily secured in other ways. Diatoms can be made to emerge by filling a jar with water and mud, wrapping it in black paper and letting direct sunlight fall on the surface of the water. Within a day, the diatoms will come to the top in a scum and can be

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Ultimately, diatom cells in these resting populations re-enter the upper mixed layer when vertical mixing entrains them. In most circumstances, this mixing also replenishes nutrients in the upper mixed layer, setting the scene for the next round of diatom blooms. In the open ocean (away from areas of

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Brunelle, Brigitte G.; Sigman, Daniel M.; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Keigwin, Lloyd D.; Plessen, Birgit; Schettler, Georg; Cook, Mea S.; Haug, Gerald H. (2010). "Glacial/interglacial changes in nutrient supply and stratification in the western subarctic North Pacific since the penultimate glacial maximum".

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is believed to have increased the flux of soluble silicon to the oceans, and it has been argued that this promoted the diatoms during the Cenozoic era. Recent work suggests that diatom success is decoupled from the evolution of grasses, although both diatom and grassland diversity increased strongly

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and other shells. Diatoms are frequently present as a brown, slippery coating on submerged stones and sticks, and may be seen to "stream" with river current. The surface mud of a pond, ditch, or lagoon will almost always yield some diatoms. Living diatoms are often found clinging in great numbers to

622: 621: 617: 4311: 3550:, which is based on time-constrained evolutionary originations and extinctions of unique taxa, is only well developed and widely applicable in marine systems. The duration of diatom species ranges have been documented through the study of ocean cores and rock sequences exposed on land. Where diatom 3001:

edited by Archibald et al., with some modifications reflecting the apparent non-monophyly of Medlin et al. original "Coscinodiscophyceae". Meanwhile, a group led by E.C. Theriot favours a different hypothesis of phylogeny, which has been termed the structural gradation hypothesis (SGH) and does not

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Diatoms are ecologically successful, and occur in virtually every environment that contains water – not only oceans, seas, lakes, and streams, but also soil and wetlands. The use of silicon by diatoms is believed by many researchers to be the key to this ecological success. Raven (1983) noted that,

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The first characterisations of the biochemical processes and components involved in diatom silicification were made in the late 1990s. These were followed by insights into how higher order assembly of silica structures might occur. More recent reports describe the identification of novel components

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study on silica transport genes from 8 diverse groups of diatoms, silica transport was found to generally group with species. This study also found structural differences between the silica transporters of pennate (bilateral symmetry) and centric (radial symmetry) diatoms. The sequences compared in

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has shown that the endosymbiont event happened so recently, evolutionarily speaking, that their organelles and genome are still intact with minimal to no gene loss. The main difference between these and free living diatoms is that they have lost their cell wall of silica, making them the only known

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is to differentiate a death by submersion from a post-mortem immersion of a body in water. Laboratory tests may reveal the presence of diatoms in the body. Since the silica-based skeletons of diatoms do not readily decay, they can sometimes be detected even in heavily decomposed bodies. As they do

2965:). This classification was extensively overhauled by Round, Crawford and Mann in 1990 who treated the diatoms at a higher rank (division, corresponding to phylum in zoological classification), and promoted the major classification units to classes, maintaining the centric diatoms as a single class 3533:

Diatom diversity over the Cenozoic has been very sensitive to global temperature, particularly to the equator-pole temperature gradient. Warmer oceans, particularly warmer polar regions, have in the past been shown to have had substantially lower diatom diversity. Future warm oceans with enhanced

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has been the subject of fascination for centuries. It started with a microscopic observation by an anonymous English country nobleman in 1703, who observed an object that looked like a chain of regular parallelograms and debated whether it was just crystals of salt, or a plant. The viewer decided

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saw diatom remains in dust whilst in the Cape Verde Islands, although he was not sure what they were. It was only later that they were identified for him as siliceous polygastrics. The infusoria that Darwin later noted in the face paint of Fueguinos, native inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego in the

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Diatomite is considered to be a natural nano material and has many uses and applications such as: production of various ceramic products, construction ceramics, refractory ceramics, special oxide ceramics, for production of humidity control materials, used as filtration material, material in the

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However, the precise timing of the "take-over" remains unclear, and different authors have conflicting interpretations of the fossil record. Some evidence, such as the displacement of siliceous sponges from the shelves, suggests that this takeover began in the Cretaceous (146 Ma to 66 Ma), while

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Diatoms are protists that form massive annual spring and fall blooms in aquatic environments and are estimated to be responsible for about half of photosynthesis in the global oceans. This predictable annual bloom dynamic fuels higher trophic levels and initiates delivery of carbon into the deep

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Patil S, Moeys S, von Dassow P, Huysman MJ, Mapleson D, De Veylder L, Sanges R, Vyverman W, Montresor M, Ferrante MI. Identification of the meiotic toolkit in diatoms and exploration of meiosis-specific SPO11 and RAD51 homologs in the sexual species Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata and Seminavis

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When conditions turn unfavourable, usually upon depletion of nutrients, diatom cells typically increase in sinking rate and exit the upper mixed layer ("bust"). This sinking is induced by either a loss of buoyancy control, the synthesis of mucilage that sticks diatoms cells together, or the

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and co-workers commencing in 2004, is for some of the centric diatom orders considered more closely related to the pennates to be split off as a new class, Mediophyceae, itself more closely aligned with the pennate diatoms than the remaining centrics. This hypothesis—later designated the

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this study were used to create a diverse background in order to identify residues that differentiate function in the silica deposition process. Additionally, the same study found that a number of the regions were conserved within species, likely the base structure of silica transport.

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that conserved the genomic footprints of the previous but displaced the green plastid. However, phylogenomic analyses of diatom proteomes and chromalveolate evolutionary history will likely take advantage of complementary genomic data from under-sequenced lineages such as red algae.

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Slattery, Samuel S.; Diamond, Andrew; Wang, Helen; Therrien, Jasmine A.; Lant, Jeremy T.; Jazey, Teah; et al. (16 February 2018). "An Expanded Plasmid-Based Genetic Toolbox Enables Cas9 Genome Editing and Stable Maintenance of Synthetic Pathways in Phaeodactylum tricornutum".

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mixing of the upper layers of the oceanic waters by the wind to keep them suspended in sunlit surface waters. Many planktonic diatoms have also evolved features that slow their sinking rate, such as spines or the ability to grow in colonial chains. These adaptations increase their

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towards a bipolar glaciated world. This caused diatoms to take in less silica for the formation of their frustules. Increased mixing of the oceans renews silica and other nutrients necessary for diatom growth in surface waters, especially in regions of coastal and oceanic

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are believed to exist, of which around 12,000 have been named to date according to Guiry, 2012 (other sources give a wider range of estimates). Around 1,000–1,300 diatom genera have been described, both extant and fossil, of which some 250–300 exist only as fossils.

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Mouget JL, Gastineau R, Davidovich O, Gaudin P, Davidovich NA. Light is a key factor in triggering sexual reproduction in the pennate diatom Haslea ostrearia. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2009 Aug;69(2):194-201. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00700.x. Epub 2009 May 6. PMID

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found in other species, such as sponges or rice. The divergence of these silica transport genes is also indicative of the structure of the protein evolving from two repeated units composed of five membrane bound segments, which indicates either gene duplication or

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in a "subcolloidal" state Identification of the main chemical component of the cell wall spurred investigations into how it was made. These investigations have involved, and been propelled by, diverse approaches including, microscopy, chemistry, biochemistry,

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Nelson, David M.; Tréguer, Paul; Brzezinski, Mark A.; Leynaert, Aude; Quéguiner, Bernard (1995). "Production and dissolution of biogenic silica in the ocean: Revised global estimates, comparison with regional data and relationship to biogenic sedimentation".

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polar warming, as projected in global-warming scenarios, could thus in theory result in a significant loss of diatom diversity, although from current knowledge it is impossible to say if this would occur rapidly or only over many tens of thousands of years.

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which appeared several hundreds of millions of years before the diatoms. Their study demonstrated that while diatoms and animals use the urea cycle for different ends, they are seen to be evolutionarily linked in such a way that animals and plants are not.

732:. Diatom morphology varies. Although the shape of the cell is typically circular, some cells may be triangular, square, or elliptical. Their distinguishing feature is a hard mineral shell or frustule composed of opal (hydrated, polymerized silicic acid). 3002:

recognise the Mediophyceae as a monophyletic group, while another analysis, that of Parks et al., 2018, finds that the radial centric diatoms (Medlin et al.'s Coscinodiscophyceae) are not monophyletic, but supports the monophyly of Mediophyceae minus

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approaches. The results from this work have given a better understanding of cell wall formation processes, establishing fundamental knowledge which can be used to create models that contextualise current findings and clarify how the process works.

3967:, suggesting recent widespread intron gain in the centric diatom. Despite relatively recent evolutionary divergence (90 million years), the extent of molecular divergence between centrics and pennates indicates rapid evolutionary rates within the 2245:

In the open ocean, the diatom (spring) bloom is typically ended by a shortage of silicon. Unlike other minerals, the requirement for silicon is unique to diatoms and it is not regenerated in the plankton ecosystem as efficiently as, for instance,

373:, which can take the shape of ribbons, fans, zigzags, or stars. Individual cells range in size from 2 to 2000 micrometers. In the presence of adequate nutrients and sunlight, an assemblage of living diatoms doubles approximately every 24 hours by 1474:

in which maximal cell size is restored. The signaling that triggers the sexual phase is favored when cells accumulate together, so that the distance between them is reduced and the contacts and/or the perception of chemical cues is facilitated.

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ocean biome. Diatoms have complex life history strategies that are presumed to have contributed to their rapid genetic diversification into ~200,000 species that are distributed between the two major diatom groups: centrics and pennates.

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water upwelling associated with this may have contributed to the establishment of globally cooler conditions and the expansion of glaciers across the Northern Hemisphere from 2.73 Ma. While the halocline appears to have prevailed through the

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Today (writing at mid 2020) it is recognised that the 1990 system of Round et al. is in need of revision with the advent of newer molecular work, however the best system to replace it is unclear, and current systems in widespread use such as

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Scalco E, Stec K, Iudicone D, Ferrante MI, Montresor M. The dynamics of sexual phase in the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata (Bacillariophyceae). J Phycol. 2014 Oct;50(5):817-28. doi: 10.1111/jpy.12225. Epub 2014 Sep 14. PMID

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Pierella Karlusich, Juan José; Pelletier, Eric; Lombard, Fabien; Carsique, Madeline; Dvorak, Etienne; Colin, Sébastien; Picheral, Marc; Cornejo-Castillo, Francisco M.; Acinas, Silvia G.; Pepperkok, Rainer; Karsenti, Eric (6 July 2021).

2283:, silica frustules require less energy to synthesize (approximately 8% of a comparable organic wall), potentially a significant saving on the overall cell energy budget. In a now classic study, Egge and Aksnes (1992) found that diatom 4244:. Diatom cells repeatedly and reliably manufacture valves of various shapes and sizes, potentially allowing diatoms to manufacture micro- or nano-scale structures which may be of use in a range of devices, including: optical systems; 7294:

Malviya, Shruti; Scalco, Eleonora; Audic, Stéphane; Vincent, Flora; Veluchamy, Alaguraj; Poulain, Julie; Wincker, Patrick; Iudicone, Daniele; de Vargas, Colomban; Bittner, Lucie; Zingone, Adriana; Bowler, Chris (29 February 2016).

4364:. Although the publication was authored by an unnamed English gentleman, there is recent evidence that he was Charles King of Staffordshire. It is only 80 years later that we find the first formally identified diatom, the colonial 2666:, which links them evolutionarily to animals. In 2011, Allen et al. established that diatoms have a functioning urea cycle. This result was significant, since prior to this, the urea cycle was thought to have originated with the 7092:

Zakharova, Yulia R.; Galachyants, Yuri P.; Kurilkina, Maria I.; Likhoshvay, Alexander V.; Petrova, Darya P.; Shishlyannikov, Sergey M.; Ravin, Nikolai V.; Mardanov, Andrey V.; Beletsky, Alexey V.; Likhoshway, Yelena V. (2013).

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A defining characteristic of all diatoms is their restrictive and bipartite silica cell wall that causes them to progressively shrink during asexual cell division. At a critically small cell size and under certain conditions,

3453:. This suggests they had a more recent origin than many other algae. However, fossil evidence is scant, and only with the evolution of the diatoms themselves do the heterokonts make a serious impression on the fossil record. 4381:, and Darwin struggled to understand the reasons underpinning their beauty. He exchanged opinions with the noted cryptogamist G. H. K. Thwaites on the topic. In the fourth edition of On the Origin of Species he stated that " 2310:(which is more readily assimilated). More generally, notwithstanding these possible advantages conferred by their use of silicon, diatoms typically have higher growth rates than other algae of the same corresponding size. 8463:

Bender, Sara J.; Parker, Micaela S.; Armbrust, E. Virginia (2012). "Coupled Effects of Light and Nitrogen Source on the Urea Cycle and Nitrogen Metabolism over a Diel Cycle in the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana".

2230:). Cells reaching deeper water or the shallow seafloor can then rest until conditions become more favourable again. In the open ocean, many sinking cells are lost to the deep, but refuge populations can persist near the 10583:

Armbrust, E. V.; Berges, John A.; Bowler, Chris; Green, Beverley R.; Martinez, Diego; Putnam, Nicholas H.; et al. (2004). "The Genome of the Diatom Thalassiosira Pseudonana: Ecology, Evolution, and Metabolism".

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Colin, S., Coelho, L.P., Sunagawa, S., Bowler, C., Karsenti, E., Bork, P., Pepperkok, R. and De Vargas, C. (2017) "Quantitative 3D-imaging for cell biology and ecology of environmental microbial eukaryotes".

603:. But according to a 2015 NASA study, populations of diatoms, the largest type of phytoplankton algae, have declined more than 1 percent per year from 1998 to 2012. Phytoplankton are an essential base of the 4135:

is commonly used as a selection marker, and various transgenes have been successfully introduced and expressed in diatoms with stable transmissions through generations, or with the possibility to remove it.

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The process of building a mineral-based cell wall inside the cell, then exporting it outside, is a massive event that must involve large numbers of genes and their protein products. The act of building and

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genome. Four of these genes are also found in red algal plastid genomes, thus demonstrating successive EGT from red algal plastid to red algal nucleus (nucleomorph) to heterokont host nucleus. More recent

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nutrients. This can be seen in maps of surface nutrient concentrations – as nutrients decline along gradients, silicon is usually the first to be exhausted (followed normally by nitrogen then phosphorus).

1466:. Sexual reproduction appears to be an obligatory phase in the life cycle of diatoms, particularly as cell size decreases with successive vegetative divisions. Sexual reproduction involves production of 3876:(ESTs). Subsequently, the number of ESTs was extended to 12,000 and the diatom EST database was constructed for functional analyses. These sequences have been used to make a comparative analysis between 2517: 9079:"Review of the phylogenetic reconstruction of the diatoms using molecular tools with an analysis of a seven gene data set using multiple outgroups and morphological data for a total evidence approach" 2145:

of organic material. However, a more recent 2016 study estimates that the number is closer to 20%. Spatial distribution of marine phytoplankton species is restricted both horizontally and vertically.

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Nie, Junsheng; King, John; Liu, Zhengyu; Clemens, Steve; Prell, Warren; Fang, Xiaomin (2008). "Surface-water freshening: A cause for the onset of North Pacific stratification from 2.75 Ma onward?".

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Ramachandra, T. V.; Mahapatra, Durga Madhab; b, Karthick; Gordon, Richard (2009). "Milking Diatoms for Sustainable Energy: Biochemical Engineering versus Gasoline-Secreting Diatom Solar Panels".

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m, they found that diatoms typically represented more than 70% of the phytoplankton community. Other researchers have suggested that the biogenic silica in diatom cell walls acts as an effective

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For many years the diatoms—treated either as a class (Bacillariophyceae) or a phylum (Bacillariophyta)—were divided into just 2 orders, corresponding to the centric and the pennate diatoms (

4337:. The blend of diatom species found in a corpse may be the same or different from the surrounding water, indicating whether the victim drowned in the same site in which the body was found. 7800:

Kidder, David L.; Erwin, Douglas H. (2001). "Secular Distribution of Biogenic Silica through the Phanerozoic: Comparison of Silica-Replaced Fossils and Bedded Cherts at the Series Level".

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community. Another classification divides plankton into eight types based on size: in this scheme, diatoms are classed as microalgae. Several systems for classifying the individual diatom

4225:, are important industrial resources used for fine polishing and liquid filtration. The complex structure of their microscopic shells has been proposed as a material for nanotechnology. 4007:

proteins with homologs in other organisms suggested that hundreds have their closest homologs in the Plantae lineage. EGT towards diatom genomes can be illustrated by the fact that the

2226:. Sinking out of the upper mixed layer removes diatoms from conditions unfavourable to growth, including grazer populations and higher temperatures (which would otherwise increase cell 2646: 2632:

through respiration. Thus, diatoms are one of the main players in this biological carbon pump, which is arguably the most important biological mechanism in the Earth System allowing CO

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Falkowski, P. G.; Katz, Miriam E.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Quigg, Antonietta; Raven, John A.; Schofield, Oscar; Taylor, F. J. R. (2004). "The Evolution of Modern Eukaryotic Phytoplankton".

3814:. This coincides with an increasingly more vigorous circulation of the ocean's surface and deep waters brought about by increasing latitudinal thermal gradients at the onset of major 1490:

potentially involved in meiosis. Thus a meiotic toolkit appears to be conserved in these six diatom species, indicating a central role of meiosis in diatoms as in other eukaryotes.

721:. This siliceous wall can be highly patterned with a variety of pores, ribs, minute spines, marginal ridges and elevations; all of which can be used to delineate genera and species. 6734:

Poulsen, Nicole C.; Spector, Ilan; Spurck, Timothy P.; Schultz, Thomas F.; Wetherbee, Richard (1 September 1999). "Diatom gliding is the result of an actin-myosin motility system".

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Few objects are more beautiful than the minute siliceous cases of the diatomaceae: were these created that they might be examined and admired under the high powers of the microscope

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and their shells are typically elongated parallel to these raphes. They generate cell movement through cytoplasm that streams along the raphes, always moving along solid surfaces.

2710:) nutrition. First, in diatoms, and likely some other algae, there is a urea cycle. The long-known function of the urea cycle in animals is to excrete excess nitrogen produced by 4329:

not occur naturally in the body, if laboratory tests show diatoms in the corpse that are of the same species found in the water where the body was recovered, then it may be good

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Girard, Vincent; Saint Martin, Simona; Buffetaut, Eric; Saint Martin, Jean-Paul; Néraudeau, Didier; Peyrot, Daniel; Roghi, Guido; Ragazzi, Eugenio; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2020).

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Gordon, Richard; Losic, Dusan; Tiffany, Mary Ann; Nagy, Stephen S.; Sterrenburg, Frithjof A.S. (2009). "The Glass Menagerie: Diatoms for novel applications in nanotechnology".

5284: 2718:, the urea cycle had long been considered a waste pathway. However, in diatoms the urea cycle appears to play a role in exchange of nutrients between the mitochondria and the 1526:(seam), have been documented as anisogamous and are, therefore, considered to represent a transitional stage between centric and raphid pennate diatoms, diatoms with a raphe. 10069:

Jaccard, S.L.; Galbraith, E.D.; Sigman, D.M.; Haug, G.H. (2010). "A pervasive link between Antarctic ice core and subarctic Pacific sediment records over the past 800kyrs".

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Sarnthein, M.; Gebhardt, H.; Kiefer, T.; Kucera, M.; Cook, M.; Erlenkeuser, H. (2004). "Mid Holocene origin of the sea-surface salinity low in the subarctic North Pacific".

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Thamatrakoln, K.; Alverson, A. J.; Hildebrand, M. (2006). "Comparative Sequence Analysis of Diatom Silicon Transporters: Toward a Mechanistic Model of Silicon Transport".

2141:), or even under damp atmospheric conditions. They are especially important in oceans, where a 2003 study found that they contribute an estimated 45% of the total oceanic 2198:

in water-courses where it blooms, producing large quantities of a brown jelly-like material called "brown snot" or "rock snot". This diatom is native to Europe and is an

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refer to preserved or fossilized physical markers which serve as substitutes for direct meteorological or ocean measurements. An example of proxies is the use of diatom

2503:. Within the last 100 My, it is thought that the silicon cycle has come under even tighter control, and that this derives from the ecological ascendancy of the diatoms. 2258:

Because of this bloom-and-bust cycle, diatoms are believed to play a disproportionately important role in the export of carbon from oceanic surface waters (see also the

2168:), their competitive edge and rapid growth rate enables them to dominate phytoplankton communities ("boom" or "bloom"). As such they are often classed as opportunistic 9847: 9769: 12511: 6687:"Diel changes in sedimentation characteristics of Ditylum brightwelli: Changes in cellular lipid and effects of respiratory inhibitors and ion-transport modifiers1" 607:

and absorb carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean that originally came from the atmosphere. The tiny organisms occupy the uppermost layer of ocean water, called the

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Medlin, L. K.; Kooistra, W. H. C. F.; Gersonde, R.; Sims, P. A.; Wellbrock, U. (1997). "Is the origin of the diatoms related to the end-Permian mass extinction?".

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were opened. The gap between this event and the time that fossil diatoms first appear may indicate a period when diatoms were unsilicified and their evolution was

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and sexual reproduction, but exceptions exist. The auxospore expands in size to give rise to a much larger cell, which then returns to size-diminishing divisions.

4866: 13445: 12531: 9871:"Diatom δ18O evidence for the development of the modern halocline system in the subarctic northwest Pacific at the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation" 3489:. Since the advent of silicification, diatoms have made a significant impression on the fossil record, with major fossil deposits found as far back as the early 13897: 13892: 13860: 13855: 13417: 7956: 7868: 7218: 7072: 3039: 13887: 13654: 13593: 7923:

Maldonado, Manuel; Carmona, M. Carmen; Uriz, María J.; Cruzado, Antonio (1999). "Decline in Mesozoic reef-building sponges explained by silicon limitation".

7599:

Treguer, P.; Nelson, D. M.; Van Bennekom, A. J.; Demaster, D. J.; Leynaert, A.; Queguiner, B. (1995). "The Silica Balance in the World Ocean: A Reestimate".

4815:

Treguer, P.; Nelson, D. M.; Van Bennekom, A. J.; Demaster, D. J.; Leynaert, A.; Queguiner, B. (1995). "The Silica Balance in the World Ocean: A Reestimate".

4038:

as supported by the fact the 70% of diatom genes of Plantae origin are of green lineage provenance and that such genes are also found in the genome of other

11730: 13872: 13802: 13627: 11712: 7029:

robusta. BMC Genomics. 2015 Nov 14;16:930. doi: 10.1186/s12864-015-1983-5. Erratum in: BMC Genomics. 2019 Jul 5;20(1):544. PMID 26572248; PMCID: PMC4647503

6204:

Kröger, Nils; Deutzmann, Rainer; Sumper, Manfred (5 November 1999). "Polycationic Peptides from Diatom Biosilica That Direct Silica Nanosphere Formation".

1244:

secreted through a seamlike structure called the raphe. In order for a diatom cell to glide, it must have a solid substrate for the mucilage to adhere to.

127:

Light microscopy of a sampling of marine diatoms found living between crystals of annual sea ice in Antarctica, showing a multiplicity of sizes and shapes

13920: 13907: 13517: 13453: 13283: 12866: 5997:

Kröger, Nils; Deutzmann, Rainer; Manfred, Sumper (November 1999). "Polycationic Peptides from Diatom Biosilica That Direct Silica Nanosphere Formation".

4377:

southern end of South America, were later identified in the same way. During his lifetime, the siliceous polygastrics were clarified as belonging to the

3229: 2029: 1043:

is unknown. Much of the sequencing of diatom genes comes from the search for the mechanism of silica uptake and deposition in nano-scale patterns in the

10112:

Galbraith, Eric D.; Kienast, Markus; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Pedersen, Thomas F.; Brunelle, Brigitte G.; Sigman, Daniel M.; Kiefer, Thorsten (23 May 2008).

6383:"Characterization and Localization of Insoluble Organic Matrices Associated with Diatom Cell Walls: Insight into Their Roles during Cell Wall Formation" 13877: 13699: 13384: 13278: 13245: 13117: 5768:

Mishra, M., Arukha, A.P., Bashir, T., Yadav, D. and Prasad, G.B.K.S. (2017) "All new faces of diatoms: potential source of nanomaterials and beyond".

4354:

is a genus of freshwater diatoms, cuboid in shape with frustules (siliceous cell walls) attached at the corners so the colonies assume a zigzag shape.

2973:

and Bacillariophyceae (the latter older name retained but with an emended definition), between them encompassing 45 orders, the majority of them new.

2908:, opalinids, and actinophryid heliozoa. The classification of this area of protists is still unsettled. In terms of rank, they have been treated as a 2872:

Diatoms belong to a large group of protists, many of which contain plastids rich in chlorophylls a and c. The group has been variously referred to as

2324:

Diatoms can be obtained from multiple sources. Marine diatoms can be collected by direct water sampling, and benthic forms can be secured by scraping

13882: 13865: 13797: 13662: 13603: 13306: 13061: 13056: 12913: 12897: 12767: 6507:

Kotzsch, Alexander; Gröger, Philip; Pawolski, Damian; Bomans, Paul H. H.; Sommerdijk, Nico A. J. M.; Schlierf, Michael; Kröger, Nils (24 July 2017).

4999: 3058: 6633:"Sinking properties of some phytoplankton shapes and the relation of form resistance to morphological diversity of plankton — an experimental study" 5880: 4767: 4553: 2818: 724:

The cell itself consists of two halves, each containing an essentially flat plate, or valve, and marginal connecting, or girdle band. One half, the

13704: 13694: 13635: 13563: 13459: 13141: 13099: 13071: 13051: 13046: 13041: 12824: 4602: 3767:, which in the oceans dramatically affected organisms with calcareous skeletons, appears to have had relatively little impact on diatom evolution. 3191: 3050: 2133:

in nutrient-rich coastal waters and during oceanic spring blooms, since they can divide more rapidly than other groups of phytoplankton. Most live

11001:

Karas, Bogumil J.; Diner, Rachel E.; Lefebvre, Stephane C.; McQuaid, Jeff; Phillips, Alex P. R.; Noddings, Chari M.; et al. (21 April 2015).

7408: 4385:"? and reasoned that their exquisite morphologies must have functional underpinnings rather than having been created purely for humans to admire. 14355: 14185: 13588: 11686: 3182: 3149: 3110: 1270: 13915: 13709: 13668: 12521: 8414:

Weyman, Philip D.; Beeri, Karen; Lefebvre, Stephane C.; Rivera, Josefa; McCarthy, James K.; Heuberger, Adam L.; et al. (10 October 2014).

6568:"Characterization of a New Protein Family Associated With the Silica Deposition Vesicle Membrane Enables Genetic Manipulation of Diatom Silica" 5507:"Morphological and transcriptomic evidence for ammonium induction of sexual reproduction in Thalassiosira pseudonana and other centric diatoms" 3202: 3176: 3155: 10750:

Maumus, Florian; Allen, Andrew E; Mhiri, Corinne; Hu, Hanhua; Jabbari, Kamel; Vardi, Assaf; Grandbastien, Marie-Angèle; Bowler, Chris (2009).

8826:

Mann, David G. (2005). "The species concept in diatoms: Evidence for morphologically distinct, sympatric gamodemes in four epipelic species".

4104:

species as model organisms since the 90's. Few molecular biology tools are currently available to generate mutants or transgenic lines :

1398:, during which the diatom divides into two parts, producing two "new" diatoms with identical genes. Each new organism receives one of the two 1065:

cell walls and can generate intricate silica structures. These structures demonstrated pores of sizes characteristic to diatom patterns. When

14381: 14211: 13089: 12892: 9277:

Schieber, Jürgen; Krinsley, Dave; Riciputi, Lee (2000). "Diagenetic origin of quartz silt in mudstones and implications for silica cycling".

6316:"Extensive and Intimate Association of the Cytoskeleton with Forming Silica in Diatoms: Control over Patterning on the Meso- and Micro-Scale" 4274:

for the silicon dioxide that diatoms normally use to create their cell walls. Diatom biofuel producing solar panels have also been proposed.

10114:"Consistent relationship between global climate and surface nitrate utilization in the western subarctic Pacific throughout the last 500 ka" 2757:

Photosynthetic diatoms that find themselves in an environment absent of oxygen and/or sunlight can switch to anaerobic respiration known as

648:

The animation starts by overlaying all available fluorescent channels, and then clarifies the visualisation by switching channels on and off

12796: 10001: 4358:

The first illustrations of diatoms are found in an article from 1703 in Transactions of the Royal Society showing unmistakable drawings of

3161: 2986: 5021: 13393: 12739: 11765: 11749: 10349:

Barron, J. A. (2003). "Appearance and extinction of planktonic diatoms during the past 18 m.y. in the Pacific and Southern oceans".

8509:"Utilisation of seaweed carbon by three surface-associated heterotrophic protists, Stereomyxa ramosa, Nitzschia alba and Labyrinthula sp" 7454: 3310: 3083: 3063: 3008:, which is an anomalous genus. Discussion of the relative merits of these conflicting schemes continues by the various parties involved. 2758: 1151:

progression, necessitates substantial physical movements within the cell as well as dedication of a significant proportion of the cell's

11774: 8416:"Inactivation of P haeodactylum tricornutum urease gene using transcription activator-like effector nuclease-based targeted mutagenesis" 7201:

Furnas, Miles J. (1990). "In situ growth rates of marine phytoplankton: Approaches to measurement, community and species growth rates".

12754: 11266:"Physical-chemical and mineralogical-petrographic examinations of diatomite from deposit near village of Rožden, Republic of Macedonia" 9794:

Haug, Gerald H.; Ganopolski, Andrey; Sigman, Daniel M.; Rosell-Mele, Antoni; Swann, George E. A.; Tiedemann, Ralf; et al. (2005).

9618:"What Are "Proxy" Data? | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)" 9465:

Kidder, D. L.; Gierlowski-Kordesch, E. H. (2005). "Impact of Grassland Radiation on the Nonmarine Silica Cycle and Miocene Diatomite".

4091:

To understand the biological mechanisms which underlie the great importance of diatoms in geochemical cycles, scientists have used the

3672:). In 2015, Swann and Snelling used these isotope records to document historic changes in the photic zone conditions of the north-west 3122: 2077: 1446:

death. The entire lifecycles of only a few diatoms have been described and rarely have sexual events been captured in the environment.

4193:) sediment, the inorganic component of which can lead to a method of analyzing past marine environments by corings of ocean floors or 13033: 11265: 10711:"A Very High Fraction of Unique Intron Positions in the Intron-Rich Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana Indicates Widespread Intron Gain" 9114:

Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; et al. (26 September 2018).

8283:

Armbrust, E. Virginia; Berges, John A.; Bowler, Chris; Green, Beverley R.; Martinez, Diego; Putnam, Nicholas H.; et al. (2004).

7428: 5281: 5205:

Functional Relationship between a Dinoflagellate Host and Its Diatom Endosymbiont | Molecular Biology and Evolution | Oxford Academic

3764: 2480:

processes weakly regulated the ocean's silicon cycle. Subsequently, the cycle appears dominated (and more strongly regulated) by the

1534:

Certain species of bacteria in oceans and lakes can accelerate the rate of dissolution of silica in dead and living diatoms by using

706:

Diatoms are often referred as "jewels of the sea" or "living opals" due to their optical properties. The biological function of this

11434: 10949:

Falciatore, Angela; Casotti, Raffaella; et al. (May 2015). "Transformation of Nonselectablporter Genes in Marine Diatomse Re".

8351:

Allen, Andrew E.; Dupont, Christopher L.; Oborník, Miroslav; Horák, Aleš; Nunes-Nesi, Adriano; McCrow, John P.; et al. (2011).

8199:

Allen, Andrew E.; Dupont, Christopher L.; Oborník, Miroslav; Horák, Aleš; Nunes-Nesi, Adriano; McCrow, John P.; et al. (2011).

7843:

Grenne, Tor; Slack, John F. (2003). "Paleozoic and Mesozoic silica-rich seawater: Evidence from hematitic chert (jasper) deposits".

14342: 14159: 11734: 10160: 6747: 9089: 1240:

Some pennate diatoms are capable of a type of locomotion called "gliding", which allows them to move across surfaces via adhesive

14368: 14198: 11927: 10924: 9028:"Signal, uncertainty, and conflict in phylogenomic data for a diverse lineage of microbial eukaryotes (Diatoms, Bacillariophyta)" 3727:

at 2.73 Ma, which increased the flux of freshwater to the region, via increased monsoonal rainfall and/or glacial meltwater, and

11307:

Reka, Arianit A.; Pavlovski, Blagoj; Ademi, Egzon; Jashari, Ahmed; Boev, Blazo; Boev, Ivan; Makreski, Petre (31 December 2019).

9625: 6145:

Hildebrand, Mark; Volcani, Benjamin E.; Gassmann, Walter; Schroeder, Julian I. (1997). "A gene family of silicon transporters".

6054:

Anonymous (1702). "Two letters from a Gentleman in the Country, relating to Mr. Leeuwenhoek's Letter in Transaction, no. 283.",

3640:

is used in order to relate elements collected in modern-day sedimentary samples to climatic and oceanic conditions in the past.

12564: 12451: 11842: 9590:

Scherer, R. P.; Gladenkov, A. Yu.; Barron, J. A. (2007). "Methods and applications of Cenozoic marine diatom biostratigraphy".

8261:"Animal-like urea cycle in ocean's tiny diatoms enables marine phytoplankton to use carbon and nitrogen from their environment" 7553:

Smetacek, V. S. (1985). "Role of sinking in diatom life-history cycles: Ecological, evolutionary and geological significance".

5859: 3295: 2606: 710:

is not clear, but it is speculated that it may be related to communication, camouflage, thermal exchange and/or UV protection.

10324:

Baldauf, J. G. (1993). "Middle Eocene through early Miocene diatom floral turnover". In Prothero, D.; Berggren, W. H. (eds.).

8916:

Queries to the World Register of Marine Species, July 2020, return 299 "fossil only" genus names, of which 285 are "accepted".

6868:

Chepurnov VA, Mann DG, Sabbe K, Vyverman W. (2004). "Experimental studies on sexual reproduction in diatoms". In Jeon KW, ed.

1258: 1192: 1053:, which has become the model species, as the whole genome was sequenced and methods for genetic control were established, and 929:

Shape classification of diatom frustules. The images are 3D models. The actual sizes of the frustules are about 10–80 μm.

275: 9699: 8777: 8244: 7777: 6824: 5694: 5225: 5064: 4967: 3681: 3478: 8783: 6830: 5700: 5505:

Moore, Eric R.; Bullington, Briana S.; Weisberg, Alexandra J.; Jiang, Yuan; Chang, Jeff; Halsey, Kimberly H. (7 July 2017).

5082:"Complete genome of a nonphotosynthetic cyanobacterium in a diatom reveals recent adaptations to an intracellular lifestyle" 4505: 11691: 4973: 3359: 568:

period, which was about 150 to 200 million years ago. The oldest fossil evidence for diatoms is a specimen of extant genus

14373: 14203: 10272:

Harwood, D. M.; Nikolaev, V. A.; Winter, D. M. (2007). "Cretaceous record of diatom evolution, radiation, and expansion".

9222: 7874: 5794: 5381: 4699: 4666: 1286:(see twin image above) often grow in chains, and have features such as spines which slow sinking rates by increasing drag. 575:

Diatoms are used to monitor past and present environmental conditions, and are commonly used in studies of water quality.

346:

each year from the waters in which they live, and constitute nearly half of the organic material found in the oceans. The

7962: 7224: 7078: 4633: 4267:

nanoscale components. It has also been proposed that diatoms could be used as a component of solar cells by substituting

1172: 11758: 3376: 11806: 10229:

Kohfeld, Karen E.; Chase, Zanna (2011). "Controls on deglacial changes in biogenic fluxes in the North Pacific Ocean".

11643:

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection: Or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

7510:

Dugdale, R. C.; Wilkerson, F. P. (1998). "Silicate regulation of new production in the equatorial Pacific upwelling".

5722: 4127:

Transfected plasmids can be either randomly integrated into the diatom's chromosomes or maintained as stable circular

3912:(7 libraries) cells grown in a range of different conditions, many of which correspond to different abiotic stresses. 2678:

also play critical roles in energy balance. Two nitrogen-related pathways are relevant and they may also change under

472:

called a spheroid body. This endosymbiont has lost its photosynthetic properties, but has kept its ability to perform

10802: 10652:

Bowler, Chris; Allen, Andrew E.; Badger, Jonathan H.; Grimwood, Jane; Jabbari, Kamel; Kuo, Alan; et al. (2008).

10333: 10308: 8813: 7888:

Racki, G; Cordey, Fabrice (2000). "Radiolarian palaeoecology and radiolarites: Is the present the key to the past?".

6778: 6655: 5756: 3403: 1057:, in which the important silica deposition proteins silaffins were first discovered. Silaffins, sets of polycationic 334:, found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world. Living diatoms make up a significant portion of the Earth's 10299:

Strelnikova, N. I. (1990). "Evolution of diatoms during the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods". In Simola, H. (ed.).

6632: 3546:

in marine and non-marine sediments. Although diatoms have both a marine and non-marine stratigraphic record, diatom

14427: 14260: 12605: 8904: 8083:

Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Andrew, Robbie M.; et al. (11 December 2020).

4530: 3342: 2982: 354:

is fertilized annually by 27 million tons of diatom shell dust transported by transatlantic winds from the African

14216: 9963:"Salinity changes in the North West Pacific Ocean during the late Pliocene/early Quaternary from 2.73Ma to 2.52Ma" 4789: 14386: 12600: 11742: 3555: 1300:

diatoms form chain-like colonies, like these collected near the Antarctic peninsula coast by the schooner of the

1000: 11709: 7864: 7039:

Azam, Farooq; Bidle, Kay D. (1999). "Accelerated dissolution of diatom silica by marine bacterial assemblages".

11720: 9869:

Swann, George E. A.; Maslin, Mark A.; Leng, Melanie J.; Sloane, Hilary J.; Haug, Gerald H. (24 February 2006).

8650:"Nitrate respiration and diel migration patterns of diatoms are linked in sediments underneath a microbial mat" 4741: 3711: 3702: 3570:), diatom-based age estimates may be resolved to within <100,000 years, although typical age resolution for 2291:

communities was directly related to the availability of silicic acid – when concentrations were greater than 2

2164:

and bust") lifestyle. When conditions in the upper mixed layer (nutrients and light) are favourable (as at the

2070: 11223:"New optimized method for low-temperature hydrothermal production of porous ceramics using diatomaceous earth" 8648:

Merz, Elisa; Dick, Gregory J.; Beer, Dirk; Grim, Sharon; Hübener, Thomas; Littmann, Sten; et al. (2021).

7095:"The Structure of Microbial Community and Degradation of Diatoms in the Deep Near-Bottom Layer of Lake Baikal" 5892:

Kilias, Estelle S.; Junges, Leandro; Šupraha, Luka; Leonard, Guy; Metfies, Katja; Richards, Thomas A. (2020).

3803:, in response to progressive cooling of polar regions and the development of more endemic diatom assemblages. 137: 12684: 12674: 12657: 11665: 8016:"Carbon Dioxide Concentration Mechanisms in Natural Populations of Marine Diatoms: Insights From Tara Oceans" 7997: 5080:

Nakayama, T.; Kamikawa, R.; Tanifuji, G.; Kashiyama, Y.; Ohkouchi, N.; Archibald, J. M.; Inagaki, Y. (2014).

2920:, or something intermediate to those. Consequently, diatoms are ranked anywhere from a class, usually called 1933: 1106:

genes linked to silaffins are being looked to as targets for genetic control of nanoscale silica deposition.

11264:

Reka, Arianit; Anovski, Todor; Bogoevski, Slobodan; Pavlovski, Blagoj; Boškovski, Boško (29 December 2014).

9163:

Mishra, Meerambika; Arukha, Ananta P.; Bashir, Tufail; Yadav, Dhananjay; Prasad, G. B. K. S. (5 July 2017).

2726: and may help to regulate ammonium metabolism. Because of this cycle, marine diatoms, in contrast to 2652:

Mitochondrial urea cycle in a generic diatom cell and the potential fates of urea cycle intermediates

495:

Dinotoms are diatoms that have become endosymbionts inside dinoflagellates. Research on the dinoflagellates

12516: 5894:"Chytrid fungi distribution and co-occurrence with diatoms correlate with sea ice melt in the Arctic Ocean" 3763:

record of diatoms is limited, but recent studies reveal a progressive diversification of diatom types. The

3688:. Peaks in opal productivity in the marine isotope stage are associated with the breakdown of the regional 2468:, the timing of their ascendancy and "take-over" of the silicon cycle occurred more recently. Prior to the 1973: 1226: 906:

Pennate diatoms are bilaterally symmetric. Each one of their valves have openings that are slits along the

4995: 4259:

procedure, diatoms that produce valves of particular shapes and sizes might be evolved for cultivation in

4167:

consisting of centric (radially symmetric) and pennate (bilaterally symmetric) diatoms suspended in water.

1247:

Cells are solitary or united into colonies of various kinds, which may be linked by siliceous structures;

14047: 12441: 11952: 10433:

Maheswari, U.; Montsant, A; Goll, J; Krishnasamy, S; Rajyashri, K. R.; Patell, V. M.; Bowler, C. (2004).

4757: 4716: 4683: 4650: 4562: 3779:, times of relatively rapid evolutionary turnover in marine diatom species assemblages occurred near the 3413: 3326: 1662: 17: 4599: 4372:. Like many others after him, he wrongly thought that it was an animal due to its ability to move. Even 1562: 380:; the maximum life span of individual cells is about six days. Diatoms have two distinct shapes: a few ( 12557: 12431: 11932: 11897: 7404: 5056: 4711: 4678: 4645: 4394: 4302: 2798: 2586: 2024: 1756: 1631: 3585:

climate, especially for closed-basin lakes which experience fluctuations in water depth and salinity.

2549:

carbon (GtC) per year, of which almost 2.5 GtC is taken up by the surface ocean. In surface seawater (

1772: 668:

Diatoms are generally 20 to 200 micrometers in size, with a few larger species. Their yellowish-brown

377: 14432: 14396: 14307: 14265: 14226: 12486: 11704: 5204: 4522: 4360: 4306: 4294: 4232:

Diatoms are also used to help determine the origin of materials containing them, including seawater.

4093: 3947: 3885: 3868: 3849: 2195: 2063: 1988: 1761: 1123: 284: 11384: 10606: 9426: 8977:"A preliminary multigene phylogeny of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta): challenges for future research" 7493: 7263: 2545:

emission to the atmosphere (mainly generated by fossil fuel burning and deforestation) is nearly 11

14321: 12148: 12020: 12007: 7976:

Harper, Howard E.; Knoll, Andrew H. (1975). "Silica, diatoms, and Cenozoic radiolarian evolution".

7416: 4064: 3941: 3926: 3900: 3477:

evidence suggests an earlier origin. It has been suggested that their origin may be related to the

3029:

Derelle et al. 2016, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2017 (diatoms plus a subset of other ochrophyte groups)

1049: 4369: 3542:

The fossil record of diatoms has largely been established through the recovery of their siliceous

14102: 12689: 12426: 12406: 11872: 8260: 4561:. Tournay: Imprimerie de Ch. Casterman-Dieu, Rue de pont No. 10. pp. , -116, Archived from 4555:

Commentationes botanicae. Observations botaniques, dédiées à la Société d'Horticulture de Tournay

3894: 3728: 2754:

and can live in the absence of light provided an appropriate organic carbon source is available.

2009: 1978: 1655: 350:

of dead diatoms can reach as much as a half-mile (800 m) deep on the ocean floor, and the entire

9962: 8907:

lists 1,356 diatom genus names from all habitats as at July 2020, of which 1,248 are "accepted".

7769: 7758: 4900:; Chappell, A. (2010). "Fertilizing the Amazon and equatorial Atlantic with West African dust". 4278:

Supporting and regulating services provided by marine diatoms and some of their negative impacts

2834: 14409: 14252: 14009: 13481: 12436: 12288: 11799: 11682: 11444: 10601: 9421: 9242:

Kooistra, Wiebe H.C.F.; Medlin, Linda K. (1996). "Evolution of the Diatoms (Bacillariophyta)".

7258: 7241:

Yool, Andrew; Tyrrell, Toby (2003). "Role of diatoms in regulating the ocean's silicon cycle".

5029: 4075:

genes appear to be most closely related to bacterial genes, accounting for more than 5% of the

3873: 3720: 3513: 2534: 2186: 1983: 1856: 806: 359: 11725: 10878: 10752:"Potential impact of stress activated retrotransposons on genome evolution in a marine diatom" 8975:

Theriot, Edward C.; Ashworth, Matt; Ruck, Elizabeth; Nakov, Teofil; Jansen, Robert K. (2010).

7462: 14404: 14247: 14239: 12652: 12550: 12481: 12308: 12251: 11986: 11852: 11771: 10801:

Moustafa, A.; Beszteri, B.; Maier, U. G.; Bowler, C.; Valentin, K.; Bhattacharya, D. (2009).

8285:"The Genome of the Diatom Thalassiosira Pseudonana : Ecology, Evolution, and Metabolism" 4468: 4448: 4428: 4113: 3983:, the Diatom Copia-like retrotransposons (or CoDis), has been significantly amplified in the 3980: 3367: 2215: 1506:, though motility is usually limited to a gliding motion. In centric diatoms, the small male 895:

Diatoms are divided into two groups that are distinguished by the shape of the frustule: the

882: 707: 412: 14419: 9981: 4954:

Hasle, Grethe R.; Syvertsen, Erik E.; Steidinger, Karen A.; Tangen, Karl (25 January 1996).

3999:

Diatom genomics brought much information about the extent and dynamics of the endosymbiotic

3416:, including the huge (6 mm length) diatoms of Antarctica and the exclusive colonial diatom, 1233:, allowing them to stay suspended in the water column longer. Individual cells may regulate 14329: 14190: 14133: 14056: 12749: 12233: 12033: 11937: 11902: 11695: 11124: 11014: 10817: 10665: 10593: 10238: 10195: 10128: 10078: 10035: 9977: 9927: 9882: 9807: 9795: 9729: 9717: 9663: 9532: 9474: 9413: 9286: 8878: 8724: 8661: 8602: 8364: 8296: 8284: 8212: 8096: 7985: 7932: 7897: 7852: 7809: 7694: 7608: 7562: 7519: 7308: 7250: 7168: 7106: 7048: 6959: 6698: 6579: 6394: 6327: 6260: 6154: 5963: 5827: 5607: 5518: 5451: 5408: 5327: 5153: 5093: 4909: 4897: 4824: 4256: 3976: 3645: 3641: 2618: 2284: 2263: 1913: 1677: 924: 374: 366: 252: 14360: 11543:"Exploration of marine phytoplankton: from their historical appreciation to the omics era" 11398:

Drum, Ryan W.; Gordon, Richard (2003). "Star Trek replicators and diatom nanotechnology".

11285: 9341: 7685:

Milligan, A. J.; Morel, F. M. M. (2002). "A proton buffering role for silica in diatoms".

7432: 6247:

Kröger, Nils; Deutzmann, Rainer; Bergsdorf, Christian; Sumper, Manfred (5 December 2000).

4586:

Sectio I. Algas diatomaceas complectens, cum figuris generum omnium xylographice impressis

855:(holes through valve surface which looks rounded externally but with a slit like internal) 834:(hexagonal or polygonal boxlike perforation with a sieve present on the surface of diatom) 8: 13404: 13212: 13002: 12879: 12760: 12476: 12411: 12178: 12167: 12044: 12027: 6948:"Sexual reproduction in the marine centric diatom Ditylum brightwellii (Bacillariophyta)" 6509:"Silicanin-1 is a conserved diatom membrane protein involved in silica biomineralization" 5142:"Global distribution patterns of marine nitrogen-fixers by imaging and molecular methods" 4345: 4140: 4121: 3795:

boundary. Further turnover of assemblages took place at various times between the middle

3657: 3278: 2966: 2867: 2855: 2839: 2493: 1997: 1918: 1836: 1459: 1326: 1310: 11128: 11018: 10821: 10669: 10597: 10242: 10199: 10132: 10113: 10082: 10039: 9931: 9886: 9811: 9733: 9667: 9536: 9478: 9417: 9365:"The evolution of silicification in diatoms: Inescapable sinking and sinking as escape?" 9290: 8882: 8728: 8665: 8606: 8368: 8300: 8216: 8100: 7989: 7936: 7901: 7856: 7813: 7698: 7612: 7566: 7523: 7312: 7254: 7172: 7110: 7052: 6963: 6905:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences

6819:. Botanical Monographs. Vol. 13. University of California Press. pp. 250–283. 6702: 6583: 6398: 6331: 6264: 6158: 5967: 5831: 5611: 5522: 5455: 5412: 5331: 5157: 5097: 4913: 4828: 3747:, other studies have shown that the stratification boundary may have broken down in the 2617:

sinks down as particles, thus transferring the surface carbon toward the deep ocean and

13779: 13324: 12669: 12647: 12635: 12610: 11676: 11623: 11518: 11198: 11171: 11147: 11112: 11045: 11002: 10974: 10916: 10841: 10778: 10751: 10691: 10627: 10557: 10532: 10508: 10483: 10366: 10152: 9839: 9761: 9555: 9520: 9498: 9490: 9447: 9386: 9310: 9199: 9164: 9140: 9115: 9078: 9054: 9027: 9003: 8976: 8952: 8927: 8851: 8843: 8748: 8697: 8625: 8590: 8396: 8328: 8236: 8171: 8050: 8015: 7948: 7825: 7718: 7667: 7663: 7632: 7578: 7535: 7379: 7339: 7296: 7276: 7129: 7094: 7064: 6985: 6928: 6608: 6567: 6543: 6508: 6484: 6449: 6425: 6382: 6358: 6315: 6186: 6022: 5979: 5931: 5918: 5893: 5598:

Parker, Andrew R.; Townley, Helen E. (2007). "Biomimetics of photonic nanostructures".

5549: 5506: 5182: 5141: 5116: 5081: 4925: 4848: 4580: 4222: 4164: 3593: 3494: 2917: 2739: 2538: 2351:

is often covered with small forms. Since diatoms form an important part of the food of

2142: 2002: 1938: 1820: 681: 576: 264: 132: 11411: 11368: 11341: 10459: 10434: 10410: 10385: 9519:

Lazarus, David; Barron, John; Renaudie, Johan; Diver, Patrick; Türke, Andreas (2014).

8869:

Fourtanier, Elisabeth; Kociolek, J. Patrick (1999). "Catalogue of the Diatom Genera".

7909: 4116:(with 10 and 10 yield respectively), and other classical transfection methods such as 4042:. Therefore, it was proposed that chromalveolates are the product of serial secondary 3724: 913:

Centric diatoms are radially symmetric. They are composed of upper and lower valves –

14234: 14120: 13925: 13540: 13489: 13427: 13232: 12679: 12642: 12630: 12620: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12183: 12102: 11947: 11867: 11792: 11627: 11615: 11607: 11510: 11506: 11415: 11373: 11277: 11222: 11203: 11152: 11093: 11050: 11032: 10966: 10908: 10833: 10783: 10732: 10683: 10619: 10562: 10513: 10464: 10415: 10329: 10304: 10254: 10211: 10144: 10094: 10051: 9993: 9943: 9900: 9831: 9823: 9796:"North Pacific seasonality and the glaciation of North America 2.7 million years ago" 9753: 9745: 9681: 9617: 9560: 9502: 9439: 9381: 9364: 9302: 9259: 9204: 9186: 9145: 9059: 9008: 8957: 8926:

Theriot, Edward C.; Cannone, Jamie J.; Gutell, Robin R.; Alverson, Andrew J. (2009).

8809: 8773: 8740: 8736: 8701: 8689: 8630: 8571: 8530: 8489: 8481: 8445: 8437: 8388: 8380: 8320: 8312: 8228: 8163: 8124: 8055: 8037: 7952: 7829: 7773: 7722: 7710: 7624: 7478: 7387: 7344: 7326: 7134: 6977: 6920: 6820: 6759: 6751: 6716: 6651: 6631:

Padisák, Judit; Soróczki-Pintér, Éva; Rezner, Zsuzsanna (2003), Martens, Koen (ed.),

6613: 6595: 6548: 6530: 6489: 6471: 6430: 6412: 6363: 6345: 6296: 6291: 6278: 6248: 6229: 6221: 6178: 6170: 6117: 6014: 5975: 5935: 5923: 5752: 5690: 5658: 5623: 5554: 5536: 5467: 5424: 5264: 5221: 5187: 5169: 5121: 5060: 4963: 4929: 4840: 4737: 3968: 3945:(32.4 Mb) was sequenced, followed in 2008 with the sequencing of the pennate diatom, 3486: 3250: 2970: 2909: 2610: 2500: 2458: 2454: 2438: 2050: 1943: 1724: 1650: 1127: 699:

of the centric diatoms and have the usual heterokont structure, including the hairs (

480:. Other diatoms in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are among the genera 477: 473: 335: 31: 11700: 11522: 10978: 10920: 10845: 10370: 10250: 10207: 10090: 10047: 9939: 9843: 8855: 8752: 8175: 7671: 7582: 7280: 6989: 6932: 6851:

Lewis, W. M., Jr. (1984). "The diatom sex clock and its evolutionary significance".

6026: 5983: 5855: 3208:

Subclass Chaetocerotophycidae Round & R.M. Crawford in Round et al. 1990, emend.

2137:

in open water, although some live as surface films at the water-sediment interface (

2100: 14460: 13756: 12907: 12594: 12313: 12293: 12217: 12091: 12038: 11977: 11703:, Microfossil Image Recovery and Circulation for Learning and Education (MIRACLE), 11597: 11564: 11554: 11502: 11475: 11407: 11363: 11353: 11320: 11238: 11234: 11193: 11183: 11142: 11132: 11085: 11040: 11022: 10958: 10898: 10890: 10825: 10773: 10763: 10722: 10695: 10673: 10631: 10611: 10552: 10544: 10503: 10495: 10454: 10446: 10405: 10397: 10358: 10281: 10246: 10203: 10156: 10136: 10086: 10043: 9985: 9935: 9890: 9815: 9765: 9737: 9671: 9599: 9550: 9540: 9482: 9431: 9376: 9345: 9337: 9314: 9294: 9251: 9194: 9176: 9135: 9127: 9049: 9039: 8998: 8988: 8947: 8939: 8886: 8835: 8732: 8679: 8669: 8620: 8610: 8561: 8520: 8473: 8427: 8400: 8372: 8332: 8304: 8240: 8220: 8155: 8114: 8104: 8045: 8027: 7993: 7940: 7905: 7860: 7817: 7702: 7659: 7636: 7616: 7570: 7539: 7527: 7371: 7334: 7316: 7268: 7210: 7176: 7124: 7114: 7068: 7056: 6967: 6912: 6743: 6706: 6643: 6603: 6587: 6538: 6520: 6479: 6461: 6420: 6402: 6353: 6335: 6286: 6268: 6213: 6190: 6162: 6107: 6006: 5971: 5913: 5905: 5835: 5777: 5650: 5615: 5544: 5526: 5459: 5416: 5364: 5335: 5254: 5177: 5161: 5111: 5101: 4917: 4852: 4832: 4298: 4271: 4268: 4013: 4011:

genome encodes six proteins which are most closely related to genes encoded by the

3633: 3482: 3474: 3211:

Subclass Lithodesmiophycidae Round & R.M. Crawford in Round et al. 1990, emend.

2823: 2731: 2715: 2629: 2364: 2199: 1645: 1604: 1402:– one larger, the other smaller – possessed by the parent, which is now called the 831: 516: 370: 11493:

Auer, Antti (1991). "Qualitative Diatom Analysis as a Tool to Diagnose Drowning".

10362: 9451: 8890: 8353:"Evolution and metabolic significance of the urea cycle in photosynthetic diatoms" 8201:"Evolution and metabolic significance of the urea cycle in photosynthetic diatoms" 7751: 6217: 6010: 5654: 5463: 2711: 1572: 1023:

Light microscopy of a living diatom. Numbered graduations are 10 micrometres apart

13764: 13499: 13435: 13412: 13010: 12421: 12298: 12124: 12108: 12096: 11912: 11837: 11778: 11762: 11746: 11716: 11602: 11585: 11358: 9870: 9703: 9545: 9226: 8767: 8477: 8352: 8200: 7753: 7620: 7412: 7119: 6812: 6647: 6450:"Nanopatterned protein microrings from a diatom that direct silica morphogenesis" 6448:

Scheffel, André; Poulsen, Nicole; Shian, Samuel; Kröger, Nils (7 February 2011).

6407: 6340: 5798: 5684: 5531: 5385: 5288: 4955: 4836: 4721: 4688: 4655: 4606: 4509: 4503: 4264: 4248: 4117: 4035: 3748: 3677: 3629: 3547: 3470: 2808: 2430: 2299: 2259: 2165: 1968: 1866: 1825: 1815: 1708: 1439: 1301: 1248: 1012: 968: 782: 762: 604: 461:, although this cycle is used to different metabolic ends in diatoms. The family 443: 404: 233: 119: 14125: 12542: 8014:

Pierella Karlusich, Juan José; Bowler, Chris; Biswas, Haimanti (30 April 2021).

6903:"Size reduction, reproductive strategy and the life cycle of a centric diatom". 4067:(HGT) can occur independently of an endosymbiotic event. The publication of the 3265:

Subclass Bacillariophycidae D.G. Mann in Round, Crawford & Mann 1990, emend.

3235:

Subclass Biddulphiophycidae Round and R.M. Crawford in Round et al. 1990, emend.

934: 14455: 14292: 14088: 13613: 13568: 13535: 13345: 13316: 13122: 13079: 12902: 12625: 12577: 12491: 12222: 12137: 12013: 9989: 9696: 9521:"Cenozoic Planktonic Marine Diatom Diversity and Correlation to Climate Change" 9219: 8595:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

8186: 8070: 7214: 6591: 6212:(5442). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1129–1132. 6132: 5791: 5569: 5378: 5165: 5086:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4459: 4439: 4419: 4373: 4334: 4241: 4206: 4182: 3854: 3559: 3044: 2735: 2625: 2602: 1928: 1908: 1876: 1781: 1713: 1623: 1609: 1395: 1230: 1004: 979: 950: 447: 175: 162: 11089: 10894: 10285: 9603: 9486: 8993: 8566: 8549: 8109: 8084: 6972: 6947: 6711: 6686: 6525: 5909: 5840: 5815: 2533:

The diagram depicts some mechanisms by which marine diatoms contribute to the

1443: 1430:

can take place, producing male and female gametes which then fuse to form the

14449: 14032: 13829: 13789: 13681: 13263: 13255: 13240: 13221: 12501: 12471: 12356: 12351: 12078: 12055: 11992: 11962: 11957: 11755: 11611: 11559: 11542: 11281: 11188: 11036: 10768: 10654:"The Phaeodactylum genome reveals the evolutionary history of diatom genomes" 10258: 10215: 10148: 10098: 10055: 9997: 9947: 9904: 9827: 9749: 9685: 9190: 9181: 8943: 8575: 8534: 8485: 8441: 8384: 8316: 8167: 8128: 8041: 8032: 7330: 7297:"Insights into global diatom distribution and diversity in the world's ocean" 6981: 6946:

Koester, Julie A.; Brawley, Susan H.; Karp-Boss, Lee; Mann, David G. (2007).

6924: 6755: 6720: 6599: 6534: 6475: 6416: 6349: 6282: 6225: 6174: 6121: 6112: 6095: 5781: 5540: 5471: 5428: 5301: 5268: 5173: 4707: 4674: 4641: 4252: 4245: 4144: 4099: 4043: 4027: 4000: 3806:

A global trend toward more delicate diatom frustules has been noted from the

3775:

Although no mass extinctions of marine diatoms have been observed during the

3744: 3737: 3673: 3563: 3214:

Subclass Thalassiosirophycidae Round & R.M. Crawford in Round et al. 1990

3137: 3131: 2773: 2614: 2496: 2333:

filamentous algae, or forming gelatinous masses on various submerged plants.

2207: 2157: 2130: 1881: 1735: 1667: 1580: 1483: 1296: 1264: 1255:(polysaccharide), which are secreted through strutted processes of the cell. 1091: 975: 876: 787: 677: 600: 547: 539: 466: 419: 347: 299: 77: 11659: 10829: 10727: 10710: 10615: 9435: 9349: 9116:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes" 9044: 8674: 8649: 8615: 8308: 7706: 7321: 6466: 5368: 5106: 3843: 3262:

Subclass Fragilariophycidae Round in Round, Crawford & Mann 1990, emend.

2605:

in water, diatoms fix 10–20 GtC annually via photosynthesis thanks to their

2523:

Ocean carbon cycle and diatom carbon dioxide concentration mechanisms

1368: 1352: 415:, prompting them to be described as "jewels of the sea" and "living opals". 13991: 13774: 13769: 13641: 13608: 13583: 13573: 13558: 13550: 13472: 13358: 13353: 13301: 13268: 13112: 12953: 12887: 12834: 12806: 12581: 12496: 12391: 12318: 12273: 12245: 12142: 12118: 11967: 11892: 11862: 11857: 11847: 11726:

Geometry and Pattern in Nature 3: The holes in radiolarian and diatom tests

11619: 11541:

Pierella Karlusich, Juan José; Ibarbalz, Federico M; Bowler, Chris (2020).

11419: 11377: 11325: 11308: 11207: 11156: 11097: 11054: 10970: 10912: 10837: 10787: 10736: 10687: 10623: 10566: 10533:"Update of the Diatom EST Database: A new tool for digital transcriptomics" 10517: 10468: 10419: 9835: 9757: 9577:

IPCC Core Writing Team, 2007. "Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report". 104.

9564: 9443: 9306: 9255: 9208: 9149: 9063: 9012: 8961: 8928:"The limits of nuclear-encoded SSU rDNA for resolving the diatom phylogeny" 8744: 8693: 8634: 8550:"Culture and Nutrition of Some Apochlorotic Diatoms of the Genus Nitzschia" 8493: 8449: 8392: 8324: 8295:(5693). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 79–86. 8232: 8059: 7714: 7628: 7391: 7348: 7138: 6916: 6763: 6617: 6552: 6493: 6434: 6367: 6300: 6273: 6233: 6094:

Hildebrand, Mark; Lerch, Sarah J. L.; Shrestha, Roshan P. (11 April 2018).

6018: 5927: 5726: 5662: 5627: 5619: 5558: 5259: 5242: 5191: 5125: 4844: 4762: 4131:(thanks to the CEN6-ARSH4-HIS3 yeast centromeric sequence). The phleomycin/ 4039: 4031: 3959:; no major synteny (gene order) could be detected between the two genomes. 3930:

was the first eukaryotic marine phytoplankton to have its genome sequenced

3920: 3607: 3578: 3425: 3143: 2993: 2941: 2885: 2769: 2751: 2675: 2637: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2416: 1923: 1871: 1861: 1801: 1697: 1672: 1599: 1594: 1152: 1118: 1078: 983: 972: 802: 747: 543: 520: 469: 351: 188: 11514: 10849: 10499: 9676: 9651: 9263: 8684: 8185:

Modified material was copied from this source, which is available under a

8069:

Modified material was copied from this source, which is available under a

6786: 6182: 6131:

Modified material was copied from this source, which is available under a

5568:

Modified material was copied from this source, which is available under a

5138: 3217:

Subclass Cymatosirophycidae Round & R.M. Crawford in Round et al. 1990

1407: 1403: 1077:

than most genomes, as well as three distinct silica transport genes. In a

1031:

Assorted diatoms (unknown species) isolated from moss in Bangalore, India.

640:(b) Cyan: - generic counterstain for visualising eukaryotic cell surfaces 14301: 14172: 14112: 14041: 13978: 13689: 13530: 13525: 13107: 12991: 12966: 12801: 12731: 12461: 12446: 12396: 12261: 12085: 11882: 11877: 11832: 10903: 10548: 10450: 10140: 9895: 7272: 6661: 6042:

Handbook of Biomineralization: Biological Aspects and Structure Formation

5340: 5315: 4921: 4047: 4022: 4018: 3881: 3693: 3621: 3599: 3104: 3092: 3074: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2877: 2850: 2777: 2727: 2554: 2489: 2469: 2397: 2303: 2292: 2231: 2169: 2122: 2019: 2014: 1963: 1903: 1895: 1806: 1585: 1318: 1282: 1276: 1144: 1019: 700: 688: 669: 608: 52: 11586:"Unmasking "The Eldest Son of The Father of Protozoology": Charles King" 11569: 11172:"All New Faces of Diatoms: Potential Source of Nanomaterials and Beyond" 10678: 10653: 10384:

Scala, S.; Carels, N; Falciatore, A; Chiusano, M. L.; Bowler, C (2002).

9819: 9741: 9494: 9165:"All New Faces of Diatoms: Potential Source of Nanomaterials and Beyond" 8847: 8376: 8224: 8119: 7650:

Raven, J. A. (1983). "The transport and function of silicon in plants".

6642:, Developments in Hydrobiology, Springer Netherlands, pp. 243–257, 6566:

Tesson, Benoit; Lerch, Sarah J. L.; Hildebrand, Mark (18 October 2017).

6072: 2507:

evidence from radiolarians suggests "take-over" did not begin until the

14347: 14164: 13745: 13598: 13507: 13293: 13273: 13177: 12778: 12346: 12283: 12212: 12204: 12002: 11997: 11942: 11309:"Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C" 11027: 10962: 9390: 8839: 8082: 7752:

R. Siever; Stephen Henry Schneider; Penelope J. Boston (January 1993).

7574: 7383: 7181: 7156: 7091: 6640:

Aquatic Biodiversity: A Celebratory Volume in Honour of Henri J. Dumont

5816:"Bio-manufacturing technology based on diatom micro- and nanostructure" 5240: 4793: 4350: 4240:

The deposition of silica by diatoms may also prove to be of utility to

3972: 3827: 3819: 3811: 3760: 3637: 3598:

Intricate silicate (glass) shell, 32-40 million years old, of a diatom

3582: 3490: 3466: 3446: 3026: 2873: 2663: 2485: 2481: 2335: 2319: 2251: 2227: 1729: 1640: 1535: 1221: 1148: 1135: 1074: 1070: 757: 685: 673: 638:(a) Green: - stains cellular membranes indicating the core cell bodies 551: 542:, the most common of the plankton types. Diatoms also grow attached to 524: 454: 423: 331: 218: 208: 97: 62: 14177: 11739: 11479: 11137: 10484:"Comparative Genomics of the Pennate Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum" 10401: 9131: 8525: 8508: 8432: 8415: 8159: 6748:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(199909)44:1<23::AID-CM2>3.0.CO;2-D

5420: 4147:

and a more accurate comprehension of the diatoms' cellular processes.

3963:

genes show an average of ~1.52 introns per gene as opposed to 0.79 in

2172:(i.e. those organisms whose ecology is defined by a high growth rate, 2090: 1251:

pads, stalks or tubes; amorphous masses of mucilage; or by threads of

14316: 14146: 14097: 13847: 13363: 13194: 13084: 12961: 12852: 12816: 12573: 12416: 12401: 12341: 12323: 12303: 12278: 12239: 12227: 12067: 11221:

Reka, Arianit A.; Pavlovski, Blagoj; Makreski, Petre (October 2017).

9298: 7765: 6166: 4260: 4218: 4186: 4109: 4083:

genome, attesting their ancient incorporation in the diatom lineage.

4051: 3832: 3815: 3807: 3792: 3780: 3689: 3506: 3442: 3170: 2978: 2958: 2889: 2719: 2667: 2570: 2546: 2477: 2347: 2341: 2280: 2262:). Significantly, they also play a key role in the regulation of the 2239: 2211: 2203: 1511: 1503: 1455: 1411: 1379: 1330: 1314: 1131: 1113: 1099: 1040: 1015:

sporangium fungal pathogens (in false-colour red). Scale bar = 10 μm.

990: 956: 772: 753: 692: 564:

evidence suggests that diatoms originated during or before the early

512: 508: 431: 400: 342:

produced on the planet each year, take in over 6.7 billion tonnes of

316: 149: 102: 14003: 7375: 6249:"Species-specific polyamines from diatoms control silica morphology" 5814:

Zhang, D.; Wang, Y.; Cai, J.; Pan, J.; Jiang, X.; Jiang, Y. (2012).

5749:

An Illustrated Guide to Some Common Diatom Species from South Africa

3751:

at glacial terminations and during the early part of interglacials.

3129:

Subphylum Coscinodiscophytina Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend. (

2969:, but splitting the former pennate diatoms into 2 separate classes, 1216:, and their relatively dense cell walls cause them to readily sink. 1027: 871: 14286: 14151: 14082: 14026: 13837: 13818: 13148: 13020: 12972: 12829: 12787: 12744: 12722: 12664: 12466: 12172: 12131: 12113: 11887: 11824: 11815: 11439: 9652:"Photic zone changes in the north-west Pacific Ocean from MIS 4–5e" 9026:

Parks, Matthew B.; Wickett, Norman J.; Alverson, Andrew J. (2018).

8589:

Kamp, A.; De Beer, D.; Nitsch, J. L.; Lavik, G.; Stief, P. (2011).

7821: 7429:"DEP Reports Didymo Discovered in the West Branch Farmington River" 4330: 4325: 4205:

and forms a permanent geological record of such marine strata (see

4190: 4128: 4105: 3890: 3800: 3776: 3741: 3617: 3613: 3571: 3543: 3462: 3098: 2962: 2881: 2679: 2508: 2473: 2465: 2356: 2325: 2288: 2247: 2156:

diatoms in freshwater and marine environments typically exhibit a "

2153: 2129:, and on damp surfaces. They are one of the dominant components of 1745: 1554: 1499: 1399: 1241: 1234: 1217: 1213: 1086: 1058: 1044: 1008: 960: 852: 819: 778: 714: 565: 535: 531: 418:

Movement in diatoms primarily occurs passively as a result of both

408: 92: 87: 72: 67: 57: 10803:"Genomic Footprints of a Cryptic Plastid Endosymbiosis in Diatoms" 7944: 7531: 7060: 6144: 3676:, including nutrient supply and the efficiency of the soft-tissue 1147:

this large structural object in a short time period, synched with

864:

Polar nodules (thickening of wall at the distal ends of the raphe)

14334: 13578: 12942: 12860: 12526: 12456: 12333: 12072: 11170:

Mishra, M; Arukha, AP; Bashir, T; Yadav, D; Gbks, Prasad (2017).

9695:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

9218:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

7598: 7458: 5790:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

5377:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

5300:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5079: 4814: 4194: 3904:. The diatom EST database now consists of over 200,000 ESTs from 3823: 3796: 3732: 3567: 3551: 3521: 3240: 3198:

Subphylum Bacillariophytina Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend.

3004: 2945: 2765: 2723: 2695: 2426: 2352: 2267: 2138: 2134: 1519: 1507: 1463: 1427: 1423: 1375: 1095: 994: 986: 793: 766: 735: 555: 527: 343: 198: 107: 82: 11540: 11536: 11534: 11532: 10948: 10432: 3653: 3649: 3424:

moved next to each other in partial but opposite synchrony by a

2793:

Light microscopy of several species of living freshwater diatoms

434:, permitting active movement to seek female gametes. Similar to 12711: 11113:"A CRISPR/Cas9 system adapted for gene editing in marine algae" 11111:

Nymark, Marianne; Sharma, Amit Kumar; et al. (July 2016).

10111: 9793: 9716:

Sigman, Daniel M.; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Haug, Gerald H. (2004).

8591:"Diatoms respire nitrate to survive dark and anoxic conditions" 6044:. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. pp. chapter 3. 5484:

Simonsen, R., (1979). "The diatom system: ideas on phylogeny",

5397: 4398: 4132: 4124:

have been reported to provide results with lower efficiencies.

3936: 3788: 3784: 3685: 3223:

Subclass Chrysanthemodiscophycidae D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019

3205:

Jouse & Proshkina-Lavrenko in Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004

2913: 2613:. In addition, 0.1–1% of this organic material produced in the 2434: 2329: 1740: 1515: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1431: 1359: 1290: 1252: 1110: 1085:

These silica transport proteins are unique to diatoms, with no

1036: 858: 837: 718: 696: 561: 458: 427: 399:

The unique feature of diatoms is that they are surrounded by a

355: 339: 11342:"Nature's Nanotechnologists: Unveiling the Secrets of Diatoms" 10481: 8013: 7157:"Silicate as regulating nutrient in phytoplankton competition" 6246: 6096:"Understanding Diatom Cell Wall Silicification—Moving Forward" 5953: 4953: 2932:, with corresponding changes in the ranks of their subgroups. 2788: 2750:

Diatoms are mainly photosynthetic; however a few are obligate

1522:). Certain araphid species, that is pennate diatoms without a 1518:). Conversely, in pennate diatoms both gametes lack flagella ( 14138: 14061: 11672: 11529: 11263: 11003:"Designer diatom episomes delivered by bacterial conjugation" 10877:

Kroth, Peter G.; Bones, Atle M.; et al. (October 2018).

10531:

Maheswari, U.; Mock, T.; Armbrust, E. V.; Bowler, C. (2009).

10383: 10025: 9691: 9214: 8715:

Guiry, M. D. (2012). "How many species of algae are there?".

8181: 8065: 6127: 5786: 5564: 5373: 5218:

Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification

4895: 4700: 4667: 4634: 3517: 3509: 3450: 3189:

Subphylum Arachnoidiscophytina D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019 (

2401: 2394: 2318:

Further information on the genus of filamentous diatoms:

2118: 1523: 964: 907: 843: 812:

Valves/Striae; allow nutrients in, and waste out, of the cell

439: 435: 327: 323: 10184: 8925: 8144: 6630: 5504: 4313:

dashed arrow: negative effect, solid arrow: positive effects

4108:

containing transgenes are inserted into the cells using the

3955:

genome includes fewer genes (10,402 opposed to 11,776) than

3168:

Subphylum Rhizosoleniophytina D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019 (

3035:

Subphylum Leptocylindrophytina D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019

849:

Central nodule (thickening of wall at the midpoint of raphe)

12506: 11784: 11465: 11074: 10800: 10530: 10386:"Genome Properties of the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum" 10328:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 310–326. 7922: 7865:

10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0319:PAMSRS>2.0.CO;2

6945: 6733: 6506: 5316:"Recent decadal trends in global phytoplankton composition" 4202: 4198: 3625: 3072:

Subphylum Ellerbeckiophytina D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019 (

2897: 2422: 2360: 2126: 1487: 1406:; and is used to construct a second, smaller frustule, the 1047:. The most success in this area has come from two species, 796:; vesicle of a cell that contains fluid bound by a membrane 362:, which was once made up of a system of fresh-water lakes. 10482:

Montsant, A.; Jabbari, K; Maheswari, U; Bowler, C (2005).

10303:. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. pp. 195–204. 10068: 9806:(7028). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 821–825. 9518: 9327: 8363:(7346). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 203–207. 6447: 6153:(6618). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 688–689. 5891: 5216:

Wehr, J. D.; Sheath, R. G.; Kociolek, J. P., eds. (2015).

4197:, since the inorganic matter is embedded in deposition of 713:

Diatoms build intricate hard but porous cell walls called

450:, but their chloroplasts were acquired in different ways. 11306: 11110: 11000: 10651: 10582: 9464: 8413: 8282: 7293: 6685:

Anderson, Lars W. J.; Sweeney, Beatrice M. (1 May 1977).

5442:

Mann, David G. (1999). "The species concept in diatoms".

3081:

Subphylum Probosciophytina D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019 (

2761:(DNRA), and stay dormant for up till months and decades. 2597:

aqueous) contributes <1%. Despite this low level of CO

1322: 1069:

underwent genome analysis it was found that it encoded a

9728:(6978). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 59–63. 9276: 8974: 8766:

Round, Frank Eric; Crawford, R. M.; Mann, D. G. (1990).

8506: 8076: 7998:

10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<175:SDACRE>2.0.CO;2

5747:

Taylor, J. C., Harding, W. R. and Archibald, C. (2007).

4368:, discovered and described in 1783 by Danish naturalist 3577:

Diatoms preserved in lake sediments are widely used for

3090:

Subphylum Melosirophytina D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019 (

2674:

While often overlooked in photosynthetic organisms, the

891:), showing pennate (left) and centric (right) frustules. 840:(pores, punctae, spots or dots in a line on the surface) 27:

Class of microalgae found in oceans, waterways, and soil

11495:

The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology

11169: 10301:

Proceedings of the Tenth International Diatom Symposium

9645: 9643: 9403: 9162: 8350: 8198: 7754:"Silica in the oceans: biological-geological interplay" 6093: 5715: 3866:

In 2002, the first insights into the properties of the

3441:

Heterokont chloroplasts appear to derive from those of

3220:

Subclass Odontellophycidae D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019

2550: 2449:

when they die. Inputs of silicon arrive from above via

2445:

from surface waters as they grow, and return it to the

2296: 2117:

Diatoms are a widespread group and can be found in the

2105:

Diatom dominance (as a percentage of total cell counts)

453:

Unusually for autotrophic organisms, diatoms possess a

9697:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License

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