938:, measured from the horizontal plane. This positions the rider aerodynamically and arguably in a stronger stroking position. The trade-off is comfort. Touring and comfort bicycles tend to have more slack (less vertical) seat tube angle traditionally. This positions the rider more on the sit bones and takes weight off the wrists, arms and neck, and, for men, improves circulation to the urinary and reproductive areas. With a slacker angle, designers lengthen the chain stay so that the center of gravity (that would otherwise be farther to the back over the wheel) is more ideally repositioned over the middle of the bike frame. The longer wheelbase contributes to effective shock absorption. In modern mass-manufactured touring and comfort bikes, the seat-tube angle is negligibly slacker, perhaps in order to reduce manufacturing costs by avoiding the need to reset welding jigs in automated processes, and thus do not provide the comfort of traditionally made or custom-made frames which do have noticeably slacker seat-tube angles.
1473:, it was shown that for a frame design with identical shape and nearly similar weight, the carbon frame is considerably stronger than aluminum, when subjected to an overall force load (subjecting the frame to both tension and compression), and impact strength. While carbon frames can be lightweight and strong, they may have lower impact resistance compared to other materials, and can be prone to damage if crashed or mishandled. Cracking and failure can result from a collision, but also from over tightening or improperly installing components. It has been suggested that these materials may be vulnerable to fatigue failure, a process which occurs with use over a long period of time, though this is often limited to interlaminar cracks or cracks in adhesive at joints, where stresses can be well controlled with good design practices. It is possible for broken carbon frames to be repaired, but because of safety concerns it should be done only by professional firms to the highest possible standards.
372:
1126:) can in theory affect the ride comfort and power transmission efficiency. In practice, because even a very flexible frame is much more stiff than the tires and saddle, ride comfort is ultimately more a factor of saddle choice, frame geometry, tire choice, and bicycle fit. Lateral stiffness is far more difficult to achieve because of the narrow profile of a frame, and too much flexibility can affect power transmission, primarily through tire scrub on the road due to rear triangle distortion, brakes rubbing on the rims and the chain rubbing on gear mechanisms. In extreme cases gears can change themselves when the rider applies high torque out of the saddle.
1434:
966:-specific frames rotate the rider forward around the axis of the bottom bracket of the bicycle as compared to the standard road bicycle frame. This is in order to put the rider in an even lower, more aerodynamic position. While handling and stability is reduced, these bicycles are designed to be ridden in environments with less group riding aspects. These frames tend to have steep seat-tube angles and low head tubes, and shorter wheelbase for the correct reach from the saddle to the handlebar. Additionally, since they are not governed by the UCI, some triathlon bicycles, such as the
986:
130:
31:
531:
182:
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1313:
1041:), and a long fork rake, often of about 3 inches (76mm compared to 40mm for most road bicycles). This style of frame has had a resurgence in popularity in recent years due to its greater comfort compared to Mountain bicycles or Road bicycles. A variation on this type of bicycle is the "sports roadster" (also known as the "light roadster"), which typically has a lighter frame, and a slightly steeper seat-tube and head-tube angle of about 70 to 72 degrees.
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vertically). The ability to design an individual composite tube with properties that vary by orientation cannot be accomplished with any metal frame construction commonly in production. Some carbon fiber frames use cylindrical tubes that are joined with adhesives and lugs, in a method somewhat analogous to a lugged steel frame. Another type of carbon fiber frames are manufactured in a single piece, called
190:
160:
107:
1394:, and excellent corrosion resistance. While not as light as carbon fiber titanium's can provide a more pleasant ride quality, making the material popular among cyclists seeking comfort over performance. However, titanium has a high material cost and is more difficult to machine than steel or aluminum, which translates to relatively expensive frames compared to steel, aluminum, and carbon fiber.
735:, which joins the stays together just above the rear wheel into a monotube that is joined to the seat tube. A wishbone design adds vertical rigidity without increasing lateral stiffness, generally an undesirable trait for bicycles with unsuspended rear wheels. The wishbone design is most appropriate when used as part of a rear triangle subframe on a bicycle with independent rear suspension.
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is of questionable validity: the bicycle frame itself is extremely stiff vertically because it is made of triangles. Conversely, this very argument calls the claim of aluminum frames having greater vertical stiffness into question. On the other hand, lateral and twisting (torsional) stiffness improves acceleration and handling in some circumstances.
1190:. They are strong, easy to work, and relatively inexpensive. However, they are denser (and thus generally heavier) than many other structural materials. It is common (as of 2018, in hybrid commuter bikes) to use steel for the fork blades even when the rest of the frame is made of a different material, because steel offers better vibration
1658:
has increased thickness near the joints for strength while keeping weight low with thinner material elsewhere. For example, triple butted means the tube, usually of an aluminum alloy, has three different thicknesses, with the thicker sections at the end where they are welded. The same material can be
1362:
tubing of more reasonable aerodynamically acceptable proportions and good resistance to impact. This results in a frame that is significantly stiffer than steel. While many riders claim that steel frames give a smoother ride than aluminum because aluminum frames are designed to be stiffer, that claim
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Aluminum has a different optimal wall thickness to tubing diameter from steel. It is at its strongest at around 200:1 (diameter:wall thickness), whereas steel is a small fraction of that. However, at this ratio, the wall thickness would be comparable to that of a beverage can, far too fragile against
1228:
welding to sideline lugged construction in all but a few high end bicycles. More expensive lugged frame bicycles have lugs which are filed by hand into fancy shapes - both for weight savings and as a sign of craftsmanship. Unlike MIG or TIG welded frames, a lugged frame can be more easily repaired in
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connect the top of the seat tube (often at or near the same point as the top tube) to the rear fork dropouts. A traditional frame uses a simple set of paralleled tubes connected by a bridge above the rear wheel. When the rear derailleur cable is routed partially along the top tube, it is also usually
1567:, usually referred to simply as scandium for marketing purposes although the Sc content is less than 0.5%. Scandium improves the welding characteristics of some aluminum alloys with superior fatigue resistance permitting the use of smaller diameter tubing, allowing for more frame design flexibility.
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Aluminum frames are generally recognized as having a lower weight than steel, although this is not always the case. A low quality aluminum frame may be heavier than a high quality steel frame. Butted aluminum tubes—where the wall thickness of the middle sections are made to be thinner than the
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traditionally have a fairly slack seat-tube and head-tube angle of about 66 or 67 degrees, which produces a very comfortable and upright "sit-up-and-beg" riding position. Other characteristics include a long wheelbase, upwards of 40 inches (often between 43 and 47 inches, or 57 inches
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and are easier to weld or braze together. However, some of these disadvantages have since been mitigated with more skilled labor capable of producing better quality welds, automation, and the greater accessibility to modern aluminum alloys. Aluminum's attractive strength to weight ratio as compared
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If the tubing label has been lost, a high-quality (chromoly or manganese) steel frame can be recognized by tapping it sharply with a flick of the fingernail. A high-quality frame will produce a bell-like ring where a regular-quality steel frame will produce a dull thunk. They can also be recognized
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rather than tubes. A company, Kirk
Precision Ltd, was established in Britain to manufacture both road bike and mountain bike frames with this technology. However, despite some early commercial success, there were problems with reliability and manufacture stopped in 1992. The small number of modern
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are a category of polymers that can be reheated and reshaped, and there are several ways that they can be used to create a bicycle frame. One implementation of thermoplastic bicycle frames are essentially carbon fiber frames with the fibers embedded in a thermoplastic material rather than the more
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On most seat stays, a bridge or brace is typically used to connect the stays above the rear wheel and below the connection with the seat tube. Besides providing lateral rigidity, this bridge provides a mounting point for rear brakes, fenders, and racks. The seat stays themselves may also be fitted
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When the rear derailleur cable is routed partially along the down tube, it is also routed along the chain stay. Occasionally (principally on frames made since the late 1990s) mountings for disc brakes will be attached to the chain stays. There may be a small brace that connects the chain stays in
310:
moves the cranks to a position forward of the rider instead of underneath, generally improving the slipstream around the rider without the characteristic sharp bend at the waist used by racers of diamond-frame bicycles. Banned from bicycle racing in France in 1934 to avoid rendering diamond-frame
242:, where the rear wheel is attached. It consists of the seat tube and paired chain stays and seat stays. The chain stays run connecting the bottom bracket to the rear fork ends. The seat stays connect the top of the seat tube (often at or near the same point as the top tube) to the rear fork ends.
1634:
Combining different materials can provide the desired stiffness, compliance, or damping in different areas better than can be accomplished with a single material. The combined materials are usually carbon fiber and a metal, either steel, aluminum, or titanium. One implementation of this approach
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Frame size was traditionally measured along the seat tube from the center of the bottom bracket to the center of the top tube. Typical "medium" sizes are 54 or 56 cm (approximately 21.2 or 22 inches) for a
European men's racing bicycle or 46 cm (about 18.5 inches) for a men's
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have much in common with road and time trial frames, but come with horizontal, rear-facing, rear fork ends, rather than dropouts, to allow one to adjust the position of the rear wheel horizontally to set the proper chain tension. Rear hub spacing is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) rather than 130
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Traditional geometry road frames are often associated with more comfort and greater stability, and tend to have a longer wheelbase which contributes to these two aspects. Compact geometry allows the top of the head tube to be above the top of the seat tube, decreasing standover height, and thus
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where it is needed (to withstand pedaling forces), while allowing flexibility in other frame sections (for comfort). Custom carbon fiber bicycle frames may even be designed with individual tubes that are strong in one direction (such as laterally), while compliant in another direction (such as
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There are a few traditional standard shell widths (68, 70 or 73 mm). Road bikes usually use 68 mm; Italian road bikes use 70 mm; Early model mountain bikes use 73 mm; later models (1995 and newer) use 68 mm more commonly. Some modern bicycles have shell widths of 83 or
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The elevated chain stay bicycle was popular in the early 90s. It featured a rear triangle with elevated bottom frame stays, negating the need for the chain to be drawn through the rear frame. This allowed for a shorter wheelbase and improved handling during technical ascents, at the cost of
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increasing standover clearance and lowering the center of gravity. Opinion is divided on the riding merits of the compact frame, but several manufacturers claim that a reduced range of sizes can fit most riders, and that it is easier to build a frame without a perfectly level top tube.
812:. In comparing different frame geometries, designers often compare the seat tube angle, head tube angle, (virtual) top tube length, and seat tube length. To complete the specification of a bicycle for use, the rider adjusts the relative positions of the saddle, pedals and handlebars:
554:
frame, the top tube is almost always sloped downward toward the seat tube. Radically sloped top tubes that compromise the integrity of the traditional diamond frame may require additional gusseting tubes, alternative frame construction, or different materials for equivalent strength.
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Many alternatives to the traditional seat stay design have been introduced over the years. A style of seat stay that extends forward of the seat tube, below the rear end of the top tube and connects to the top tube in front of the seat tube, creating a small triangle, is called a
1211:
to the lug. Historically, the lower temperatures associated with brazing (silver brazing in particular) had less of a negative impact on the tubing strength than high temperature welding, allowing relatively light tube to be used without loss of strength. Recent advances in
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the field due to its simple construction. Also, since steel tubing can rust (although in practice paint and anti-corrosion sprays can effectively prevent rust), the lugged frame allows a fast tube replacement with virtually no physical damage to the neighbouring tubes.
713:(under the moniker "triple triangle"), who had incorporated the design element into their BMX frames, as it also made for a much stiffer rear triangle (an advantage in races); this design element has also been used on their mountain bike frames for similar reasons.
231:. The top tube connects the head tube to the seat tube at the top. The top tube may be positioned horizontally (parallel to the ground), or it may slope downwards towards the seat tube for additional stand-over clearance. The down tube connects the head tube to the
1367:
end sections—are used by some manufacturers for weight savings. Non-round tubes are used for a variety of reasons, including stiffness, aerodynamics, and marketing. Various shapes focus on one or another of these goals, and seldom accomplish all.
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The diamond frame consists of two triangles, a main triangle and a paired rear triangle. The main triangle consists of the head tube, top tube, down tube and seat tube. The rear triangle consists of the seat tube, and paired chain stays and seat stays.
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includes a metal down tube and chain stays with carbon top tube, seat tube, and seat stays. Another is a metal main triangle and chain stays with just carbon seat stays. Carbon forks have become very common on racing bicycles of all frame materials.
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composite is a popular non-metallic material commonly used for bicycle frames. Although expensive, it is light-weight, corrosion-resistant and strong, and can be formed into almost any shape desired. The result is a frame that can be fine-tuned for
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with a bladder inside which was then inflated to force the carbon and plastic tube against the inside of the mould. The mould was then heated to melt the thermoplastic. Once the thermoplastic cooled it was removed from the mould in its final form.
1496:, can be added to the matrix to enhance stiffness further. Some newer high end frames are incorporating Kevlar fibers into the carbon weaves to improve vibration damping and impact strength, particularly in downtubes, seat stays, and chain stays.
219:
In the diamond frame, the main "triangle" is not actually a triangle because it consists of four tubes: the head tube, top tube, down tube and seat tube. The rear triangle consists of the seat tube joined by paired chain stays and seat stays.
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profile not possible with cylindrical tubes, or would be excessively heavy in other materials. While this type of frame may in fact be heavier than others, its aerodynamic efficiency may help the cyclist to attain a higher overall speed.
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was one of the first major manufacturers to produce a thermoplastic frame with their STS System frames in the mid 1990s. The carbon fibers were loosely woven into a tube along with fibers of thermoplastic. This tube was placed into a
776:
bottom bracket, which allows for adjustment in tension of the bicycle's chain. It is typically larger, unthreaded, and sometimes split. The chain stays, seat tube, and down tube all typically connect to the bottom bracket shell.
522:. In an integrated headset, cartridge bearings interface directly with the surface on the inside of the head tube, on non-integrated headsets the bearings (in a cartridge or not) interface with "cups" pressed into the head tube.
549:
In a traditional-geometry diamond frame, the top tube is horizontal (parallel to the ground). In a compact-geometry frame, the top tube is normally sloped downward toward the seat tube for additional standover clearance. In a
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systems have a pivoting rear triangle to actuate the rear shock absorber. There is much manufacturer variation in the frame design of full-suspension mountain bicycles, and different designs for different riding purposes.
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Chain stays may be designed using tapered or untapered tubing. They may be relieved, ovalized, crimped, S-shaped, or elevated to allow additional clearance for the rear wheel, chain, crankarms, or the heel of the foot.
585:
also route the front and rear derailleur cables along the top tube. Inside routing, once only present in the highest price ranges, protects the cables from damage and dirt, which can e.g. make gear shifting unreliable.
268:. The design has since been used in unisex utility bikes to facilitate easy mounting and dismounting, and is also known as a step-through frame or an open frame. Another style that accomplishes similar results is the
1240:
brazing is another method of joining frame tubes without lugs. It is more labor-intensive, and consequently is less likely to be used for production frames. As with TIG welding, Fillet frame tubes are precisely
602:
connects the head tube to the bottom bracket shell. On racing bicycles and some mountain and hybrid bikes, the derailleur cables run along the down tube, or inside the down tube. On older racing bicycles, the
569:
usually have a top tube that slopes down steeply to allow the rider to mount and dismount the bicycle more easily. Alternative step-through designs may include leaving out the top tube out completely, as in
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The space between the top tube and the rider's groin while straddling the bike and standing on the ground is called clearance. The total height from the ground to this point is called the height lever.
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or dropouts. A shorter chain stay generally means that the bike will accelerate faster and be easier to ride uphill, at least while the rider can avoid the front wheel losing contact with the ground.
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and then a fillet of brass is brazed onto the joint, similar to the lugged construction process. A fillet braze frame can achieve more aesthetic unity (smooth curved appearance) than a welded frame.
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compared with steel alloys; however, they possess a better strength-to-weight ratio, giving them notable weight advantages over steel. Early aluminum structures have shown to be more vulnerable to
1017:) which deal only with shocks arising from the front wheel. The development of sophisticated suspension systems in the 1990s quickly resulted in many modifications to the classic diamond frame.
982:
millimetres (5.1 in) or more for road frames. Bottom bracket drop is smaller, typically 50–60 millimetres (2.0–2.4 in). Also the seat tube angle is steeper than on road racing bikes.
1300:
A high-quality steel frame is generally lighter than a regular steel frame. All else being equal, this loss of weight can improve the acceleration and climbing performance of the bicycle.
2138:
The RoundTail bicycle is featured on the front of the
January issue of Road Bike Action Magazine — one of the largest international bike publications with a global circulation of 90,000.
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Several bicycle frames have been made of bamboo tubes connected with metal or composite joinery. Aesthetic appeal has often been as much of a motivator as mechanical characteristics.
911:. The wider range of frame geometries that now exist has also led to other methods of measuring frame size. Touring frames tend to be longer, while racing frames are more compact.
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of the bike, which connects to the saddle. The saddle height is adjustable by changing how far the seatpost is inserted into the seat tube. On some bikes, this is achieved using a
311:
bicycles obsolete in racing, manufacturing of recumbent bicycles remained depressed for another half century, but many models from a range of manufacturers were available by 2000.
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613:
mounts are also on the down tube, usually on the top side, sometimes also on the bottom side. In addition to bottle cages, small air pumps may be fitted to these mounts as well.
581:
Control cables are routed along mounts on the top tube, or sometimes inside the top tube. Most commonly, this includes the cable for the rear brake, but some mountain bikes and
1980:
2006:
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are two of the most famous manufacturers of bicycle tubing. A few medium-quality bicycles used these steel alloys for only some of the frame tubes. An example was the
331:
A cross frame consists mainly of two tubes that form a cross: a seat tube from the bottom bracket to the saddle, and a backbone from the head tube to the rear hub.
1267:, such as might be used to manufacture automobiles or other common items. However, higher-quality bicycle frames are made of high strength steel alloys (generally
1236:, which does not require lugs to hold the tubes together. Instead, frame tubes are precisely aligned into a jig and fixed in place until the welding is complete.
919:
A road racing bicycle is designed for efficient power transfer at minimum weight and drag. Broadly speaking, the road bicycle geometry is categorized as either a
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frame. These alternatives to the diamond frame provide greater versatility, though at the expense of added weight to achieve equivalent strength and rigidity.
1220:") have created tubing that is not adversely affected, or whose properties are even improved by high temperature welding temperatures, which has allowed both
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In a cantilever bicycle frame the seat stays continue past the seat post and curve downwards to meet with the down tube. Cantilever frames are popular on the
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Used on a bicycle with unsuspended rear wheel, the wishbone seat stay actually adds rigidity in the wrong direction - vertical rather than lateral stiffness.
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regulations, which state among other things that the frame must consist of two triangles. Hence designs that lack a seat tube or top tube are not allowed.
2264:
Peterson, Leisha A.; Londry, Kelly J. (1986). "Finite-Element
Structural Analysis: A New Tool for Bicycle Frame Design: The Strain Energy Design Method".
1053:. Steel frames can be made of varying grades of steel, from very inexpensive carbon steel to more costly and higher quality chromium molybdenum steel
256:
Historically, bicycle frames designed for women had a top tube that connected in the middle of the seat tube instead of the top, resulting in a lower
211:
Besides the ubiquitous diamond frame, many different frame types have been developed for the bicycle, several of which are still in common use today.
1331:, either due to ineffective alloys, or imperfect welding technique being used. This contrasts with some steel and titanium alloys, which have clear
1358:
impacts. Thus, aluminum bicycle tubing is a compromise, offering a wall thickness to diameter ratio that is not of utmost efficiency, but gives us
2215:
cross-bar, n. 1. a. A transverse bar; a bar placed or fixed across another bar or part of a structure. spec. The horizontal bar of a bicycle frame
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tubes (bonded to aluminum lugs), priced at $ 26,000. Reports were that the ride was very harsh, but the frame was also very laterally flexible.
1275:, or "chromoly" steel alloys) which can be made into lightweight tubing with very thin wall gauges. One of the most successful older steels was
3311:
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run parallel to the chain, connecting the bottom bracket shell (which holds the axis around which the pedals and cranks rotate) to the rear
1203:
A classic type of construction for both road bicycles and mountain bicycles uses standard cylindrical steel tubes which are connected with
1297:(at least certain models), which used chromoly steel for the top and bottom tubes but used lower-quality steel for the rest of the frame.
1207:. Lugs are fittings made of thicker pieces of steel. The tubes are fitted into the lugs, which encircle the end of the tube, and are then
709:
seat stays add aesthetic appeal at the expense of added weight. This style of seat stay was popularized again in the late 20th century by
1260:
means that the wall thickness of the tubing changes from thick at the ends (for strength) to thinner in the middle (for lighter weight).
491:
either during manufacturing or as a retrofit so that the frame can be disassembled into smaller pieces to facilitate packing and travel.
2282:
Wingerter, R., and
Lebossiere, P., ME 354, Mechanics of Materials Laboratory: Structures, University of Washington (February 2004), p.1
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race, aesthetic appeal has often been as much of a motivator as ride characteristics. Wood is used to fashion bicycles in East Africa.
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compromised integrity and resultant increased bottom bracket flex (unless reinforced) compared to a frame with traditional chain stays.
1413:(6% aluminum and 4% vanadium). Some manufacturers are experimenting with other alloys designed specifically for cycling. Tubes can be
1354:. Welded aluminum bicycle frames started to appear in the marketplace only after this type of welding became economical in the 1970s.
2853:
720:. This frame element added length to the traditional design of seat stays, making a softer ride at the sacrifice of frame stiffness.
716:
In 2012, a variation of the traditional seat stay that bypasses the seat tube and connects further into the top tube was patented by
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will place the handlebars in a lower and further position relative to the saddle giving a more crouched riding position; whereas a
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or tread of the bike. There are a few standard shell diameters (34.798 – 36 mm) with associated thread pitches (24 - 28 tpi).
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2721:
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Several bicycle frames have been made of wood, either solid or laminate. Although one survived 265 grueling kilometers of the
1546:, which has around 64% the density of aluminum. In the 1980s, an engineer, Frank Kirk, devised a novel form of frame that was
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mainframe designs using a separated or hinged seat tube, and twin top tubes that continue to the rear fork ends as with the
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3066:"The Care Exchange: Material Assets. Titanium, Carbon Fibre, Aluminum or Steel - Which frame material is best for you?"
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1990:
1900:
800:, the bottom bracket shell may be replaced by an integrated gearbox or a mounting location for a detachable gearbox.
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Tube engineering and frame geometry can overcome much of the perceived shortcomings of these particular materials.
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1950:
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is a short and large diameter tube, relative to the other tubes in the frame, that runs side to side and holds the
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819:, the distance from the center of the bottom bracket to the point of reference on top of the middle of the saddle.
3207:
1926:
1198:
1105:. Several properties of a material help decide whether it is appropriate in the construction of a bicycle frame:
887:
883:
768:. It is usually threaded, often left-hand threaded on the right (drive) side of the bike to prevent loosening by
3455:
1386:
is a relatively specialised material for bicycle frames. It has many desirable characteristics including a high
742:
refers to seat stays which meet the front triangle of the bicycle at two separate points, usually side-by-side.
77:. Frames are required to be strong, stiff and light, which they do by combining different materials and shapes.
469:, the 2009 Viva Wire, the Wire Bike from designer Ionut Predescu, or the Slingshot Bicycles fold-tech series.
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481:
17:
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to steel, and certain mechanical properties, assure it a place among the favored frame-building materials.
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2054:
110:
The 'diamond' frame's central, horizontal top bar forces the rider to swing a leg over the bicycle's seat.
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607:
were mounted on the down tube. On newer ones, they are mounted with the brake levers on the handlebars.
3729:
2877:
Vandermark, Robert (June 1997). "Opportunities for the
Titanium Industry in Bicycles and Wheelchairs".
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industry. The most commonly used alloy on titanium bicycle frames are 3AL-2.5V (3.5% aluminum and 2.5%
1351:
1077:. Occasionally, diamond (shaped) frames have been formed from sections other than tubes. These include
3430:
1232:
A more economical method of bicycle frame construction uses cylindrical steel tubing connected by TIG
3892:
3544:
1735:
1350:
The most popular type of construction today uses aluminum alloy tubes that are connected together by
1148:
determines the durability of the frame when subjected to cyclical stress from pedaling or ride bumps.
3307:
385:
frames are characterized by the ability to fold into a compact shape for transportation or storage.
323:
moves the cranks to the rear of the rider, resulting in a head-forward, chest-down riding position.
1221:
970:, Cheetah and Softride, have non-traditional frame layouts, which can produce better aerodynamics.
782:
428:
194:
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by their weight (around 2.5 kg for frame and forks) and the type of lugs and fork ends used.
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39:
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Frame geometry also affects handling characteristics. For more information, see the articles on
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3637:
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2298:
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849:, the horizontal distance between the front of the saddle and the center of the bottom bracket.
604:
224:
89:
1852:
837:, the distance by which the center of the bottom bracket lies below the level of the rear hub.
772:, and right-hand threaded on the left (non-drive) side. There are many variations, such as an
3606:
1745:
1509:
1477:
1402:
1324:
1225:
773:
58:
831:, the horizontal distance from the center of the bottom bracket to the top of the head tube.
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3719:
2886:
1449:
road bicycle. Different orientations of fibers can be seen on the top-, down- and headtube.
1340:
1021:
752:
with brake mounts. Brake mounts are often absent from fixed-gear or track bike seat stays.
472:
Frames with hoops replacing the seat tube, chain stays and seat stays: called "roundtail"s.
3286:
1286:-molybdenum alloy steel. More common now is 4130 ChroMoly or similar alloys. Reynolds and
825:, the vertical distance from the center of the bottom bracket to the top of the head tube.
672:
front of the rear wheel and behind the bottom bracket shell, called a "chainstay bridge".
8:
3751:
3627:
2957:
2032:
1938:
Other names for bicycles with an extra reinforcing tube were girder frame or truss frame.
1896:
1740:
1470:
1344:
1276:
1217:
1142:
determines how much deformity the material allows before cracking (for crash-worthiness).
790:
292:. In many cantilever frames the only straight tubes are the seat tube and the head tube.
3120:
2890:
2849:
2595:
2075:
1316:
Mountainbike frame made of sections of CNC machined aluminum welded and bolted together.
843:, the vertical distance between the reference at the top of the saddle to the handlebar.
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3265:
2902:
2207:
1710:
1328:
1237:
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1038:
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251:
177:
Bicycle in
Victorian Plymouth, England, with a predecessor of the Starley diamond-frame
122:
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emphasizes comfort and has higher handlebars resulting in an upright riding position.
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lever. The seatpost must be inserted at least a certain length; this is marked with a
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3240:
2906:
2688:
2405:
2241:
2161:
2012:
1986:
1954:
1615:
1611:
1530:
1458:
1387:
1074:
307:
301:
3529:
2829:
985:
861:, the distance from the center of the bottom bracket to the center of the front hub.
3862:
3015:
2894:
2637:
2324:
1750:
1129:
1113:
462:
348:
285:
164:
134:
129:
3877:
3262:"Paketa Custom Magnesium Bicycles :: Stronger Than Carbon Fiber and Aluminum"
3907:
3867:
3847:
3569:
3069:
2452:
1421:
into various shapes and allow for internal cabling. Welding is typically done in
1320:
1287:
1133:
1123:
1049:
Historically, the most common material for the tubes of a bicycle frame has been
876:
797:
466:
382:
281:
167:
96:. Frame builders will often produce the frame and fork together as a paired set.
62:
3538:
2666:
2369:
1877:
Arnfried, Schmitz (June 1990). "Why your bicycle hasn't changed for 106 years".
705:
stay after the
British frame builder Fred Hellens, who introduced them in 1923.
3902:
3832:
3657:
3652:
2349:
2303:
1824:
1605:
1591:
1398:
1070:
1002:
941:
765:
582:
404:
393:
232:
147:
66:
3501:
3141:
3922:
3882:
3852:
3811:
3747:
3737:
3686:
3553:- discusses frame material properties in relation to suitability to frame use
3533:
2804:
2742:
2428:
1655:
1516:
1422:
1391:
1332:
1253:
1191:
1139:
1102:
978:
908:
717:
630:
551:
344:
320:
119:
54:
35:
30:
3095:
1132:
determines how much force is needed to permanently deform the material (for
808:
The length of the tubes, and the angles at which they are attached define a
748:
seat stays meet the seat tube at the back instead of the sides of the tube.
152:
3837:
3801:
3704:
3694:
3642:
3361:
2126:
1730:
1686:
1682:
1555:
magnesium frames in production are constructed conventionally using tubes.
1453:
1279:
955:
A cyclist riding a time-trial bicycle with aerodynamic wheels and aero bars
872:
530:
519:
451:
289:
228:
181:
85:
1626:
1563:
Some manufacturers of bikes make frames out of aluminum alloys containing
1009:
models, which provide shock absorption for the front and rear wheels; and
3897:
3842:
3806:
3756:
3562:
3336:
1690:
1674:
1525:
1485:
1418:
1379:
Characteristic weld beads on a titanium frame made by a master craftsman.
1312:
1246:
710:
645:
610:
436:
3185:
2771:
1504:
1171:
396:
frames are characterized by a large front wheel and a small rear wheel.
3887:
3766:
3709:
3572:
is a simple HTML5 app which allows to sketch and compare frames online.
2898:
2570:
2549:
1272:
1213:
963:
951:
871:
The geometry of the frame depends on the intended use. For instance, a
867:, the amount that the feet can interfere with steering the front wheel.
786:
649:
3550:
3211:
2465:
1922:
1836:
Their range of seventeen models includes a woman's open frame bicycle.
1484:
employ composite construction because the frame can be shaped with an
1441:
1163:
898:
201:
3857:
3775:
3632:
2616:
1579:
1543:
1481:
1463:
1410:
1283:
1186:
frames are often built using various types of steel alloys including
1176:
1119:
1094:
1082:
967:
959:
571:
509:
432:
360:
141:
93:
684:
3780:
3770:
3742:
3662:
3647:
1668:
1564:
1547:
1406:
1383:
1268:
1242:
1187:
1090:
665:
641:
626:
458:
440:
408:
239:
73:: a main triangle and a paired rear triangle. This is known as the
70:
3477:
Smart
Cycling: Promoting Safety, Fun, Fitness, and the Environment
1116:) is a measure of how light or heavy the material per unit volume.
363:
frame consists only of a hollow shell with no internal structure.
173:
114:
3816:
3714:
1725:
1698:
1375:
1291:
1263:
Cheaper steel bicycle frames are made of mild steel, also called
1233:
1208:
1109:
546:, connects the top of the head tube to the top of the seat tube.
50:
3575:
3541:- an explanation of the different ways of measuring frame sizes.
2528:
3761:
1551:
1078:
375:
2507:
2486:
992:
Design of a modern carbon full suspension mountain bike frame.
189:
3699:
1521:
1493:
1183:
1054:
575:
461:
for members that are only under tension, such as the
Dursley
419:
There are many variations on the basic diamond frame design.
340:
269:
265:
261:
159:
106:
1578:
of St. Cloud, Minnesota, briefly offered a frameset made of
1167:
A steel framed 2002 fully rigid (unsuspended) Trek 800 Sport
1715:
Many bicycles, especially mountain bikes, have suspension.
1086:
61:
are fitted. The modern and most common frame design for an
1005:
are often used; there are a number of variants, including
989:
260:. This was to allow the rider to dismount while wearing a
2927:"Why Serious Cyclists Are Paying More for Titanium Bikes"
3556:
3016:"Sheldon Brown: Frame Materials for the Touring Cyclist"
2263:
1085:. Materials that have been used in these frames include
518:
contains the headset, the bearings for the fork via its
2400:(3rd ed.). Bicycle Books, San Francisco. pp.
2236:(3rd ed.). Bicycle Books, San Francisco. pp.
2156:(3rd ed.). Bicycle Books, San Francisco. pp.
1697:
because they were originally, and sometimes still are,
1492:
Other materials besides carbon fiber, such as metallic
3539:
Sheldon Brown's "Revisionist Theory of Bicycle Sizing"
2850:"Bicycle Frame Materials - Stiffness and ride quality"
2706:
2677:
2259:
2257:
944:
that are used in UCI-sanctioned races are governed by
3358:"Ottavia's Suitcase Magni Vinicio's Wooden Bicycles"
3119:. Eagle One Research and Development. Archived from
1853:"Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary: Cantilever Frame"
1630:
Giant Cadex bicycle with carbon/aluminum/steel frame
1155:
Frame materials are listed by commonality of usage.
2254:
1825:"Nimrod road tests the Jack Taylor touring bicycle"
2455:, www.sheldonbrown.com, Accessed 29 November 2009.
2206:
2100:"Tortola Roundtail – A bicycle frame with a twist"
1978:
1401:and tubes that were originally developed for the
3920:
2350:"Volagi, LLC BICYCLE FRAMES AND BICYCLES Patent"
2076:"Slingshot Bikes | Fold-Tech Cyclo-Cross Series"
934:Road bicycles for racing tend to have a steeper
558:
2225:
2223:
2213:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
2055:"Wire Bike uses carbon fiber and Kevlar cables"
3208:"Inside Calfee Design's Carbon Repair Service"
3144:Carbon vs Aluminum Frames - Which is Stronger?
914:
855:, the height of the top tube above the ground.
339:A truss frame uses additional tubes to form a
3591:
2872:
2870:
2842:
789:applications. The shell width influences the
3452:"Specialized Allez Technical Specifications"
3058:
3041:"Bike Jargon Buster... Bike Frame Materials"
3004:
2393:
2229:
2220:
2149:
1028:
3559:allows you to design your own frame online.
3084:
2920:
2918:
2916:
534:Bicycle frameset (frame and fork) schematic
3598:
3584:
3530:Science of Cycling: Frames & Materials
2951:
2949:
2947:
2876:
2867:
1558:
1542:A handful of bicycle frames are made from
781:100 mm and these are for specialised
2980:
2978:
2638:"Bicycle Quarterly Glossary: Toe overlap"
1979:Schweikher, Erich; Diamond, Paul (2007).
1769:
1767:
3479:. Human Kinetics. 2010. pp. 25–26.
3033:
2987:"Best titanium bikes reviewed and rated"
2924:
2913:
2805:"Sheldon Brown's Glossary: Miter, Mitre"
1876:
1800:"Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary E - F"
1625:
1503:
1440:
1432:
1374:
1311:
1170:
1162:
984:
950:
897:
723:Another common seat stay variant is the
683:
529:
370:
200:
188:
180:
172:
158:
140:
128:
113:
105:
88:of a bicycle and sometimes includes the
29:
3350:
3308:"American Bamboo Society Bambucicletas"
2955:
2944:
2772:"Bicycle Frame Repair at Yellow Jersey"
1618:has also been used for bicycle frames.
755:
688:Example of a dual-stay seat stay system
238:The rear triangle connects to the rear
14:
3921:
3376:
3325:
3254:
2984:
2975:
2667:"Revisionist Theory of Bicycle Sizing"
1764:
1339:Popular alloys for bicycle frames are
1001:For ride comfort and better handling,
399:
3579:
3547:- a simple frame size calculator tool
2661:
2596:"Sheldon Brown's Glossary: Standover"
2435:from the original on 16 December 2008
2292:
2290:
2288:
2188:from the original on 30 December 2009
2052:
1437:A "Biria unplugged" bicycle from 1996
1425:to protect the welds from oxidation.
3508:from the original on 29 January 2009
3314:from the original on 17 January 2007
2724:from the original on 13 January 2008
2718:"Sheldon Brown's Glossary: Drop out"
2296:
2119:
1469:In one series of tests conducted by
1058:
996:
3300:
3155:"Carbon Bicycle and Component Care"
2925:Marshall, Lee (February 28, 2019).
2695:from the original on 5 January 2008
2689:"Sheldon Brown's Glossary: Forkend"
1256:reduces weight and increases cost.
1020:Recent mountain bicycles with rear
561:for more information on geometries.
257:
24:
3287:"MOMBAT American Bicycles History"
3022:from the original on 10 March 2007
2811:from the original on 10 April 2008
2644:from the original on 13 April 2009
2285:
1307:
1044:
326:
25:
3945:
3605:
3523:
3499:
3405:"The durable, $ 9 cardboard bike"
3010:
2956:Spender, James (April 21, 2016).
2799:
2712:
2683:
2590:
2122:"Windsor-bred bike hits big time"
1949:
1929:from the original on 24 July 2011
1920:
1891:
1859:from the original on 10 June 2011
1847:
1773:
1647:describes additional variations.
1146:Fatigue limit and Endurance limit
1066:
973:
923:with a horizontal top tube, or a
803:
484:describes additional variations.
388:
3676:
3384:"Wooden Bicycles in East Africa"
2985:Smythe, Simon (March 18, 2021).
2856:from the original on 3 July 2007
2453:Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary
2331:from the original on 14 May 2008
2120:Viau, Jason (December 7, 2011).
1982:Cycling's Greatest Misadventures
1961:from the original on 14 May 2011
1903:from the original on 13 May 2011
1650:
1499:
1352:Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding
411:frames support multiple riders.
3493:
3469:
3444:
3419:
3397:
3279:
3229:
3200:
3174:
3147:
3135:
3109:
2822:
2793:
2782:from the original on 2020-01-22
2764:
2753:from the original on 2020-01-22
2735:
2655:
2630:
2609:
2584:
2563:
2542:
2521:
2500:
2479:
2458:
2446:
2421:
2387:
2376:from the original on 9 May 2008
2362:
2342:
2317:
2276:
2199:
2174:
2143:
2113:
2092:
2068:
2046:
2025:
1999:
1621:
1476:Many racing bicycles built for
1428:
1323:have a lower density and lower
1199:Lugged steel frame construction
1057:. Frames can also be made from
888:bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
884:bicycle and motorcycle geometry
378:folding frame bicycle in yellow
245:
3092:"Why Titanium? :What matters?"
2297:Ryan, Christine (2018-08-14).
1972:
1943:
1914:
1885:
1870:
1841:
1817:
1792:
1576:American Bicycle Manufacturing
1397:Titanium frames typically use
655:
494:
424:
13:
1:
2053:Evans, Paul (March 9, 2009).
2035:. Cool Material. 25 June 2009
1757:
1704:
1550:in one piece and composed of
1062:
893:
679:
447:
275:
99:
2008:Inventions & Discoveries
1673:A variety of small features—
1662:
1570:
1537:
697:routed along the seat stay.
640:The seat tube also may have
616:
593:
503:
439:Airfoil, and most frames by
354:
295:
155:Museum in the Czech Republic
7:
3333:"Calfee Design Bamboo Bike"
1718:
1370:
915:Road and triathlon bicycles
770:fretting induced precession
559:Road and triathlon bicycles
525:
487:It is also possible to add
223:The head tube contains the
49:is the main component of a
27:Main component of a bicycle
10:
3950:
2429:"Sheldon Brown's Glossary"
2394:Van Der Plas, Rob (1995).
2370:"Sheldon Brown's Glossary"
2325:"Sheldon Brown's Glossary"
2230:Van Der Plas, Rob (1995).
2150:Van Der Plas, Rob (1995).
1708:
1666:
1603:
1589:
1252:Among steel frames, using
1196:
1050:
902:Commonly used measurements
507:
450:such as "Old Faithful" by
366:
299:
249:
214:
197:Y-Foil from the late 1990s
185:A cantilever bicycle frame
84:consists of the frame and
3825:
3789:
3728:
3685:
3674:
3613:
3427:"Lemond Spine Technology"
3184:. Spadout. Archived from
2909:– via SpringerLink.
2830:"BikeCAD miter templates"
2209:Oxford English Dictionary
2033:"The Wire 2009 Viva Bike"
1827:. Cycling. March 16, 1960
1779:"Glossary: Diamond Frame"
1736:Danish bicycle VIN-system
1585:
1029:Roadster/utility bicycles
927:with a sloping top tube.
414:
227:, the interface with the
2102:. BikeRadar. 11 Apr 2011
1985:. Casagrande Press LLC.
1693:, etc.—are described as
1638:
1158:
783:downhill mountain biking
351:, and the one pictured.
334:
314:
125:, ladies', or open frame
3551:Metallurgy for Cyclists
3142:https://www.youtube.com
2931:The Wall Street Journal
2673:. www.sheldonbrown.com.
1955:"Glossary: Cross Frame"
1897:"Glossary: Cross Frame"
1599:
1559:Scandium aluminum alloy
40:Rocky Mountain Bicycles
3335:. 2005. Archived from
2299:"The Best Hybrid Bike"
2080:www.slingshotbikes.com
1631:
1513:
1450:
1438:
1380:
1317:
1180:
1168:
993:
956:
903:
689:
635:minimum insertion mark
535:
379:
206:
198:
186:
178:
170:
156:
138:
126:
111:
69:, and consists of two
42:
3545:Frame Size Calculator
3502:"Glossary: Brazon-on"
3214:on September 17, 2012
3117:"Bike Frame Geometry"
2529:"Bottom bracket drop"
1746:List of bicycle parts
1645:bicycle types article
1629:
1520:common thermosetting
1512:from the early 1980s.
1510:Itera plastic bicycle
1507:
1478:individual time trial
1444:
1436:
1378:
1315:
1174:
1166:
988:
954:
901:
687:
533:
374:
204:
192:
184:
176:
162:
144:
132:
117:
109:
33:
3720:Quick release skewer
3171:BicycleWarehouse.com
1659:used in handlebars.
942:Road racing bicycles
921:traditional geometry
762:bottom bracket shell
756:Bottom bracket shell
205:A modern truss frame
151:photographed in the
3161:on February 5, 2013
2891:1997JOM....49f..24V
1741:Glossary of cycling
1471:Santa Cruz Bicycles
1218:Air-hardening steel
1179:steel bicycle frame
1175:A frame label of a
835:bottom bracket drop
567:Step-through frames
482:cycle types article
400:Tandem and sociable
343:. Examples include
3568:2021-04-27 at the
3364:on 6 February 2012
3339:on 13 January 2007
3225:Bicycling Magazine
2899:10.1007/BF02914709
2397:Bicycle Technology
2266:Bicycling Magazine
2233:Bicycle Technology
2153:Bicycle Technology
2011:. BPI Publishing.
1711:Bicycle suspension
1632:
1514:
1451:
1439:
1381:
1318:
1265:high tensile steel
1181:
1169:
994:
957:
904:
690:
536:
380:
252:Step-through frame
207:
199:
187:
179:
171:
157:
139:
127:
112:
43:
38:frame produced by
3916:
3915:
3486:978-0-7360-8717-9
3407:. 17 October 2012
3018:. Sheldon Brown.
2807:. Sheldon Brown.
2720:. Sheldon Brown.
2691:. Sheldon Brown.
2411:978-0-933201-30-9
2247:978-0-933201-30-9
2184:. Sheldon Brown.
2167:978-0-933201-30-9
1459:specific strength
1445:Nude carbon on a
1388:specific strength
1034:Roadster bicycles
997:Mountain bicycles
308:recumbent bicycle
302:Recumbent bicycle
34:A steel hardtail
16:(Redirected from
3941:
3680:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3500:Brown, Sheldon.
3497:
3491:
3490:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3454:. Archived from
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3429:. Archived from
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3360:. Archived from
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3264:. Archived from
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3239:. Archived from
3233:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3210:. Archived from
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3157:. Archived from
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3094:. Archived from
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3072:on 17 April 2007
3068:. Archived from
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2958:"The life of Ti"
2953:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2922:
2911:
2910:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2776:yellowjersey.org
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2571:"Saddle setback"
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2550:"Handlebar drop"
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2294:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2127:The Windsor Star
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1921:Kuner, Herbert.
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1804:sheldonbrown.com
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1771:
1751:Motorcycle frame
1677:mounting holes,
1423:inert conditions
1114:specific gravity
1011:front suspension
925:compact geometry
853:standover height
798:gearbox bicycles
729:single seat stay
463:Pedersen bicycle
457:Frames that use
286:lowrider bicycle
258:standover height
135:Pedersen bicycle
65:is based on the
59:other components
21:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3908:Training wheels
3868:Luggage carrier
3821:
3785:
3724:
3681:
3672:
3609:
3604:
3570:Wayback Machine
3557:BikeCAD program
3526:
3521:
3520:
3511:
3509:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3310:. August 2006.
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3164:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3123:on 29 June 2012
3115:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2983:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2954:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2923:
2914:
2875:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2682:
2678:
2660:
2656:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2598:. Sheldon Brown
2589:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2466:"Saddle height"
2464:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2295:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2228:
2221:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2148:
2144:
2132:
2130:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1948:
1944:
1932:
1930:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1890:
1886:
1879:Cycling Science
1875:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1846:
1842:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1671:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1624:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1573:
1561:
1540:
1502:
1431:
1409:), followed by
1399:titanium alloys
1373:
1321:Aluminum alloys
1310:
1308:Aluminum alloys
1201:
1161:
1134:crashworthiness
1124:elastic modulus
1059:aluminum alloys
1047:
1045:Frame materials
1031:
1007:full suspension
1003:shock absorbers
999:
976:
936:seat tube angle
917:
896:
877:utility bicycle
806:
758:
682:
658:
619:
596:
583:hybrid bicycles
528:
512:
506:
497:
446:Frames without
423:Frames without
417:
402:
391:
383:Folding bicycle
369:
357:
337:
329:
327:Cross or girder
317:
304:
298:
282:cruiser bicycle
278:
254:
248:
217:
209:
208:
193:A carbon fiber
168:folding bicycle
102:
63:upright bicycle
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3947:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:Bottom bracket
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3563:Frame Sketcher
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3525:
3524:External links
3522:
3519:
3518:
3492:
3485:
3468:
3443:
3418:
3396:
3375:
3349:
3324:
3299:
3278:
3253:
3237:"Kirk History"
3228:
3199:
3188:on 5 July 2012
3182:"Bike Framers"
3173:
3146:
3134:
3108:
3083:
3057:
3032:
3012:Brown, Sheldon
3003:
2991:Cycling Weekly
2974:
2943:
2912:
2866:
2841:
2821:
2801:Brown, Sheldon
2792:
2763:
2743:"A Lug Primer"
2734:
2714:Brown, Sheldon
2705:
2685:Brown, Sheldon
2676:
2671:Harris Cyclery
2663:Brown, Sheldon
2654:
2629:
2617:"Front center"
2608:
2592:Brown, Sheldon
2583:
2562:
2541:
2520:
2499:
2478:
2457:
2445:
2420:
2410:
2386:
2361:
2341:
2316:
2304:The Wirecutter
2284:
2275:
2253:
2246:
2219:
2198:
2173:
2166:
2142:
2112:
2091:
2067:
2045:
2024:
2017:
1998:
1991:
1971:
1951:Brown, Sheldon
1942:
1923:"Cross Frames"
1913:
1893:Brown, Sheldon
1884:
1869:
1849:Brown, Sheldon
1840:
1816:
1791:
1775:Brown, Sheldon
1762:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1709:Main article:
1706:
1703:
1667:Main article:
1664:
1661:
1652:
1649:
1640:
1637:
1623:
1620:
1606:Wooden bicycle
1604:Main article:
1601:
1598:
1592:Bamboo bicycle
1590:Main article:
1587:
1584:
1572:
1569:
1560:
1557:
1539:
1536:
1517:Thermoplastics
1501:
1498:
1466:construction.
1430:
1427:
1372:
1369:
1333:fatigue limits
1309:
1306:
1197:Main article:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1130:Yield strength
1127:
1117:
1101:I-beams), and
1046:
1043:
1030:
1027:
998:
995:
975:
974:Track bicycles
972:
916:
913:
895:
892:
869:
868:
862:
856:
850:
847:saddle setback
844:
841:handlebar drop
838:
832:
826:
820:
810:frame geometry
805:
804:Frame geometry
802:
766:bottom bracket
757:
754:
740:dual seat stay
681:
678:
657:
654:
618:
615:
595:
592:
527:
524:
508:Main article:
505:
502:
496:
493:
478:
477:
473:
470:
467:Pocket Bicycle
465:pictured, the
455:
444:
427:, such as the
416:
413:
401:
398:
394:Penny-farthing
390:
389:Penny-farthing
387:
368:
365:
356:
353:
336:
333:
328:
325:
316:
313:
300:Main article:
297:
294:
277:
274:
250:Main article:
247:
244:
233:bottom bracket
216:
213:
148:penny-farthing
104:
103:
101:
98:
67:safety bicycle
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3946:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:Bicycle parts
3927:
3926:
3924:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Cyclocomputer
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3607:Bicycle parts
3601:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Exploratorium
3531:
3528:
3527:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3458:on 2007-10-19
3457:
3453:
3447:
3433:on 2007-03-09
3432:
3428:
3422:
3406:
3400:
3385:
3379:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3288:
3282:
3268:on 2012-10-30
3267:
3263:
3257:
3243:on 2008-08-23
3242:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3098:on 2006-11-19
3097:
3093:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2831:
2825:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2618:
2612:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2551:
2545:
2530:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2488:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2351:
2345:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2056:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2018:9788184972405
2014:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1992:9780976951629
1988:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1826:
1820:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1660:
1657:
1656:Butted tubing
1651:Butted tubing
1648:
1646:
1636:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:Paris–Roubaix
1607:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1500:Thermoplastic
1497:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1392:fatigue limit
1389:
1385:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1345:7005 aluminum
1342:
1341:6061 aluminum
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:butted tubing
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:thermoplastic
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1013:only models (
1012:
1008:
1004:
991:
990:Alskar Design
987:
983:
980:
971:
969:
965:
961:
953:
949:
947:
943:
939:
937:
932:
928:
926:
922:
912:
910:
909:mountain bike
900:
891:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:saddle height
815:
814:
813:
811:
801:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
753:
749:
747:
743:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
718:Volagi Cycles
714:
712:
708:
704:
698:
695:
686:
677:
673:
669:
667:
663:
653:
651:
647:
644:mounts for a
643:
638:
636:
632:
631:quick release
628:
625:contains the
624:
614:
612:
608:
606:
601:
591:
587:
584:
579:
577:
573:
568:
564:
562:
560:
553:
552:mountain bike
547:
545:
541:
532:
523:
521:
517:
511:
501:
492:
490:
485:
483:
474:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:
420:
412:
410:
406:
397:
395:
386:
384:
377:
373:
364:
362:
352:
350:
346:
342:
332:
324:
322:
319:The uncommon
312:
309:
303:
293:
291:
287:
283:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
253:
243:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
221:
212:
203:
196:
191:
183:
175:
169:
166:
161:
154:
150:
149:
143:
136:
131:
124:
121:
116:
108:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
75:diamond frame
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:, onto which
52:
48:
47:bicycle frame
41:
37:
36:mountain bike
32:
19:
18:Diamond frame
3802:Bowden cable
3705:Spoke nipple
3614:
3510:. Retrieved
3495:
3476:
3471:
3460:. Retrieved
3456:the original
3446:
3435:. Retrieved
3431:the original
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3399:
3387:. Retrieved
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3362:the original
3352:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:the original
3327:
3316:. Retrieved
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3281:
3270:. Retrieved
3266:the original
3256:
3245:. Retrieved
3241:the original
3231:
3224:
3218:February 16,
3216:. Retrieved
3212:the original
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3186:the original
3176:
3165:February 16,
3163:. Retrieved
3159:the original
3149:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3121:the original
3111:
3100:. Retrieved
3096:the original
3086:
3074:. Retrieved
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3006:
2996:December 31,
2994:. Retrieved
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2967:December 31,
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2936:December 31,
2934:. Retrieved
2930:
2885:(6): 24–27.
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2619:. BikeCAD.ca
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2552:. BikeCAD.ca
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1731:Bicycle fork
1714:
1694:
1691:cable guides
1672:
1654:
1642:
1633:
1622:Combinations
1609:
1595:
1574:
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1454:Carbon fiber
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1429:Carbon fiber
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1067:carbon fiber
1048:
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979:Track frames
977:
958:
940:
935:
933:
929:
924:
920:
918:
905:
881:
873:road bicycle
870:
864:
859:front center
858:
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622:
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605:shift levers
599:
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556:
548:
543:
539:
537:
520:steerer tube
515:
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498:
486:
479:
452:Graeme Obree
431:Y-Foil, the
418:
403:
392:
381:
358:
338:
330:
318:
305:
290:wheelie bike
279:
255:
246:Step-through
237:
222:
218:
210:
146:
123:step-through
81:
79:
74:
46:
44:
3934:Cycle sport
3898:Skirt guard
3843:Bottle cage
3826:Peripherals
3807:Cable guide
3757:Master link
3411:16 February
3389:16 February
3368:16 February
2747:rivbike.com
1784:16 February
1675:bottle cage
1526:GT Bicycles
1524:materials.
1486:aerodynamic
1419:hydroformed
1069:, and even
865:toe overlap
711:GT Bicycles
662:chain stays
656:Chain stays
646:bottle cage
611:Bottle cage
495:Frame tubes
3923:Categories
3893:Reflectors
3888:Spoke card
3767:Derailleur
3730:Drivetrain
3710:Valve stem
3668:Suspension
3623:Handlebars
3512:2009-02-13
3462:2007-03-14
3437:2007-03-14
3343:2007-01-16
3318:2007-01-16
3272:2012-12-04
3247:2008-07-20
3102:2007-03-13
3026:2007-03-13
2860:2007-06-30
2835:2008-04-24
2815:2008-04-24
2786:2020-01-21
2757:2020-01-21
2728:2008-01-06
2699:2008-01-06
2648:2009-04-10
2623:2014-04-02
2602:2009-04-10
2577:2014-03-24
2556:2014-04-02
2535:2014-04-02
2514:2014-03-24
2493:2014-03-24
2472:2014-04-02
2439:2009-01-08
2380:2008-05-15
2355:2014-07-01
2335:2008-05-15
2310:2019-01-20
2192:2010-02-07
2182:"Top Tube"
2133:2011-12-07
2106:2011-04-11
2085:2017-08-04
2061:2010-03-14
2039:2010-03-14
1965:2011-05-04
1933:2011-08-18
1907:2011-05-04
1863:2011-07-24
1831:2013-04-02
1809:6 February
1758:References
1705:Suspension
1482:triathlons
1480:races and
1415:cold-drawn
1273:molybdenum
1214:metallurgy
1140:Elongation
1089:(solid or
1022:suspension
964:time-trial
894:Frame size
787:snowbiking
694:seat stays
680:Seat stays
650:derailleur
425:seat tubes
321:prone bike
288:, and the
276:Cantilever
153:Ĺ koda Auto
137:circa 1910
100:Variations
3883:Saddlebag
3873:Mudguards
3858:Kickstand
3776:Gear case
3771:Hub gears
3633:Head tube
3532:from the
3045:WhyCycle?
2907:109479575
1695:braze-ons
1663:Braze-ons
1616:Cardboard
1580:beryllium
1571:Beryllium
1544:magnesium
1538:Magnesium
1464:monocoque
1403:aerospace
1360:oversized
1284:manganese
1192:dampening
1177:mangalloy
1120:Stiffness
1095:magnesium
1083:monocoque
1075:cardboard
1015:hardtails
968:Zipp 2001
960:Triathlon
774:eccentric
733:mono stay
666:fork ends
648:or front
623:seat tube
617:Seat tube
600:down tube
594:Down tube
572:monocoque
544:cross-bar
516:head tube
510:Head tube
504:Head tube
448:top tubes
433:Zipp 2001
361:monocoque
355:Monocoque
349:Pedersens
296:Recumbent
240:fork ends
94:seat post
71:triangles
3878:Panniers
3863:Lighting
3781:Sprocket
3743:Crankset
3663:Fork end
3648:Seatpost
3566:Archived
3506:Archived
3312:Archived
3292:19 April
3076:13 March
3020:Archived
2854:Archived
2809:Archived
2780:Archived
2751:Archived
2722:Archived
2693:Archived
2665:(2008).
2642:Archived
2433:Archived
2374:Archived
2329:Archived
2186:Archived
2057:. GizMag
1959:Archived
1927:Archived
1901:Archived
1857:Archived
1719:See also
1681:bosses,
1669:Braze-on
1565:scandium
1548:die cast
1407:vanadium
1384:Titanium
1371:Titanium
1325:strength
1288:Columbus
1277:Reynolds
1269:chromium
1188:chromoly
1091:laminate
1063:titanium
1039:longbike
796:On some
791:Q factor
746:Fastback
725:wishbone
707:Hellenic
703:Hellenic
642:braze-on
627:seatpost
540:top tube
526:Top tube
489:couplers
441:Softride
409:sociable
165:Brompton
133:Dursley
82:frameset
3848:Fairing
3817:Ferrule
3797:Shifter
3790:Cabling
3715:Dustcap
3638:Headset
3192:18 June
3127:18 June
2962:Cyclist
2887:Bibcode
2508:"Reach"
2487:"Stack"
1726:Bicycle
1685:stops,
1679:shifter
1552:I beams
1390:, high
1329:fatigue
1295:Le tour
1292:Schwinn
1258:Butting
1247:mitered
1243:notched
1234:welding
1110:Density
1079:I-beams
437:Kestrel
367:Folding
345:Humbers
235:shell.
225:headset
215:Diamond
120:Triumph
90:headset
51:bicycle
3903:Fender
3833:Basket
3762:Cogset
3687:Wheels
3653:Saddle
3483:
3050:29 May
2905:
2408:
2244:
2164:
2015:
1989:
1699:brazed
1689:pegs,
1586:Bamboo
1411:6AL-4V
1238:Fillet
1224:&
1209:brazed
1071:bamboo
1055:alloys
1037:for a
459:cables
435:, the
415:Others
405:Tandem
376:Strida
284:, the
55:wheels
3812:Brake
3748:Chain
3738:Pedal
3700:Spoke
3615:Frame
2903:S2CID
2158:62–63
1683:cable
1639:Other
1531:mould
1522:epoxy
1494:boron
1280:"531"
1184:Steel
1159:Steel
1051:steel
962:- or
829:reach
823:stack
731:, or
576:mixte
542:, or
341:truss
335:Truss
315:Prone
270:mixte
266:dress
262:skirt
3838:Bell
3752:Belt
3695:Tire
3643:Fork
3628:Stem
3481:ISBN
3413:2013
3391:2013
3370:2013
3294:2013
3220:2013
3194:2012
3167:2013
3129:2012
3078:2007
3052:2020
2998:2021
2969:2021
2938:2021
2406:ISBN
2272:(2).
2242:ISBN
2238:60–2
2162:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1811:2017
1786:2013
1701:on.
1687:pump
1643:The
1600:Wood
1447:Time
1417:and
1343:and
1282:, a
1205:lugs
1122:(or
1112:(or
1099:cast
1087:wood
1081:and
1073:and
886:and
760:The
692:The
660:The
621:The
598:The
557:See
538:The
514:The
480:The
429:Trek
407:and
306:The
229:fork
195:Trek
92:and
86:fork
57:and
2895:doi
2879:JOM
1508:An
1245:or
1226:MIG
1222:TIG
1194:.
1093:),
946:UCI
785:or
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