Sit-in - Knowledge

1561:"(..) The first man tried was Charles Taylor, the Friendship student from New Jersey. Taylor was tried, found guilty, convicted, and sentenced to $ 100 fine or 30 days hard labor on the York County Prison Farm. The protesters' attorney, an African-American lawyer from Sumter named Ernest A. Finney, then asked the judge to let Taylor's trial be used as a basis for the other nine and the judge agreed. The other nine were then tried, found guilty, and sentenced to the same punishment. Taylor was concerned about possibly losing his athletic scholarship at Friendship, so with the assistance of the NAACP, he paid his bail and was released. The NAACP offered to pay the bail for the remaining nine protesters but they refused, and on February 2, they began serving out their 30-day sentences on the county prison farm. After beginning their sentence on the county farm, the nine protesters were quickly given the appellation "Friendship Nine" by the press, and the case became famous nationwide. Motorcades of other protesters and supporters converged on the prison, and members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) came to Rock Hill and demonstrated; they too were arrested, jailed and refused bail. Over the course of the next year further demonstrations and arrests followed in Rock Hill, as well as in other cities throughout the United States. Protesters across the country adopted the "jail no bail" policy implemented by the Nashville students and the Friendship Nine, and served out their jail sentences rather than helping to subsidize a system that supported segregation and inequality. These acts of heroism by the Friendship Nine and others helped to spur even larger protests like the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 1963 and the famous march from Selma to Montgomery in March 1965. (..)" 1647:"(..) At the October 1960 SNCC strategy conference in Atlanta, some activists argue for "Jail-No-Bail" tactics. They take a Gandhian position that paying bail or fines indicates acceptance of an immoral system and validates their own arrests. And by serving their sentences, they dramatize the injustice, intensify the struggle, and gain additional media coverage. There is also a practical component to "Jail-No-Bail." The Movement has little money and most southern Blacks are poor. It is hard to scrape up bail money, and sit-in struggles are faltering — not from lack of volunteers to risk arrest — but from lack of money to bail them out. Moreover, paying fines provides the cops with financial resources that are then used to continue suppressing the freedom struggle. By refusing bail, they render meaningless the no-money-for-bail barrier and by serving time they put financial pressure on local authorities who have to pay the costs of incarcerating them. (..)" 47: 33: 1619:"(..) In previous sit-ins across the South, protestors were arrested, processed by the police, fined and then released, creating a dubious revenue stream from which many municipalities easily profited. But when the Friendship students went before the judge, they chose to serve their time behind bars. For the first time, not only did the city not collect its $ 100 per person, it actually had to pay to house and feed the men. (..) Word of their action spread like wildfire, receiving national media attention, including the New York Times. The "Jail, No Bail" strategy became the new tactic that helped galvanize the civil rights protest movement. (..)" 597:. On February 12, 1969, a faculty committee chaired by Hanna H. Gray, Associate Professor of History, concluded that no violation of normal appointment procedures had occurred, but recommended that Dixon be offered a one-year terminal reappointment since the resolution of her status had been delayed by the controversy surrounding the decision; Dixon refused. On February 15, the protestors still sitting-in voted to stop. In March 1969, at the decision of university disciplinary committees, forty-two students involved in the Administration Building sit-in were expelled, eighty-one were suspended, and three were placed on probation. 55: 580:, Mrs. Victor Baker sat on a chair over three charges of dynamite, and later moved to her car parked near the dynamite. She blocked the construction of a state highway for 17 hours to protest the failure of the county government to pay the entirety of the amount owed her and her husband for the additional right-of-way taken from her home and orchard along the construction route. The county had planned to pay a week later, after the state sent the funds. On the morning of June 2, the county highway commissioner came by with a check for an additional $ 1,500 and she ended the protest. 934: 784: 1004:

Protesters agitated not only against the citizenship issues of the CAA, National Register of Citizens (NRC) and National Population Register (NPR), but also against police brutality, unemployment, poverty and for women's safety. Mainly consisting of Muslim women, the protesters at Shaheen Bagh, since December 14, 2019, blocked a road in New Delhi using non-violent resistance for 101 days until March 24, 2020.

5987: 2178: 1657: 337:, a local high school teacher, and young local students, including Luper's eight-year-old daughter, who suggested the sit-in be held. The group quickly desegregated the Katz Drug Store lunch counters. It took several more years, but she and the students, using the tactic, integrated all of Oklahoma City's eating establishments. Today, in downtown 81:, often to promote political, social, or economic change. The protestors gather conspicuously in a space or building, refusing to move unless their demands are met. The often clearly visible demonstrations are intended to spread awareness among the public, or disrupt the goings-on of the protested organization. Lunch counter sit-ins were a 486:'s segregated campus housing policy. "We feel it is an intolerable situation, when Negro and white students of the university cannot live together in university-owned apartments," Sanders told a crowd of about 200 students. After several days of protests, Beadle met with students to form a commission to investigate discrimination. 198:, then tried to order; all were refused. The police were called, but when they arrived they told the management that no laws were being broken, so no arrests were made. The diner closed for the night but thereafter, according to periodic checks made by CORE activists, it no longer enforced its discriminatory policy. 341:, a statue depicting a waitress at a counter serving people honors this pioneering sit-in. Despite the notable attention that has historically been given to the 1960 Greensboro sit-in, the 1958 Katz Drug Store sit-in in fact employed the same strategy that would be used in Greensboro one-and-a-half years later. 424:

NAACP, reported to the Flagstaff City Council that none of the youths had been served and that there had been no violence. Watkins also stated that unless the restaurant had a change in policy, more sit ins would be staged, "but whatever methods we employ or encourage will be peaceful." Simms stated in an

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of New York City stamped applications by physically handicapped applicants with "PH", which stood for "physically handicapped". Marked as "unemployable", they were denied access to WPA-created jobs. To protest, members of the League held a sit-in at that Home Relief Bureau for nine days beginning on

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The NAACP recruited 10 high school and middle school students from Flagstaff Junior High School and Flagstaff High School to protest the refusal of the El Charro Cafe to serve a bus load of Negro tourists from New Jersey. Shirley Sims, a 14-year-old member of the NAACP Youth Corp at Flagstaff Junior

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newspaper ran a story featuring Arthur Nattans Sr., then President of Read's, who was quoted saying, "We will serve all customers throughout our entire stores, including the fountains, and this becomes effective immediately". As a result, 37 Baltimore-area lunch counters became desegregated. Despite

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On May 2, 1965, protesters staged a second sit-in at Dewey's, although this time there were no arrests. Soon after the second sit-in, Dewey's Restaurant reversed their discriminatory policy. The Dewey's sit-ins helped continue the path towards equal rights for many LGBT people in the United States.

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sit-in demonstration. Each of the youth members were given $ 5 with the instructions to go inside and sit down. If they were able to order a meal they would pay for it, if not they would sit there. Reportedly, none of the members were served. Joseph Watkins, an official of the Arizona Branch of the

303:, sat in at the Royal Ice Cream Parlor on June 23, 1957, to protest practices of segregation. The activists were arrested and charged with trespassing. Their efforts are now recognized via historical markers in Durham. They went to court three times; each case ended in their being found guilty. 1003:

was a sit-in peaceful protest, led by women, that began in response to the passage of the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in both houses of the Parliament of India on December 11, 2019, and the ensuing police intervention against students at Jamia Millia Islamia who were opposing the Amendment.

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community in United States history. Three unidentified teenagers and approximately 150 supporters walked into the Dewey's location at 219 South 17th Street, refusing to leave in the name of civil rights. This initial sit-in was in response to Dewey's recently implemented discriminatory policy

239:(1950) verdict. Sit-ins are often recognized for illuminating the goals of the movement in a way that young people were also able to participate in. Sit-ins were an integral part of the nonviolent strategy of civil disobedience and mass protests that eventually led to passage of the 1674:

They were students at Friendship College and called themselves the Friendship Nine. The members of this group were James Wells, William "Dub" Massey, Robert McCullough, John Gaines, William "Scoop" Williamson, Willie McLeod, Thomas Gaither, Clarence Graham, Charles Taylor and Mack

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a number of sit-in protests against the country's policy of racial segregation were staged in South African embassies in the United States. In post-apartheid South Africa two notable sit-ins were the occupation of South African universities to protest high tuition during the

375:, on February 1, 1960, launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South and opened a national awareness of the depth of segregation in the nation. Within weeks, sit-in campaigns had begun in nearly a dozen cities, primarily targeting Woolworth's and 975:

Dharna generally refers to fixing one's mind on an object. It refers to whole-heartedly pledging toward an outcome or to inculcating a directed attitude. Dharna is consciously and diligently holding a point of view with the intent of achieving a goal.

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activity has been concentrated, and groups went into the place, purchased five-cent cups of coffee, and conducted what might be described as a kind of customers' nickel sit down strike. Other patrons were unable to find seats.

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May 29, 1935, and a weekend sit-in at the WPA headquarters, also in New York City, in June 1935. These actions eventually led to the creation of 1,500 jobs for physically handicapped workers in New York City in 1936.

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town centre where members pasted posters on the post office in an attempt to be arrested and go to trial. When it became apparent that they would not be arrested for the posters, they then moved to Pont Trefechan in

552:, which was the first U.S. federal civil rights protection for people with disabilities. After an ultimatum and deadline, demonstrations took place in ten U.S. cities on April 5, 1977, including the beginning of the 998:

More recently, there are designated places for conducting Dharna, and a permission is required for it. Often, those practicing dharna break the permission leading to clashes with law enforcement. For example, the

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claiming it would not serve “homosexuals,” “masculine women,” “feminine men,” or “persons wearing nonconformist clothing.” Philadelphia police arrested the three teenagers, which led to further grass-roots action.

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in 1961. The group gained nationwide attention because they followed the Nashville student's strategy of not bailing themselves out of jail and called it "Jail, No Bail", which lessened the huge financial burden

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sit-in lasted less than one half an hour and the students were not served. They left voluntarily and no one was arrested. After losing business from the sit-in and several local protests, two days later the

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and protest. There were also recorded instances of indigenous officials charged with recruitment quotas for the British Indian Army staging dharna as a recruitment tool in Punjab during World War I.

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also being led by students and successfully targeting segregation at a store lunch counter, the Read's Drug Store sit-in did not garner the same level of attention as the 1960 Greensboro sit-ins.

1588:"The 'Jail, No Bail' strategy became a new tactic in the fight for civil rights. Documentary produced by South Carolina ETV documenting the key moment in civil rights history." (Video and Audio) 325:, at Dockum Drugs, a store in the old Rexall chain. In early August, the drugstore became integrated, then remainder of Dockum stores in all of Kansas. A few weeks later on August 19, 1958, in 1517:

Eight Negro Demonstrators is a disciplinary cell at the York County Prison Camp accepted and ate second helpings Monday of the full meal given every third day to prisoners on bread and water.

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A group of the Democrats ultimately occupied the floor through the night, only leaving on the afternoon of June 23. None of the measures demanded by the occupying members were given a vote.

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organised dharna in Pakistan in 1993, Fazl Ur Rehman, Nawaz Sharif, Maryam Safdar awan and other political and religious leaders are now attempting to use this strategy for their purposes.

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On April 25, 1965, the first of two sit-ins occurred at the popular Dewey's Restaurant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was one of the earliest demonstrations advocating for the

190:, an organizer for the Fellowship of Reconciliation, led a group of 27 people to protest the racially discriminatory no-service policy of the Jack Spratt Diner on 47th Street in 3370: 2859: 3442: 456:

groups were facing as the sit-in movement spread across the South. They became known as the Friendship Nine because eight of the nine men were students at Rock Hill's

5745: 4030: 3394: 2354: 3308: 3171: 3105: 2943: 386:, whose groundwork was already underway before the Greensboro events. They involved hundreds of participants, and led to the successful desegregation of Nashville 5725: 968:

as a means of obtaining compliance with a demand for justice, state response of criminal cases, or payment of a debt. The word originates from the Sanskrit word

3177: 3099: 2925: 2877: 2062:"The Regents of the University of California. 2008. "The Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement." Berkeley, CA: The University of California Berkeley" 1330: 5769: 3386: 3153: 2919: 5523: 3518: 3225: 3183: 3159: 3135: 3129: 3033: 3015: 2997: 2731:

local recruiters adopted a method of "sitting dharna" in which they would show up at a village and insist they be fed and housed until recruits were produced

1304: 3693: 3540: 3267: 3249: 3237: 3207: 3075: 3063: 3057: 2973: 2955: 194:. Each seating area at the diner was taken by groups that included at least one black person. The peaceful patrons, several from the campus of the nearby 5817: 5665: 3290: 3219: 3213: 3147: 3123: 3069: 3051: 3045: 3009: 2979: 2949: 2931: 2847: 2489: 2442: 5972: 3243: 3231: 3195: 3093: 3081: 3039: 644: 1744:; Goldberger, David (December 2000). "The League of the Physically Handicapped and the Great Depression: A Case Study in the New Disability History". 6016: 3296: 3255: 3201: 3111: 2985: 2967: 2961: 2937: 2853: 2841: 2611:

Dylan Philps. "history of the welsh language society" in The Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century. Ed. by G.H. Jenkins and M.W. Williams. Page 471

564:, lasted until May 4, 1977, a total of 25 days, with more than 150 people refusing to leave. It is the longest sit-in at a federal building to date. 36: 2108: 1261: 428:

article in 2017 that, "it wasn't scary because a lot of the people who frequented that restaurant were our teachers, and they encouraged us."

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started on August 14, 2014, and ended on December 17, 2014. It is considered to be the longest-lasting public sit-in in Pakistan's history.

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believes that forcibly taking over a building on campus is absolutely the wrong approach. That is not an example of peaceful protests."

4246: 3948: 3530: 2745: 5802: 4353: 4055: 3525: 3513: 3496: 3353: 2812: 2760: 6026: 5837: 5792: 5460: 4343: 4271: 3997: 3877: 2415: 2082: 5751: 4139: 3739: 2622: 2309: 168:, Local 302, in September 1939 to protest racially unfair hiring practices at New York's Shack Sandwich Shops, Inc. According to 138: 2751:

tells the inspiring story surrounding the 1960 Greensboro lunch counter sit-ins that helped revitalize the Civil Rights Movement

4117: 654: 214: 1530: 32: 5488: 3608: 2699: 2672: 2292: 1281: 1273: 813: 329:, a nationally recognized sit-in at the Katz Drug Store lunch counter occurred. The Oklahoma City Sit-in Movement was led by 2560: 269:(now University) students and the Baltimore chapter of CORE. Their goal was to desegregate Read's drug stores. The peaceful 5874: 4338: 4286: 4232: 3634: 3343: 500: 161: 142: 1219: 5852: 4281: 4217: 3580: 2138: 4291: 4266: 4251: 3980: 3648: 174:

for September 23, 1939, on Thursday between 75 and 100 followers showed up at the restaurant at Forty-first Street and

1969: 406:, went on to lead, strategize, and direct almost every aspect of the 1960s civil rights movement. The students of the 5797: 5670: 4144: 3921: 872: 747: 165: 2715:

Yong, Tan Tai (2005). "Garrison Province at Work". In Chandra, Bipan; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya (eds.).

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both in and out of the United States. In response to the demonstrations, the White House spokesman stated, "The

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In 1969 there was a sit-in at the University of Chicago to protest the firing of feminist sociology professor

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and other supporters circulated approximately 1500 flyers throughout the local area over the next five days.

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office, which resulted in them getting the opportunity to produce a section of the magazine that August.

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at the San Francisco Office of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. This sit-in, led by

122: 2237: 5842: 5710: 5680: 4664: 4419: 4308: 4238: 3709: 3338: 1019: 1012: 876: 662: 521: 372: 2083:"Disability Social History Project, article title Famous (and not-so-famous) People with Disabilities" 5508: 5339: 5309: 5244: 4729: 4368: 4348: 4318: 4227: 4161: 4134: 4100: 3843: 3624: 3402: 2835: 2754: 2390: 1606: 1194:"Divine's Followers Give Aid to Strikers: With Evangelist's Sanction They 'Sit Down' in Restaurant". 755: 457: 448: 244: 134: 1159: 900:, where around seventy members and supporters held a sit-in blocking road traffic for half an hour. 6036: 6031: 5409: 5369: 4894: 4799: 4207: 4156: 4149: 4122: 4062: 3943: 3853: 3777: 3434: 3348: 2871: 2798: 1970:"The Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Independence Bound | ACL Administration for Community Living" 1688: 1220:"Divine's Followers Give Aid to Strikers; With Evangelist's Sanction They 'Sit Down' in Restaurant" 1070: 1034: 827: 731: 312: 240: 2260:

Sisterhood is powerful: an anthology of writings from the women's liberation movement (Book, 1970)

911:, by members of the Welsh Language Society. The sit-in was calling for the BBC to use more Welsh. 5759: 5174: 4944: 4609: 4589: 4504: 4459: 4035: 3992: 3975: 3813: 3782: 3734: 3655: 2716: 2689: 2047: 1999: 1909: 1832: 1788: 1716: 835: 650: 623: 276: 266: 2208: 1409: 1392: 1141:"Of Time and Sound, Requiem For A Free, Compassionate Spirit", by Ernest Galloway, published in 321:

This sit-in for the purpose of integrating segregated establishments began on July 19, 1958, in

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In 1968 a sit-in was held at the news and television studio and the newsroom department of the

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which ended legally sanctioned racial segregation in the United States and also passage of the

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as "Godmother of the restaurant 'sit-in' technique." In August 1939, African-American attorney

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proposed to use dharna politics for obtaining objectives and latter on Qazi Hussain Ahmed and

548:, U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, refused to sign meaningful regulations for 54: 5807: 5344: 5159: 4789: 4694: 4674: 4644: 4333: 4328: 4075: 4040: 3938: 3902: 3596: 2662: 2282: 1396: 1201: 1023: 839: 479: 390:. Most of the participants in the Nashville sit-ins were college students, and many, such as 262: 195: 130: 108: 86: 2450: 2391:"Philly's largest gay hangout denied service to 150 people in 1965 for simply 'looking gay'" 440:

was a group of African American men who went to jail after staging a sit-in at a segregated

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that struck down many racially motivated barriers used to deny voting rights to non-whites.

5827: 5715: 5513: 5394: 5299: 5109: 4739: 3897: 3629: 1075: 1000: 851: 759: 376: 256: 40: 1130: 8: 5590: 5551: 5099: 5059: 5009: 4919: 4879: 4854: 4809: 4614: 4569: 4414: 4394: 4363: 4358: 4301: 4212: 4007: 3960: 3910: 3871: 3426: 3410: 2359: 1429:"African-American history in Oklahoma contains sit-ins, soldiers, entrepreneurs and more" 1085: 727: 600:

A "Statement on the University of Chicago sit-in" was included in the feminist anthology

483: 330: 1449: 1129:"Sit-Ins." The Martin Luther King Jr., Research and Education Institute, June 27, 2020, 270: 5907: 5675: 5659: 5652: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5580: 5414: 5324: 5304: 5229: 5209: 5199: 5179: 5094: 4979: 4924: 4869: 4774: 4554: 4469: 4128: 4112: 4092: 3858: 3823: 3750: 3021: 2907: 2086: 1951: 1874: 1761: 1308: 1196: 992: 933: 723: 682: 529: 364: 350: 170: 1789:"Pioneers in the fight for disability rights The League of the Physically Handicapped" 1358: 5775: 5690: 5685: 5645: 5518: 5289: 5274: 5239: 5019: 4939: 4884: 4669: 3833: 3828: 3700: 3686: 3679: 3640: 2991: 2718:

The Garrison State: the military, government and society in colonial Punjab 1849-1947

2695: 2668: 2595:"Dr Tedi Millward, at the first Welsh language protest, Aberystwyth, 2 February 1963" 2568: 2481: 2288: 2263: 2043: 1995: 1955: 1881: 1769: 1550: 1277: 1008: 603:

Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement

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At another early sit-in, the "Royal Seven," a group of three women and four men from

235: 3565: 2778: 2375: 1461: 1379: 1305:"Why the West Side Matters: Read's Drug Store and Baltimore's Civil Rights Heritage" 5952: 5937: 5927: 5897: 5638: 5585: 5434: 5419: 5384: 5249: 5194: 5184: 5079: 4954: 4889: 4764: 4679: 4639: 4629: 4619: 4604: 4599: 4574: 4464: 3848: 3763: 3726: 3475: 3418: 3189: 2784: 1943: 1931: 1833:"Pioneers in the fight for disability rights | International Socialist Review" 1753: 1741: 1534: 1269: 847: 202: 187: 175: 1934:(January 2000). "Disability Policy and Politics: Considering Consumer Influence". 5947: 5932: 5917: 5735: 5364: 5354: 5314: 5294: 5254: 5129: 5119: 5084: 5044: 5029: 4964: 4829: 4779: 4709: 4594: 4544: 4529: 4519: 4514: 4494: 4479: 4474: 4449: 4389: 4313: 3916: 3887: 3882: 3838: 3818: 3797: 3769: 3501: 3465: 3165: 2821: 2772: 1693: 1473: 1080: 1015: 437: 338: 322: 218: 112: 1533:. Friendship Jr. College 445 Allen St. Rock Hill, South Carolina. Archived from 1205: 89:, and often provoked heckling and violence from those opposed to their message. 5986: 5967: 5556: 5404: 5389: 5319: 5269: 5234: 5219: 5204: 5164: 5144: 5134: 5089: 5074: 5054: 4824: 4794: 4784: 4754: 4744: 4654: 4624: 4424: 4050: 4002: 3892: 2537: 1947: 1813: 1110: 1095: 1030: 1026: 984: 754:

began to conduct a sit-in on the university's campus, demanding the university

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Significant Others: Interpersonal and Professional Commitments in Anthropology

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Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management

1992:

Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management

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Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management

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in the city played a critical role in implementing the Nashville sit-ins.

125:(CORE) conducted sit-ins as early as the 1940s. Ernest Calloway refers to 5942: 5912: 5539: 5503: 5444: 5439: 5399: 5349: 5284: 5279: 5189: 5139: 5069: 5064: 5004: 4989: 4839: 4834: 4699: 4579: 4549: 4489: 4454: 3715: 3545: 3460: 2310:"The 'Ladies' Home Journal' Sit-In - A Brief History of Women's Protests" 2267: 1630: 1090: 1065: 1050: 942: 897: 892: 693: 610:, published in 1970); this statement refers to the Marlene Dixon sit-in. 532:

demonstrated in New York City with a sit-in protesting this veto. Led by

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in New York City was formed in May 1935 to protest discrimination by the

395: 334: 316: 2513:"White House denounces takeover of campus building as protests escalate" 854:'s sit-in was the more long-lasting sit-in, but on an individual level. 5566: 5224: 5154: 5124: 4994: 4969: 4914: 4814: 4429: 4399: 1765: 988: 823: 561: 553: 420: 391: 82: 875:

to protest for the resettlement of refugees to third countries due to

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10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-445

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Historically in India, it was a popular form of protest during the

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Colleges organized the first sit-in in Texas in the rotunda of the

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In one of the earliest use of sit-ins against racism, followers of

2790: 1501:"Associated Press'Sing-In' Negroes Eat Hearty; Say 'Jail—No Bail'" 738:

helped clear the way for gay premises with state liquor licenses.

661:, allowed votes on gun safety legislation in the aftermath of the 5493: 1105: 961: 908: 746:

In April of 2024, student activists at Columbia University, with

191: 78: 5561: 2769:~ History, personal stories, and photos of the Freedom Movement 2641:"Family members hold dharna under tree where girls were hanged" 2006: 1060: 1046: 964:

undertaken at the door of an offender, especially a debtor, in

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at 10th Street. This established the right of gay people to be

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sit-ins, the tactic of non-violent student sit-ins spread. The

960:: دهرنا) is a non-violent sit-in protest, which may include a 842:(PAT) are political, aiming at a probe of election rigging by 638: 4296: 1876:

The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation

965: 953: 938: 1410:"Dockum Drug Store Sit-In, May 10 2012 - Video - C-SPAN.org" 2101: 957: 791:

In 2016, eco-protesters occupied the area of the Kertem in

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The largest and best-organized of these campaigns were the

2376:"Marc Stein: Dewey's Sit-In, Philadelphia, April 25, 1965" 2355:"House Democrats End Their Sit-In Protest Over Gun Reform" 1245:

Grossman, Ron (February 24, 2014). "Birth of the sit-in".

482:, helped lead a sit-in in protesting university president 2623:"Sit-in at BBC Welsh studios – archive, 30 November 1968" 904: 419:

High School, accepted the invitation to participate in a

77:

that involves one or more people occupying an area for a

2766: 741: 460:. They are sometimes referred to as the Rock Hill Nine. 5746:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

5524:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 2538:"Pakistan crisis: Islamabad sees more violent protests" 2179:"Playing with Dynamite has asked result: $ 1,500 check" 1131:

https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/sit-ins

919:"Dharna" redirects here. For the village in Nepal, see 891:'s first public protest took place in February 1963 in 653:

declared their intention to remain on the floor of the

649:

The sit-in began on June 22, 2016, when members of the

621:

In March 1970, feminists held an 11-hour sit-in at the

463: 5770:

African American founding fathers of the United States

4123:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

3988:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

2205:"CWLU Chronology: A timeline for Second Wave Feminism" 1880:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 906. 85:

form of protest used to oppose segregation during the

3595: 2075: 700:, extended support to the protesters. Members of the 5818:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

1531:"Rock Hill, Jail No Bail & The Friendship Nine" 762:. Columbia's demonstration influenced protests and 50:

A sit-in for climate action in Melbourne, Australia

39:during a 1961 sit-in at McCrory's lunch counter in 2667:. Concept Publishing Company. 2008. pp. 38–. 1873: 1740: 645:2016 United States House of Representatives sit-in 2416:"Before the Stonewall Riots There Was the Sip-In" 431: 306: 261:One of the earliest lunch counter sit-ins of the 6003: 4354:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 2561:"Apartheid Protest Takes Page from 60's History" 1631:"Rock Hill SC, "Jail-No-Bail" Sit-ins (Feb-Mar)" 1399:, October 21, 2006. Accessed September 15, 2010. 1266:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History 1007:In Pakistan, the term was first used in 1958 by 344: 225:in Texas and would culminate in the reversal of 4344:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 4277:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 4168:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 2755:"Sit-In: A Tactical Analysis", By Aaron Kreider 807: 145:(CIO) labor delegates had a brief, spontaneous 5823:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 2620: 1872:Fleischer, Doris Zames; Zames, Frieda (2001). 1871: 284: 5731:List of lynching victims in the United States 4069:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 3581: 2806: 2757:– Essay based on research on student sit-ins. 1980: 1244: 550:Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 489: 221:. This sit-in directly challenged the oldest 3509:International Civil Rights Center and Museum 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 1555:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 613: 408:historically black colleges and universities 4198:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 2274: 2165:Encyclopedia of American Disability History 2159:Encyclopedia of American Disability History 726:of New York (MSNY) conducted a "Sip-In" at 639:2016 United States House of Representatives 379:and other stores of other national chains. 250: 4247:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 3588: 3574: 2813: 2799: 2558: 2434: 568:signed the regulations on April 28, 1977. 5803:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 3354:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 2559:Gamarekian, Barbara (November 30, 1984). 2335:"How Democrats mounted their guns sit-in" 2287:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 36–. 2223: 1714: 1689:"The Radical Education of Bernie Sanders" 1260:Schmidt, Christopher W. (July 30, 2018), 671: 6017:History of African-American civil rights 5838:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 3878:University of Georgia desegregation riot 2708: 2681: 2207:. Uic.edu. April 4, 1968. Archived from 2054: 2028: 1930: 1924: 1894: 1734: 1658:"The Friendship Nine / January 31, 1961" 1576:South Carolina ETV's "Carolina Stories." 1426: 932: 795:in protest against the building plan in 782: 722:On April 21, 1966, gay activists of the 233:of postgraduate studies in Texas by the 102: 53: 45: 31: 5752:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 5489:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 5484:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 2280: 1686: 1302: 1259: 822:The Azadi March (Freedom March) led by 778: 732:served in licensed premises in New York 14: 6004: 5666:African-American women in the movement 4118:White House Conference on Civil Rights 3949:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 2694:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 1–. 2471: 2440: 2347: 2307: 655:United States House of Representatives 4107:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 3569: 2794: 2763:– Story of the Wichita Dockum sit-ins 2592: 2492:from the original on February 7, 2024 2373: 2238:"Special Collections Research Center" 1865: 1830: 1786: 1507:. Associated Press. February 21, 1961 1328: 814:2014 Pakistan anti-government protest 742:Protests against the Israel-Hamas War 588: 539: 515: 494: 5875:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 4339:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 4287:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 4233:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 3710:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 3635:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 3344:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 2714: 2687: 2621:Guardian Staff (November 30, 2016). 2388: 1936:Journal of Disability Policy Studies 1628: 1605:. South Carolina ETV. Archived from 1529:Scoggins, Michael, Rawlinson David. 1528: 1450:First Southern Sit-in, Greensboro NC 1393:"Kansas Sit-In Gets Its Due at Last" 1158:. City of Alexandria. Archived from 1029:but its effective usage was made by 676: 633: 583: 501:League of the Physically Handicapped 464:1962 University of Chicago, Illinois 162:International Peace Mission Movement 143:Congress of Industrial Organizations 4282:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 4218:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 3888:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 2820: 2779:Sit-ins: Greensboro, North Carolina 2149: 1908:. Temple University. Archived from 1843: 1780: 1385: 1380:Royal Ice Cream Sit-in — Durham, NC 1356: 571: 24: 5726:African-American churches attacked 4292:Montgomery Improvement Association 4267:Georgia Council on Human Relations 4252:Council of Federated Organizations 4223:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 3981:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 3939:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 3745:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 3649:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 2643:. The Indian Express. June 9, 2014 2593:Booth, Hannah (October 30, 2015). 2510: 2281:Handler, Richard (June 15, 2004). 1721:The University of Chicago Magazine 1427:Backburn, Bob L. (July 29, 2018). 1329:Gunts, Edward (February 8, 2011). 25: 6048: 5798:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 5671:Jews in the civil rights movement 2739: 2472:Barkan, Ross (February 7, 2024). 2308:Gibson, Megan (August 12, 2011). 2014:"Short History of the 504 Sit in" 1635:The Civil Rights Movement Archive 882: 873:Greenmarket Square refugee sit-in 748:Students for Justice in Palestine 5992:Civil rights movement portal 5985: 5833:Freedom Riders National Monument 5575:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 4087:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 4046:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 3933:Second Emancipation Proclamation 2389:Buck, Stephanie (May 19, 2017). 1715:Perlstein, Rick (January 2015). 1303:Pousson, Eli (January 7, 2011). 711: 528:in October 1972. Later in 1972, 97: 6027:Nonviolent resistance movements 5860:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 5848:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 4324:National Council of Negro Women 4262:Deacons for Defense and Justice 3315:Audubon Regional Library sit-in 2787:, Civil Rights Digital Library. 2781:, Civil Rights Digital Library. 2775:, Civil Rights Digital Library. 2655: 2633: 2614: 2605: 2586: 2552: 2530: 2504: 2465: 2441:Watson, Steve (June 17, 2008). 2408: 2382: 2367: 2327: 2301: 2252: 2197: 2171: 2131: 1962: 1824: 1806: 1746:The Journal of American History 1708: 1680: 1650: 1622: 1591: 1564: 1522: 1493: 1479: 1476:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 1467: 1464:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 1462:Sit-ins Spread Across the South 1455: 1452:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 1443: 1420: 1402: 1382:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 1373: 1350: 1322: 1309:Baltimore Heritage Organization 857: 3740:Mansfield school desegregation 3379:Peterson v. City of Greenville 2374:Stein, Marc (April 20, 2015). 1793:International Socialist Review 1296: 1253: 1238: 1212: 1187: 1174: 1148: 1135: 1123: 657:until its Republican Speaker, 432:1961 Rock Hill, South Carolina 307:1958 Wichita and Oklahoma City 13: 1: 5870:National Voting Rights Museum 5813:Civil Rights Movement Archive 5612:Lynching in the United States 5499:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 3954:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 3927:University of Chicago sit-ins 3694:Davis v. Prince Edward County 3303:University of Chicago sit-ins 2785:Sit-ins: Nashville, Tennessee 2767:Civil Rights Movement Archive 2540:. BBC. BBC. September 1, 2014 2109:"EDGE - Curriculum - Biology" 2036:"Disability History Timeline" 1988:"Disability History Timeline" 1902:"Disability History Timeline" 1687:Frizell, Sam (May 26, 2015). 1117: 764:sit-ins at other universities 505:Works Progress Administration 470:University of Chicago sit-ins 345:1960 Greensboro and Nashville 5865:National Civil Rights Museum 5721:March on Washington Movement 5706:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 4175:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 981:Indian independence movement 808:2014 anti-government protest 119:Fellowship of Reconciliation 60:Taiwanese executive assembly 7: 5509:"This Little Light of Mine" 4257:Dallas County Voters League 4203:Atlanta Negro Voters League 3966:Letter from Birmingham Jail 3673:Brown v. Board of Education 3371:Gober v. City of Birmingham 2746:Award Winning Documentary: 1040: 802: 285:1957 Durham, North Carolina 123:Congress of Racial Equality 92: 58:Human rights sit-in at the 10: 6053: 5843:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 5711:Holt Street Baptist Church 5681:16th Street Baptist Church 4665:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 4309:Nashville Student Movement 4239:An Appeal for Human Rights 3339:Nashville Student Movement 2688:Guha, Ramachandra (2013). 1948:10.1177/104420730001100111 1474:Nashville Student Movement 925: 918: 834:(Revolution March) led by 811: 773: 715: 680: 663:Orlando nightclub shooting 642: 522:Rehabilitation Act of 1973 490:Disability rights movement 467: 373:Greensboro, North Carolina 348: 310: 288: 265:was started by a group of 254: 215:Harrison County Courthouse 205:and Farmer, students from 201:With the encouragement of 164:joined with the Cafeteria 106: 5981: 5883: 5785: 5599: 5532: 5474: 5453: 5340:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 5310:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 4382: 4374:Women's Political Council 4369:Wednesdays in Mississippi 4364:United Auto Workers (UAW) 4349:Southern Regional Council 4319:Northern Student Movement 4228:Committee for Freedom Now 4188: 4135:Memphis sanitation strike 4101:Voting Rights Act of 1965 4023: 3844:Savannah Protest Movement 3806: 3664: 3625:Journey of Reconciliation 3617: 3604: 3484: 3453: 3443:Hamm v. City of Rock Hill 3403:Bouie v. City of Columbia 3362: 3331: 3324: 3283: 2900: 2836:Alexandria Library sit-in 2828: 2773:Sit-ins: Atlanta, Georgia 914: 696:, president of the local 458:Friendship Junior College 449:Rock Hill, South Carolina 245:Voting Rights Act of 1965 149:sit-in during their 1947 135:Alexandria Library sit-in 4208:Atlanta Student Movement 4157:Civil Rights Act of 1968 4082:1964–1965 Scripto strike 4063:Civil Rights Act of 1964 3961:1963 Birmingham campaign 3854:Civil Rights Act of 1960 3778:Civil Rights Act of 1957 3435:Barr v. City of Columbia 3349:Atlanta Student Movement 2872:Dockum Drug Store sit-in 2860:Read's Drug Store sit-in 2761:Almost-Forgotten History 1226:. US. September 23, 1939 926:Not to be confused with 828:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf 524:was vetoed by President 520:An early version of the 478:, then a student at the 313:Dockum Drug Store sit-in 251:1955 Baltimore, Maryland 241:Civil Rights Act of 1964 5760:Voter Education Project 5514:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 5175:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 4610:Josephine Dobbs Clement 4036:Chester school protests 4031:Twenty-fourth Amendment 3993:Detroit Walk to Freedom 3735:Tallahassee bus boycott 3656:Baton Rouge bus boycott 3395:Avent v. North Carolina 1717:"A political education" 1361:. baltimoreheritage.org 1145:, May 12, 1966, Page 7. 836:Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri 651:House Democratic Caucus 277:Baltimore Afro-American 5973:Movement photographers 5215:Bernice Johnson Reagon 4935:Martin Luther King Sr. 4930:Martin Luther King Jr. 4500:William Holmes Borders 4272:Highlander Folk School 4162:Poor People's Campaign 4015:St. Augustine movement 3865:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 3788:Katz Drug Store sit-in 3759:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 3721:Montgomery bus boycott 3172:Corpus Christi sit-ins 3106:St. Petersburg sit-ins 2944:Elizabeth City sit-ins 2884:Katz Drug Store sit-in 2866:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 2046:. 2002. Archived from 1998:. 2002. Archived from 1637:. Westwind Writers Inc 1505:The Spartanburg Herald 1200:. September 23, 1939. 945: 889:Welsh Language Society 788: 752:Jewish Voice for Peace 672:LGBTQ+ rights movement 578:Door County, Wisconsin 414:1963 Flagstaff Arizona 291:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 62: 51: 43: 6022:Nonviolent occupation 5808:Civil Rights Memorial 5696:Bethel Baptist Church 5345:Charles Kenzie Steele 4790:Audrey Faye Hendricks 4695:Myrlie Evers-Williams 4675:Patricia Stephens Due 4645:Abraham Lincoln Davis 4580:Colia Lafayette Clark 4334:Operation Breadbasket 4329:National Urban League 4076:Katzenbach v. McClung 3944:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 3597:Civil rights movement 3178:St. Augustine sit-ins 3100:Daytona Beach sit-ins 2926:Winston-Salem sit-ins 2878:Oklahoma City sit-ins 2113:disabilityhistory.org 2050:on December 20, 2013. 2024:on September 9, 2016. 2002:on December 20, 2013. 1397:National Public Radio 1262:"The Sit-In Movement" 1049:, peace campaigns by 936: 840:Pakistan Awami Tehrik 786: 480:University of Chicago 263:Civil Rights Movement 229:in the state and the 196:University of Chicago 131:Samuel Wilbert Tucker 109:Civil rights movement 103:Civil rights movement 87:civil rights movement 57: 49: 35: 27:Form of direct action 5853:other King memorials 5828:Freedom Rides Museum 5765:1960s counterculture 5716:Edmund Pettus Bridge 5395:Walter Francis White 5300:Alexander D. Shimkin 3814:New Year's Day March 3783:Ministers' Manifesto 3630:Executive Order 9981 3387:Lombard v. Louisiana 3154:Jacksonville sit-ins 2920:Fayetteville sit-ins 2664:Rediscovering Gandhi 2183:Door County Advocate 2089:on February 27, 2018 1912:on December 20, 2013 1609:on December 19, 2011 1537:on November 17, 2011 1076:Occupation (protest) 1001:Shaheen Bagh protest 852:Concepcion Picciotto 779:Eco-protest movement 624:Ladies' Home Journal 616:Ladies' Home Journal 576:On June 1, 1955, in 267:Morgan State College 223:White Citizens Party 178:, where most of the 5591:Mary McLeod Bethune 5552:Sermon on the Mount 5519:"We Shall Overcome" 5100:William Lewis Moore 4880:Frank Minis Johnson 4855:Richie Jean Jackson 4810:Donald L. Hollowell 4615:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 4420:Gwendolyn Armstrong 4415:William G. Anderson 4395:Victoria Gray Adams 4359:The Freedom Singers 4213:Black Panther Party 3998:March on Washington 3911:Garner v. Louisiana 3872:Boynton v. Virginia 3519:Tallahassee jail-in 3427:Robinson v. Florida 3411:Griffin v. Maryland 3309:Woolworth's sit-ins 3226:Baton Rouge sit-ins 3184:Statesville sit-ins 3160:San Antonio sit-ins 3136:Little Rock sit-ins 3130:New Orleans sit-ins 3034:Chattanooga sit-ins 3016:Chapel Hill sit-ins 2998:Tallahassee sit-ins 2691:Gandhi Before India 2360:The Huffington Post 2119:on January 23, 2015 1664:. February 22, 2004 1359:"Read's Drug Store" 1184:March 17, 1947: 16) 1086:Picketing (protest) 758:in response to the 484:George Wells Beadle 331:NAACP Youth Council 139:racially segregated 6012:Civil disobedience 5908:Michael Eric Dyson 5793:In popular culture 5676:Fifth Circuit Four 5660:Loving v. Virginia 5653:Hernandez v. Texas 5632:Buchanan v. Warley 5624:Separate but equal 5618:Plessy v. Ferguson 5581:Frederick Douglass 5415:Robert F. Williams 5325:Kelly Miller Smith 5305:Fred Shuttlesworth 5230:Frederick D. Reese 5210:George Raymond Jr. 5200:A. Philip Randolph 5180:Fay Bellamy Powell 5095:Queen Mother Moore 4980:Z. Alexander Looby 4925:Coretta Scott King 4870:Barbara Rose Johns 4850:Jimmie Lee Jackson 4775:William E. Harbour 4555:Stokely Carmichael 4470:Randolph Blackwell 4140:King assassination 4129:Loving v. Virginia 4113:March Against Fear 4093:How Long, Not Long 3971:Children's Crusade 3922:Cambridge movement 3859:Ax Handle Saturday 3824:Greensboro sit-ins 3751:Give Us the Ballot 3541:Biracial committee 3268:Starkville sit-ins 3250:Darlington sit-ins 3238:Birmingham sit-ins 3208:Wilmington sit-ins 3076:Petersburg sit-ins 3064:Orangeburg sit-ins 3058:Montgomery sit-ins 3022:Charleston sit-ins 2974:Portsmouth sit-ins 2956:High Point sit-ins 2908:Greensboro sit-ins 2565:The New York Times 2478:The New York Times 2443:"Before Stonewall" 2420:The New York Times 2240:. Lib.uchicago.edu 2211:on October 5, 2014 1831:Rosenthal, Keith. 1787:Rosenthal, Keith. 1578:. The PBS NewsHour 1224:The New York Times 1197:The New York Times 993:civil disobedience 946: 789: 756:divest from Israel 724:Mattachine Society 589:1969 Marlene Dixon 540:1977 San Francisco 530:Disabled in Action 516:1972 New York City 509:Home Relief Bureau 495:1935 New York City 365:Greensboro sit-ins 351:Greensboro sit-ins 171:The New York Times 63: 52: 44: 5999: 5998: 5776:Eyes on the Prize 5691:A.G. Gaston Motel 5686:Kelly Ingram Park 5646:Sweatt v. Painter 5330:Mary Louise Smith 5290:Cleveland Sellers 5275:Michael Schwerner 5240:Gloria Richardson 5020:Thurgood Marshall 4940:Bernard Lafayette 4670:John Wesley Dobbs 4184: 4183: 3903:Birmingham attack 3883:Rock Hill sit-ins 3834:Sibley Commission 3829:Nashville sit-ins 3701:Gebhart v. Belton 3687:Briggs v. Elliott 3680:Bolling v. Sharpe 3641:Sweatt v. Painter 3563: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3291:Rock Hill sit-ins 3220:Lynchburg sit-ins 3214:Arlington sit-ins 3148:Galveston sit-ins 3124:Knoxville sit-ins 3070:Lexington sit-ins 3052:Frankfort sit-ins 3046:Baltimore sit-ins 3010:Salisbury sit-ins 2992:Nashville sit-ins 2980:Rock Hill sit-ins 2950:Henderson sit-ins 2932:Charlotte sit-ins 2848:Baltimore sit-ins 2701:978-93-5118-322-8 2674:978-81-8069-480-6 2511:Shalal, Andreal. 2294:978-0-299-19473-4 2044:Temple University 1996:Temple University 1853:. August 17, 1937 1629:Hartford, Bruce. 1283:978-0-19-932917-5 1143:Missouri Teamster 1009:Abdul Qayyum Khan 871:protests and the 677:1965 Philadelphia 634:Gun control lobby 584:Feminist movement 560:and organized by 474:In January 1962, 426:Arizona Daily Sun 400:Bernard Lafayette 384:Nashville sit-ins 355:Nashville sit-ins 257:Read's Drug Store 236:Sweatt v. Painter 16:(Redirected from 6044: 5990: 5989: 5953:Charles M. Payne 5938:Steven F. Lawson 5928:David Halberstam 5898:Clayborne Carson 5639:Hocutt v. Wilson 5586:W. E. B. Du Bois 5435:Sammy Younge Jr. 5420:Q. V. Williamson 5385:Wyatt Tee Walker 5250:Bernice Robinson 5195:Lincoln Ragsdale 5185:Rodney N. Powell 5080:Douglas E. Moore 4955:Sanford R. Leigh 4890:J. Charles Jones 4765:Fannie Lou Hamer 4680:Joseph Ellwanger 4640:Jonathan Daniels 4630:Claudette Colvin 4620:Annie Lee Cooper 4605:Kathleen Cleaver 4600:Eldridge Cleaver 4575:Shirley Chisholm 4465:Gloria Blackwell 4056:workers' murders 4003:"I Have a Dream" 3898:Anniston bombing 3849:Greenville Eight 3764:Little Rock Nine 3727:Browder v. Gayle 3615: 3614: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3476:Greenville Eight 3419:Bell v. Maryland 3329: 3328: 3244:Danville sit-ins 3232:Marshall sit-ins 3196:New Bern sit-ins 3190:Savannah sit-ins 3094:Columbia sit-ins 3082:Tuskegee sit-ins 3040:Richmond sit-ins 2815: 2808: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2449:. Archived from 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2422:. April 21, 2016 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2363:. June 24, 2016. 2351: 2345: 2344: 2343:. June 22, 2016. 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2234: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2115:. Archived from 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2085:. 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Tolson 188:James Farmer Jr. 176:Lexington Avenue 21: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6037:Sit-in movement 6032:Protest tactics 6002: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5984: 5977: 5958:Thomas E. Ricks 5948:Diane McWhorter 5933:Vincent Harding 5918:Adam Fairclough 5885: 5879: 5781: 5736:Freedom Schools 5595: 5528: 5476: 5470: 5461:Omaha, Nebraska 5449: 5365:Hartman Turnbow 5355:Dorothy Tillman 5315:Glenn E. Smiley 5295:Charles Sherrod 5255:Jo Ann Robinson 5130:Charles Neblett 5120:Elijah Muhammad 5085:Harriette Moore 5045:Floyd McKissick 5030:Franklin McCain 4965:Stanley Levison 4830:T. R. M. Howard 4780:Vincent Harding 4710:Walter Fauntroy 4595:Xernona Clayton 4545:John H. Calhoun 4530:Aurelia Browder 4520:Stanley Branche 4515:Raylawni Branch 4495:Joseph E. Boone 4480:Ezell Blair Jr. 4475:Unita Blackwell 4450:Harry Belafonte 4390:Ralph Abernathy 4378: 4314:Nation of Islam 4190: 4180: 4019: 3976:Birmingham riot 3917:Albany Movement 3839:Atlanta sit-ins 3819:Sit-in movement 3802: 3798:Biloxi wade-ins 3770:Cooper v. Aaron 3660: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3564: 3555: 3502:Biloxi wade-ins 3480: 3466:Friendship Nine 3449: 3358: 3320: 3297:Sewanee sit-ins 3279: 3256:Augusta sit-ins 3202:Memphis sit-ins 3166:Atlanta sit-ins 3112:Houston sit-ins 2986:Norfolk sit-ins 2968:Hampton sit-ins 2962:Raleigh sit-ins 2938:Concord sit-ins 2896: 2854:Dresden sit-ins 2842:Chicago sit-ins 2824: 2822:Sit-in movement 2819: 2742: 2737: 2724: 2722: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2453:on July 1, 2008 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2387: 2383: 2372: 2368: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2279: 2275: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1929: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1870: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1829: 1825: 1820:. May 13, 1936. 1812: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1785: 1781: 1758:10.2307/2675276 1739: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1685: 1681: 1667: 1665: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1640: 1638: 1627: 1623: 1612: 1610: 1599:"Jail, No Bail" 1597: 1596: 1592: 1581: 1579: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1548: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1527: 1523: 1510: 1508: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1434: 1432: 1431:. The Oklahoman 1425: 1421: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1391:Eckels, Carla. 1390: 1386: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1301: 1297: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1258: 1254: 1247:Chicago Tribune 1243: 1239: 1229: 1227: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1179: 1175: 1165: 1163: 1162:on May 28, 2010 1154: 1153: 1149: 1140: 1136: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1081:Occupy movement 1043: 1035:Jamaat-e-Islami 931: 924: 917: 885: 860: 820: 812:Main articles: 810: 805: 781: 776: 744: 720: 714: 685: 683:Dewey's sit-ins 679: 674: 647: 641: 636: 627: 619: 591: 586: 574: 566:Joseph Califano 546:Joseph Califano 542: 518: 497: 492: 472: 466: 438:Friendship Nine 434: 357: 349:Main articles: 347: 339:Wichita, Kansas 323:Wichita, Kansas 319: 311:Main articles: 309: 293: 287: 259: 253: 115: 113:Sit-in movement 107:Main articles: 105: 100: 95: 37:Benjamin Cowins 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6050: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 5997: 5996: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5968:Akinyele Umoja 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5557:Mahatma Gandhi 5554: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5466:South Carolina 5463: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5405:Hosea Williams 5402: 5397: 5392: 5390:Hollis Watkins 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5320:A. Maceo Smith 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5270:Bernie Sanders 5267: 5262: 5260:Angela Russell 5257: 5252: 5247: 5245:David Richmond 5242: 5237: 5235:Walter Reuther 5232: 5227: 5222: 5220:Cordell Reagon 5217: 5212: 5207: 5205:George Raymond 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5165:Charles Person 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5135:Huey P. Newton 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5090:Harry T. Moore 5087: 5082: 5077: 5075:Cecil B. Moore 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5055:James Meredith 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4885:Clarence Jones 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4825:Zilphia Horton 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4795:Lola Hendricks 4792: 4787: 4785:Dorothy Height 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4755:Lawrence Guyot 4752: 4747: 4745:Jack Greenberg 4742: 4737: 4732: 4730:Andrew Goodman 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4655:Joseph DeLaine 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4625:Dorothy Cotton 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4570:J. L. Chestnut 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4505:Amelia Boynton 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4425:Arnold Aronson 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4084: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4051:Freedom Summer 4048: 4043: 4041:Bloody Tuesday 4038: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4005: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3645: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3612: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3494: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3439: 3431: 3423: 3415: 3407: 3399: 3391: 3383: 3375: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3333: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3274:Dallas sit-ins 3271: 3265: 3262:Biloxi sit-ins 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3142:Austin sit-ins 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3028:Shelby sit-ins 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3004:Sumter sit-ins 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2914:Durham sit-ins 2911: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2818: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2741: 2740:External links 2738: 2736: 2735: 2707: 2700: 2680: 2673: 2654: 2632: 2613: 2604: 2585: 2551: 2529: 2503: 2464: 2433: 2407: 2381: 2366: 2346: 2326: 2300: 2293: 2273: 2251: 2222: 2196: 2185:. June 2, 1955 2170: 2148: 2130: 2100: 2074: 2053: 2027: 2005: 1979: 1961: 1923: 1893: 1886: 1864: 1842: 1823: 1818:Newspapers.com 1805: 1779: 1752:(3): 888–922. 1733: 1707: 1679: 1649: 1621: 1590: 1563: 1521: 1492: 1478: 1466: 1454: 1442: 1419: 1401: 1384: 1372: 1357:Pousson, Eli. 1349: 1321: 1295: 1282: 1252: 1237: 1211: 1186: 1173: 1147: 1134: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1096:Sitdown strike 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1042: 1039: 1031:Naeem Siddiqui 1027:Iskander Mirza 1022:to remove his 1020:administration 1013:Prime Minister 985:Mahatma Gandhi 916: 913: 884: 883:United Kingdom 881: 859: 856: 809: 806: 804: 801: 787:Sit-in, Kertem 780: 777: 775: 772: 743: 740: 716:Main article: 713: 710: 681:Main article: 678: 675: 673: 670: 643:Main article: 640: 637: 635: 632: 618: 612: 590: 587: 585: 582: 573: 570: 558:Judith Heumann 541: 538: 534:Judith Heumann 517: 514: 496: 493: 491: 488: 476:Bernie Sanders 468:Main article: 465: 462: 433: 430: 388:lunch counters 359:Following the 346: 343: 308: 305: 301:North Carolina 289:Main article: 286: 283: 252: 249: 151:Columbus, Ohio 133:organized the 127:Bernice Fisher 121:(FOR) and the 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6049: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5980: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5963:Timothy Tyson 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5893:Taylor Branch 5891: 5890: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5741:Freedom songs 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5607:Jim Crow laws 5605: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5504:"Oh, Freedom" 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5430:Whitney Young 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410:Kale Williams 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5370:Albert Turner 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5360:A. P. Tureaud 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5265:Bayard Rustin 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5115:William Moyer 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5050:Joseph McNeil 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5035:Charles McDew 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5025:Benjamin Mays 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5010:Vivian Malone 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4985:Joseph Lowery 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4910:Clyde Kennard 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4900:Vernon Jordan 4898: 4896: 4895:Matthew Jones 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4860:T. J. Jemison 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845:Jesse Jackson 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4735:Robert Graetz 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4725:Golden Frinks 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4685:Charles Evers 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4635:Vernon Dahmer 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590:Septima Clark 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4510:Bruce Boynton 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4435:James Baldwin 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4405:Mathew Ahmann 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4302:Youth Council 4300: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4187: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3893:Freedom Rides 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3689: 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