211:. In time-based DSMs, the ordering of the rows and columns indicates a flow through time: earlier activities in a process appear in the upper-left of the DSM and later activities appear in the lower-right. Terms like “feedforward” and “feedback” become meaningful when referring to interfaces. A feedback mark is an above-diagonal mark (when rows represent output). Time-based DSMs are typically analyzed using sequencing algorithms, that reorder the matrix elements to minimize the amount of feedback marks, and make them as close as possible to the diagonal.
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between activities. In one convention, reading across a row reveals the outputs that the element in that row provides to other elements, and scanning a column reveals the inputs that the element in that column receives from other elements. For example, in the DSM, the marking in column A and row C indicated a link from A to C (output from A, input to C). Alternatively, the rows and columns may be switched (without a change of meaning). Both conventions may be found in the literature.
122:. For example, where the matrix elements represent activities, the matrix details what pieces of information are needed to start a particular activity, and shows where the information generated by that activity leads. In this way, one can quickly recognize which other activities are reliant upon information outputs generated by each activity.
196:. The marking in the off-diagonal cells is often largely symmetrical to the diagonal (e.g., in an organizational DSM indicating interactions between teams, there are both a mark from team C to team E and a mark from team E to team C, thus indicating that interactions are mutual). Static DSMs are usually analyzed with
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methods try to order the matrix elements such that no feedback marks remain. In case of coupled activities (activities that have cyclic links, e.g., activity A is linked to B, which is linked to C, which is linked to A) the results is a block diagonal DSM (i.e., blocks or groups of coupled activities
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Interactions between various aspects (people, activities, and components) is done using additional (non-square) linkage matrices. The
Multiple Domain Matrix (MDM) is an extension of the basic DSM structure. A MDM includes several DSMs (ordered as block diagonal matrices) that represent the relations
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is the removal of feedback marks (in Binary DSM) or assignment of lower priority (numeric DSM). Tearing of a
Component-based DSM may imply modularization (the component design is not influencing other components) or standardization (the component design is not influencing and not influenced by other
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The off-diagonal cells are used to indicate relationships between the elements. A marking of the cell indicates a directed link between two elements and can represent design relations or constraints between product components, communication between teams, information flow or precedence relations
247:(i.e., reordering the matrix elements in order to group together related elements). Clustering results would typically show groups (clusters) of tightly related elements, and elements that are either not connected or are connected to many other elements and therefore are not part of a group.
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DSM matrices were categorized to
Component-based or Architecture DSM; People-based (Team-based) or Organization DSM, both considered as Static (representing existing elements). Activity-based or Schedule DSM and Parameter-based DSM are defined as time-based, as their ordering implies flow.
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The use of DSMs in both research and industrial practice increased greatly in the 1990s. DSMs have been applied in the building construction, real estate development, semiconductor, automotive, photographic, aerospace, telecom, small-scale manufacturing, factory equipment, and electronics
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The cells along the diagonal are typically used to represent the system elements. However, the diagonal cells can be used for representing self-iterations (e.g., rework of a code that did not pass its unit testing). Self-iterations are required when a matrix element represents a block of
176:, representing linkages between the system elements. The system elements are often labeled in the rows to the left of the matrix and/or in the columns above the matrix. These elements can represent for example product components, organization teams, or project activities.
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The use of DSM has been extended to visualize and optimize the otherwise invisible information flow and interactions associated with office work. This visualization via DSM allows the Lean Body of
Knowledge to be applied to office and information intensive flows.
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DSM analysis can also be used to manage the effects of a change. For example, if the specification for a component had to be changed, it would be possible to quickly identify all processes or activities which had been dependent on that specification, reducing the
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Two main categories of DSMs have been proposed: static and time-based. Static DSMs represent systems where all of the elements exist simultaneously, such as components of a machine or groups in an organization. A static DSM is equivalent to an
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and also to reorder coupled activities (having cyclic loop) trying to have the feedback marks close to the diagonal. Yet, sometimes the algorithm just tries to minimize a criterion (where minimum iterations is not the optimal results).
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Initially, the off-diagonal cell markings indicated only the existence/non-existence of an interaction (link) between elements, using a symbol (or the figure '1'). Such marking is defined as
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between elements of the same domain; and corresponding Domain
Mapping Matrices (DMM) that represent relations between elements of different domains.
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Sered Y, Reich Y (2006)," Standardization and modularization driven by minimizing overall process effort." Computer-Aided Design, 38(5):405-416
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to model the structure of complex systems or processes, in order to perform system analysis, project planning and organization design.
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The DSM algorithms are used for reordering the matrix elements subject to some criteria. Static DSMs are usually analyzed with
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419:, in Managing the Dynamics of New Product Development Processes: A New Product Lifecycle Management Paradigm, Springer, 2011
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The presentation is amenable to matrix-based analysis techniques, which can be used to improve the structure of the system.
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coined the term "design structure matrix" in the 1960s, using the matrices to solve mathematical systems of equations.
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indicating for example the probability of applying new information (that require reactivation of the linked activity).
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Maurer M (2007) Structural
Awareness in complex product design. Dissertation, Technischen Universität München, Germany
400:"Applying the Design Structure Matrix to System Decomposition and Integration Problems: A Review and New Directions."
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Minimizing feedback loops gets the best results for Binary DSM, but not always for
Numeric DSM or Probability DSM.
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in
Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems Engineering and Modeling - ICSEM'07, Haifa, 2007.
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elements and their relationships in a compact way that highlights important patterns in the data (such as
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Managing
Complex Product Development Projects with Design Structure Matrices and Domain Mapping Matrices
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Managing the
Dynamics of New Product Development Processes: A New Product Lifecycle Management Paradigm
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In modeling activities precedence it allows representing feedback linkages that cannot be modeled by
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71:) is a simple, compact and visual representation of a system or project in the form of a square
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Time-based DSMs are typically analyzed using partitioning, tearing and sequencing algorithms.
439:"Modeling Impacts of Process Architecture on Cost and Schedule Risk in Product Development"
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activities/subsystems that may be further detailed, allowing hierarchical DSM structure.
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387:“Simulating Design Processes with self-iteration activities based on DSM planning,”
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The Design Structure System: A Method for Managing the Design of Complex Systems.
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indicating the "strength" of the linkage, or statistical relations
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industries, to name a few, as well as in many government agencies.
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components). After tearing a partitioning algorithm is reapplied.
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484:. New York: Productivity Press. 2010. pp. 159–180.
374:"Key Concepts in Modeling Product Development Processes"
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that work continues based on out-of-date information.
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A sample DSM with 7 elements and 11 dependency marks.
269:algorithm; and the powers of the Adjacency Matrix.
257:along the diagonal). Partitioning methods include:
129:The matrix representation has several strengths.
514:International Design Structure Matrix Conference:
482:Far From the Factory: Lean for the Information Age
291:) are typically trying to minimize the number of
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344:Design Structure Matrix Methods and Applications
106:A design structure matrix lists all constituent
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469:International Journal of Project Management.
443:IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management.
404:IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management.
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417:"Design process planning using DSM"
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342:S.D. Eppinger and T.R. Browning,
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203:A time-based DSM is akin to a
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568:Project management techniques
516:http://www.dsm-conference.org
508:Web-Portal of DSM Community:
346:, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2012.
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46:problem solving matrix (PSM)
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78:It is the equivalent of an
38:dependency structure method
34:dependency structure matrix
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415:A. Karniel and Y. Reich,
385:A. Karniel and Y. Reich,
471:25(3), 2007, S. 300-314.
69:design precedence matrix
42:dependency source matrix
26:design structure matrix
363:28(3), 1981, S. 71-74.
114:and the corresponding
32:; also referred to as
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510:http://www.dsmweb.org
245:clustering algorithms
198:clustering algorithms
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445:49(4):428-442, 2002.
406:48(3):292-306, 2001.
155:modeling techniques
116:information exchange
573:Systems engineering
263:reachability matrix
88:systems engineering
300:Use and extensions
289:genetic algorithms
283:algorithms (using
205:precedence diagram
92:project management
61:interaction matrix
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527:DSM book:
229:Numeric DSM
219:DSM marking
172:A DSM is a
149:Gantt chart
96:Don Steward
557:Categories
313:References
281:Sequencing
254:Sequencing
225:Binary DSM
112:activities
108:subsystems
120:patterns
102:Overview
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273:Tearing
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