Chess opening - Knowledge

3473:(KIA) is a system of development that White may use in reply to almost any Black opening moves. The characteristic KIA setup is 1.Nf3, 2.g3, 3.Bg2, 4.0-0, 5.d3, 6.Nbd2, and 7.e4, although these moves may be played in many different orders. In fact, the KIA is probably most often reached after 1.e4 when White uses it to respond to a Black attempt to play one of the semi-open games such as the Caro–Kann, French, or Sicilian, or even the open games which usually come after 1.e4 e5. Its greatest appeal may be that by adopting a set pattern of development, White can avoid the large amount of opening study required to prepare to meet the many different possible Black replies to 1.e4. 2717:, rather than specific opening variations. White develops aiming for a particular formation without great concern over how Black chooses to defend. Both systems are popular with club players because they are easy to learn, but are rarely used by professionals because a well-prepared opponent playing Black can equalize fairly easily. The Stonewall is characterized by the White pawn formation on c3, d4, e3, and f4, and can be achieved by several move orders and against many different Black setups. The diagram positions and the move sequences given below are typical. 36: 3041: 3034: 3013: 3006: 2936: 2866: 2845: 2838: 2557: 2550: 2529: 2522: 2389: 2382: 2361: 2354: 1931: 1924: 1903: 1896: 1763: 1756: 1735: 1728: 1024: 961: 954: 919: 877: 856: 849: 389: 382: 361: 354: 221: 214: 193: 186: 3020: 2852: 2536: 2368: 1910: 1742: 968: 863: 368: 200: 3048: 3027: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2859: 2831: 2564: 2543: 2515: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2473: 2466: 2459: 2452: 2445: 2438: 2431: 2424: 2417: 2410: 2403: 2396: 2375: 2347: 1938: 1917: 1889: 1882: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1840: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1749: 1721: 1031: 1017: 1010: 1003: 996: 989: 982: 975: 947: 940: 933: 926: 912: 905: 898: 891: 884: 870: 842: 396: 375: 347: 340: 333: 326: 319: 312: 305: 298: 291: 284: 277: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 235: 228: 207: 179: 2825: 2341: 1715: 836: 173: 2088:(2.f4). These openings have some similarities with each other, in particular the Bishop's Opening frequently transposes to variations of the Vienna Game. The King's Gambit was extremely popular in the 19th century. White sacrifices a pawn for quick development and to divert a black pawn from the center. The Vienna Game also frequently features attacks on the Black center by means of a f2–f4 pawn advance. 6476: 3159:

Since then, Indian defenses have been the most popular Black replies to 1.d4 because they offer an unbalanced game with chances for both sides. The usual White second move is 2.c4, grabbing a larger share of the center and allowing the move Nc3, to prepare for moving the e-pawn to e4 without blocking the c-pawn. Black's most popular replies are:

1161:; amateur players may have trouble defending against Black's activity, while masters are more skilled at defending and making use of the extra pawn. Some openings played between grandmasters are so complex and theoretical that amateur players will have trouble understanding them. An example is the Perenyi Attack of the 3591:

First moves other than the king pawn (1.e4), queen pawn (1.d4), or flank openings (1.b3, 1.b4, 1.c4, 1.Nf3, 1.f4, or 1.g3) are not regarded as effective ways to exploit White's first-move advantage and thus are rarely played. Although some of these openings are not actually bad for White, each of the

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are important and many of the Indian defenses can be reached by several different move orders. Although Indian defenses were championed in the 1920s by players in the hypermodern school, they were not fully accepted until Soviet players showed in the late 1940s that these systems are sound for Black.

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school showed that it was not always necessary or even desirable to occupy the center in this way, and that too broad a pawn front could be attacked and destroyed, leaving its architect vulnerable; an impressive-looking pawn center is worth little unless it can be maintained. The hypermoderns instead

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At the start of the game, it is not clear on which part of the board the pieces will be needed. However, control of the central squares allows pieces to be moved to any part of the board relatively easily, and can also have a cramping effect on the opponent. The classical view is that central control

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is often played by strong players, and is very popular at lower levels. Black plays to open lines on the queenside where White will be subject to considerable pressure. If White accepts the gambit, Black's compensation is positional rather than tactical, and their initiative can last even after many

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was the first of the Indian systems to gain full acceptance. It remains one of the most popular and well-respected defenses to 1.d4 and White often adopts move orders designed to avoid it. Black attacks the center with pieces and is prepared to trade a bishop for a knight to weaken White's queenside

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The openings classified as closed games begin 1.d4 d5. The move 1.d4 offers the same benefits to development and center control as does 1.e4, but unlike with King Pawn openings where the e4-pawn is undefended after the first move, the d4-pawn is protected by White's queen. This slight difference has

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may also be carried out in the opening. These include preparing pawn breaks to create counterplay, creating weaknesses in the opponent's pawn structure, seizing control of key squares, making favorable exchanges of minor pieces (e.g. gaining the bishop pair), or gaining a space advantage, whether in

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One of the main aims of the opening is to mobilize the pieces on useful squares where they will have impact on the game. To this end, knights are usually developed to f3, c3, f6, and c6 (or sometimes e2, d2, e7, or d7), and both players' king and queen pawns are moved so the bishops can be developed

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Professional chess players spend years studying openings, and they continue doing so throughout their careers as opening theory continues to evolve. Players at the club level also study openings, but the importance of the opening phase is less there since games are rarely decided in the opening. The

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1.b3 and 1.g3 aid development a bit, but they only address center control peripherally and are slower than the more popular openings. The eleven remaining possibilities are rarely played at the top levels of chess. Of these, the best are merely slow such as 1.c3, 1.d3, and 1.e3. Worse possibilities

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are sometimes used as surprise weapons, but are unreliable for a stable repertoire. Repertoires often change as a player develops, and a player's advancement may be stifled if the opening repertoire does not evolve. Some openings that are effective against amateur players are less effective at the

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Most players realize after a while that they play certain types of positions better than others, and that the amount of theory they can learn is limited. Therefore, most players specialize in certain openings where they know the theory and that lead to positions they favor. The set of openings a

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Chess openings are primarily categorized by move sequences. In the initial position, White has twenty legal moves. Of these, 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.Nf3, and 1.c4 are by far the most popular as these moves do the most to promote rapid development and control of the center. A few other opening moves are

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considerations for a quick attack on the opponent's position. Some unbalanced openings for Black, in particular, make use of this idea, such as the Dutch and the Sicilian. Other openings, such as the Alekhine and the Benoni, invite the opponent to overextend and form pawn weaknesses. Specific

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Some openings have been given fanciful names, often names of animals. This practice became more common in the 20th century. By then, most of the more common and traditional sequences of opening moves had already been named, so these tend to be unusual or recently developed openings like the

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since 1966. Instead of using the traditional names for the openings and descriptive text to evaluate positions, Informator has developed a unique coding system that is language independent so that it can be read by chess players around the world without requiring translation. Called the

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and people. Many openings are named after nationalities of players who advocated them, for example Indian, English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Scotch, Russian, Italian, Scandinavian and Sicilian, or places where important games featuring the opening were played such as Vienna, Berlin, and

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Chess players' names are the most common sources of opening names. The name given to an opening is not always that of the first player to adopt it; often an opening is named for the player who was the first to popularize it or to publish analysis of it. Eponymic openings include the

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The Sicilian and French Defenses lead to unbalanced positions that can offer exciting play with both sides having chances to win. The Caro–Kann Defense is solid as Black intends to use their c-pawn to support their center (1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5). Alekhine's, the Pirc and the Modern are

2686:, Black plays ...dxc4, giving up the center for free development and the chance to try to give White an isolated queen pawn with a subsequent ...c5 and ...cxd4. White will get active pieces and possibilities for the attack. Black has two popular ways to decline the pawn, the 2044:

White starts by playing 1.e4 (moving their king pawn two spaces). This is the most popular opening move and it has many strengths—it immediately works on controlling the center, and it activates two pieces (the queen and a bishop). The oldest openings in chess follow 1.e4.

3244:. Black often chooses the Queen's Indian when White avoids the Nimzo-Indian by playing 3.Nf3 instead of 3.Nc3. Black constructs a sound position that makes no positional concessions, although sometimes it is difficult for Black to obtain good winning chances. 3197:

is aggressive, somewhat risky, and generally indicates that Black will not be satisfied with a draw. Although it was played occasionally as early as the late 19th century, the King's Indian was considered inferior until the 1940s, when it was taken up by

1553:, 1.Nc3, develops a knight to a good square, but is somewhat inflexible because it blocks White's c-pawn; also, after 1...d5 the knight is liable to be driven to an inferior square by ...d4. (Note that after 1.Nf3 the analogous 1...e5? loses a pawn.) 1130:

The Perenyi Attack, which arises from the opening moves 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Be3 e6 7.g4 e5 8.Nf5 g6 9.g5 gxf5 10.exf5 d5 11.Qf3 d4. Played several times between grandmasters, but Lars Bo Hansen does not recommend this to

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A third objective, which is complementary to the previous ones and has been common since the 19th century, is to lure the opponent into positions with which the player is more familiar and comfortable than the opponent. This is usually done by

2694:(2...e6). Both of these moves lead to an immense forest of variations that can require a great deal of opening study to play well. Among the many possibilities in the Queen's Gambit Declined are the Orthodox Defense, Lasker's Defense, the 1309:

Opening names usually include one of the terms "opening", "variation", "defense", "gambit" etc, however the terminology is inconsistent and imprecise, and is not a useful basis for classification. Broadly, these terms are used as follows:

2095:(2.d4) White immediately opens the center but if the pawn is to be recovered after 2...exd4, White must contend with a slightly premature queen development after 3.Qxd4. An alternative is to sacrifice one or two pawns, for example in the 2052:

The most popular second move for White is 2.Nf3 attacking Black's king pawn, preparing for a kingside castle, and anticipating the advance of the queen pawn to d4. Black's most common reply is 2...Nc6, which usually leads to the

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A very narrow repertoire allows for deeper specialization but also makes a player less flexible to vary against different opponents. In addition, opponents may find it easier to prepare against a player with a narrow repertoire.

1600:. Although these codes are invaluable for the serious study of the chess opening, they are not very practical for a broad survey of the chess opening as the codes obscure common structural features between related openings. 720:

At higher levels of competition, for many years the main objectives of opening play were to obtain a better position when playing as White and to equalize when playing as Black. The idea behind this is that playing first

735:, the purpose of the opening is to create dynamic imbalances between the two sides, which will determine the character of the middlegame and the strategic plans chosen by both sides. For example, in the main line of the 3228:

in 1922. Distinguished by the move 3...d5, Grünfeld intended it as an improvement to the King's Indian which was not considered entirely satisfactory at that time. The Grünfeld has been adopted by World Champions

2073:(2...d6) is not popular in modern chess because it allows White an easy space advantage while Black's position remains cramped and passive, although solid. Other responses to 2.Nf3 are not seen in master play. 4269:

wrote of the King's Indian Attack, "White's resilient setup is truly magical. It throws both players on their own resources and eliminates the need of memorizing long-winded columns of analysis." Larry Evans,

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Whether they are trying to gain the upper hand as White, or to equalize as Black or to create dynamic imbalances, players generally devote a lot of attention in the opening stages to the following strategies:

4359:, this is the 15th edition of a work that has been the standard English language reference on chess openings since the first (1911) edition. This book is a valuable reference for club and tournament players. 1173:

Major changes in the rules of chess in the late fifteenth century increased the speed of the game, consequently emphasizing the importance of opening study. Thus, early chess books, such as the 1497 text of

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Prefix for openings designed to avoid a specific line, for example the Anti-Marshall (against the Marshall (Counter) Attack in the Ruy Lopez) and the Anti-Meran Gambit (against the Meran Variation of the

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style, attacking the center from the flanks with pieces rather than occupying it with pawns. These openings are played often, and 1.Nf3 and 1.c4 trail only 1.e4 and 1.d4 in popularity as opening moves.

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rated 1.e4 as "Best by test." On the downside, 1.e4 places a pawn on an undefended square and weakens d4 and f4. If Black mirrors White's move and replies with 1...e5, the result is an open game.

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The most important closed openings are in the Queen's Gambit family (White plays 2.c4). The Queen's Gambit is somewhat misnamed, since White can always regain the offered pawn if desired. In the

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with a maneuver such as g3 and Bg2). Rapid mobilization is the key. The queen, and to a lesser extent the rooks, are not usually played to a central position until later in the game, when many

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advocated controlling the center from a distance with pieces, breaking down one's opponent's center, and only taking over the center oneself later in the game. This leads to openings such as

3480:(1.c4) also frequently transposes into a d4 opening, but it can take on independent character as well including the Symmetrical Variation (1.c4 c5) and the Reversed Sicilian (1.c4 e5). 1165:(see diagram), which yields an immensely complicated and tactical position that even strong players have difficulty handling, and that is beyond the comprehension of most amateurs. 3521:(1.f4) White tries to get a strong grip on the e5-square. The opening can resemble a Dutch Defense in reverse after 1.f4 d5, or Black may try to disrupt White by playing 1...e5!? ( 2679:

remains a popular weapon at all levels of play. Also, compared with the King Pawn openings, transpositions among variations are more common and critical in the closed games.

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The Indian systems are asymmetrical defenses to 1.d4 that employ hypermodern chess strategy. Fianchettos are common in many of these openings. As with the closed games,

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In the semi-open games White plays 1.e4 and Black breaks symmetry immediately by replying with a move other than 1...e5. The most popular Black defense to 1.e4 is the

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either ignore the center and development such as 1.a3, weaken White's position (for instance, 1.f3 and 1.g4), or place the knights on poor squares (1.Na3 and 1.Nh3).

2698:, the Tartakower Variation, and the Tarrasch and Semi-Tarrasch Defenses. Black replies to the Queen's Gambit other than 2...dxc4, 2...c6, and 2...e6 are uncommon. 1611:, and Others. Since these categories are still individually very large, it is common to divide each of them further. One reasonable way to group the openings is: 3163:

2...e6, freeing the king's bishop and leading into the Nimzo-Indian Defense, Queen's Indian Defense, Bogo-Indian Defense, Modern Benoni, or regular lines of the

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Black has twenty complementary responses to White's opening move. Many of these are mirror images of the most popular first moves for White, but with one less

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The king is somewhat exposed in the middle of the board. Measures must be taken to reduce his vulnerability. It is therefore common for both players either to

1517:. The Reti, King's Indian Attack, Sicilian Reversed (from the English), and other "Black played by White with an extra tempo" often start with 1.Nf3 or 1.c4. 1513:

A Black opening played by White, or more rarely a White opening played by Black. Examples include the Sicilian Reversed (from the English Opening) and the

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is a risky attempt by Black to unbalance the position and gain active piece play at the cost of allowing White a pawn wedge at d5 and a central majority.

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The main openings in a repertoire are usually reasonably sound; that is, they should lead to playable positions even against optimal counterplay. Unsound

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Opening nomenclature developed haphazardly, and most names are historical accidents not based on systematic principles. In the early 1930s, the nascent

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If White opens with 1.Nf3, the game often becomes one of the d4 openings (closed games or semi-closed games) by a different move order (this is called

1577:. Defenses beginning with 1...c6 and 1...e6, often followed by the center thrust 2...d5, are also popular. Defenses with an early ...d6 coupled with a 544:, the players are said to be "out of book". In some openings, book lines have been worked out for over 30 moves, such as some lines in the classical 1194:. Opening theory was studied more scientifically from the 1840s on, and many opening variations were discovered and named in this period and later. 3259:

popularized the defense in the 1960s by winning several brilliant games with it, and Fischer occasionally adopted it, with good results, including

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embarked on a project to standardize opening nomenclature, culminating in the publication of a short booklet in 1933, but this had little impact.

1186:(1561). Ruy López's disagreement with Damiano regarding the merits of 2...Nc6 led to 3.Bb5 (after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6) being named for him as the 4190:

theory, which generally categorizes openings by form regardless of the move sequences that brought about the form in what are sometimes called

1409:). The terms "Accepted" or "Declined" may be appended to the name, depending on whether the opponent takes the offered material, as in the 647:) White has a formidable pawn center for the moment, but Black hopes to undermine it later in the game, leaving White's position exposed. 6256: 540:

Opening moves that are considered standard are referred to as "book moves", or simply "book". When a game begins to deviate from known

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is characterized by White forming a pawn center at d4 and c4 and fianchettoing their king's bishop. It resembles a combination of the

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As the players mobilize their pieces, they both seek to ensure that they are working harmoniously towards the control of key squares.

767:(in particular, trading off one of White's bishops to blunt this advantage) and counterattack against the weakened pawns on White's 5813: 3271:. Often Black adopts a slightly different move order, playing 2...e6 before 3...c5 in order to avoid the sharpest lines for White. 1491:

Usually used to describe an aggressive or provocative variation such as the Albin–Chatard Attack (or Chatard–Alekhine Attack), the

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player has specialized in is called an opening repertoire. The main elements a player needs to consider in a repertoire are:

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twelve remaining possible first moves suffers one or more of the following defects compared to the more popular choices:

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in the opening (simultaneously developing one of the rooks) or to otherwise bring the king to the side of the board via

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2...g6, preparing a fianchetto of the king's bishop and entering the King's Indian Defense or Grünfeld Defense, and

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one or both bishops, and not playing an early d4 (which would generally transpose into one of the 1.d4 openings).

6221: 6211: 4732: 4474: 4266: 4109: 3651: 1596: 1538: 17: 725:; for example, White will be the first to attack if the game opens symmetrically (Black mirrors White's moves). 6216: 6206: 6201: 4869: 4831: 4113: 86: 57: 53: 775:; both players accept different combinations of advantages and disadvantages. This idea was a doctrine of the 6351: 6261: 6196: 5777: 5539: 5090: 3719: 3264: 722: 533: 5615: 5095: 776: 3780: 3440:

The flank openings are the group of White openings typified by play on one or both flanks. White plays in

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A method of development that can be used against many different setups by the opponent. Examples include

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of the French Defense (1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e5 c5 5.a3 Bxc3+ 6.bxc3), White will try to use their

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lists 1,327 named openings and variants, and there are many others with varying degrees of common usage.

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openings in which Black tempts White to build a large center with the goal of attacking it with pieces.

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considered reasonable but less consistent with opening principles than the four most popular moves. The

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The most important Indian Defenses are listed below, but many others have been studied and played; see

3299: 3164: 2748: 2741: 2691: 2683: 1514: 1414: 1410: 1210: 583: 6370: 6304: 6154: 6049: 5898: 4589: 4495:, these volumes are the most comprehensive reference for professional and serious tournament players. 3491: 3333: 3237: 2695: 2065:(3.Bc4). If Black instead maintains symmetry and counterattacks White's center with 2...Nf6 then the 3876: 6346: 6319: 6161: 5883: 5276: 5271: 5228: 5127: 4408: 3390: 3351: 3302:-like move sequence is 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.g3), it is sometimes called the Catalan System. 3194: 2223: 1504: 1456: 1380: 545: 4962: 3620: 1421:, the sacrifice of material is only temporary as there is no good way for Black to keep the pawn ( 6506: 6455: 5985: 5650: 4348: 3586: 3555: 3470: 3459: 1649: 1557:, 1.f4, addresses center control but not development and weakens the king position slightly. The 1500: 1478: 741: 46: 4996: 3725: 6039: 5968: 5266: 5112: 5017: 4862: 4794: 4452: 4402:

and is intended as a reference for club and tournament players. It is similar in format to MCO.

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openings accept pawn weaknesses in exchange for compensation in the form of dynamic play. (See

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This is an advanced, technical work in five volumes published by Chess Informant of Belgrade.

1183: 757: 6511: 6171: 6094: 5980: 5680: 5675: 5362: 5085: 5044: 4826: 4325: 3645: 3507: 3450: 3155: 2277: 2258: 2215: 2203: 1249: 1237: 784: 700: 640: 624: 1660:(1.d4 Nf6) are the most important of the Semi-Closed Games, and warrant separate treatment. 1431:

A gambit played by Black, often in response to another gambit. Examples of this include the

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Since about the 1950s another objective has gradually become more dominant. According to

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does little to aid White's development or control the center (1.a3, 1.a4, 1.h3, or 1.h4)

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there, ideally establishing pawns on d4 and e4 (or d5 and e5 for Black). However, the

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Of the defenses to 1.d4 other than 1...d5 and 1...Nf6, the most important are the

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The most important scheme of classifying chess openings for serious players is by

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master level. For example, Black obtains active play in return for a pawn in the

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2...c5 3.d5 e6, the Modern Benoni, with an immediate counterpunch in the center.

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and is a reference for club and tournament players. It is similar in format to

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Several other uncommon semi-closed openings have been named and studied, see

3402: 3370: 3314: 3280: 3268: 3252: 3211: 3187: 2177: 2096: 2046: 1643: 1574: 1550: 1466: 1179: 732: 698:

Creating positions in which the player is more comfortable than the opponent:

680: 676: 672: 668: 567: 520: 573:. When kept secret until used in a competitive game, it is often known as a 6480: 6406: 6391: 6121: 5947: 5930: 5838: 5772: 5715: 5710: 5442: 5437: 5377: 5320: 5211: 5167: 4939: 4924: 4914: 4850: 4816: 4789: 4757: 4048: 3320: 3275: 3241: 2767: 2755: 2702: 2687: 2271: 2207: 2129: 2062: 1470: 1267: 1158: 631: 557: 4096: 3462:

are also common. The Réti itself is characterized by White playing 1.Nf3,

5760: 5750: 5499: 5462: 5345: 4956: 4951: 4909: 4762: 3503: 3394: 3377:. The Dutch, an aggressive defense adopted for a time by World Champions 3298:. Since the Catalan can be reached from many different move orders, (one 3256: 2729: 2721: 2663: 2295: 2171: 2153: 2123: 2092: 2077: 2058: 1630: 1496: 1322: 1318: 617: 4630:(Three chapters of general opening principles; open and semi-open games) 1329:. In the 19th century it was used for other common openings such as the 6396: 5457: 5293: 5283: 5216: 5200: 4892: 3463: 3430:

Flank openings (including English, Réti, Bird's, and White fianchettos)

2183: 1581: 1562: 612: 4963: 3511: 667:

Most openings strive to avoid the creation of pawn weaknesses such as

6411: 5740: 5700: 5303: 5298: 5187: 5162: 4887: 4448: 4207: 3495: 2117: 2111: 2103: 2054: 2037: 1669: 1616: 1233: 1218: 1187: 742: 556:

study of openings can become unbalanced if it is to the exclusion of

6289: 1397:

of material, usually one or more pawns. Most openings described as "

1357:

Used to describe a branch of another named opening, for example the

35: 6099: 5147: 4007: 3214:'s favored defense to 1.d4, its popularity faded in the mid-1970s. 1578: 770: 654: 2760:

1.d4 d5 2.e3 Nf6 3.Bd3 c5 4.c3 Nc6 5.f4 (a typical move sequence)

2206:(1...c6, normally followed by 2.d4 d5) are also very popular. The 758: 4821: 2720:

Other closed openings have been studied but are less common; see

2237:

Other semi-open games have been studied but are less common; see

2214:

are closely related openings that are also often seen, while the

5288: 1398: 1343:

This usually refers to an opening played by White, such as the

1153: 750: 2671:

a tremendous effect on the opening. For instance, whereas the

643:– in a line like 1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.c4 Nb6 5.f4 (the 4741: 4484:

It analyzes openings used in tournament play and archived in

2713:

because White plays d4 but not c4. They are also examples of

508: 496: 3815: 1603:

A simple descriptive categorization of the chess opening is

4806: 4481: 2675:

is rarely played today at the highest levels of chess, the

2102:

Many other variations after 1.e4 e5 have been studied; see

1198: 563:

A new sequence of moves in the opening is referred to as a

4542:

Stefan Djuric, Dimitri Komarov, & Claudio Pantaleoni,

1141:

As White, whether to open with 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.c4, or 1.Nf3

6475: 4710: 1317:

Used for some of the oldest named openings, such as the

3926: 3924: 3401:, which may become very wild if it develops into the 1379:. Some openings described as "defenses", such as the 707:

Apart from these ideas, other strategies used in the

4455:

and a noted chess author. This book is often called

4091:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 782–83, 814–15. 3905:"How to Control the Center (and Why It's Important)" 3599:

gratuitously weakens White's position (1.f3 or 1.g4)

3558:(KIA) (moves may be played in many different orders) 2184:

Semi-open games: 1.e4, Black plays other than 1...e5

1266:

A few opening names are purely descriptive, such as

3921: 3902: 3393:, is still played occasionally at the top level by 1532: 1248:. Some opening names honor two people, such as the 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3596:too passive for White (1.d3, 1.e3, 1.c3, or 1.Nc3) 3845: 3843: 3397:and others. Another fairly common opening is the 1144:As Black, a defense against any of these openings 6498: 3874: 3724:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 3580: 3358: 3240:is considered solid, safe, and perhaps somewhat 2785: 2301: 1675: 1594:, a series of 500 opening codes assigned by the 796: 133: 4202: 4200: 4126: 4124: 3826:. Andre Deutsch (now as paperback from Dover). 2202:(1...e6, normally followed by 2.d4 d5) and the 2076:The most popular alternatives to 2.Nf3 are the 4130: 3840: 3792: 3790: 3554:1.Nf3, 2.g3, 3.Bg2, 4.0-0, 5.d3, 6.Nbd2, 7.e4 3385:, and played by both Botvinnik and challenger 1371:Refers to an opening chosen by Black, such as 596: 577:, a powerful weapon in top-class competition. 560:training and middlegame and endgame strategy. 4726: 4364: 3969: 679:, pawn islands, etc. Some openings sacrifice 4197: 4121: 3875:McHarg (AMcHarg), Andrew (31 January 2009). 3688:"Phases of the game - Chess Strategy Online" 2773: 1537:For a list of openings as classified by the 4549: 4234:Chess Openings for White Explained, p. 27, 4001:Chassy, Philippe; Gobet, Ferdinand (2011). 4000: 3903:Neustroev (Gertsog), Viktor (19 May 2020). 3787: 3710: 4733: 4719: 4320: 3930: 3405:, though other variations are more solid. 2267:(also known as the Center Counter defense) 4038: 4028: 3641:List of chess openings named after places 3636:List of chess openings named after people 1646:(including 1.c4, 1.Nf3, 1.f4, and others) 1261:List of chess openings named after people 1226:List of chess openings named after places 511:game. It usually consists of established 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 4519: 4500: 3996: 3994: 3849: 3821: 2289: 1405:), but a few are played by Black (e.g., 755:advantage to mount an attack on Black's 4294: 4115:Chess Notes 3902, Openings nomenclature 3040: 3033: 3012: 3005: 2935: 2865: 2844: 2837: 2728:1.d4 d5 Double Queen's Pawn Opening or 2556: 2549: 2528: 2521: 2388: 2381: 2360: 2353: 1930: 1923: 1902: 1895: 1762: 1755: 1734: 1727: 1168: 1023: 960: 953: 918: 876: 855: 848: 715: 388: 381: 360: 353: 220: 213: 192: 185: 14: 6499: 4683: 4656: 4633: 4610: 4086: 3796: 3621:Outline of chess § Chess openings 3609:to an inferior square (1.Na3 or 1.Nh3) 3248:was a leading expert in this opening. 3019: 2851: 2535: 2367: 2110:1.e4 e5 Double King's Pawn Opening or 1909: 1741: 1663: 967: 862: 790: 723:gives White a slight initial advantage 591: 367: 199: 4714: 4503:The Greatest Ever Chess Opening Ideas 4206: 3991: 3047: 3026: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2949: 2942: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2858: 2830: 2821: 2563: 2542: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2493: 2486: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2423: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2395: 2374: 2346: 2337: 1937: 1916: 1888: 1881: 1874: 1867: 1860: 1853: 1846: 1839: 1832: 1825: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1797: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1748: 1720: 1711: 1030: 1016: 1009: 1002: 995: 988: 981: 974: 946: 939: 932: 925: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 869: 841: 832: 395: 374: 346: 339: 332: 325: 318: 311: 304: 297: 290: 283: 276: 269: 262: 255: 248: 241: 234: 227: 206: 178: 169: 4588: 4429: 4407: 4330:. Random House Puzzles & Games. 4061: 3898: 3896: 3747: 3745: 2222:have made occasional appearances in 1495:in the Two Knights Defense, and the 1422: 763:, while Black will seek simplifying 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 4250:Chess Opening Essentials 3, p. 38, 4170:Chess Opening Essentials 4, p. 11, 3975:The Complete Book of Chess Strategy 3797:Hansen, Lars Bo (October 7, 2008). 3454:), but unique openings such as the 1259:For a more comprehensive list, see 1224:For a more comprehensive list, see 610:(alternatively, the bishops may be 523:. Many opening sequences, known as 24: 4653:(Closed games and Indian defenses) 4288: 3953:"Transpo Tricks in Chess – review" 3279:piece exchanges and well into the 1387:, can in fact be quite aggressive. 1178:, present opening analysis, as do 25: 6528: 4555:A Killer Chess Opening Repertoire 3977:. Silman-James Press. p. 3. 3893: 3742: 6474: 6145:List of strong chess tournaments 4539:An elementary/introductory book. 4300:Understanding the Chess Openings 3955:. chessville.com. Archived from 3799:How Chess Games are Won and Lost 3490:(1.b4) are occasionally seen in 3046: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2857: 2850: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2506: 2499: 2492: 2485: 2478: 2471: 2464: 2457: 2450: 2443: 2436: 2429: 2422: 2415: 2408: 2401: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2359: 2352: 2345: 2339: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1796: 1789: 1782: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1740: 1733: 1726: 1719: 1713: 1561:1.b4 and the King's and Queen's 1533:Classification of chess openings 1029: 1022: 1015: 1008: 1001: 994: 987: 980: 973: 966: 959: 952: 945: 938: 931: 924: 917: 910: 903: 896: 889: 882: 875: 868: 861: 854: 847: 840: 834: 703:is one common way of doing this. 620:and pawns are no longer present. 394: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 345: 338: 331: 324: 317: 310: 303: 296: 289: 282: 275: 268: 261: 254: 247: 240: 233: 226: 219: 212: 205: 198: 191: 184: 177: 171: 34: 5123:Gökyay Association Chess Museum 4706:Chess Openings by Edward Winter 4475:Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings 4260: 4244: 4228: 4180: 4164: 4155: 4103: 4080: 4055: 3963: 3877:"The Importance of Development" 3852:Ideas Behind the Chess Openings 3652:Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings 1615:Double King Pawn, Symmetric or 1597:Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings 1539:Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings 1204:The oldest openings tend to be 527:, have standard names such as " 45:needs additional citations for 4142:, Everyman Chess, p. 36, 3868: 3769: 3704: 3680: 1503:is an exception, describing a 665:Prevention of pawn weaknesses: 13: 1: 6243:Computer chess championships 4386:Garry Kasparov is the former 4327:Modern Chess Openings: MCO-15 4274:, R.H.M. Press, 1975, p. 38. 3824:The World's Great Chess Games 3721:The Oxford Companion to Chess 3674: 3581:Unusual first moves for White 3359:Other Black responses to 1.d4 1401:" are played by White (e.g., 1393:An opening that involves the 712:the center or on the flanks. 534:The Oxford Companion to Chess 27:Initial moves of a chess game 4689:Mastering the Chess Openings 4662:Mastering the Chess Openings 4639:Mastering the Chess Openings 4616:Mastering the Chess Openings 4501:Scheerer, Christoph (2008). 4398:. This book is often called 4030:10.1371/journal.pone.0026692 2134:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 630:is best effected by placing 7: 6025:Bishop and knight checkmate 4594:The Queen's Gambit Accepted 4066:. Oxford University Press. 3692:www.chessstrategyonline.com 3613: 3350:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 3326:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 1206:named for geographic places 597:Common aims in opening play 515:. The other phases are the 10: 6533: 6188:Other world championships 4576:Fundamental Chess Openings 4368:; Keene, Raymond (1994) . 3658:Chess opening theory table 3584: 3433: 3362: 3344:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 3332:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 2777: 2293: 2270:1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 2187: 1667: 1584:are also commonly played. 1536: 1258: 1223: 579: 507:is the initial stage of a 6469: 6379: 6282: 6135: 6035:Opposite-coloured bishops 6015: 5961: 5824: 5666: 5606: 5597: 5508: 5376: 5237: 5138: 4974: 4878: 4748: 4740: 4370:Batsford Chess Openings 2 4272:The Chess Opening for You 4087:Murray, H. J. R. (1913). 3753:"Book Move - Chess Terms" 3498:used 1.g3 to defeat both 3319:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5 3313:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 3233:, Fischer, and Kasparov. 2774:Indian defenses: 1.d4 Nf6 2696:Cambridge Springs Defense 2170:1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.Qxd4 552:of the Sicilian Defense. 495:The starting position of 6162:World Chess Championship 5128:World Chess Hall of Fame 4544:Chess Opening Essentials 4482:http://www.sahovski.com/ 4430:Nunn, John, ed. (1999). 4214:. Knopf/DK. p. 58. 4212:Learn Chess in a Weekend 4161:Hooper & Whyld, p281 3391:world championship match 2224:World Chess Championship 2128:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 2116:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 1451:(the former name of the 586:to describe chess moves. 6456:Simultaneous exhibition 6366:Chess newspaper columns 6055:Rook and bishop vs rook 6045:Queen and pawn vs queen 4691:. Vol. 4. Gambit. 4664:. Vol. 3. Gambit. 4641:. Vol. 2. Gambit. 4618:. Vol. 1. Gambit. 4415:. Sterling Pub Co Inc. 4186:This is in contrast to 3936:Transpo Tricks in Chess 3587:Irregular chess opening 3300:Queen's Gambit Declined 3265:1972 world championship 3165:Queen's Gambit Declined 2766:1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.e3 2749:Queen's Gambit Declined 2742:Queen's Gambit Accepted 2692:Queen's Gambit Declined 2684:Queen's Gambit Accepted 2176:1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3 2122:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 1415:Queen's Gambit Declined 1411:Queen's Gambit Accepted 5911:Richter–Veresov Attack 5899:Queen's Indian Defence 4525:Winning Chess Openings 4453:British Chess Champion 4413:Victory in the Opening 4396:British chess champion 4390:from 1985 to 2000 and 3631:List of chess openings 3338:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3 3334:Queen's Indian Defense 3238:Queen's Indian Defense 3181:as early as 1913, the 1543:List of chess openings 1441:Falkbeer Countergambit 1333:("Sicilian Game") and 1275: 1176:Luis Ramirez de Lucena 777:Soviet school of chess 6172:Candidates Tournament 6060:Rook and pawn vs rook 6030:King and pawn vs king 5981:List of chess gambits 5884:King's Indian Defence 5562:Isolated Queen's Pawn 5086:List of chess players 5028:Top player comparison 4827:Internet chess server 4572:van der Sterren, Paul 4472:Sahovski Informator. 4432:Nunn's Chess Openings 4140:Winning Chess Tactics 3646:List of chess gambits 3508:Candidates Tournament 3352:King's Indian Defense 3195:King's Indian Defense 2290:Closed games: 1.d4 d5 1636:Single Queen Pawn or 1629:Double Queen Pawn or 1609:Queen's Pawn Openings 1507:with colors reversed. 1505:King's Indian Defense 1457:King's Knight Opening 1455:) in response to the 1417:. In the case of the 1381:King's Indian Defense 625:Control of the center 546:King's Indian Defense 5889:Nimzo-Indian Defence 5785:Scandinavian Defense 5746:Semi-Italian Opening 5651:King's Indian Attack 5540:first-move advantage 5193:Threefold repetition 5118:Bobby Fischer Center 5003:Charlemagne chessmen 4997:Göttingen manuscript 4961: 4802:Correspondence chess 4388:World Chess Champion 4062:Webb, Simon (1979). 3556:King's Indian Attack 3471:King's Indian Attack 3460:King's Indian Attack 3328:Nimzo-Indian Defense 3183:Nimzo-Indian Defense 2265:Scandinavian Defense 1622:Single King Pawn or 1605:King's Pawn Openings 1501:King's Indian Attack 1449:Greco Counter Gambit 1169:Opening nomenclature 768: 756: 748: 740: 716:Top-level objectives 565: 54:improve this article 6117:Two knights endgame 5869:Bogo-Indian Defence 5756:Two Knights Defense 5696:Nimzowitsch Defence 5386:Artificial castling 5023:Soviet chess school 4898:Dubrovnik chess set 4349:U.S. Chess Champion 4304:Gambit Publications 4021:2011PLoSO...626692C 1664:Open games: 1.e4 e5 1650:Unusual first moves 1511:Reversed, Inverted: 1443:in response to the 1435:in response to the 1433:Albin Countergambit 1373:Two Knights Defense 1280:Two Knights Defense 1217:is named after the 1184:Ruy López de Segura 791:Opening repertoires 692:Piece coordination: 659:artificial castling 592:Aims of the opening 568:theoretical novelty 6347:endgame literature 5894:Old Indian Defense 5804:Accelerated Dragon 5676:Alekhine's Defence 5408:Checkmate patterns 5277:symbols in Unicode 5272:annotation symbols 5035:Geography of chess 4903:Staunton chess set 4551:Summerscale, Aaron 4527:. Everyman Chess. 4505:. Everyman Chess. 4434:. Everyman Chess. 4089:A History of Chess 3850:Fine, R. (1990) . 3626:Chess opening book 2740:1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 2711:Queen's Pawn Games 2709:are classified as 2278:Alekhine's Defense 2198:(1...c5), but the 2140:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 1515:Inverted Hungarian 1493:Fried Liver Attack 1238:Alekhine's Defense 641:Alekhine's Defense 584:algebraic notation 582:This article uses 575:prepared variation 6517:Chess terminology 6494: 6493: 6371:Chess periodicals 6300:Chess in the arts 6232:Chess composition 6070:Philidor position 6011: 6010: 5953:Trompowsky Attack 5936:Semi-Slav Defence 5826:Queen's Pawn Game 5706:Four Knights Game 5681:Caro–Kann Defence 5646:Zukertort Opening 5433:Discovered attack 5153:Cheating in chess 4990:Versus de scachis 4698:978-1-906454-19-7 4671:978-1-904600-98-5 4648:978-1-904600-69-5 4625:978-1-904600-60-2 4584:978-1-906454-13-5 4564:978-1-85744-519-0 4512:978-1-85744-561-9 4422:978-0-7134-8427-4 4256:978-90-5691-308-3 4194:in western chess. 4176:978-90-5691-308-3 3945:978-0-7134-9051-0 3822:Fine, R. (1952). 3808:978-1-906454-01-2 3549:Zukertort Opening 3323:(or Volga Gambit) 3145: 3144: 2690:(2...c6) and the 2661: 2660: 2259:Caro–Kann Defense 2146:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 2136:Four Knights Game 2084:(2.Bc4), and the 2035: 2034: 1638:Semi-Closed Games 1526:Semi-Slav Defense 1377:Caro-Kann Defense 1359:Najdorf Variation 1327:Four Knights Game 1284:Four Knights Game 1128: 1127: 737:Winawer Variation 645:Four Pawns Attack 550:Najdorf Variation 493: 492: 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 6524: 6481:Chess portal 6479: 6478: 6422:Leela Chess Zero 6353:Oxford Companion 6305:early literature 6295:Chess aesthetics 6040:Pawnless endgame 5991:Bongcloud Attack 5969:List of openings 5941:Chigorin Defense 5879:Grünfeld Defence 5790:Sicilian Defence 5736:Ponziani Opening 5731:Philidor Defence 5726:Petrov's Defence 5668:King's Pawn Game 5641:Larsen's Opening 5604: 5603: 4965: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4702: 4675: 4652: 4629: 4607: 4578:, Gambit, 2009, 4568: 4557:. Globe Pequot. 4538: 4521:Seirawan, Yasser 4516: 4445: 4426: 4383: 4347:is a three-time 4341: 4322:De Firmian, Nick 4317: 4283: 4264: 4258: 4248: 4242: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4204: 4195: 4184: 4178: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4132:Seirawan, Yasser 4128: 4119: 4118:, 21 August 2005 4107: 4101: 4100: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4064:Chess for Tigers 4059: 4053: 4052: 4042: 4032: 3998: 3989: 3988: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3949: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3854:. Random House. 3847: 3838: 3837: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3794: 3785: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3684: 3537:Sokolsky Opening 3531:Larsen's Opening 3488:Sokolsky Opening 3484:Larsen's Opening 3410:Semi-Closed Game 3365:Semi-Closed Game 3346:Grünfeld Defense 3226:Grünfeld Defense 3210:. Despite being 3050: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2826: 2786: 2762:Stonewall Attack 2754:1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 2747:1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 2707:Stonewall Attack 2566: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2302: 2247:Sicilian Defense 2160:Bishop's Opening 2148:Philidor Defense 2142:Petrov's Defense 2082:Bishop's Opening 2071:Philidor Defense 2067:Petrov's Defense 1940: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1676: 1567:Larsen's Opening 1559:Sokolsky Opening 1385:Sicilian Defense 1363:Sicilian Defense 1361:, a line of the 1337:("French Game"). 1331:Sicilian Defense 1304:Toilet Variation 1288:Bishop's Opening 1163:Sicilian Defense 1033: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1004: 998: 997: 991: 990: 984: 983: 977: 976: 970: 969: 963: 962: 956: 955: 949: 948: 942: 941: 935: 934: 928: 927: 921: 920: 914: 913: 907: 906: 900: 899: 893: 892: 886: 885: 879: 878: 872: 871: 865: 864: 858: 857: 851: 850: 844: 843: 838: 837: 797: 772: 760: 752: 744: 569: 529:Sicilian Defense 398: 397: 391: 390: 384: 383: 377: 376: 370: 369: 363: 362: 356: 355: 349: 348: 342: 341: 335: 334: 328: 327: 321: 320: 314: 313: 307: 306: 300: 299: 293: 292: 286: 285: 279: 278: 272: 271: 265: 264: 258: 257: 251: 250: 244: 243: 237: 236: 230: 229: 223: 222: 216: 215: 209: 208: 202: 201: 195: 194: 188: 187: 181: 180: 175: 174: 134: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6473: 6465: 6375: 6361:Chess libraries 6278: 6182:FIDE Grand Prix 6177:Chess World Cup 6131: 6127:Wrong rook pawn 6065:Lucena position 6007: 5957: 5874:Catalan Opening 5849:English Defence 5834:Budapest Gambit 5820: 5778:Austrian Attack 5662: 5631:English Opening 5593: 5589:School of chess 5572:Minority attack 5504: 5473:Queen sacrifice 5372: 5233: 5229:White and Black 5224:Touch-move rule 5183:Perpetual check 5178:Fifty-move rule 5134: 4970: 4967: 4874: 4744: 4739: 4699: 4678:English Opening 4672: 4649: 4626: 4604: 4565: 4535: 4513: 4487:Chess Informant 4442: 4423: 4380: 4366:Kasparov, Garry 4351:. Often called 4345:Nick de Firmian 4338: 4314: 4291: 4289:Further reading 4286: 4265: 4261: 4249: 4245: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4205: 4198: 4185: 4181: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4129: 4122: 4108: 4104: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4060: 4056: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3968: 3964: 3951: 3946: 3929: 3922: 3913: 3911: 3901: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3848: 3841: 3834: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3795: 3788: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3750: 3743: 3736: 3709: 3705: 3696: 3694: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3616: 3589: 3583: 3543:English Opening 3486:(1.b3) and the 3478:English Opening 3438: 3432: 3387:David Bronstein 3367: 3361: 3340:Catalan Opening 3288:Catalan Opening 3152: 3151: 3150: 3052: 3051: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2824: 2782: 2776: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2568: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2364: 2357: 2350: 2340: 2298: 2292: 2192: 2186: 2042: 2041: 2040: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1920: 1913: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1857: 1850: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1794: 1787: 1780: 1773: 1766: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1714: 1672: 1666: 1624:Semi-Open Games 1546: 1535: 1483:Hedgehog System 1345:English Opening 1264: 1229: 1192:Spanish Opening 1171: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1035: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1013: 1006: 999: 992: 985: 978: 971: 964: 957: 950: 943: 936: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 835: 793: 774: 762: 754: 746: 718: 599: 594: 589: 588: 587: 571: 501: 500: 499: 400: 399: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 350: 343: 336: 329: 322: 315: 308: 301: 294: 287: 280: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 231: 224: 217: 210: 203: 196: 189: 182: 172: 126: 115: 109: 106: 69:"Chess opening" 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Defense (chess) 15: 12: 11: 5: 6530: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6507:Chess openings 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6404: 6402:Chess composer 6399: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6349: 6344: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6257:North American 6254: 6249: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6150:Chess Olympiad 6147: 6141: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6001:Scholar's mate 5998: 5993: 5983: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5916:Queen's Gambit 5913: 5908: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5859:Benoni Defence 5854:Indian Defence 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5797: 5787: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5770: 5768:Owen's Defence 5765: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5698: 5693: 5691:Modern Defence 5688: 5686:French Defence 5683: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5621:Bird's Opening 5618: 5612: 5610: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5552:Pawn structure 5549: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5396:Alekhine's gun 5388: 5382: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5309:Half-open file 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5252:Chess notation 5249: 5243: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5209: 5207:Pawn promotion 5204: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5110: 5108:Women in chess 5105: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5083: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5018:Hypermodernism 5015: 5013:Romantic chess 5010: 5008:Lewis chessmen 5005: 5000: 4993: 4980: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4884: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4846:world rankings 4838: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4824: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4775:Computer chess 4772: 4771: 4770: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4681: 4670: 4654: 4647: 4631: 4624: 4608: 4602: 4586: 4569: 4563: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4517: 4511: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4440: 4427: 4421: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4378: 4372:. Henry Holt. 4362: 4361: 4360: 4337:978-0812936827 4336: 4318: 4312: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4259: 4243: 4227: 4220: 4208:Whyld, Kenneth 4196: 4179: 4163: 4154: 4148: 4120: 4102: 4079: 4072: 4054: 4015:(11): e26692. 3990: 3983: 3962: 3959:on 2008-04-18. 3950:See review at 3944: 3920: 3892: 3867: 3860: 3839: 3832: 3814: 3807: 3786: 3784:part 1, p. 353 3776:Garry Kasparov 3768: 3741: 3734: 3716:Whyld, Kenneth 3703: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3585:Main article: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3563:Bird's Opening 3559: 3552: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3519:Bird's Opening 3434:Main article: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3418:Benoni Defense 3399:Benoni Defense 3389:in their 1951 3375:Benoni Defense 3363:Main article: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3317: 3307:Indian Defense 3292:Queen's Gambit 3267:match against 3222:Ernst Grünfeld 3175: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3156:transpositions 3148:Indian Defense 3146: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3045: 3038: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2780:Indian Defense 2778:Main article: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2736:Queen's Gambit 2732: 2677:Queen's Gambit 2662: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2561: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2477: 2470: 2463: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2365: 2358: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2294:Main article: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2284:Modern Defense 2280: 2274: 2268: 2261: 2255: 2253:French Defense 2249: 2239:Semi-Open Game 2190:Semi-Open Game 2188:Main article: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2158:1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 2156: 2152:1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1893: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1774: 1767: 1760: 1753: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1668:Main article: 1665: 1662: 1658:Indian systems 1654: 1653: 1647: 1644:Flank openings 1641: 1634: 1627: 1620: 1555:Bird's Opening 1534: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1518: 1508: 1486: 1460: 1453:Latvian Gambit 1437:Queen's Gambit 1429:Countergambit: 1426: 1419:Queen's Gambit 1407:Latvian Gambit 1388: 1366: 1352: 1349:Bird's Opening 1338: 1335:French Defense 1242:Morphy Defense 1215:Catalan System 1170: 1167: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1028: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 833: 831: 827: 826: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 795: 794: 792: 789: 785:transpositions 717: 714: 705: 704: 699: 695: 693: 689: 686:Pawn structure 677:backward pawns 666: 662: 648: 621: 598: 595: 593: 590: 581: 580: 542:opening theory 494: 491: 490: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 460: 457: 453: 452: 449: 445: 444: 441: 437: 436: 433: 429: 428: 425: 421: 420: 417: 413: 412: 409: 405: 404: 401: 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 358: 351: 344: 337: 330: 323: 316: 309: 302: 295: 288: 281: 274: 267: 260: 253: 246: 239: 232: 225: 218: 211: 204: 197: 190: 183: 176: 170: 168: 164: 163: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 146: 143: 140: 137: 132: 131: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6529: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6462: 6461:Solving chess 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6451:Chess prodigy 6449: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6434:Chess problem 6432: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6342:opening books 6340: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6330:short stories 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283:Art and media 6281: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6095:triangulation 6093: 6091: 6090:Tarrasch rule 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6050:Queen vs pawn 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5906:London System 5904: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5864:Modern Benoni 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5844:Dutch Defence 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5721:King's Gambit 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5636:Grob's Attack 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5626:Dunst Opening 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5616:Benko Opening 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5608:Flank opening 5605: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5363:Transposition 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5113:Chess museums 5111: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5081:Notable games 5079: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4870:World records 4868: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4841:Rating system 4839: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4603:0-7134-8467-5 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4534:1-85744-349-7 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4441:1-85744-221-0 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4392:Raymond Keene 4389: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4379:0-8050-3409-9 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4313:1-904600-28-X 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4281: 4280:0-89058-020-0 4277: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4240:1-889323-11-X 4237: 4231: 4223: 4221:9780679422297 4217: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4188:shogi opening 4183: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4158: 4151: 4149:1-85744-386-1 4145: 4141: 4137: 4136:Silman, Jerry 4133: 4127: 4125: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4110:Edward Winter 4106: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4073:0-7134-8988-X 4069: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3984:1-890085-01-4 3980: 3976: 3972: 3971:Jeremy Silman 3966: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3925: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3897: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3863: 3861:0-8129-1756-1 3857: 3853: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3833:0-679-13046-2 3829: 3825: 3818: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3791: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3746: 3737: 3735:0-19-280049-3 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3712:Hooper, David 3707: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3576: 3575:Grob's Attack 3572: 3570: 3569:Benko Opening 3566: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3523:From's Gambit 3520: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3464:fianchettoing 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3451:transposition 3446: 3443: 3437: 3436:Flank opening 3425: 3424:Dutch Defense 3421: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3412:for details. 3411: 3406: 3404: 3403:Modern Benoni 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371:Dutch Defense 3366: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3316: 3315:Modern Benoni 3312: 3311: 3310: 3309:for details. 3308: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3269:Boris Spassky 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3253:Modern Benoni 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3188:doubled pawns 3184: 3180: 3177:Advocated by 3172: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3149: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3054: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2781: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2734:1.d4 d5 2.c4 2733: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2724:for details. 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2673:King's Gambit 2665: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2297: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2241:for details. 2240: 2235: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2179: 2178:Danish Gambit 2175: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2166:King's Gambit 2164:1.e4 e5 2.f4 2163: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2106:for details. 2105: 2100: 2098: 2097:Danish Gambit 2094: 2089: 2087: 2086:King's Gambit 2083: 2080:(2.Nc3), the 2079: 2074: 2072: 2069:results. The 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2047:Bobby Fischer 2039: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Dunst Opening 1544: 1540: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1479:Barcza System 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:London System 1464: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445:King's Gambit 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:King's Gambit 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180:Pedro Damiano 1177: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 829: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 799: 798: 788: 786: 780: 778: 773: 766: 761: 753: 745: 738: 734: 733:Jeremy Silman 731: 726: 724: 713: 710: 702: 701:Transposition 697: 696: 691: 690: 687: 682: 678: 674: 670: 664: 663: 660: 656: 652: 649: 646: 642: 637: 633: 628: 626: 622: 619: 615: 614: 608: 605: 604: 603: 585: 578: 576: 572: 570: 561: 559: 553: 551: 547: 543: 538: 536: 535: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 498: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 463: 462: 458: 455: 454: 450: 447: 446: 442: 439: 438: 434: 431: 430: 426: 423: 422: 418: 415: 414: 410: 407: 406: 402: 166: 165: 162: 159: 156: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 138: 136: 135: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 6512:Chess theory 6407:Chess engine 6392:Chess boxing 6352: 6122:Wrong bishop 5974:theory table 5948:Torre Attack 5931:Slav Defence 5839:Colle System 5814:Scheveningen 5773:Pirc Defence 5716:Italian Game 5711:Giuoco Piano 5656:Réti Opening 5598: 5579:Piece values 5567:Maróczy Bind 5528:the exchange 5518:Compensation 5448:Interference 5438:Double check 5212:Time control 5199: 5173:by agreement 5101:grandmasters 5045:South Africa 4995: 4988: 4964:Score sheets 4910:Chess pieces 4817:Online chess 4763:Chess titles 4758:Chess theory 4688: 4685:Watson, John 4661: 4658:Watson, John 4638: 4635:Watson, John 4615: 4612:Watson, John 4596:. Batsford. 4593: 4575: 4554: 4543: 4524: 4502: 4492: 4485: 4473: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451:is a former 4431: 4412: 4399: 4394:is a former 4369: 4356: 4352: 4326: 4299: 4296:Collins, Sam 4271: 4262: 4246: 4230: 4211: 4191: 4182: 4166: 4157: 4139: 4114: 4105: 4088: 4082: 4063: 4057: 4012: 4006: 3974: 3965: 3957:the original 3938:. Batsford. 3935: 3912:. Retrieved 3908: 3884:. Retrieved 3880: 3870: 3851: 3823: 3817: 3798: 3781:Modern Chess 3779: 3771: 3760:. Retrieved 3756: 3720: 3706: 3695:. Retrieved 3691: 3682: 3650: 3590: 3516: 3506:in the 1962 3482: 3475: 3468: 3449: 3447: 3439: 3407: 3368: 3321:Benko Gambit 3304: 3296:Réti Opening 3285: 3276:Benko Gambit 3273: 3250: 3235: 3224:debuted the 3220: 3192: 3176: 3153: 2768:Colle System 2756:Slav Defense 2719: 2714: 2703:Colle System 2700: 2681: 2669: 2272:Pirc Defense 2236: 2228: 2220:Scandinavian 2193: 2130:Italian Game 2101: 2090: 2075: 2063:Italian Game 2051: 2043: 1655: 1640:(1.d4 other) 1631:Closed Games 1626:(1.e4 other) 1602: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1572: 1547: 1520: 1510: 1488: 1471:Colle System 1462: 1428: 1390: 1368: 1354: 1340: 1314: 1308: 1300:Monkey's Bum 1292: 1268:Giuoco Piano 1265: 1246:Réti Opening 1230: 1211:Wilkes-Barre 1203: 1196: 1191: 1172: 1159:Benko Gambit 1151: 1147: 1135: 781: 727: 719: 706: 651:King safety: 650: 644: 623: 618:minor pieces 613:fianchettoed 611: 607:Development: 606: 600: 574: 564: 562: 554: 539: 532: 524: 504: 502: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 6337:Chess books 6137:Tournaments 5996:Fool's mate 5761:Vienna Game 5751:Scotch Game 5584:Prophylaxis 5500:Zwischenzug 5485:Undermining 5453:Overloading 5413:Combination 5262:descriptive 4957:Chess table 4952:Chess clock 4768:Grandmaster 4590:Ward, Chris 4546:(4 volumes) 4267:Larry Evans 3605:develops a 3492:grandmaster 3442:hypermodern 3204:Boleslavsky 3179:Nimzowitsch 2730:Closed Game 2722:Closed Game 2664:Closed Game 2296:Closed Game 2232:hypermodern 2172:Center Game 2154:Vienna Game 2124:Scotch Game 2093:Center Game 2078:Vienna Game 2061:(3.d4), or 2059:Scotch Game 1563:fianchettos 1497:Grob Attack 1475:Réti System 1323:Vienna Game 1319:Scotch Game 1254:Smith–Morra 1182:(1512) and 743:bishop pair 636:hypermodern 548:and in the 6501:Categories 6444:joke chess 6397:Chess club 6085:opposition 5547:Middlegame 5535:Initiative 5458:Pawn storm 5423:Deflection 5294:Key square 5284:Fianchetto 5217:Fast chess 5201:En passant 4893:chessboard 4409:Lane, Gary 4355:or simply 3932:Soltis, A. 3914:2021-03-30 3886:2021-03-30 3801:. Gambit. 3762:2021-03-30 3697:2021-03-30 3675:References 3663:Middlegame 1617:Open Games 1582:fianchetto 1447:, and the 1355:Variation: 1276:quiet game 1244:, and the 709:middlegame 517:middlegame 110:March 2021 80:newspapers 6427:Stockfish 6417:Deep Blue 6412:AlphaZero 6320:paintings 6112:Tablebase 6076:Strategy 5986:Irregular 5741:Ruy Lopez 5701:Open Game 5468:Sacrifice 5428:Desperado 5331:connected 5304:Open file 5299:King walk 5257:algebraic 5188:Stalemate 5163:Checkmate 4888:Chess set 4880:Equipment 4449:John Nunn 3909:Chess.com 3881:Chess.com 3757:Chess.com 3383:Botvinnik 3208:Reshevsky 3200:Bronstein 2276:1.e4 Nf6 2204:Caro–Kann 2118:Ruy Lopez 2112:Open Game 2104:Open Game 2057:(3.Bb5), 2055:Ruy Lopez 2038:Open Game 1670:Open Game 1652:for White 1633:(1.d4 d5) 1619:(1.e4 e5) 1423:Ward 1999 1395:sacrifice 1296:Orangutan 1250:Caro–Kann 1234:Ruy Lopez 1219:Catalonia 1188:Ruy Lopez 1131:amateurs. 771:queenside 765:exchanges 6486:Category 6439:glossary 6100:Zugzwang 6080:fortress 6017:Endgames 5926:Declined 5921:Accepted 5599:Openings 5557:Hedgehog 5523:Exchange 5510:Strategy 5490:Windmill 5341:isolated 5326:backward 5148:Castling 5091:amateurs 4984:Timeline 4858:Variants 4812:Glossary 4795:software 4780:glossary 4687:(2010). 4660:(2008). 4637:(2007). 4614:(2006). 4592:(1999). 4553:(1999). 4523:(2003). 4411:(1999). 4324:(2008). 4298:(2005). 4210:(1993). 4138:(2005), 4049:22110590 4008:PLOS One 3973:(1998). 3934:(2007). 3718:(1992). 3614:See also 3422:1.d4 f5 3416:1.d4 c5 3379:Alekhine 3373:and the 3216:Kasparov 2282:1.e4 g6 2263:1.e4 d5 2257:1.e4 c6 2251:1.e4 e6 2245:1.e4 c5 2218:and the 2216:Alekhine 2210:and the 2196:Sicilian 1579:kingside 1369:Defense: 1341:Opening: 1302:and the 1252:and the 1221:region. 759:kingside 669:isolated 558:tactical 525:openings 519:and the 6387:Arbiter 6380:Related 6237:Solving 6227:Amateur 5809:Najdorf 5391:Battery 5378:Tactics 5353:Swindle 5336:doubled 5316:Outpost 5247:Blunder 5062:Armenia 4976:History 4822:Premove 4790:engines 4785:matches 4750:Outline 4192:systems 4040:3217924 4017:Bibcode 3668:Endgame 3512:Curaçao 3500:Fischer 3281:endgame 3263:in his 3242:drawish 3231:Smyslov 3212:Fischer 2715:Systems 2226:games. 2091:In the 1489:Attack: 1463:System: 1399:Gambits 1391:Gambit: 1272:Italian 1154:gambits 681:endgame 673:doubled 521:endgame 505:opening 94:scholar 6325:poetry 6315:novels 6290:Caïssa 6222:Senior 6212:Junior 5800:Dragon 5795:Alapin 5480:Skewer 5346:passed 5289:Gambit 5096:female 5057:Europe 5040:Africa 4935:Knight 4930:Bishop 4695: 4668: 4645: 4622: 4600: 4582: 4561: 4531: 4509: 4438: 4419: 4376: 4353:MCO-15 4334: 4310: 4278: 4254: 4238: 4218: 4174: 4146: 4097:643082 4095: 4070: 4047: 4037: 3981: 3942: 3858: 3830: 3805: 3732: 3728:–480. 3607:knight 3547:1.Nf3 3494:play. 3246:Karpov 3206:, and 2212:Modern 2200:French 1541:, see 1521:Anti-: 1499:. The 1481:, and 1439:, the 1325:, and 1213:. 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