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when the industry peaked. Before 1800, a great deal of coal was left in places as extraction was still primitive. As a result, in the deep
Tyneside pits (300 to 1,000 ft deep) only about 40 percent of the coal could be extracted. The use of wooden pit props to support the roof was an innovation first introduced about 1800.
348:. LaRonde's Penna shaft (#3 shaft) is believed to be the deepest single lift shaft in the Western Hemisphere. The #4 shaft bottoms out at over 3,000 m (9,800 ft) down. Their LaRonde mine expansion sees open stopes down to a depth of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft), the deepest long hole open stopes in the world.
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lines are services that run on the sub-surface network that has railway tunnels just below the surface and built mostly using the "cut-and-cover" method. The tunnels and trains are of a similar size to those on
British main lines. The Hammersmith & City and Circle lines share all their stations
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Although some deep mining took place as early as the late Tudor period (in North-East
England, and along the Firth of Forth coast in Scotland) deep shaft mining in Britain began to develop extensively in the late 18th century, with rapid expansion throughout the 19th century and early 20th century
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method, especially train stations, air raid shelters and bunkers, and some tunnels and mines. Cut-and-cover is a simple method of construction for shallow tunnels where a trench is excavated and roofed over with an overhead support structure that is strong enough to carry the load of what is to be
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The world's first urban underground railway was the
Metropolitan Railway, which opened on January 10, 1863. It was built largely in shallow tunnels (see more at cut and cover) and is nowadays part of the London Underground. It was operated using steam trains, and despite the creation of numerous
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Before any plans were made for transit systems with tunnels and stations, several railway operators had used tunnels for freight and passenger trains, usually to reduce the grade of the railway line. Examples include
Trevithick's Tunnel from 1804, built for the Penydarren locomotive, the
150:, together with Hamilton Square underground station in Birkenhead are the oldest deep level underground stations in the world, while London's underground stations were just below the street surface built by means of the cut-and-cover method. The stations were so deep they required
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Cut-and-cover is a simple method of construction for shallow tunnels where a trench is excavated and roofed over with an overhead support structure strong enough to support the load of what would be built above the tunnel. Modern deep level construction is usually done by using
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This region is also the location of the harshest conditions for hard rock mining, where workers toil in temperatures of up to 45 °C (113 °F). However, massive refrigeration plants are used to bring the air temperature down to around 28 °C
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are deep-level tube lines, using smaller trains that run through two circular tunnels with a diameter of about 11 feet 8 inches (3.56 m), lined with cast iron or precast concrete rings, which were bored using a
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around central London (completed in 1884) and an extensive system of suburban branches to the northwest (extending into the adjoining countryside), the west, the southwest and the east (mostly completed by 1904).
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to access easily, this gave another world's first in having the first lift-accessed stations. The lifts were hydraulically operated. For the first deep-level tube line, the
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236:. These were referred to as the tube lines, although since the 1950s the term "tube" has come to be used to refer to the whole London Underground system.
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also at
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is construction that is 20 m (66 ft) or more below ground and not using the
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Construction 20 meters or more below ground, using methods other than cut-and-cover
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London
Underground infrastructure § Subsurface versus deep-level tube lines
505:"[Video] Chongqing's Hongyancun now the deepest metro station in China"
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Deep level train stations are not common, although many metro systems in the
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530:"As Thousands Shelter in Stations, Kyiv's Metro Is Still Running Trains"
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The deepest mine in Europe is the 16th shaft of the uranium mines in
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deal primarily with the United
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that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed "
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490:"London Underground History - Deep Level Disused Stations"
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roughly 45 km (28 mi) east of Rouyn-Noranda in
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476:"How deep is every tube station on the Underground?"
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32:The examples and perspective in this article
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359:at 1,838 m (6,030 ft), second is
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70:Learn how and when to remove this message
286:The deepest mines in the world are the
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571:. Taylor & Francis. January 1995.
528:O&apos, Feargus (March 14, 2022).
148:Liverpool James Street railway station
255:The world's deepest metro station is
121:1829 Crown Street Tunnel at Liverpool
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555:"TauTona, Anglo Gold, South Africa"
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423:The deepest tourist level mine is
246:Commonwealth of Independent States
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425:Guido Mine and Coal Mining Museum
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444:Kola Superdeep Borehole
250:Jerusalem–Yitzhak Navon
456:extreme point of Earth
261:Chongqing Rail Transit
240:Deepest train stations
196:Hammersmith & City
181:tunnel boring machines
83:Deep level underground
281:List of deepest mines
164:electric locomotives
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
257:Hongyancun station
133:ventilation shafts
125:Lime Street Tunnel
618:Civil engineering
234:tunnelling shield
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438:The deepest
414:South Africa
400:The deepest
304:Mponeng mine
300:South Africa
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174:Construction
168:padded cells
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192:District
42:You may
613:Tunnels
557:. 2009.
369:Germany
353:Příbram
294:in the
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213:Jubilee
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152:lifting
94:History
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