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were mentioned in
Shakespeare's work: she was dark-haired, self-centred, and enjoyed sex. According to him, Mrs. Florio loved "for her own gratification", indulged in "temptation and callously self-satisfied betrayal of her husband", which coincides with features of the Dark Lady. He also suggests that the fact that she was born of low degree in Somerset explains the darkness of her complexion. Burl reasons that Florio probably first met Shakespeare at
161:, while acknowledging that "he records do not link her directly with Shakespeare", established that Luce had multiple connections to London's theatrical scene. Two Clerkenwell brothel-keepers carried the nickname of "Black Luce"—Lucy Baynham and Lucy Morgan—but there is no evidence that either was of African ancestry.
52:. The distinction is commonly made in the introduction to modern editions of the sonnets. As with the Fair Youth sequence, there have been many attempts to identify her with a real historical individual. A widely held scholarly opinion, however, is that the "dark lady" is nothing more than a construct of
205:
being suggested to
Shakespeare by combining "rose" from the Earl's family name of "Wriothesley", and "Aline" from a popular contemporary given name. Burl lists eight possible contenders for the Dark Lady's true identity, and finally asserts that Florio's wife is the real one, using some clues which
288:, but later commentators have assessed the depiction of the rivalry as a "fictitious situation" presented for poetic effect. When a portrait of Fitton, showing her to have fair complexion, brown hair, and grey eyes, was discovered in 1897, the identification fell from favour. It was Fitton whom
234:
also recording a connection between the Daniel family and
Marlborough. Frampton notes that the baptismal records of the parish contain an entry for one "Avisa Danyell" (dated 8 February 1556), and from this he deduces that this was Samuel's sister and therefore John Florio's wife. Thus, he says,
96:, the Queen's Lord Chamberlain. She seemed to have similar qualities to ones of the Dark Lady. For example, Emilia was so attractive to men that during the years of being Hunsdon's mistress, she may have been viewed as a prostitute. She might have been a musician, because she was a member of the
64:
The question of the identity of the Dark Lady is an unsolved, controversial issue because of the insufficiency of historical detail. Some believe that she might be of
Mediterranean ancestry, with the dark hair and dark eyes common in Greece, Spain, Italy, and southern France. Other scholars have
198:
and commentator on prehistoric monuments, takes up the case that the Dark Lady is the wife of John Florio, whom he names as "Aline Florio". He arrives at his theory via a play on words he either discovered or re-discovered: the name of the dark-haired character
Rosaline in
119:, who refuse to acknowledge the theory that Lanier was the Dark Lady not only due to the lack of any direct proof, but also because the claimed association with Shakespeare tends to overshadow her own literary achievements: she published her celebrated collection of poems
337:, a lecturer in literary history, to justify the claim does not form a strong case, comprising little more than: “as a Frenchwoman…she would have had dark eyes, a sallow complexion and that indefinable charm", thus matching the character in the sonnets.
89:. It was later shown that Rowse had based his identification on a misreading of Forman's text: Forman had described Lanier as "brave in youth", not "brown in youth", but Rowse, while later correcting his misreading, continued to defend his argument.
65:
suggested, given
Shakespeare's description of her dark, dun-colored skin and black wiry hair, that the Dark Lady might have been a woman of African ancestry. Ultimately, "none of the many attempts at identifying the dark lady…are finally convincing".
437:
S1E4 names Emilia as the Dark Lady and portrays her as annoyed with her depiction in sonnet 130 and more receptive to Kit
Marlowe's crude but direct flattery. The series also includes the character of Lucy, a tavern-keeper from Africa.
246:
of 1691. There is no documentary evidence to support this; rather, à Wood arrived at his conclusion from a passage of text where Daniel names Florio as his "brother" in introductory material to the latter’s famous translation of
188:, who was at the time the patron of both the linguist and the playwright. Bate acknowledges the possibility that the sonnets may be no more than Shakespeare's "knowing imaginings", rather than allusions to actual events.
259:
man’s sister to the other. Furthermore, in the prevalent usage of the time (ignored by à Wood), this may simply signify that they were both members of the same "brotherhood": in this instance, both men were
352:
boast that he was the illegitimate son of
Shakespeare, Jennet (or Jane) Davenant, the wife of a tavern-keeper on the route between London and Stratford, has been proposed as the Dark Lady.
369:(1910) was written in support of a campaign for a national theatre in Britain. In it, while attempting to meet with the Dark Lady for a tryst, Shakespeare accidentally encounters
238:
The speculations that Florio’s wife, of whatever baptismal name and relationship with
Shakespeare, was Daniel's sister may be based on an incorrect interpretation first made by
176:(2008), considers the case for both Lanier and Luce, before suggesting his own "pleasing fancy" that the unnamed, "low-born", but "witty and talented" wife of Italian linguist
468:
into a tumultuous love story which highlights both Lanier's possible influence on the Bard's work and her efforts to make her own mark on history. The play was staged in
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860:
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147:(under the Latinized stage-name "Lucy Negro") and that she could there have encountered Shakespeare, as this was the occasion of the first performance of
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1390:
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has been characterised as "bawdy" and is used to illustrate the difference between the spiritual love for the Fair Youth and the sexual love for the
154:
441:
A musical 'The Dark Lady' by Sophie Boyce and
Veronica Mansour is currently in development, depicting the 'what if' scenario whereby Emilia uses
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The History of Great Britanie from the first peopling of this island to this present raigne of or happy and peacefull Monarke K. James
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Based upon the recurring theme in the early sonnets of two men vying for a lady's affection, often assumed to be Shakespeare and
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321:, who married William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke amid scandal has been offered as a possible identity for the muse.
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woman. At the end of the episode, after deducing that she is from the future, he calls her his "dark lady" and recites
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255:. If this were referring (in today’s terms) to his "brother-in-law", this could have been due to the marriage of
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To my deare brother and friend M. John Florio, one of the Gentlemen of hir Maiesties most Royall Privie Chamber
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40:
365:
294:
393:, a play portraying Shakespeare's devastating encounter with the Dark Lady, which ends with him composing
34:(sonnets 127–152), and so called because the poems make it clear that she has black wiry hair, and dark, "
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imagination and art, and any attempt to identify her with a real person is "pointless".
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Shakespeare among the courtesans : prostitution, literature, and drama, 1500–1650
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The Bassanos : Venetian musicians and instrument makers in England, 1531-1665
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108:. They were Italians, and the Dark Lady may have been of Mediterranean ancestry.
38:"-coloured skin. The description of the Dark Lady distinguishes itself from the
460:, Canadian playwright and actress Jessica B. Hill draws together the stories of
329:
Jacqueline Field was the French-born wife of Shakespeare's friend and publisher
1257:
763:
Salkeld, Duncan (2012). "Shakespeares, the Clerkenwell Madam and Rose Flower".
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445:'s name in order to have her plays seen. The musical has been developed at the
264:(an honorary and not a functional office), and not related by marriage at all.
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has been proposed as the "Dark Lady". The first to make this suggestion was
216:, of the University of Westminster, identifies Samuel Daniel's birthplace as
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known as "Black Luce" had participated in the 1601–1602 Christmas revels at
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The case books of Simon Forman : sex and society in Shakespeare's age
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1151:"Was Countess of Southampton the lady in William Shakespeare's sonnets?"
549:
Holland, Peter (23 September 2004). "Shakespeare, William (1564–1616)".
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Shakespeare's mistress : the mystery of the dark lady revealed
469:
184:) was the Dark Lady, the lover of not only Shakespeare but also of
35:
77:
claimed to have solved the identity of the Dark Lady in his book
990:
Pitcher, John (September 2004). "Daniel, Samuel (1562/3–1619)".
852:
O'Connor, Desmond (3 January 2008). "Florio, John (1553–1625)".
2255:
314:
153:. Harrison "tentatively" proposes Black Luce as the Dark Lady.
668:
Shakespeare's styles : essays in honour of Kenneth Muir
854:
551:
694:(2015). "Rowse's Dark Lady". In Grossman, Marshall (ed.).
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1234:(1918 ed.). London: G. Bell and Sons. p. 155.
413:", set in 1599, Shakespeare becomes infatuated with the
725:
Rowse's fantasy has tended to obscure Lanyer as a poet.
92:
In the diaries, Emilia is described as the mistress of
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William Shakespeare : a compact documentary life
721:
The Poems of Aemilia Lanyer: Salve Deus Rex Judæorum
500:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 111.
284:
in the preface to his 1890 facsimile edition of the
19:"The Dark Lady" redirects here. For other uses, see
698:. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky.
498:
The World of Shakespeare's Sonnets: An Introduction
345:Originally arising from nothing more than the poet
305:
1413:
1398:
1819:
618:Dr Simon Forman : a most notorious physician
2284:
670:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 233–235.
528:. Abingdon, England: Routledge. pp. 114–6.
85:'s journal entries describing his meetings with
44:sequence by being overtly sexual. Among these,
744:. New York: H Holt & Co. pp. 64, 310.
1120:
333:. The "not impeccable" reasoning provided by
1384:
1129:. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–142.
1050:
1000:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
864:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
851:
696:Aemilia Lanyer: Gender, Genre, and the Canon
620:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 101.
561:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
523:
840:having married the sister of Samuel Daniel…
666:Edwards, Philip; et al., eds. (2008).
590:Shakespeare's sonnets - the problems solved
1391:
1377:
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592:. London: Macmillan. pp. xxxiv–xxxv.
389:) involves the creation and production of
186:Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton
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519:
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1206:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 175.
970:
791:
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723:. Oxford University Press. p. xix.
645:. London: Cox & Wyman. p. 110.
491:
489:
79:Shakespeare's Sonnets—the Problem Solved
1298:. Oxford University Press. p. 73.
997:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
992:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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861:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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558:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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231:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
16:Poetic persona in Shakespeare's sonnets
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1266:(1982 ed.). Woodbridge, England:
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1226:
1026:
973:"In search of Shakespeare's dark lady"
826:
514:
220:, near Marlborough, Wiltshire, citing
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111:However, there are academics, such as
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524:Lasocki, David; Prior, Roger (1995).
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383:(published in the UK a year later as
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274:William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke
81:, based upon his study of astrologer
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373:, and commends the project to her.
324:
157:, a Shakespearean scholar from the
13:
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292:had in mind when writing his play
14:
2309:
1074:Tyler, Thomas (1890). "Preface".
971:Frampton, Saul (10 August 2013).
2101:
1107:Dictionary of National Biography
306:Elizabeth Wriothesley née Vernon
235:Avisa Florio was the Dark Lady.
136:, writing in 1933, notes that a
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2293:Female Shakespearean characters
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1032:"Samuel Daniel and John Florio"
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898:. Oxford: Picador. p. 94.
884:
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756:
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242:(offering no authority) in his
2298:Sonnets by William Shakespeare
1060:. Translated by Florio, John.
838:(1815 ed.). p. 381.
797:Black Tudors: The Untold Story
712:
684:
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634:
606:
581:
542:
267:
59:
1:
1359:"The Dark Lady - EXPLAINED!!"
1320:"New Musical to be Developed"
923:. Stroud, England: Amberley.
919:Burl, Aubrey (15 June 2012).
479:
447:Eugene O'Neill Theater Center
128:
1296:Shakespeare, Sex, & Love
1228:Stopes, Charlotte Carmichael
1176:"The historical Shakespeare"
1014:UK public library membership
878:UK public library membership
719:Woods, Susanne, ed. (1993).
575:UK public library membership
366:The Dark Lady of the Sonnets
295:The Dark Lady of the Sonnets
226:The history of Great Britain
7:
742:Shakespeare under Elizabeth
335:Charlotte Carmichael Stopes
262:grooms of the privy chamber
10:
2314:
1345:"The Dark Lady | SIR"
18:
2110:
2099:
1406:
1232:Shakespeare's Environment
944:Slatyer, William (1621).
896:The genius of Shakespeare
894:(2008). "The dark lady".
174:The Genius of Shakespeare
1268:Boydell & Brewer Ltd
1040:. Vol. 3/8. London.
159:University of Chichester
30:is a woman described in
476:in the summer of 2023.
122:Salve Deus Rex Judæorum
567:10.1093/ref:odnb/25200
196:Society of Antiquaries
1400:Shakespeare's sonnets
1127:Shakespeare's sonnets
1076:Shakespeare's Sonnets
1006:10.1093/ref:odnb/7120
870:10.1093/ref:odnb/9758
801:Oneworld Publications
641:Rowse, A. L. (1974).
588:Rowse, A. L. (1973).
496:Matz, Robert (2008).
276:, Herbert's mistress
117:University of Chicago
32:Shakespeare's sonnets
1407:"Fair Youth" sonnets
1052:de Montaigne, Michel
767:. Farnham, England:
411:The Shakespeare Code
386:Death at the Dolphin
180:(and sister of poet
1415:Procreation sonnets
443:William Shakespeare
361:George Bernard Shaw
290:George Bernard Shaw
249:Michel de Montaigne
202:Love's Labours Lost
165:Wife of John Florio
1200:Schoenbaum, Samuel
1104:. "Fitton, Mary".
456:In her stage play
451:Goodspeed Musicals
356:In popular culture
194:, a fellow of the
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1121:Edmondson, Paul;
1037:Notes and Queries
1012:(Subscription or
876:(Subscription or
836:Athenæ Oxonienses
793:Kaufmann, Miranda
573:(Subscription or
507:978-0-7864-3219-6
417:'s new companion
244:Athenæ Oxonienses
228:(1621), with the
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1270:. p. 90.
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379:'s 1966 novel
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1326:. 2023-07-10
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1254:Aubrey, John
1248:
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1180:Catholic.net
1179:
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1157:. 2023-01-19
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440:
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415:Tenth Doctor
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91:
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1102:Lee, Sidney
466:Shakespeare
377:Ngaio Marsh
278:Mary Fitton
268:Mary Fitton
192:Aubrey Burl
178:John Florio
138:Clerkenwell
102:Elizabeth I
75:A. L. Rowse
60:Speculation
2287:Categories
1821:Rival Poet
1330:2023-07-10
1185:2023-10-29
1161:2023-10-29
1155:Daily Echo
1080:David Nutt
1078:. London:
1016:required.)
948:. London:
880:required.)
799:. London:
577:required.)
480:References
403:Doctor Who
395:Sonnet 129
319:Shropshire
208:Titchfield
145:Gray's Inn
129:Black Luce
46:Sonnet 151
41:Fair Youth
2115:" sonnets
2113:Dark Lady
1240:504848257
1088:185191423
750:560738426
429:for her.
427:Sonnet 18
409:episode "
391:The Glove
172:, in his
125:in 1611.
73:In 1973,
50:Dark Lady
28:Dark Lady
21:Dark Lady
1324:Playbill
1256:(1696).
1230:(1914).
1202:(1977).
1054:(1603).
958:23246845
830:(1691).
740:(1933).
616:(2001).
470:Manitoba
453:(2024).
407:series 3
2082:"Envoy"
1823:sonnets
1260:(ed.).
834:(ed.).
769:Ashgate
400:In the
286:Sonnets
115:of the
106:James I
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315:Hodnet
257:either
253:Essays
218:Wilton
300:below
298:(see
1300:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1236:OCLC
1208:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1084:OCLC
954:OCLC
925:ISBN
900:ISBN
855:ODNB
805:ISBN
773:ISBN
746:OCLC
700:ISBN
672:ISBN
647:ISBN
622:ISBN
594:ISBN
552:ODNB
530:ISBN
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472:and
464:and
421:, a
104:and
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2013:113
2008:112
2003:111
1998:110
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1983:107
1978:106
1973:105
1968:104
1963:103
1958:102
1953:101
1948:100
1002:doi
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