206:
602:
36:
618:, keratin filaments associate laterally with each other to create bundles of ~50 nm radius. The radius of these bundles is set by the interplay between long range electrostatic repulsion and short range hydrophobic attraction. These keratin bundles span a complex network which extends from the surface of the nucleus to the cell membrane. Numerous accessory proteins are involved in the genesis and maintenance of such structure.
590:
four segments in which a seven-residue pattern repeats. Into this repeated pattern, the first and fourth residues are hydrophobic and the charged residues show alternate positive and negative polarity, resulting in the polar residues being located on one side of the helix. This central domain of the chain provides the molecular alignment in the keratin structure and makes the chains form coiled dimers in solution.
594:
contain residues enriched by glycines and/or serines, the former providing the cytokeratin chain a strong insoluble character and facilitating the interaction with other molecules. These terminal domains are also important in defining the function of the cytokeratin chain characteristic of a particular epithelial cell type.
589:
All cytokeratin chains are composed of a central α-helix-rich domain (with a 50 to 90% sequence identity among cytokeratins of the same type and around 30% between cytokeratins of different type) with non-α-helical N- and C-terminal domains. The α-helical domain has 310-150 amino acids and comprises
597:
Two dimers of cytokeratin group into a keratin tetramer by anti-parallel binding. This cytokeratin tetramer is considered to be the main building block of the cytokeratin chain. By head-to-tail linking of the cytokeratin tetramers, the protofilaments are originated, which in turn intertwine in pairs
593:
The end-domain sequences of type I and II cytokeratin chains contain in both sides of the rod domain the subdomains V1 and V2, which have variable size and sequence. The type II also presents the conserved subdomains H1 and H2, encompassing 36 and 20 residues respectively. The subdomains V1 and V2
625:
and the nuclear surface provides important implications for the organization of the cytoplasm and cellular communication mechanisms. Apart from the relatively static functions provided in terms of supporting the nucleus and providing tensile strength to the cell, the cytokeratin networks undergo
364:
Expression of these cytokeratins is largely organ or tissue specific. The subsets of cytokeratins which an epithelial cell expresses depends mainly on the type of epithelium, the moment in the course of terminal differentiation and the stage of development. Thus a specific cytokeratin expression
239:. Within each category, cytokeratins are numbered in order of decreasing size, from high molecular weight (HMWCKs) to low molecular weight (LMWCKs). Cytokeratins are usually found in heterodimeric pairs of acidic and basic subunits of similar size.
165:, which help cells resist mechanical stress. Expression of these cytokeratins within epithelial cells is largely specific to particular organs or tissues. Thus they are used clinically to identify the cell of origin of various human tumors.
133:
644:, which the cytokeratins are one of its three components, have been probed to associate also with the ankyrin and spectrin complex protein network that underlies the cell membrane.
626:
rapid phosphate exchanges mediated depolymerization, with important implications in the more dynamic cellular processes such as mitosis and post-mitotic period, cell movement and
197:(human epithelial category). For example, cytokeratin-4 (CK-4) has been renamed keratin-4 (K4). However, they are still commonly referred to as cytokeratins in clinical practice.
189:
were first being identified and characterized. In 2006 a new systematic nomenclature for mammalian keratins was created, and the proteins previously called
633:
Cytokeratins interact with desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, thus collaborating to cell–cell adhesion and basal cell–underlying connective tissue connection.
506:
586:
The cytokeratins are encoded by a family encompassing 30 genes. Among them, 20 are epithelial genes and the remaining 10 are specific for trichocytes.
969:
522:
Glandular epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, both endocrine and exocrine cells, as well as mesothelial cells
3893:
3296:
2778:
365:
profile allows the identification of epithelial cells. Furthermore, this applies also to the malignant counterparts of the epithelia, (
2798:
2730:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2611:
2320:
2300:
2270:
2265:
661:
Herrmann H, Bär H, Kreplak L, Strelkov SV, Aebi U (July 2007). "Intermediate filaments: from cell architecture to nanomechanics".
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2680:
2670:
2660:
2655:
2626:
2330:
2325:
1372:
1260:
1250:
1225:
1205:
1109:
1089:
1332:
815:
1597:
100:
3944:
962:
72:
466:
119:
449:
of the digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts, both endocrine and exocrine cells, as well as mesothelial cells
807:
79:
2116:
3954:
3289:
2385:
2228:
955:
57:
3676:
3580:
3555:
3264:
2818:
86:
3708:
3637:
3575:
3570:
53:
17:
3626:
3585:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3375:
1525:
430:
68:
3664:
3600:
3543:
3515:
3505:
3435:
3368:
2996:
373:
techniques is a tool of immense value widely used for tumor diagnosis and characterization in surgical
3653:
3388:
3350:
3282:
3229:
941:
627:
551:
213:
472:
426:
403:
369:), as the cytokeratin profile is generally retained. Thus the study of cytokeratin expression by
46:
870:
637:
162:
3722:
1648:
1002:
205:
182:
3317:
1917:
370:
8:
3549:
3224:
1857:
446:
420:
236:
93:
3888:
3699:
1677:
1307:
937:
911:
884:
779:
754:
730:
705:
686:
228:
3975:
3703:
3494:
3075:
1439:
916:
811:
784:
735:
678:
232:
158:
690:
3818:
3813:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3499:
3363:
3023:
2147:
1502:
1497:
906:
896:
774:
766:
725:
717:
670:
570:
225:
3939:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3382:
3344:
3165:
1779:
1629:
1512:
622:
178:
598:
to form protofibrils. Four protofibrils give place to one cytokeratin filament.
3426:
3128:
2991:
1688:
1519:
1028:
947:
532:
515:
495:
481:
459:
186:
901:
3969:
3727:
3691:
3309:
3192:
3187:
2152:
2022:
1971:
1921:
1861:
1783:
1751:
1692:
1478:
997:
439:
412:
391:
3851:
3036:
2091:
1846:
1390:
982:
920:
788:
682:
641:
154:
3274:
3008:
2986:
770:
3858:
3594:
3539:
3182:
3133:
3003:
2893:
2223:
1622:
1541:
1463:
1011:
739:
721:
502:
601:
3560:
3234:
3153:
3143:
3031:
2142:
2121:
1887:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1794:
1769:
1757:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1565:
1447:
1436:
1422:
1038:
559:
547:
356:
352:
348:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
297:
209:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3013:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2199:
2179:
1834:
1829:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1698:
1602:
1536:
833:
615:
374:
366:
343:
339:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
151:
674:
35:
3712:
3328:
3177:
3138:
3070:
3043:
2910:
2898:
2773:
2768:
2209:
2204:
2126:
1560:
1555:
1417:
217:
132:
3934:
3925:
3873:
3846:
3741:
3717:
3681:
3669:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3405:
3305:
3204:
3158:
3048:
2978:
2947:
2877:
2872:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2793:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2433:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2237:
2174:
1662:
1607:
1548:
1531:
1492:
978:
147:
144:
3878:
3642:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3445:
3440:
3398:
3393:
3355:
3123:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3080:
2915:
2808:
2803:
2788:
2783:
2695:
2641:
2606:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2526:
2521:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2305:
2295:
2275:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2111:
1882:
1877:
1634:
1300:
1295:
1285:
1063:
399:
136:
Keratin intermediate filaments in epithelial cells (red stain).
753:
Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, et al. (July 2006).
3903:
3898:
3868:
3863:
3841:
3823:
3801:
3410:
3148:
2920:
2903:
2740:
2735:
2725:
2720:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2650:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2561:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2516:
2511:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2413:
2408:
2375:
2370:
2340:
2335:
2315:
2310:
2290:
2280:
2195:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1872:
1867:
1577:
1507:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1442:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1367:
1357:
1342:
1275:
1265:
1245:
1220:
1215:
1200:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1150:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1033:
1020:
212:
showing low molecular weight cytokeratin (LMWCK) staining of
3883:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3199:
3170:
3085:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2856:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2423:
2418:
2285:
2167:
2162:
2157:
1617:
1612:
1570:
1483:
1473:
1468:
1362:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1235:
1160:
1155:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
660:
706:"Intermediate-sized filaments of human endothelial cells"
566:
Glandular-type epithelia. Signet ring/round clear cells
752:
703:
885:"Model for Bundling of Keratin Intermediate Filaments"
704:
Franke WW, Schmid E, Osborn M, Weber K (June 1979).
755:"New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins"
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
804:Quick Reference Handbook for Surgical Pathologists
605:Cytokeratin filaments in the human epithelial cell
488:Non-keratinized squamous epithelia, except cornea
3967:
977:
871:MUbio > MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO CYTOKERATINS
398:Non-keratinized squamous epithelium, including
801:
471:Differentiated areas of highly differentiated
224:There are two categories of cytokeratins: the
3290:
963:
802:Rekhtman, Natasha; Bishop, Justin A. (2011).
177:began to be used in the late 1970s, when the
525:Adenocarcinomas originating from those above
452:Adenocarcinomas originating from those above
3304:
746:
654:
3297:
3283:
970:
956:
940:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
910:
900:
778:
729:
697:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
866:
864:
862:
600:
204:
131:
3327:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
14:
3968:
882:
3278:
951:
830:
795:
161:. They are an important component of
839:
581:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3945:Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
835:(3rd ed.). New York: Saunders.
24:
25:
3987:
931:
467:Keratinized stratified epithelium
1598:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein
34:
2819:Microtubule organising proteins
609:
45:needs additional citations for
876:
824:
13:
1:
2866:Microtubule severing proteins
647:
621:This association between the
3709:Cartilage associated protein
1526:actin depolymerizing factors
7:
3004:Plakoglobin (gamma catenin)
759:The Journal of Cell Biology
710:The Journal of Cell Biology
10:
3992:
883:Haimov, Ehud (July 2020).
3918:
3834:
3740:
3690:
3419:
3336:
3316:
3260:
3217:
3116:
3022:
2977:
2886:
2865:
2817:
2640:
2432:
2384:
2236:
2222:
2188:
2135:
2104:
2084:
1963:
1845:
1676:
1658:
1647:
1590:
1383:
1062:
1019:
1010:
996:
989:
902:10.1016/j.bpj.2020.05.024
539:Glandular-type epithelia
329:
258:
220:) and endometrial glands.
168:
3230:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
942:Medical Subject Headings
663:Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol
552:hepatocellular carcinoma
473:squamous cell carcinomas
214:intermediate trophoblast
200:
427:Transitional epithelium
404:transitional epithelium
873:Retrieved October 2010
638:intermediate filaments
606:
431:transitional carcinoma
221:
183:intermediate filaments
163:intermediate filaments
137:
3723:Procollagen peptidase
1850:(hard alpha-keratins)
1681:(soft alpha-keratins)
771:10.1083/jcb.200603161
604:
208:
135:
3265:cytoskeletal defects
3225:Major sperm proteins
722:10.1083/jcb.81.3.570
546:Does not react with
371:immunohistochemistry
237:type II cytokeratins
54:improve this article
1678:Epithelial keratins
889:Biophysical Journal
460:Cytokeratin 10
447:Glandular epithelia
421:glandular epithelia
254:(Type A / Class I)
249:(Type B / Class II)
229:type I cytokeratins
3889:Matrix gla protein
3700:Prolyl hydroxylase
831:Dabbs, DJ (2010).
640:of the eukaryotic
607:
569:GI stromal tumor (
507:combined epithelia
505:of stratified and
222:
193:are simply called
138:
3963:
3962:
3914:
3913:
3736:
3735:
3704:Lysyl hydroxylase
3495:basement membrane
3272:
3271:
3213:
3212:
2973:
2972:
2218:
2217:
2100:
2099:
1643:
1642:
1586:
1585:
817:978-3-642-20085-4
582:Molecular biology
579:
578:
362:
361:
263:squamous keratins
159:epithelial tissue
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3983:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3324:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3276:
3275:
2234:
2233:
1674:
1673:
1656:
1655:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
994:
993:
972:
965:
958:
949:
948:
925:
924:
914:
904:
880:
874:
868:
837:
836:
828:
822:
821:
810:. pp. 4–8.
799:
793:
792:
782:
750:
744:
743:
733:
701:
695:
694:
658:
423:and their tumors
380:
379:
242:
241:
218:placental tissue
179:protein subunits
152:intracytoplasmic
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3910:
3830:
3732:
3686:
3569:transmembrane:
3415:
3319:
3312:
3303:
3273:
3268:
3256:
3209:
3112:
3018:
2969:
2882:
2861:
2813:
2636:
2428:
2380:
2226:
2214:
2184:
2131:
2096:
2080:
1964:Ungrouped alpha
1959:
1849:
1841:
1680:
1666:
1660:
1650:
1639:
1582:
1379:
1058:
1000:
985:
976:
934:
929:
928:
881:
877:
869:
840:
829:
825:
818:
800:
796:
751:
747:
702:
698:
675:10.1038/nrm2197
659:
655:
650:
628:differentiation
623:plasma membrane
612:
584:
355:
351:
342:
334:simple keratins
331:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:
296:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
260:
253:
248:
203:
171:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
27:Keratin protein
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3657:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3546:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3379:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3340:
3338:
3337:Fibril forming
3331:
3322:
3318:Extracellular
3314:
3313:
3310:scleroproteins
3302:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3129:Corneodesmosin
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:Nuclear lamins
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1684:
1682:
1671:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1522:
1520:Arp2/3 complex
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1445:
1434:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1005:
998:Microfilaments
991:
987:
986:
975:
974:
967:
960:
952:
946:
945:
933:
932:External links
930:
927:
926:
875:
838:
823:
816:
806:. Heidelberg:
794:
745:
696:
652:
651:
649:
646:
611:
608:
583:
580:
577:
576:
575:
574:
567:
562:
560:Cytokeratin 20
556:
555:
544:
543:
540:
535:
533:Cytokeratin 19
529:
528:
527:
526:
523:
518:
516:Cytokeratin 18
512:
511:
510:
509:
498:
496:Cytokeratin 14
492:
491:
490:
489:
484:
482:Cytokeratin 13
478:
477:
476:
475:
469:
462:
456:
455:
454:
453:
450:
442:
436:
435:
434:
433:
424:
419:A subgroup of
415:
409:
408:
407:
406:
394:
388:
387:
384:
360:
359:
346:
337:
327:
326:
291:
266:
256:
255:
250:
245:
202:
199:
170:
167:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3988:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3728:Lysyl oxidase
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Delta catenin
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:Alpha catenin
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:cytoplasmic:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:Neurofilament
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:chromosome 12
2020:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:chromosome 17
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:chromosome 12
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:chromosome 17
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1847:Hair keratins
1844:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1784:chromosome 12
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:chromosome 12
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:chromosome 17
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:Intermediate
1646:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
999:
995:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
968:
966:
961:
959:
954:
953:
950:
943:
939:
936:
935:
922:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
872:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
834:
827:
819:
813:
809:
805:
798:
790:
786:
781:
776:
772:
768:
765:(2): 169–74.
764:
760:
756:
749:
741:
737:
732:
727:
723:
719:
716:(3): 570–80.
715:
711:
707:
700:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:(7): 562–73.
668:
664:
657:
653:
645:
643:
639:
634:
631:
629:
624:
619:
617:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
572:
568:
565:
564:
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
549:
541:
538:
537:
536:
534:
531:
530:
524:
521:
520:
519:
517:
514:
513:
508:
504:
501:
500:
499:
497:
494:
493:
487:
486:
485:
483:
480:
479:
474:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
461:
458:
457:
451:
448:
445:
444:
443:
441:
440:Cytokeratin 8
438:
437:
432:
428:
425:
422:
418:
417:
416:
414:
413:Cytokeratin 7
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
396:
395:
393:
392:Cytokeratin 4
390:
389:
385:
382:
381:
378:
376:
372:
368:
358:
354:
350:
347:
345:
341:
338:
335:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
299:
295:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
264:
257:
251:
246:
244:
243:
240:
238:
234:
230:
227:
219:
215:
211:
207:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
156:
153:
150:found in the
149:
146:
142:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
69:"Cytokeratin"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3929:
3852:Tropoelastin
3808:
3781:
3749:
3659:
3649:
3632:
3622:
3593:
3548:
3498:
3452:
3430:
3381:
3374:
3362:
3343:
3262:
3037:Dystroglycan
2992:Beta catenin
2224:Microtubules
2092:Beta-keratin
2021:
1970:
1916:
1856:
1778:
1764:
1750:
1687:
1667:
1524:
1391:Tropomodulin
983:cytoskeleton
895:(1): 65–74.
892:
888:
878:
832:
826:
803:
797:
762:
758:
748:
713:
709:
699:
666:
662:
656:
642:cytoskeleton
635:
632:
620:
613:
610:Cell biology
596:
592:
588:
585:
545:
363:
333:
262:
223:
194:
191:cytokeratins
190:
174:
172:
155:cytoskeleton
141:Cytokeratins
140:
139:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Cytokeratins
3930:Cytokeratin
3859:Vitronectin
3540:multiplexin
3183:Plakophilin
3134:Desmoplakin
2894:Tau protein
1668:Cytokeratin
1464:Tropomyosin
1012:Myofilament
938:Cytokeratin
548:hepatocytes
503:Basal layer
383:Cytokeratin
235:or neutral
181:of keratin
175:cytokeratin
110:August 2019
3561:Endostatin
3550:type XVIII
3263:See also:
3235:Crescentin
3154:Periplakin
3144:Envoplakin
3032:Dystrophin
2649:axonemal:
2143:Internexin
2122:Peripherin
648:References
571:Krukenberg
542:Carcinomas
367:carcinomas
210:Micrograph
80:newspapers
3940:Reticulin
3633:type VIII
2852:Centrin 3
2847:Centrin 2
2842:Centrin 1
2180:Syncoilin
2085:Not alpha
1651:filaments
1603:Fibrillin
616:cytoplasm
375:pathology
252:Acidic CK
173:The term
3976:Keratins
3970:Category
3955:diseases
3951:See also
3894:Tectorin
3713:Leprecan
3623:type VII
3453:type XII
3376:type III
3329:Collagen
3218:Nonhuman
3178:Vinculin
3139:Dystonin
3071:Spectrin
3044:Utrophin
3024:Membrane
2979:Catenins
2911:Stathmin
2899:Dynactin
2779:DYNC2LI1
2774:DYNC1LI2
2769:DYNC1LI1
2434:Kinesins
2238:Tubulins
2127:Vimentin
1659:Type 1/2
1561:Profilin
1556:Gelsolin
1418:Troponin
979:Proteins
921:32533940
808:Springer
789:16831889
691:27115011
683:17551517
247:Basic CK
231:and the
195:keratins
148:proteins
3935:Gelatin
3926:Keratin
3874:Decorin
3847:Elastin
3742:Laminin
3718:ADAMTS2
3692:Enzymes
3682:COL28A1
3677:COL27A1
3670:COL11A2
3665:COL11A1
3660:type XI
3654:COL10A1
3595:type VI
3592:other:
3586:COL25A1
3581:COL23A1
3576:COL17A1
3571:COL13A1
3556:COL18A1
3544:COL15A1
3500:type IV
3488:COL22A1
3483:COL21A1
3478:COL20A1
3473:COL19A1
3468:COL16A1
3463:COL14A1
3457:COL12A1
3431:type IX
3411:COL26A1
3406:COL24A1
3364:type II
3306:Protein
3205:PLEKHA7
3159:Plectin
3124:Plakins
3049:Ankyrin
2948:Dynamin
2878:Spastin
2873:Katanin
2837:CAMSAP3
2832:CAMSAP2
2827:CAMSAP1
2799:DYNLRB2
2794:DYNLRB1
2764:DYNC1I2
2759:DYNC1I1
2754:DYNC2H1
2749:DYNC1H1
2642:Dyneins
2366:TUBGCP6
2361:TUBGCP5
2356:TUBGCP4
2351:TUBGCP3
2346:TUBGCP2
2175:Synemin
1918:type II
1780:type II
1663:Keratin
1608:Filamin
1549:Destrin
1532:Cofilin
1493:Actinin
1064:Myosins
981:of the
912:7335914
780:2064177
731:2110384
614:In the
185:inside
145:keratin
94:scholar
3879:FAM20C
3650:type X
3643:COL8A2
3638:COL8A1
3627:COL7A1
3616:COL6A5
3611:COL6A3
3606:COL6A2
3601:COL6A1
3531:COL4A6
3526:COL4A5
3521:COL4A4
3516:COL4A3
3511:COL4A2
3506:COL4A1
3446:COL9A3
3441:COL9A2
3436:COL9A1
3399:COL5A3
3394:COL5A2
3389:COL5A1
3383:type V
3369:COL2A1
3356:COL1A2
3351:COL1A1
3345:type I
3320:matrix
3106:SPTBN5
3101:SPTBN4
3096:SPTBN2
3091:SPTBN1
3081:SPTAN1
2916:Tektin
2809:DYNLT3
2804:DYNLT1
2789:DYNLL2
2784:DYNLL1
2731:DNALI1
2716:DNAH17
2711:DNAH14
2706:DNAH13
2701:DNAH12
2696:DNAH11
2691:DNAH10
2612:KIF26B
2607:KIF26A
2582:KIF21B
2577:KIF21A
2572:KIF20B
2567:KIF20A
2557:KIF18B
2552:KIF18A
2542:KIF16B
2527:KIF13B
2522:KIF13A
2321:TUBB4Q
2306:TUBB2C
2301:TUBB2B
2296:TUBB2A
2276:TUBA4A
2271:TUBA3E
2266:TUBA3D
2261:TUBA3C
2256:TUBA1C
2251:TUBA1B
2246:TUBA1A
2189:Type 5
2148:Nestin
2136:Type 4
2112:Desmin
2105:Type 3
1858:type I
1689:type I
1635:TRIOBP
1301:MYO18B
1296:MYO18A
1292:XVIII
1286:MYO15A
1021:Actins
944:(MeSH)
919:
909:
814:
787:
777:
740:379021
738:
728:
689:
681:
400:cornea
386:Sites
226:acidic
169:Naming
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3919:Other
3904:TECTB
3899:TECTA
3869:FREM2
3864:FRAS1
3842:ALCAM
3835:Other
3824:LAMC3
3819:LAMC2
3814:LAMC1
3809:gamma
3802:LAMB4
3797:LAMB3
3792:LAMB2
3787:LAMB1
3775:LAMA5
3770:LAMA4
3765:LAMA3
3760:LAMA2
3755:LAMA1
3750:alpha
3427:FACIT
3420:Other
3166:Talin
3149:MACF1
3117:Other
3076:SPTA1
2941:TEKT5
2936:TEKT4
2931:TEKT3
2926:TEKT2
2921:TEKT1
2904:DCTN1
2887:Other
2741:DNAL4
2736:DNAL1
2726:DNAI2
2721:DNAI1
2686:DNAH9
2681:DNAH8
2676:DNAH7
2671:DNAH6
2666:DNAH5
2661:DNAH3
2656:DNAH2
2651:DNAH1
2632:KIFC3
2627:KIFC2
2622:KIFC1
2617:KIF27
2602:KIF25
2597:KIF24
2592:KIF23
2587:KIF22
2562:KIF19
2547:KIF17
2537:KIF15
2532:KIF14
2517:KIF12
2512:KIF11
2492:KIF5C
2487:KIF5B
2482:KIF5A
2477:KIF4B
2472:KIF4A
2467:KIF3C
2462:KIF3B
2457:KIF2C
2452:KIF2A
2447:KIF1B
2442:KIF1A
2414:MAP1B
2409:MAP1A
2376:TUBE1
2371:TUBD1
2341:TUBG2
2336:TUBG1
2331:TUBB8
2326:TUBB6
2316:TUBB4
2311:TUBB3
2291:TUBB1
2281:TUBA8
1630:Espin
1591:Other
1578:Titin
1384:Other
1373:MYLL1
1368:MYLK2
1358:MYLIP
1343:MYL6B
1276:MYO10
1266:MYO9B
1261:MYO9A
1251:MYO7B
1246:MYO7A
1226:MYO5C
1221:MYO5B
1216:MYO5A
1206:MYO3B
1201:MYO3A
1191:MYH16
1186:MYH15
1181:MYH14
1176:MYH13
1171:MYH11
1166:MYH10
1151:MYH7B
1110:MYO1H
1105:MYO1G
1100:MYO1F
1095:MYO1E
1090:MYO1D
1085:MYO1C
1080:MYO1B
1075:MYO1A
990:Human
687:S2CID
357:CK-20
353:CK-19
349:CK-18
330:LMWCK
324:CK-17
320:CK-16
316:CK-15
312:CK-14
308:CK-13
304:CK-12
301:CK-11
298:CK-10
259:HMWCK
233:basic
201:Types
187:cells
101:JSTOR
87:books
3884:ECM1
3782:beta
3250:ParM
3245:MreB
3240:FtsZ
3200:ACF7
3193:PKP2
3188:PKP1
3171:TLN1
3086:SPTB
3064:ANK3
3059:ANK2
3054:ANK1
2963:DNM3
2958:DNM2
2953:DNM1
2857:PCM1
2507:KIF9
2502:KIF7
2497:KIF6
2424:MAP4
2419:MAP2
2386:MAPs
2286:TUBB
2229:MAPs
2227:and
2168:NEFH
2163:NEFM
2158:NEFL
2117:GFAP
1765:none
1623:FLNC
1618:FLNB
1613:FLNA
1363:MYLK
1353:MYL9
1348:MYL7
1338:MYL6
1333:MYL5
1328:MYL4
1323:MYL3
1318:MYL2
1313:MYL1
1242:VII
1236:MYO6
1197:III
1161:MYH9
1156:MYH8
1146:MYH7
1141:MYH6
1136:MYH4
1131:MYH3
1126:MYH2
1121:MYH1
1003:ABPs
1001:and
917:PMID
812:ISBN
785:PMID
736:PMID
679:PMID
636:The
550:and
429:and
402:and
344:CK-8
340:CK-7
294:CK-9
289:CK-6
285:CK-5
281:CK-4
277:CK-3
273:CK-2
269:CK-1
143:are
73:news
3014:GAN
2997:APC
2404:EB3
2399:EB2
2394:EB1
2200:A/C
1883:33B
1878:33A
1282:XV
1257:IX
1232:VI
1117:II
907:PMC
897:doi
893:119
775:PMC
767:doi
763:174
726:PMC
718:doi
671:doi
157:of
56:by
3972::
3542::
3497::
3429::
3308::
2210:B2
2205:B1
2198::
2074:80
2069:79
2064:78
2059:77
2054:76
2049:75
2044:74
2039:73
2034:72
2029:71
2013:40
2008:39
2003:28
1998:27
1993:26
1988:25
1983:24
1978:23
1953:86
1948:85
1943:84
1938:83
1933:82
1928:81
1908:38
1903:37
1898:36
1893:35
1888:34
1873:32
1868:31
1825:6C
1820:6B
1815:6A
1795:2A
1770:21
1758:18
1744:20
1739:19
1734:17
1729:16
1724:15
1719:14
1714:13
1709:12
1704:10
1308:LC
1272:X
1212:V
1071:I
1054:G2
1049:G1
1044:C1
1034:A2
1029:A1
915:.
905:.
891:.
887:.
841:^
783:.
773:.
761:.
757:.
734:.
724:.
714:81
712:.
708:.
685:.
677:.
665:.
630:.
377:.
336:"
265:"
3928:/
3711:/
3702:/
3656:)
3652:(
3629:)
3625:(
3459:)
3455:(
3371:)
3367:(
3298:e
3291:t
3284:v
1920:/
1860:/
1835:8
1830:7
1810:5
1805:4
1800:3
1790:1
1782:/
1699:9
1691:/
1670:)
1665:,
1661:(
1571:2
1566:1
1542:2
1537:1
1513:4
1508:3
1503:2
1498:1
1484:4
1479:3
1474:2
1469:1
1457:3
1454:2
1451:1
1448:I
1443:2
1440:1
1437:C
1432:3
1429:2
1426:1
1423:T
1411:4
1406:3
1401:2
1396:1
1112:)
1039:B
971:e
964:t
957:v
923:.
899::
820:.
791:.
769::
742:.
720::
693:.
673::
667:8
573:)
332:"
261:"
216:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
