805:
835:
746:
769:
793:
781:
468:
893:
683:
1916:
39:
30:
655:
150:
114:
689:
145:
423:
104:
881:
459:, and a landscaped median strip was planted where the viaduct once stood. Before reconstruction occurred, the viaduct ended at the 7th Street exit on the southern end, with the two roadways going over 7th Street, while the southbound exit off the MacArthur Maze onto Cypress Street at 32nd Street remained open to local traffic on the northern end.
476:
a single northbound and southbound exit at 7th Street, near the Port of
Oakland was constructed also providing access via Frontage Road to West Grand Avenue and the Oakland Army Base on Maritime Street, before a viaduct-type interchange splitting traffic to the Bay Bridge via Grand Avenue and also northbound to the
475:
In 1997, the Nimitz
Freeway was rerouted to loop around the area using a largely ground-level design with more conventional single-level viaduct. The space was mainly taken from a railroad yard which was relocated. The exit at 8th Street was eliminated, a southbound exit near 7th and Union Street and
430:
The upper deck was used by southbound traffic; the lower deck, by northbound traffic. Some sections of the
Cypress Street Viaduct were largely supported by two columns on either side, but some sections were only supported by a single supporting column. The design was unable to survive the earthquake
490:
Due to cost overruns, the costs of the replacement freeway doubled from initial estimates of $ 650 million to $ 1.2 billion ($ 250 million per mile) making the five-mile freeway replacement the most expensive project in the state's history at the time. (It would be subsequently overshadowed by the
401:
The southernmost portion of the
Cypress Street viaduct, which was designed as a central off ramp structure exiting at Market Street between Fifth and Sixth Streets to the Eighth Street/Seventh Street on/off ramps, was the first phase of the overall project completed in October 1955, by contractors
447:
After the earthquake stopped (with no aftershock), local residents and workers began crawling into and climbing upon the shattered structure with the goal of rescuing those left alive. Many were saved, some only by amputation of trapped limbs. The collapse of the upper tier onto the lower tier
393:
The double-decked viaduct was initially designed in 1949 by the City of
Oakland as a way to ease traffic on local streets leading to the Bay Bridge, such as Cypress Street (which was California State Route 17 at the time). The route was partially chosen to displace perceived slums in
406:
in the north), began in
February 1956 by contractors Grove, Wilson, Shepard and Kruge at a cost of $ 8.3 million, bringing the total cost of the viaduct project to $ 10 million. It was California's first double-decked freeway when it officially opened to traffic on June 11, 1957.
435:
in Kobe, Japan). At the time of its design, such structures were not analyzed as a whole, and it appears that large structure motion contributed to the collapse. It was built on filled land on top of bay clay; filled land is highly susceptible to soil settlement during an
804:
768:
745:
1274:(03/2003 – ). National Archives and Records Administration – ARC Identifier 951729 / Local Identifier 311-NETC-39 – Department of Homeland Security. Federal Emergency Management Agency. National Emergency Training Center.
452:, many would-be commuters in both cities had left work early or stayed late to watch the upcoming Game 3, and as a result traffic on the viaduct was far lighter at the time of the quake than it normally would have been.
780:
499:.) The cost overruns were mainly due to the opposition to replacing the highway on the site of the one partially destroyed in 1989, therefore requiring the purchase of land and property from
402:
Frederickson and Watson at a cost of $ 1.7 million. Construction on the second phase of the project, the double-decked viaduct portion (which started from
Adeline Street in the south to the
496:
374:, resulting in a large portion of the freeway's upper deck collapsing onto the lower deck. The collapse killed 42 people and resulted in the subsequent demolition of the structure.
431:
because the upper portions of the exterior columns were not tied by reinforcing to the lower columns, and the columns were not sufficiently ringed to prevent bursting (similar to
336:, was a 1.6-mile-long (2.5 km), raised two-deck, multi-lane (four lanes per tier) freeway constructed of reinforced concrete that was originally part of the Nimitz Freeway (
774:
The collapsed
Cypress Street Viaduct seen from ground level. Note the detachment of upper vertical elements from lower and the lack of reinforcement at the point of detachment.
1207:
1984:
792:
253:
2034:
834:
1056:
Holler, Scott; Vicki Sheff; Lorenzo Benet; Doris Bacon; Tom
Cunneff; Michael Alexander; Kristina Johnson; Robin Micheli; Linda Witt (October 30, 1989).
448:
resulted in 42 fatalities—while this represented two-thirds of the total quake death toll of 63, it was a magnitude lower than initially feared; with
2094:
2039:
2029:
2019:
1935:
512:
1125:
2024:
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1490:
299:
294:
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2009:
1979:
1335:
2089:
1730:
1307:
2074:
2004:
1850:
1830:
1252:
1057:
483:
During construction of the new section of the Nimitz
Freeway, a team of archaeologists made many discoveries about the people who lived in
922:
2084:
480:. This also realigned the ramp from I-80 west to I-580 east/I-880 south which fully completed the Cypress Freeway Realignment in 2001.
378:
304:
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1446:
1436:
1421:
274:
2064:
1735:
1378:
508:
314:
289:
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2014:
1835:
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1548:
74:
1989:
370:
It officially opened to traffic on June 11, 1957, and was in use until October 17, 1989. At approximately 5:04 p.m. that day,
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2049:
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1510:
243:
725:
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309:
284:
248:
2059:
1592:
1143:
1027:
997:
968:
786:
Portion of the collapsed Cypress Street Viaduct after the Loma Prieta earthquake; the collapse resulted in 42 fatalities.
1458:
952:
Fed. Highway Admin. Envtl. Justice Case Studies, Cyprus Freeway Replacement Project, U.S. DEP’T TRANSP. (Aug. 29, 2011)
258:
1239:
1300:
1234:
484:
364:
279:
951:
415:
On October 17, 1989, the portion of the structure from 16th Street north to the MacArthur Maze collapsed during the
1406:
1368:
759:
1845:
1693:
1624:
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822:
1740:
1453:
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1416:
897:
1269:
1920:
1870:
1470:
1293:
520:
266:
1999:
1774:
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1582:
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902:
693:
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416:
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341:
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117:
942:
Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment
1886:
861:
548:
360:
211:
1087:"Profile of mortality from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake using coroner and medical examiner reports"
1725:
1681:
1629:
1587:
1530:
1383:
697:
500:
426:
The collapsed Cypress Street Viaduct at the Northern end, near the corner of Cypress and 32nd Streets
337:
230:
107:
1790:
1780:
1607:
1602:
1557:
1251:
710:
Northern terminus; northbound/westbound exit and southbound/eastbound entrance (Realigned in 1997)
1525:
885:
1071:
939:
2044:
1891:
1760:
1426:
1411:
926:
705:
666:
671:
Northbound exit and southbound entrance (Realigned in 1997; opened in 1998; completed in 2001)
444:. A small degree of earthquake reinforcement was added to the Cypress Street Viaduct in 1977.
947:
1805:
1785:
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1520:
701:
1282:(1950s), Caltrans video showing the progress of construction and engineering methods used.
8:
1577:
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1316:
851:
544:
455:
After the viaduct was torn down, Cypress Street was renamed Mandela Parkway, in honor of
345:
172:
161:
1102:
866:
432:
1266:(1993), TV movie fictionalization and re-enactment of events at the Cypress Structure.
1800:
1645:
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1243:
1106:
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825:
528:
449:
905:– the only remaining double-decked freeway entirely over land in the Bay Area.
1686:
1655:
1098:
818:
815:
615:
1085:
Eberhart-Phillips JE, Saunders TM, Robinson AL, Hatch DL, Parrish RG (June 1994).
1660:
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856:
576:
467:
1720:
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1612:
456:
403:
382:
54:
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1151:
1968:
1950:
1937:
1901:
1363:
1028:"Report From District IV: Pushed Toward Completion, Bay Area Freeway Network"
441:
191:
1855:
755:
placement, the support columns broke with ease, sending the structure down.
507:(moving part of the rail yard, which in turn caused the earthquake-damaged
395:
1110:
969:"Something New: Double-deck Freeway Viaducts In San Francisco and Oakland"
1055:
1261:
605:
Southbound entrance (Northbound exit added in 1997 by West Grand Avenue)
1896:
1745:
1567:
811:
437:
201:
1285:
1084:
798:
A pile of rebar and concrete from the collapsed Cypress Street Viaduct
581:
Northbound exit and southbound entrance, exit still exists as Exit 42B
1174:"Putting the "There" There: Historical Archaeologies of West Oakland"
524:
1126:"Promises of Preparedness Followed Devastating Earthquakes. And Yet"
1086:
422:
1007:. Vol. 36, no. 7–8. July–August 1957. pp. 43–44, 51
523:(having to replace a parking lot with a parking garage), and the
352:
497:
Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
29:
828:, and Rep. George Miller inspect Cypress Street Viaduct damage.
652:
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628:
613:
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752:
359:. It was located along Cypress Street between 7th Street and
38:
955:
948:
DOUGLAS MASSEY & NANCY DENTON, AMERICAN APARTHEID (1998)
845:
715:
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
998:"A First: Initial Double-deck Freeway In Oakland Is Opened"
532:
355:
constructed in the 1930s as one of the approaches to the
511:
to be closed and replaced with two Amtrak stations in
462:
670:
643:
631:
619:
604:
592:
1279:Construction of the Cypress Viaduct (part 1 of 5)
1966:
62:Route of the viaduct in relation to modern roads
1985:Buildings and structures in Oakland, California
419:, due to ground movement and structural flaws.
125:
372:a magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck the Bay Area
2035:Former buildings and structures in California
1301:
1025:
1019:
990:
960:
450:San Francisco and Oakland in the World Series
1759:
1253:Template:Attached KML/Cypress Street Viaduct
978:. Vol. 36, no. 1–2. pp. 31–35
1187:
1308:
1294:
966:
381:is located in Oakland, at 14th Street and
1256:
846:Similar structures damaged by earthquakes
410:
2095:Building and structure collapses in 1989
2040:Former road bridges in the United States
2030:Demolished highways in the United States
2020:Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
1123:
1037:. Vol. 37, no. 3–4. p. 14
466:
421:
2025:Demolished bridges in the United States
1315:
1193:
1078:
620:Northbound entrance and southbound exit
1995:Transportation disasters in California
1975:Bridge disasters caused by earthquakes
1967:
2070:Transportation in Oakland, California
2010:Bridge disasters in the United States
1980:Bridges in Alameda County, California
1289:
1196:"Replacing Oakland's Cypress Freeway"
679:
675:
648:
636:
624:
609:
597:
585:
574:
570:
2090:1989 disestablishments in California
1736:Oakland – Jack London Square station
1035:California Highways and Public Works
1005:California Highways and Public Works
976:California Highways and Public Works
967:Travis, W. (January–February 1957).
2075:20th century in Oakland, California
2005:1989 disasters in the United States
1210:from the original on March 24, 2022
1194:Jackson, Brett (March–April 1998).
840:Under construction February 8, 1957
351:It replaced an earlier single-deck
13:
1136:
1124:Haberman, Clyde (April 13, 2014).
1103:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00298.x
1058:"A City Trembled, Its People Held"
1026:Booker, B. W. (March–April 1958).
463:Reconstruction around West Oakland
14:
2106:
2085:1957 establishments in California
1225:
898:San Francisco Bay Area portal
1915:
1914:
1677:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
1271:Loma Prieta Earthquake, ca. 1989
891:
879:
833:
803:
791:
779:
767:
744:
687:
681:
653:
527:(the new route went through the
357:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
148:
143:
112:
102:
84:1.78 mi (2.86 km)
37:
28:
2065:San Francisco Bay Area freeways
1770:12th Street Oakland City Center
1166:
440:, and bay clay exhibits larger
388:
171:Market Street at 7th Street in
2055:Concrete bridges in California
2015:History of Oakland, California
1694:Posey and Webster Street Tubes
1625:2012 Oikos University shooting
1476:The College Preparatory School
1359:California College of the Arts
1117:
1049:
933:
915:
629:Cypress Street, Peralta Street
92:June 11, 1957–October 17, 1989
1:
1990:Viaducts in the United States
1741:Oakland International Airport
1454:American Indian Model Schools
1417:Coliseum College Prep Academy
1148:Congress for the New Urbanism
909:
641:Cypress Street at 32nd Street
471:Cypress Freeway Memorial Park
379:Cypress Freeway Memorial Park
2080:2010s in Oakland, California
2050:Named freeways in California
1598:Shootings of police officers
944:, 124 YALE L.J. 1934 (2015).
602:7th Street at Kirkham Street
538:
521:United States Postal Service
267:State highways in California
7:
1583:1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
1486:Oakland School for the Arts
903:Interstate 280 (California)
886:California Roads portal
872:
491:northbound addition of the
417:1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
328:, often referred to as the
10:
2111:
2060:Road bridges in California
751:Due to improper design of
737:
590:8th Street, Cypress Street
509:16th Street Amtrak Station
120:(entire length, 1984–1989)
110:(entire length, 1957–1984)
1910:
1879:
1818:
1669:
1638:
1630:Ghost Ship warehouse fire
1544:
1503:
1491:St. Elizabeth High School
1471:Bishop O'Dowd High School
1397:
1384:Samuel Merritt University
1351:
1344:
1323:
1263:Miracle on Interstate 880
923:"Cypress Viaduct Freeway"
714:
709:
677:
650:
638:
626:
611:
599:
587:
580:
572:
565:
562:
559:
556:
501:Southern Pacific Railroad
231:Interstate Highway System
226:
221:
217:
207:
197:
187:
182:
178:
167:
139:
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124:
96:
88:
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72:
67:
60:
52:
23:
16:Interchange in California
1608:Your Black Muslim Bakery
1558:Oakland Railroad Company
758:Photo by H.G. Wilshire,
721:
543:The entire route was in
531:), as well as replacing
1777:(Uptown Transit Center)
1751:Eastmont Transit Center
1731:International Boulevard
493:Benicia–Martinez Bridge
1892:San Francisco Bay Area
1851:Mountain View Cemetery
1714:Cypress Street Viaduct
1442:Oakland Technical High
472:
427:
411:Loma Prieta earthquake
326:Cypress Street Viaduct
46:Cypress Street Viaduct
487:in the 19th century.
470:
425:
1951:37.8168°N 122.2895°W
1826:Designated Landmarks
1593:Oscar Grant shooting
1257:KML is from Wikidata
1154:on November 21, 2022
1070:(18). Archived from
1947: /
1846:Children's Hospital
1775:19th Street Oakland
1578:Black Panther Party
1317:Oakland, California
1074:on August 18, 2016.
862:Embarcadero Freeway
852:Alaskan Way Viaduct
644:Northbound entrance
346:Oakland, California
2000:1989 in California
1956:37.8168; -122.2895
1573:Naval Supply Depot
1369:Lincoln University
1130:The New York Times
867:Hanshin Expressway
513:Jack London Square
473:
433:Hanshin Expressway
428:
1930:
1929:
1841:Tallest buildings
1814:
1813:
1646:Oakland Athletics
1588:Firestorm of 1991
1563:Oakland Army Base
1531:Police Department
1499:
1498:
1481:Head-Royce School
1389:Patten University
1336:List of companies
1144:"Mandela Parkway"
940:Sarah Schindler,
826:George H. W. Bush
762:
735:
734:
726:Incomplete access
529:Oakland Army Base
478:Eastshore Freeway
348:, United States.
330:Cypress Structure
322:
321:
68:Route information
53:Cypress Freeway,
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1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1918:
1917:
1757:
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1687:Caldecott Tunnel
1656:Oakland Roots SC
1349:
1348:
1310:
1303:
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1287:
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1219:
1217:
1215:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1150:. Archived from
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1134:
1133:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
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1017:
1016:
1014:
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994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
973:
964:
958:
950:; see generally
937:
931:
930:
929:on July 7, 2009.
925:. Archived from
919:
896:
895:
894:
884:
883:
882:
837:
819:Lionel J. Wilson
807:
795:
783:
771:
757:
748:
728:
722:
692:
691:
690:
685:
684:
657:
656:
616:Downtown Oakland
575:Market Street –
554:
553:
152:
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106:
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41:
32:
21:
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1941:
1938:
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1875:
1810:
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1661:Oakland Spiders
1651:Oakland Ballers
1634:
1619:Oakland Tribune
1546:
1540:
1536:Port of Oakland
1526:Fire Department
1495:
1427:McClymonds High
1412:Castlemont High
1399:
1393:
1374:Merritt College
1340:
1331:Oakland Seaport
1319:
1314:
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1249:
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857:Central Freeway
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688:
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632:Southbound exit
593:Northbound exit
577:Harbor Terminal
541:
535:support beams.
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413:
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334:Cypress Freeway
149:
144:
135:Major junctions
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1726:Warren Freeway
1723:
1721:Interstate 980
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1709:Interstate 880
1706:
1704:Interstate 580
1701:
1699:MacArthur Maze
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549:Alameda County
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457:Nelson Mandela
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390:
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367:neighborhood.
342:Interstate 880
338:State Route 17
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2045:Interstate 80
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2028:
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2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
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1097:(2): 160–70.
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442:ground motion
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361:Interstate 80
358:
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340:, and later,
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305:Unconstructed
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192:United States
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59:
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40:
31:
22:
19:
1932:
1919:
1866:Sausal Creek
1856:Lake Merritt
1806:West Oakland
1786:Lake Merritt
1713:
1617:
1521:City Council
1466:The Crucible
1447:Skyline High
1437:Oakland High
1432:MetWest High
1422:Fremont High
1278:
1270:
1262:
1233:
1214:November 20,
1212:. Retrieved
1203:
1200:Public Roads
1199:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1168:
1158:November 20,
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1147:
1138:
1129:
1119:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1072:the original
1067:
1061:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1034:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1004:
992:
980:. Retrieved
975:
962:
941:
935:
927:the original
917:
723:
696:west –
563:Destinations
542:
489:
485:West Oakland
482:
474:
454:
446:
429:
414:
400:
396:West Oakland
392:
389:Construction
376:
369:
365:West Oakland
350:
333:
329:
325:
323:
265:
229:
130:Entire route
18:
1954: /
1942:122°17′22″W
1459:High School
1407:Oakland USD
1398:Primary and
1179:November 3,
1041:January 16,
1011:January 16,
982:January 16,
1969:Categories
1939:37°49′00″N
1897:California
1746:AC Transit
1568:Key System
1504:Government
910:References
812:Pete Stark
706:Sacramento
667:San Rafael
517:Emeryville
438:earthquake
275:Interstate
202:California
108:SR 17
1801:Rockridge
1791:MacArthur
1516:City Hall
1400:secondary
1345:Education
1091:Disasters
823:President
539:Exit list
525:U.S. Army
385:Parkway.
244:Auxiliary
97:Component
1921:Category
1781:Coliseum
1763:stations
1549:Timeline
1235:KML file
1208:Archived
873:See also
702:Berkeley
495:and the
315:Freeways
254:Business
249:Suffixed
208:Counties
183:Location
156: /
99:highways
75:Caltrans
1880:Related
1545:History
1324:Economy
1111:8076160
946:citing
738:Gallery
545:Oakland
519:), the
383:Mandela
363:in the
353:viaduct
332:or the
310:Deleted
295:History
212:Alameda
188:Country
173:Oakland
162:Oakland
89:Existed
1639:Sports
1511:Mayors
1352:Higher
1109:
1063:People
505:Amtrak
290:Scenic
259:Future
81:Length
1871:Crime
1819:Other
1682:SR 24
1206:(5).
1031:(PDF)
1001:(PDF)
972:(PDF)
816:Mayor
810:Rep.
753:rebar
659:I-580
566:Notes
344:) in
285:State
198:State
158:I-580
118:I-880
1761:BART
1244:help
1240:edit
1216:2023
1181:2007
1160:2023
1107:PMID
1043:2019
1013:2019
984:2019
760:USGS
694:I-80
663:I-80
533:BART
515:and
503:and
377:The
324:The
239:Main
154:I-80
1796:OAK
1099:doi
160:in
126:NHS
1971::
1242:•
1204:61
1202:.
1198:.
1146:.
1128:.
1105:.
1095:18
1093:.
1089:.
1068:32
1066:.
1060:.
1033:.
1003:.
974:.
954:,
821:,
814:,
704:,
700:,
560:km
557:mi
551:.
547:,
398:.
280:US
1551:)
1547:(
1309:e
1302:t
1295:v
1246:)
1238:(
1218:.
1183:.
1162:.
1132:.
1113:.
1101::
1045:.
1015:.
986:.
957:.
661:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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