816:
846:
757:
780:
804:
792:
479:
904:
694:
1927:
50:
41:
666:
161:
125:
700:
156:
434:
115:
892:
470:, and a landscaped median strip was planted where the viaduct once stood. Before reconstruction occurred, the viaduct ended at the 7th Street exit on the southern end, with the two roadways going over 7th Street, while the southbound exit off the MacArthur Maze onto Cypress Street at 32nd Street remained open to local traffic on the northern end.
487:
a single northbound and southbound exit at 7th Street, near the Port of
Oakland was constructed also providing access via Frontage Road to West Grand Avenue and the Oakland Army Base on Maritime Street, before a viaduct-type interchange splitting traffic to the Bay Bridge via Grand Avenue and also northbound to the
486:
In 1997, the Nimitz
Freeway was rerouted to loop around the area using a largely ground-level design with more conventional single-level viaduct. The space was mainly taken from a railroad yard which was relocated. The exit at 8th Street was eliminated, a southbound exit near 7th and Union Street and
441:
The upper deck was used by southbound traffic; the lower deck, by northbound traffic. Some sections of the
Cypress Street Viaduct were largely supported by two columns on either side, but some sections were only supported by a single supporting column. The design was unable to survive the earthquake
501:
Due to cost overruns, the costs of the replacement freeway doubled from initial estimates of $ 650 million to $ 1.2 billion ($ 250 million per mile) making the five-mile freeway replacement the most expensive project in the state's history at the time. (It would be subsequently overshadowed by the
412:
The southernmost portion of the
Cypress Street viaduct, which was designed as a central off ramp structure exiting at Market Street between Fifth and Sixth Streets to the Eighth Street/Seventh Street on/off ramps, was the first phase of the overall project completed in October 1955, by contractors
458:
After the earthquake stopped (with no aftershock), local residents and workers began crawling into and climbing upon the shattered structure with the goal of rescuing those left alive. Many were saved, some only by amputation of trapped limbs. The collapse of the upper tier onto the lower tier
404:
The double-decked viaduct was initially designed in 1949 by the City of
Oakland as a way to ease traffic on local streets leading to the Bay Bridge, such as Cypress Street (which was California State Route 17 at the time). The route was partially chosen to displace perceived slums in
417:
in the north), began in
February 1956 by contractors Grove, Wilson, Shepard and Kruge at a cost of $ 8.3 million, bringing the total cost of the viaduct project to $ 10 million. It was California's first double-decked freeway when it officially opened to traffic on June 11, 1957.
446:
in Kobe, Japan). At the time of its design, such structures were not analyzed as a whole, and it appears that large structure motion contributed to the collapse. It was built on filled land on top of bay clay; filled land is highly susceptible to soil settlement during an
815:
779:
756:
1285:(03/2003 – ). National Archives and Records Administration – ARC Identifier 951729 / Local Identifier 311-NETC-39 – Department of Homeland Security. Federal Emergency Management Agency. National Emergency Training Center.
463:, many would-be commuters in both cities had left work early or stayed late to watch the upcoming Game 3, and as a result traffic on the viaduct was far lighter at the time of the quake than it normally would have been.
791:
510:.) The cost overruns were mainly due to the opposition to replacing the highway on the site of the one partially destroyed in 1989, therefore requiring the purchase of land and property from
413:
Frederickson and Watson at a cost of $ 1.7 million. Construction on the second phase of the project, the double-decked viaduct portion (which started from
Adeline Street in the south to the
507:
385:, resulting in a large portion of the freeway's upper deck collapsing onto the lower deck. The collapse killed 42 people and resulted in the subsequent demolition of the structure.
442:
because the upper portions of the exterior columns were not tied by reinforcing to the lower columns, and the columns were not sufficiently ringed to prevent bursting (similar to
347:, was a 1.6-mile-long (2.5 km), raised two-deck, multi-lane (four lanes per tier) freeway constructed of reinforced concrete that was originally part of the Nimitz Freeway (
785:
The collapsed
Cypress Street Viaduct seen from ground level. Note the detachment of upper vertical elements from lower and the lack of reinforcement at the point of detachment.
1218:
1995:
803:
264:
2045:
845:
1067:
Holler, Scott; Vicki Sheff; Lorenzo Benet; Doris Bacon; Tom
Cunneff; Michael Alexander; Kristina Johnson; Robin Micheli; Linda Witt (October 30, 1989).
459:
resulted in 42 fatalities—while this represented two-thirds of the total quake death toll of 63, it was a magnitude lower than initially feared; with
2105:
2050:
2040:
2030:
1946:
523:
1136:
2035:
1851:
2005:
1985:
1501:
310:
305:
2080:
2020:
1990:
1346:
2100:
1741:
1318:
2085:
2015:
1861:
1841:
1263:
1068:
494:
During construction of the new section of the Nimitz
Freeway, a team of archaeologists made many discoveries about the people who lived in
933:
2095:
491:. This also realigned the ramp from I-80 west to I-580 east/I-880 south which fully completed the Cypress Freeway Realignment in 2001.
389:
315:
1876:
1608:
1457:
1447:
1432:
285:
2075:
1746:
1389:
519:
325:
300:
2065:
2025:
1846:
1780:
1559:
85:
2000:
381:
It officially opened to traffic on June 11, 1957, and was in use until October 17, 1989. At approximately 5:04 p.m. that day,
2090:
2060:
1806:
1521:
254:
736:
1871:
1836:
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488:
367:
320:
295:
259:
2070:
1603:
1154:
1038:
1008:
979:
797:
Portion of the collapsed Cypress Street Viaduct after the Loma Prieta earthquake; the collapse resulted in 42 fatalities.
1469:
963:
Fed. Highway Admin. Envtl. Justice Case Studies, Cyprus Freeway Replacement Project, U.S. DEP’T TRANSP. (Aug. 29, 2011)
269:
1250:
1311:
1245:
495:
375:
290:
962:
426:
On October 17, 1989, the portion of the structure from 16th Street north to the MacArthur Maze collapsed during the
1417:
1379:
770:
17:
1856:
1704:
1635:
1486:
1369:
833:
1751:
1464:
1452:
1427:
908:
1280:
1931:
1881:
1481:
1304:
531:
277:
2010:
1785:
1719:
1714:
1593:
1583:
1496:
913:
704:
673:
669:
527:
503:
427:
382:
352:
249:
168:
164:
128:
953:
Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment
1897:
872:
559:
371:
222:
1098:"Profile of mortality from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake using coroner and medical examiner reports"
1736:
1692:
1640:
1598:
1541:
1394:
708:
511:
437:
The collapsed Cypress Street Viaduct at the Northern end, near the corner of Cypress and 32nd Streets
348:
241:
118:
1801:
1791:
1618:
1613:
1568:
1262:
721:
Northern terminus; northbound/westbound exit and southbound/eastbound entrance (Realigned in 1997)
1536:
896:
1082:
950:
2055:
1902:
1771:
1437:
1422:
937:
716:
677:
682:
Northbound exit and southbound entrance (Realigned in 1997; opened in 1998; completed in 2001)
455:. A small degree of earthquake reinforcement was added to the Cypress Street Viaduct in 1977.
958:
1816:
1796:
1761:
1531:
712:
1293:(1950s), Caltrans video showing the progress of construction and engineering methods used.
8:
1588:
1442:
1327:
862:
555:
466:
After the viaduct was torn down, Cypress Street was renamed Mandela Parkway, in honor of
356:
183:
172:
1113:
877:
443:
1277:(1993), TV movie fictionalization and re-enactment of events at the Cypress Structure.
1811:
1656:
1573:
1526:
1491:
1399:
1254:
1117:
1073:
836:
539:
460:
916:– the only remaining double-decked freeway entirely over land in the Bay Area.
1697:
1666:
1109:
829:
826:
626:
1096:
Eberhart-Phillips JE, Saunders TM, Robinson AL, Hatch DL, Parrish RG (June 1994).
1671:
1661:
1629:
1546:
1384:
1341:
867:
587:
478:
1731:
1709:
1623:
467:
414:
393:
65:
1288:
1162:
1979:
1961:
1948:
1912:
1374:
1039:"Report From District IV: Pushed Toward Completion, Bay Area Freeway Network"
452:
202:
1866:
766:
placement, the support columns broke with ease, sending the structure down.
518:(moving part of the rail yard, which in turn caused the earthquake-damaged
406:
1121:
980:"Something New: Double-deck Freeway Viaducts In San Francisco and Oakland"
1066:
1272:
616:
Southbound entrance (Northbound exit added in 1997 by West Grand Avenue)
1907:
1756:
1578:
822:
448:
212:
1296:
1095:
809:
A pile of rebar and concrete from the collapsed Cypress Street Viaduct
592:
Northbound exit and southbound entrance, exit still exists as Exit 42B
1185:"Putting the "There" There: Historical Archaeologies of West Oakland"
535:
1137:"Promises of Preparedness Followed Devastating Earthquakes. And Yet"
1097:
433:
1018:. Vol. 36, no. 7–8. July–August 1957. pp. 43–44, 51
534:(having to replace a parking lot with a parking garage), and the
363:
508:
Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
40:
839:, and Rep. George Miller inspect Cypress Street Viaduct damage.
663:
651:
639:
624:
612:
600:
515:
763:
370:. It was located along Cypress Street between 7th Street and
49:
966:
959:
DOUGLAS MASSEY & NANCY DENTON, AMERICAN APARTHEID (1998)
856:
726:
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
1009:"A First: Initial Double-deck Freeway In Oakland Is Opened"
543:
366:
constructed in the 1930s as one of the approaches to the
522:
to be closed and replaced with two Amtrak stations in
473:
681:
654:
642:
630:
615:
603:
1290:Construction of the Cypress Viaduct (part 1 of 5)
1977:
73:Route of the viaduct in relation to modern roads
1996:Buildings and structures in Oakland, California
430:, due to ground movement and structural flaws.
136:
383:a magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck the Bay Area
2046:Former buildings and structures in California
1312:
1036:
1030:
1001:
971:
461:San Francisco and Oakland in the World Series
1770:
1264:Template:Attached KML/Cypress Street Viaduct
989:. Vol. 36, no. 1–2. pp. 31–35
1198:
1319:
1305:
977:
392:is located in Oakland, at 14th Street and
1267:
857:Similar structures damaged by earthquakes
421:
2106:Building and structure collapses in 1989
2051:Former road bridges in the United States
2041:Demolished highways in the United States
2031:Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
1134:
1048:. Vol. 37, no. 3–4. p. 14
477:
432:
2036:Demolished bridges in the United States
1326:
1204:
1089:
631:Northbound entrance and southbound exit
14:
2006:Transportation disasters in California
1986:Bridge disasters caused by earthquakes
1978:
2081:Transportation in Oakland, California
2021:Bridge disasters in the United States
1991:Bridges in Alameda County, California
1300:
1207:"Replacing Oakland's Cypress Freeway"
690:
686:
659:
647:
635:
620:
608:
596:
585:
581:
2101:1989 disestablishments in California
1747:Oakland – Jack London Square station
1046:California Highways and Public Works
1016:California Highways and Public Works
987:California Highways and Public Works
978:Travis, W. (January–February 1957).
2086:20th century in Oakland, California
2016:1989 disasters in the United States
1221:from the original on March 24, 2022
1205:Jackson, Brett (March–April 1998).
851:Under construction February 8, 1957
362:It replaced an earlier single-deck
24:
1147:
1135:Haberman, Clyde (April 13, 2014).
1114:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00298.x
1069:"A City Trembled, Its People Held"
1037:Booker, B. W. (March–April 1958).
474:Reconstruction around West Oakland
25:
2117:
2096:1957 establishments in California
1236:
909:San Francisco Bay Area portal
1926:
1925:
1688:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
1282:Loma Prieta Earthquake, ca. 1989
902:
890:
844:
814:
802:
790:
778:
755:
698:
692:
664:
538:(the new route went through the
368:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
159:
154:
123:
113:
95:1.78 mi (2.86 km)
48:
39:
2076:San Francisco Bay Area freeways
1781:12th Street Oakland City Center
1177:
451:, and bay clay exhibits larger
399:
182:Market Street at 7th Street in
2066:Concrete bridges in California
2026:History of Oakland, California
1705:Posey and Webster Street Tubes
1636:2012 Oikos University shooting
1487:The College Preparatory School
1370:California College of the Arts
1128:
1060:
944:
926:
640:Cypress Street, Peralta Street
103:June 11, 1957–October 17, 1989
13:
1:
2001:Viaducts in the United States
1752:Oakland International Airport
1465:American Indian Model Schools
1428:Coliseum College Prep Academy
1159:Congress for the New Urbanism
920:
652:Cypress Street at 32nd Street
482:Cypress Freeway Memorial Park
390:Cypress Freeway Memorial Park
2091:2010s in Oakland, California
2061:Named freeways in California
1609:Shootings of police officers
955:, 124 YALE L.J. 1934 (2015).
613:7th Street at Kirkham Street
549:
532:United States Postal Service
278:State highways in California
7:
1594:1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
1497:Oakland School for the Arts
914:Interstate 280 (California)
897:California Roads portal
883:
502:northbound addition of the
428:1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
339:, often referred to as the
10:
2122:
2071:Road bridges in California
762:Due to improper design of
748:
601:8th Street, Cypress Street
520:16th Street Amtrak Station
131:(entire length, 1984–1989)
121:(entire length, 1957–1984)
1921:
1890:
1829:
1680:
1649:
1641:Ghost Ship warehouse fire
1555:
1514:
1502:St. Elizabeth High School
1482:Bishop O'Dowd High School
1408:
1395:Samuel Merritt University
1362:
1355:
1334:
1274:Miracle on Interstate 880
934:"Cypress Viaduct Freeway"
725:
720:
688:
661:
649:
637:
622:
610:
598:
591:
583:
576:
573:
570:
567:
512:Southern Pacific Railroad
242:Interstate Highway System
237:
232:
228:
218:
208:
198:
193:
189:
178:
150:
145:
135:
107:
99:
91:
83:
78:
71:
63:
34:
27:Interchange in California
1619:Your Black Muslim Bakery
1569:Oakland Railroad Company
769:Photo by H.G. Wilshire,
732:
554:The entire route was in
542:), as well as replacing
1788:(Uptown Transit Center)
1762:Eastmont Transit Center
1742:International Boulevard
504:Benicia–Martinez Bridge
1903:San Francisco Bay Area
1862:Mountain View Cemetery
1725:Cypress Street Viaduct
1453:Oakland Technical High
483:
438:
422:Loma Prieta earthquake
337:Cypress Street Viaduct
57:Cypress Street Viaduct
498:in the 19th century.
481:
436:
1962:37.8168°N 122.2895°W
1837:Designated Landmarks
1604:Oscar Grant shooting
1268:KML is from Wikidata
1165:on November 21, 2022
1081:(18). Archived from
1958: /
1857:Children's Hospital
1786:19th Street Oakland
1589:Black Panther Party
1328:Oakland, California
1085:on August 18, 2016.
873:Embarcadero Freeway
863:Alaskan Way Viaduct
655:Northbound entrance
357:Oakland, California
2011:1989 in California
1967:37.8168; -122.2895
1584:Naval Supply Depot
1380:Lincoln University
1141:The New York Times
878:Hanshin Expressway
524:Jack London Square
484:
444:Hanshin Expressway
439:
1941:
1940:
1852:Tallest buildings
1825:
1824:
1657:Oakland Athletics
1599:Firestorm of 1991
1574:Oakland Army Base
1542:Police Department
1510:
1509:
1492:Head-Royce School
1400:Patten University
1347:List of companies
1155:"Mandela Parkway"
951:Sarah Schindler,
837:George H. W. Bush
773:
746:
745:
737:Incomplete access
540:Oakland Army Base
489:Eastshore Freeway
359:, United States.
341:Cypress Structure
333:
332:
79:Route information
64:Cypress Freeway,
16:(Redirected from
2113:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1929:
1928:
1768:
1767:
1698:Caldecott Tunnel
1667:Oakland Roots SC
1360:
1359:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1258:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1161:. Archived from
1151:
1145:
1144:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1013:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
984:
975:
969:
961:; see generally
948:
942:
941:
940:on July 7, 2009.
936:. Archived from
930:
907:
906:
905:
895:
894:
893:
848:
830:Lionel J. Wilson
818:
806:
794:
782:
768:
759:
739:
733:
703:
702:
701:
696:
695:
668:
667:
627:Downtown Oakland
586:Market Street –
565:
564:
163:
162:
158:
157:
138:
127:
126:
117:
116:
52:
43:
32:
31:
21:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2110:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1917:
1886:
1821:
1766:
1676:
1672:Oakland Spiders
1662:Oakland Ballers
1645:
1630:Oakland Tribune
1557:
1551:
1547:Port of Oakland
1537:Fire Department
1506:
1438:McClymonds High
1423:Castlemont High
1410:
1404:
1385:Merritt College
1351:
1342:Oakland Seaport
1330:
1325:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1133:
1129:
1094:
1090:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1031:
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1019:
1011:
1007:
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1002:
992:
990:
982:
976:
972:
949:
945:
932:
931:
927:
923:
903:
901:
891:
889:
886:
868:Central Freeway
859:
852:
849:
840:
819:
810:
807:
798:
795:
786:
783:
774:
767:
760:
751:
742:
735:
731:
727:
699:
697:
693:
691:
665:
643:Southbound exit
604:Northbound exit
588:Harbor Terminal
552:
546:support beams.
476:
424:
402:
345:Cypress Freeway
160:
155:
146:Major junctions
124:
122:
114:
109:
74:
59:
58:
55:
54:
53:
45:
44:
28:
23:
22:
18:Cypress Freeway
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2023:
2018:
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1993:
1988:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1922:
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1900:
1898:Alameda County
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1888:
1887:
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1879:
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1872:Temescal Creek
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1847:Notable people
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1759:
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1737:Warren Freeway
1734:
1732:Interstate 980
1729:
1728:
1727:
1720:Interstate 880
1717:
1715:Interstate 580
1712:
1710:MacArthur Maze
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1681:Transportation
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1664:
1659:
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1624:Occupy Oakland
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1614:Riders scandal
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1237:External links
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468:Nelson Mandela
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349:State Route 17
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1108:(2): 160–70.
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351:, and later,
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1877:Sausal Creek
1867:Lake Merritt
1817:West Oakland
1797:Lake Merritt
1724:
1628:
1532:City Council
1477:The Crucible
1458:Skyline High
1448:Oakland High
1443:MetWest High
1433:Fremont High
1289:
1281:
1273:
1244:
1225:November 20,
1223:. Retrieved
1214:
1211:Public Roads
1210:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1179:
1169:November 20,
1167:. Retrieved
1163:the original
1158:
1149:
1140:
1130:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1083:the original
1078:
1072:
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1050:. Retrieved
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1020:. Retrieved
1015:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
986:
973:
952:
946:
938:the original
928:
734:
707:west –
574:Destinations
553:
500:
496:West Oakland
493:
485:
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457:
440:
425:
411:
407:West Oakland
403:
400:Construction
387:
380:
376:West Oakland
361:
344:
340:
336:
334:
276:
240:
141:Entire route
29:
1965: /
1953:122°17′22″W
1470:High School
1418:Oakland USD
1409:Primary and
1190:November 3,
1052:January 16,
1022:January 16,
993:January 16,
1980:Categories
1950:37°49′00″N
1908:California
1757:AC Transit
1579:Key System
1515:Government
921:References
823:Pete Stark
717:Sacramento
678:San Rafael
528:Emeryville
449:earthquake
286:Interstate
213:California
119:SR 17
1812:Rockridge
1802:MacArthur
1527:City Hall
1411:secondary
1356:Education
1102:Disasters
834:President
550:Exit list
536:U.S. Army
396:Parkway.
255:Auxiliary
108:Component
1932:Category
1792:Coliseum
1774:stations
1560:Timeline
1246:KML file
1219:Archived
884:See also
713:Berkeley
506:and the
326:Freeways
265:Business
260:Suffixed
219:Counties
194:Location
167: /
110:highways
86:Caltrans
1891:Related
1556:History
1335:Economy
1122:8076160
957:citing
749:Gallery
556:Oakland
530:), the
394:Mandela
374:in the
364:viaduct
343:or the
321:Deleted
306:History
223:Alameda
199:Country
184:Oakland
173:Oakland
100:Existed
1650:Sports
1522:Mayors
1363:Higher
1120:
1074:People
516:Amtrak
301:Scenic
270:Future
92:Length
1882:Crime
1830:Other
1693:SR 24
1217:(5).
1042:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
983:(PDF)
827:Mayor
821:Rep.
764:rebar
670:I-580
577:Notes
355:) in
296:State
209:State
169:I-580
129:I-880
1772:BART
1255:help
1251:edit
1227:2023
1192:2007
1171:2023
1118:PMID
1054:2019
1024:2019
995:2019
771:USGS
705:I-80
674:I-80
544:BART
526:and
514:and
388:The
335:The
250:Main
165:I-80
1807:OAK
1110:doi
171:in
137:NHS
1982::
1253:•
1215:61
1213:.
1209:.
1157:.
1139:.
1116:.
1106:18
1104:.
1100:.
1079:32
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1014:.
985:.
965:,
832:,
825:,
715:,
711:,
571:km
568:mi
562:.
558:,
409:.
291:US
1562:)
1558:(
1320:e
1313:t
1306:v
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1249:(
1229:.
1194:.
1173:.
1143:.
1124:.
1112::
1056:.
1026:.
997:.
968:.
672:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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