48:
417:
nutrients the bacteria has the ability to form its spore like structure known as akinetes. These akinetes can persist in sediment for long periods of time, and are able to germinate once water temperatures rise to the appropriate level. The bacteria prefers temperatures ranging from 25–30 °C, light intensity of 80–121 μmol m-2 s-1, and a max
442:
The bacterium is thought to have originated in tropical or sub tropical regions. However, the bacterium has recently been discovered in more temperate climates such as the Great Lakes in North
America. The strain found in North America is thought to have originated in South America and it is believed
447:
is a factor behind the expansion of the bacteria's environment. So far there have been no documented effects of the species being present in the Great Lakes. However, this bacterium has been linked to liver damage and even death in humans after the contamination of water supplies. It has also been
564:
relationship with certain plants. In such relationships, the bacteria does not respond to the availability of nitrogen, but rather to signals produced by the plant. In this method, up to 60% of the cells can become heterocystic, providing fixed nitrogen to the plant in return for fixed carbon.
421:
concentration of 4 g L-1 NaCl. The levels of the bacteria typically stay relatively low throughout the summer, however it can be associated with very high concentrations under certain conditions. These conditions include: low flow; low water level; low nitrogen to phosphorus ratio; high water
416:
located in North
America. The bacterium has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen as well as absorb and store phosphorus. These abilities are advantageous to its survival in deep bodies of water where it has to compete for light. Under environmental stresses such as cool temperatures or low
573:
The appearance of cyanobacteria in water storage bodies is becoming of increasing importance and is a major factor in the eutrophication of rivers and streams. Many times the effects of the bacteria's presence can be toxic for livestock and wildlife, as well as for humans. Its exact mode of
847:
Padisak, Judit (1997). "Cylindrospermopsis
Raciborskii (Wołoszyńska) Seenayya Et Subba Raju, an Expanding. This is an relevant advantage for Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and it was observed that although its populational dynamics is connected with several variables, nitrogen was the major
483:. Normally, nitrogenase is inactivated by oxygen, which forces the bacterium to operate in a microanaerobic environment. The heterocyst's unique structure and physiology requires a global change in gene expression. This includes a variety of mechanisms including, but not limited to:
903:
Nestor, Lagos; Hideyuki
Onodera; Pedro Antonio Zagatto; DarĂo Andrinolo; Sandra M.F.Q Azevedo; Yasukatsu Oshima (October 1999). "The first evidence of paralytic shellfish toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, isolated from Brazil".
232:. This first toxin, cylindrospermopsin, has the ability to affect the liver and kidneys in humans as well as cause mild skin reactions upon exposure. The last two toxins, anatoxin-a and saxitoxin, are thought to be shellfish neurotoxins. Research has shown that
867:
Figueredo, Cleber; Gabriela von RĂĽckert; Arthur
Cupertino; MarĂlia Pontes; Luyara Fernandes; Solange Ribeiro; Natalia Maran (March 2014). "Lack of nitrogen as a causing agent of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii intermittent blooms in a small tropical reservoir".
635:
of cyanobacteria, leading to the release of any toxic cellular components. It was determined after an investigation that the contaminated water was all from
Solomon Dam where the copper sulfate was applied. It was during this investigation that
594:
is highly dependent on lake water temperature and underwater light intensity and thus on climatic conditions. Therefore, any future increase in lake water temperature will presumably lead to an increase in the size of
352:
This family of cyanobacteria forms filament-shaped colonies enclosed in mucus or a gelatinous sheath. Their habitats vary widely ranging from fresh water to salt water conditions. They often contain
968:"Severe Hepatotoxicity Caused by the Tropical Cyanobacterium (Blue-GreenAlga) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wołoszyńska) Seenaya and Subba Raju Isolated from a Domestic Water Supply Reservoir"
302:
is characterized by their ability to obtain energy through photosynthesis. They are often called the blue-green algae stemming from the Greek origins of the word kyanĂłs, meaning blue.
939:
Jöhnk, Klaus; Brüggemann R; Rücker J; Luther B; Simon U; Nixdorf B; Wiedner C (2011). "Modelling life cycle and population dynamics of
Nostocales (cyanobacteria)".
590:
has the ability to tolerate a rather wide range of climatic conditions. Its ability to produce akinetes assures survival even under harsher winter conditions. The
1204:
1075:
338:
This order includes cyanobacteria of filamentous forms, either simple or branched, both of which occur as single strands or multiple strands within a sheath.
475:
is a filamentous cyanobacteria with the ability to fix nitrogen by converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), thus distinguishing it as a
284:
Bacteria consists of prokaryotic microorganisms. They were among the first life forms to appear on Earth and appear in a wide variety of habitats.
1178:
731:
109:
17:
216:, varying from about 50–300 micrometers in length. These bacteria can also produce a thick walled, cylindrical, spore like structure known as
1217:
412:
This bacterium is a freshwater cyanobacterium often found in tropical regions but can be also found in more temperate locations such as the
848:
determinant in a
Brazilian reservoir (Pedalinhos, MG). Highly Adaptive Cyanobacterium: Worldwide Distribution and Review of Its Ecology".
220:, which also demonstrate variation in morphology. Some strains of this species are able to produce several toxins which affect humans:
1152:
1062:
1191:
479:. It provides the cells in the filament with nitrogen for biosynthesis by fixing nitrogen from dinitrogen (N2) using the enzyme
517:. The lack of photosystem II would normally prevent it from photosynthesizing, but the vegetative cells provide the necessary
1196:
800:"Molecular Characterization of the Toxic Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii and Design of a Species-Specific PCR"
619:) in 148 people off the northern coast of Queensland at Palm Island. The contamination of drinking water was attributed to
1299:
376:
This genus of filamentous cyanobacteria is found in terrestrial and aquatic environments. In terrestrial ecosystems,
1266:
1088:
690:
544:
The mechanism of controlling this nitrogen fixation pathway is thought to involve the diffusion of an inhibitor of
1222:
525:. The fixed carbon and nitrogen sources are exchanged through channels between the cells in the filament.
538:
47:
1093:
678:
1271:
1232:
1054:
735:
653:
548:
called patS. Heterocyst formation is inhibited in the presence of a fixed nitrogen source, such as
545:
237:
574:
virulence, however, is still unknown. It has been narrowed down that its virulence is primarily
1183:
1017:
534:
423:
353:
1209:
758:"Production of Natural Butylated Hydroxytoluene as an Antioxidant by Freshwater Phytoplankton"
757:
132:
1258:
866:
213:
902:
8:
1294:
591:
316:
This class consists of photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, containing
1080:
797:
221:
154:
99:
42:
992:
967:
917:
729:
506:
containing polar plugs composed of cyanophycin which slows down cell-to-cell diffusion
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997:
921:
885:
829:
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populations in eutrophic lakes posing an increased threat to drinking water supply.
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387:
378:
1120:
620:
514:
444:
193:
1288:
530:
427:
317:
205:
204:
This bacterium is an aquatic photosynthetic bacteria belonging to the phylum
79:
69:
881:
798:
Wilson, Kim; Mark A. Schembri; Peter D. Baker; Christopher P. Saint (2000).
430:
in at least some strata; high turbidity; high incident irradiation; and low
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to perform photosynthesis, which gives the cells a bluish-green color.
1157:
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488:
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431:
383:
321:
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190:
89:
1170:
494:
producing nitrogenase and other proteins involved in nitrogen fixation
1049:
616:
561:
457:
449:
382:
is found in soils, while in aquatic it commonly grows as part of the
357:
267:
229:
1011:
1114:
1034:
641:
549:
461:
418:
259:
209:
59:
560:
called hetN. An alternate method involves the bacteria entering a
938:
553:
522:
426:; increased retention time; high pH; high sulfate concentration;
263:
217:
966:
Hawkins, Peter; M T Runnegar; A R Jackson; I R Falconer (1985).
557:
299:
632:
578:, although other organs such as the kidneys can be involved.
730:
NOAA Center of
Excellence for Great Lakes and Human Health.
386:
on aquatic plants. The particular genus is a heterocystous (
240:, an antioxidant, food additive, and industrial chemical.
497:
the degradation of photosystem II, which produces oxygen
487:
Producing three additional cell walls, including one of
627:. The copper sulfate was intended to control a dense
503:
producing proteins that scavenge any remaining oxygen
452:in Brazil, cattle death in Australia, reduction of
208:. They are composed of chained filaments known as
623:treatment in the island's drinking-water supply,
1286:
755:
175:(Wołoszyńska) Seenayya & Subba Raju, 1972
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
556:. Therefore, maintenance is dependent on an
467:
460:, which it accumulates in organisms such as
732:"Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Factsheet"
491:that forms a hydrophobic barrier to oxygen
991:
823:
704:
258:The Tree of Life contains three Domains:
850:Archiv für Hydrobiologie Supplementbände
456:in Florida, as well as toxicity to some
846:
749:
602:
14:
1287:
972:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
804:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
615:(an infection of the liver resembling
581:
1016:
1015:
148:(Wołoszyńska) Seenaya & Subbaraju
1233:fc39e8de-45ac-451d-8a78-1f49aecad825
941:Environmental Modelling and Software
500:up-regulation of glycolytic enzymes
24:
25:
1311:
631:. However, copper sulfate causes
777:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00596.x
691:World Register of Marine Species
46:
984:10.1128/aem.50.5.1292-1295.1985
756:Babu B, Wu JT (December 2008).
568:
199:
1210:cylindrospermopsis-raciborskii
1106:Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
959:
932:
896:
860:
840:
791:
671:
609:Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
588:Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
511:Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
473:Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
402:Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
172:Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
18:Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
13:
1:
953:10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.11.001
918:10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00080-x
816:10.1128/aem.66.1.332-338.2000
664:
513:obtains its fixed carbon via
611:was attributed with causing
243:
7:
647:
539:cyclic photophosphorylation
212:that can show variation in
10:
1316:
1300:Bacteria described in 1912
640:was first identified as a
533:, allowing it to generate
437:
407:
1104:
1024:
870:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
521:, which is thought to be
468:Nitrogen-fixation pathway
160:
153:
138:
131:
43:Scientific classification
41:
34:
1081:raphidiopsis-raciborskii
1026:Raphidiopsis raciborskii
681:Raphidiopsis raciborskii
654:Butylated hydroxytoluene
238:butylated hydroxytoluene
186:Raphidiopsis raciborskii
142:Raphidiopsis raciborskii
36:Raphidiopsis raciborskii
882:10.1111/1574-6941.12243
354:photosynthetic pigments
424:thermal stratification
236:can naturally produce
765:Journal of Phycology
603:Palm Island incident
422:temperature; stable
164:Anabaena raciborskii
27:Species of bacterium
592:population dynamics
582:Population dynamics
124:R. raciborskii
390:) cyanobacterium.
372:Cylindrospermopsis
222:cylindrospermopsin
100:Aphanizomenonaceae
1282:
1281:
1254:Open Tree of Life
1018:Taxon identifiers
912:(10): 1359–1373.
586:It is known that
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167:Wołoszyńska, 1912
16:(Redirected from
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379:Cylindrospermum
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947:(5): 669–677.
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810:(1): 332–338.
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703:
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638:C. raciborskii
621:copper sulfate
604:
601:
597:C. raciborskii
583:
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529:does maintain
527:C. raciborskii
515:photosynthesis
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445:climate change
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738:on 2014-08-10
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531:photosystem I
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519:carbohydrates
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295:Cyanobacteria
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133:Binomial name
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740:. Retrieved
736:the original
694:. Retrieved
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596:
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569:Pathogenesis
543:
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200:Introduction
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111:Raphidiopsis
110:
80:Cyanophyceae
35:
29:
1166:iNaturalist
629:algal bloom
625:Solomon Dam
576:hepatotoxic
481:nitrogenase
454:zooplankton
414:Great Lakes
349:Nostocaceae
322:phycobilins
1295:Nostocales
1289:Categories
856:: 563–593.
742:2013-11-23
696:19 October
665:References
659:Cyanotoxin
489:glycolipid
477:heterocyst
450:fish kills
448:linked to
432:macrophyte
384:periphyton
335:Nostocales
226:anatoxin-a
214:morphology
191:freshwater
90:Nostocales
1050:AlgaeBase
1041:Q67338126
617:hepatitis
607:In 1979,
562:symbiotic
458:shellfish
434:biomass.
358:cytoplasm
356:in their
268:Eukaryota
244:Phylogeny
230:saxitoxin
210:trichomes
118:Species:
1184:10839089
1129:BioLib:
1121:Q5199329
1115:Wikidata
1068:10688260
1035:Wikidata
926:10414862
890:24329601
834:10618244
785:27039859
648:See also
642:pathogen
550:ammonium
462:crawfish
419:salinity
281:Bacteria
260:Bacteria
255:Bacteria
218:akinetes
155:Synonyms
96:Family:
66:Phylum:
60:Bacteria
56:Domain:
1158:3219362
1094:1308940
1002:3937492
906:Toxicon
554:nitrate
523:sucrose
438:History
408:Ecology
396:Species
276:Kingdom
264:Archaea
106:Genus:
86:Order:
76:Class:
1272:609461
1259:480769
1246:192506
1230:NZOR:
1197:203690
1171:699813
1132:866872
1055:167897
1000:
993:238741
990:
924:
888:
832:
822:
783:
558:enzyme
428:anoxia
344:Family
300:phylum
290:Phylum
266:, and
250:Domain
1267:WoRMS
1223:77022
1179:IRMNG
1145:333YF
1089:WoRMS
974:. 5.
825:91826
761:(PDF)
687:WoRMS
633:lysis
443:that
366:Genus
330:Order
308:Class
298:This
189:is a
1218:NCBI
1205:LPSN
1192:ITIS
1153:GBIF
1076:LPSN
1063:GBIF
998:PMID
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781:PMID
698:2023
320:and
228:and
1140:CoL
988:PMC
980:doi
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773:doi
552:or
537:by
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