Cyclin D1 - Knowledge

1451: 322: 299: 221: 196: 580: 573: 328: 227: 37: 1488:. Cyclin D1 is a protein required for progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. During the G1 phase, it is synthesized rapidly and accumulates in the nucleus, and is degraded as the cell enters the S phase. Cyclin D1 is a regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. The protein dimerizes with CDK4/6 to regulate the G1/S phase transition and entry into the S-phase. 1392:

The CCND1 gene encodes the cyclin D1 protein. The human CCND1 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11 (band 11q13). It is 13,388 base pairs long, and translates into 295 amino acids. Cyclin D1 is expressed in all adult human tissues with the exception of cells derived from bone marrow stem

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Chromosomal translocation around the cyclin D1 gene locus is often seen in B mantle cell lymphoma. In mantle cell lymphoma, cyclin D1 is translocated to the IgH promoter leading to cyclin D1 overexpression. Chromosomal translocation of the cyclin D1 gene locus is also observed in 15–20% of multiple

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Cyclin D1 overexpression has been shown to correlate with early cancer onset and tumor progression and it can lead to oncogenesis by increasing anchorage-independent growth and angiogenesis via VEGF production. Cyclin D1 overexpression can also down-regulate Fas expression, leading to increased

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Independent of CDK, cyclin D1 binds to nuclear receptors (including estrogen receptor α, thyroid hormone receptor, PPARγ and AR ) to regulate cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation. Cyclin D1 also binds to histone acetylases and histone deacetylases to regulate cell proliferation and cell

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Increasing cyclin D1 levels during the G1 phase is induced by mitogenic growth factors primarily through Ras-mediated pathways, and hormones. These Ras-mediated pathways lead to the increase in transcription of cyclin D1, and inhibit its proteolysis and export from the nucleus. Cyclin D1 is

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The cyclin D1-CDK4 complex promotes passage through the G1 phase by inhibiting the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). Cyclin D1-CDK4 inhibits pRb through phosphorylation, allowing E2F transcription factors to transcribe genes required for entry into the S phase. Inactive pRb allows cell cycle

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Cyclin D1 overexpression is strongly correlated to ER+ breast cancer and deregulation of cyclin D1 is associated with hormone therapy resistance in breast cancer. Overexpression of Cyclin D1b, an isoform, is also present in breast and prostate cancers.

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Shintani M, Okazaki A, Masuda T, Kawada M, Ishizuka M, Doki Y, Weinstein IB, Imoto M (2002). "Overexpression of cyclin DI contributes to malignant properties of esophageal tumor cells by increasing VEGF production and decreasing Fas expression".

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Mori J, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Miwa Y, Watanabe Y, Hirata M, Morimoto S, Shirasuna K, Sasaguri T (November 2005). "Differentiation-inducing factor-1 induces cyclin D1 degradation through the phosphorylation of Thr286 in squamous cell carcinoma".

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progression through the G1/S transition and allows for DNA synthesis. Cyclin D1-CDK4 also enables the activation of cyclin E-CDK2 complex by sequestering Cip/Kip family CDK inhibitory proteins p21 and p27, allowing entry into the S phase.

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Casimiro M, Rodriguez O, Pootrakul L, Aventian M, Lushina N, Cromelin C, Ferzli G, Johnson K, Fricke S, Diba F, Kallakury B, Ohanyerenwa C, Chen M, Ostrowski M, Hung MC, Rabbani SA, Datar R, Cote R, Pestell R, Albanese C (May 2007).

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Sakamaki T, Casimiro MC, Ju X, Quong AA, Katiyar S, Liu M, Jiao X, Li A, Zhang X, Lu Y, Wang C, Byers S, Nicholson R, Link T, Shemluck M, Yang J, Fricke ST, Novikoff PM, Papanikolaou A, Arnold A, Albanese C, Pestell R (July 2006).

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Wang C, Pattabiraman N, Zhou JN, Fu M, Sakamaki T, Albanese C, Li Z, Wu K, Hulit J, Neumeister P, Novikoff PM, Brownlee M, Scherer PE, Jones JG, Whitney KD, Donehower LA, Harris EL, Rohan T, Johns DC, Pestell RG (September 2003).

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Cyclin D1 was originally cloned as a breakpoint rearrangement in parathyroid adenoma and was shown to be required for progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle to induce cell migration, angiogenesis and to induce the

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The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclins function as regulators of CDKs

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Jin M, Inoue S, Umemura T, Moriya J, Arakawa M, Nagashima K, Kato H (November 2001). "Cyclin D1, p16 and retinoblastoma gene product expression as a predictor for prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer at stages I and II".

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Seto M, Yamamoto K, Iida S, Akao Y, Utsumi KR, Kubonishi I, Miyoshi I, Ohtsuki T, Yawata Y, Namba M (July 1992). "Gene rearrangement and overexpression of PRAD1 in lymphoid malignancy with t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation".

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Kenny FS, Hui R, Musgrove EA, Gee JM, Blamey RW, Nicholson RI, Sutherland RL, Robertson JF (August 1999). "Overexpression of cyclin D1 messenger RNA predicts for poor prognosis in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer".

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Hodges LC, Cook JD, Lobenhofer EK, Li L, Bennett L, Bushel PR, Aldaz CM, Afshari CA, Walker CL (February 2003). "Tamoxifen functions as a molecular agonist inducing cell cycle-associated genes in breast cancer cells".

1431:). Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression and degradation patterns which contribute to the temporal coordination of each mitotic event. This cyclin forms a complex with and functions as a regulatory subunit of 6197:

Schuuring E, Verhoeven E, Mooi WJ, Michalides RJ (February 1992). "Identification and cloning of two overexpressed genes, U21B31/PRAD1 and EMS1, within the amplified chromosome 11q13 region in human carcinomas".

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Tsujimoto Y, Yunis J, Onorato-Showe L, Erikson J, Nowell PC, Croce CM (June 1984). "Molecular cloning of the chromosomal breakpoint of B-cell lymphomas and leukemias with the t(11;14) chromosome translocation".

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Retinoid mediated cyclin D1 degradation via the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway; Differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) induced ubiquitin-dependent degradation; Inhibition of cyclin D1 protein synthesis

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Matsushime H, Ewen ME, Strom DK, Kato JY, Hanks SK, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ (October 1992). "Identification and properties of an atypical catalytic subunit (p34PSK-J3/cdk4) for mammalian D type G1 cyclins".

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Hibberts NA, Simpson DJ, Bicknell JE, Broome JC, Hoban PR, Clayton RN, Farrell WE (August 1999). "Analysis of cyclin D1 (CCND1) allelic imbalance and overexpression in sporadic human pituitary tumors".

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Fornaro M, Dell'Arciprete R, Stella M, Bucci C, Nutini M, Capri MG, Alberti S (September 1995). "Cloning of the gene encoding Trop-2, a cell-surface glycoprotein expressed by human carcinomas".

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Peeper DS, Upton TM, Ladha MH, Neuman E, Zalvide J, Bernards R, DeCaprio JA, Ewen ME (March 1997). "Ras signalling linked to the cell-cycle machinery by the retinoblastoma protein".

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Inaba T, Matsushime H, Valentine M, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ, Look AT (July 1992). "Genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and independent expression of human cyclin D genes".

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Inaba T, Matsushime H, Valentine M, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ, Look AT (July 1992). "Genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and independent expression of human cyclin D genes".

1447:. Mutations, amplification and overexpression of this gene, which alters cell cycle progression, are observed frequently in a variety of tumors and may contribute to tumorigenesis. 6412:

Hall M, Bates S, Peters G (October 1995). "Evidence for different modes of action of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: p15 and p16 bind to kinases, p21 and p27 bind to cyclins".

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Gansauge S, Gansauge F, Ramadani M, Stobbe H, Rau B, Harada N, Beger HG (May 1997). "Overexpression of cyclin D1 in human pancreatic carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis".

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Bartkova J, Lukas J, Müller H, Strauss M, Gusterson B, Bartek J (February 1995). "Abnormal patterns of D-type cyclin expression and G1 regulation in human head and neck cancer".

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Wang C, Li Z, Fu M, Bouras T, Pestell RG (2004). "Signal transduction mediated by cyclin D1: from mitogens to cell proliferation: a molecular target with therapeutic potential".

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Yamanouchi H, Furihata M, Fujita J, Murakami H, Yoshinouchi T, Takahara J, Ohtsuki Y (January 2001). "Expression of cyclin E and cyclin D1 in non-small cell lung cancers".

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Ikeguchi M, Sakatani T, Ueta T, Kaibara N (September 2001). "Cyclin D1 expression and retinoblastoma gene protein (pRB) expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma".

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Fu M, Wang C, Rao M, Wu X, Bouras T, Zhang X, Li Z, Jiao X, Yang J, Li A, Perkins ND, Thimmapaya B, Kung AL, Munoz A, Giordano A, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG (August 2005).

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Motokura T, Arnold A (June 1993). "PRAD1/cyclin D1 proto-oncogene: genomic organization, 5' DNA sequence, and sequence of a tumor-specific rearrangement breakpoint".

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Amin HM, McDonnell TJ, Medeiros LJ, Rassidakis GZ, Leventaki V, O'Connor SL, Keating MJ, Lai R (April 2003). "Characterization of 4 mantle cell lymphoma cell lines".

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Gautschi O, Ratschiller D, Gugger M, Betticher DC, Heighway J (January 2007). "Cyclin D1 in non-small cell lung cancer: a key driver of malignant transformation".

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Zwijsen RM, Wientjens E, Klompmaker R, van der Sman J, Bernards R, Michalides RJ (February 1997). "CDK-independent activation of estrogen receptor by cyclin D1".

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Dragnev KH, Petty WJ, Shah S, Biddle A, Desai NB, Memoli V, Rigas JR, Dmitrovsky E (December 2005). "Bexarotene and erlotinib for aerodigestive tract cancer".

4209:"Different mechanisms of cyclin D1 overexpression in multiple myeloma revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative analysis of mRNA levels" 2890:"Cytoskeletal integrity is required throughout the mitogen stimulation phase of the cell cycle and mediates the anchorage-dependent expression of cyclin D1" 4207:

Specht K, Haralambieva E, Bink K, Kremer M, Mandl-Weber S, Koch I, Tomer R, Hofler H, Schuuring E, Kluin PM, Fend F, Quintanilla-Martinez L (August 2004).

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Knudsen KE, Cavenee WK, Arden KC (May 1999). "D-type cyclins complex with the androgen receptor and inhibit its transcriptional transactivation ability".

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Motokura T, Bloom T, Kim HG, Jüppner H, Ruderman JV, Kronenberg HM, Arnold A (April 1991). "A novel cyclin encoded by a bcl1-linked candidate oncogene".

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Walker JL, Assoian RK (September 2005). "Integrin-dependent signal transduction regulating cyclin D1 expression and G1 phase cell cycle progression".

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Jares P, Colomer D, Campo E (October 2007). "Genetic and molecular pathogenesis of mantle cell lymphoma: perspectives for new targeted therapeutics".

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Cyclin D1 overexpression is correlated with shorter cancer patient survival and increased metastasis. Amplification of the CCND1 gene is present in:

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Dowdy SF, Hinds PW, Louie K, Reed SI, Arnold A, Weinberg RA (May 1993). "Physical interaction of the retinoblastoma protein with human D cyclins".

3748:"Dysregulated cyclin D1 expression early in head and neck tumorigenesis: in vivo evidence for an association with subsequent gene amplification" 4737:

Wang C, Fan S, Li Z, Fu M, Rao M, Ma Y, Lisanti MP, Albanese C, Katzenellenbogen BS, Kushner PJ, Weber B, Rosen EM, Pestell RG (August 2005).

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Serrano M, Hannon GJ, Beach D (December 1993). "A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/CDK4".

1857: 2694:"Cyclin D1 binds the androgen receptor and regulates hormone-dependent signaling in a p300/CBP-associated factor (P/CAF)-dependent manner" 2994:

Mulcahy LS, Smith MR, Stacey DW (1985). "Requirement for ras proto-oncogene function during serum-stimulated growth of NIH 3T3 cells".

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Sugimoto M, Nakamura T, Ohtani N, Hampson L, Hampson IN, Shimamoto A, Furuichi Y, Okumura K, Niwa S, Taya Y, Hara E (November 1999).

4385:"Cyclin D1 proteolysis: a retinoid chemoprevention signal in normal, immortalized, and transformed human bronchial epithelial cells" 3444:"Transcriptional regulation of the cyclin D1 promoter by STAT5: its involvement in cytokine-dependent growth of hematopoietic cells" 3165:

Simoneschi D, Rona G, Zhou N, Jeong YT, Jiang S, Milletti G, Arbini AA, O'Sullivan A, Wang AA, Nithikasem S, Keegan S (2021-04-29).

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Lew DJ, Dulić V, Reed SI (September 1991). "Isolation of three novel human cyclins by rescue of G1 cyclin (Cln) function in yeast".

2841:"Cyclin D1 inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated adipogenesis through histone deacetylase recruitment" 2640:"Cyclin D1 inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated adipogenesis through histone deacetylase recruitment" 1439:, whose activity is required for cell cycle G1/S transition. This protein has been shown to interact with tumor suppressor protein 1711: 3401:

Amanatullah DF, Zafonte BT, Albanese C, Fu M, Messiers C, Hassell J, Pestell RG (2001). "Ras regulation of cyclin D1 promoter".

2198: 5500:"PACSIN 2 represses cellular migration through direct association with cyclin D1 but not its alternate splice form cyclin D1b" 5191:

Neuman E, Ladha MH, Lin N, Upton TM, Miller SJ, DiRenzo J, Pestell RG, Hinds PW, Dowdy SF, Brown M, Ewen ME (September 1997).

4503:"The mechanism by which cycloheximide and related glutarimide antibiotics inhibit peptide synthesis on reticulocyte ribosomes" 3320:"Inhibition of cyclin D1 phosphorylation on threonine-286 prevents its rapid degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway" 2302:

Holnthoner W, Pillinger M, Groger M, Wolff K, Ashton AW, Albanese C, Neumeister P, Pestell RG, Petzelbauer P (November 2002).

7080: 3866: 3418: 2614: 5036:"Calmodulin is essential for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) activity and nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1-Cdk4 during G1" 1840: 6814: 5085:"Down-regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 or p27Kip1 abrogates antiestrogen-mediated cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells" 60: 2103:

Musgrove EA, Caldon CE, Barraclough J, Stone A, Sutherland RL (July 2011). "Cyclin D as a therapeutic target in cancer".

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Neumeister P, Pixley FJ, Xiong Y, Xie H, Wu K, Ashton A, Cammer M, Chan A, Symons M, Stanley ER, Pestell RG (May 2003).

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Izzo JG, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Li XQ, Ibarguen H, Lee JS, Ro JY, El-Naggar A, Hong WK, Hittelman WN (November 1998).

4987:"Cdk6-cyclin D3 complex evades inhibition by inhibitor proteins and uniquely controls cell's proliferation competence" 3442:

Matsumura I, Kitamura T, Wakao H, Tanaka H, Hashimoto K, Albanese C, Downward J, Pestell RG, Kanakura Y (March 1999).

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Casimiro MC, Wang C, Li Z, Di Sante G, Willmart NE, Addya S, Chen L, Liu Y, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG (September 2013).

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Li Z, Jiao X, Wang C, Shirley LA, Elsaleh H, Dahl O, Wang M, Soutoglou E, Knudsen ES, Pestell RG (November 2010).

5392:"Cyclin D1 repression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 integrates nuclear DNA synthesis and mitochondrial function" 4002:

Fantl V, Smith R, Brookes S, Dickson C, Peters G (1993). "Chromosome 11q13 abnormalities in human breast cancer".

3271:"Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of cyclin D1 nuclear export and cyclin D1-dependent cellular transformation" 3111:"The regulation of cyclin D1 degradation: roles in cancer development and the potential for therapeutic invention" 1844: 1823: 298: 2692:

Reutens AT, Fu M, Wang C, Albanese C, McPhaul MJ, Sun Z, Balk SP, Jänne OA, Palvimo JJ, Pestell RG (May 2001).

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Wang C, Li Z, Lu Y, Du R, Katiyar S, Yang J, Fu M, Leader JE, Quong A, Novikoff PM, Pestell RG (August 2006).

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Petre-Draviam CE, Williams EB, Burd CJ, Gladden A, Moghadam H, Meller J, Diehl JA, Knudsen KE (January 2005).

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Jain S, Khuri FR, Shin DM (2004). "Prevention of head and neck cancer: current status and future prospects".

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Meng H, Tian L, Zhou J, Li Z, Jiao X, Li WW, Plomann M, Xu Z, Lisanti MP, Wang C, Pestell RG (January 2011).

4832:"GCIP, a novel human grap2 and cyclin D interacting protein, regulates E2F-mediated transcriptional activity" 1777: 220: 195: 6125:"Zinc finger transcription factor INSM1 interrupts cyclin D1 and CDK4 binding and induces cell cycle arrest" 1129: 6568: 137: 4462:"Mechanism of cycloheximide inhibition of protein synthesis in a cell-free system prepared from rat liver" 1607:

Cyclin D1 and the mechanisms it regulates have the potential to be a therapeutic target for cancer drugs:

6884: 5632:"Cyclin D1 repression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression and transactivation" 5142:

Coleman KG, Wautlet BS, Morrissey D, Mulheron J, Sedman SA, Brinkley P, Price S, Webster KR (July 1997).

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Boyle JO, Langenfeld J, Lonardo F, Sekula D, Reczek P, Rusch V, Dawson MI, Dmitrovsky E (February 1999).

3493:"Transforming p21ras mutants and c-Ets-2 activate the cyclin D1 promoter through distinguishable regions" 1735: 1661: 334: 233: 7025: 6728: 5825:"Cyclin D1 associates with the TBP-associated factor TAF(II)250 to regulate Sp1-mediated transcription" 327: 226: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 2939:"Ras signalling is required for inactivation of the tumour suppressor pRb cell-cycle control protein" 1693: 1687: 1500:

Cyclin D1-CDK4 also associates with several transcription factors and transcriptional co-regulators.

1485: 1436: 1432: 2214:"Expression and significance of Wnt signaling components and their target genes in breast carcinoma" 124: 6435:"Identification of human cyclin-dependent kinase 8, a putative protein kinase partner for cyclin C" 5343:"Ligand-independent recruitment of steroid receptor coactivators to estrogen receptor by cyclin D1" 1294: 1243: 145: 5590:"Subunit rearrangement of the cyclin-dependent kinases is associated with cellular transformation" 5451:"Cyclin D1 represses p300 transactivation through a cyclin-dependent kinase-independent mechanism" 1450: 6675: 3585:"Molecular predictors of clinical outcome in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma" 1699: 1428: 4256:

Musgrove EA (March 2006). "Cyclins: roles in mitogenic signaling and oncogenic transformation".

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Simpson DJ, Frost SJ, Bicknell JE, Broome JC, McNicol AM, Clayton RN, Farrell WE (August 2001).

1290: 1269: 1239: 1218: 2304:"Fibroblast growth factor-2 induces Lef/Tcf-dependent transcription in human endothelial cells" 1765: 1444: 1440: 4542:

Vigushin DM, Coombes RC (January 2002). "Histone deacetylase inhibitors in cancer treatment".

7007: 6758: 5733:"Cyclin D1 suppresses retinoblastoma protein-mediated inhibition of TAFII250 kinase activity" 4620:

Shapiro GI (April 2006). "Cyclin-dependent kinase pathways as targets for cancer treatment".

3892:"Aberrant expression of G(1)/S regulators is a frequent event in sporadic pituitary adenomas" 209: 3851:

Genetic alterations of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and Cdk inhibitors in human cancer

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Rosenberg CL, Wong E, Petty EM, Bale AE, Tsujimoto Y, Harris NL, Arnold A (November 1991).

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Lapenna S, Giordano A (July 2009). "Cell cycle kinases as therapeutic targets for cancer".

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Cariou S, Donovan JC, Flanagan WM, Milic A, Bhattacharya N, Slingerland JM (August 2000).

8: 5193:"Cyclin D1 stimulation of estrogen receptor transcriptional activity independent of cdk4" 2779:"P/CAF associates with cyclin D1 and potentiates its activation of the estrogen receptor" 1791: 1527: 6450: 6388: 6258: 5910: 5407: 5100: 4944: 3491:

Albanese C, Johnson J, Watanabe G, Eklund N, Vu D, Arnold A, Pestell RG (October 1995).

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cyclin box domain for cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) binding and CDK inhibitor binding;

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Fu M, Rao M, Bouras T, Wang C, Wu K, Zhang X, Li Z, Yao TP, Pestell RG (April 2005).

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Fu M, Rao M, Bouras T, Wang C, Wu K, Zhang X, Li Z, Yao TP, Pestell RG (April 2005).

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mutations in the degradation motif recognized by the CRL4-AMBRA1 E3 ubiquitin ligase;

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An abundance of cyclin D1 can be caused by various types of deregulation, including:

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threonine residue (threonine 286) that controls nuclear export and protein stability.

117: 53: 6552: 6515: 6323: 6115: 6043: 6006: 5973:"Location, location, location: the role of cyclin D1 nuclear localization in cancer" 5934: 5858: 5809: 5681:"Alternative cyclin D1 splice forms differentially regulate the DNA damage response" 5484: 5327: 5278: 5177: 5069: 5020: 4865: 4693: 4369: 4285: 4242: 4193: 3988: 3781: 3732: 3526: 2980: 2874: 2673: 2583: 2527: 2475: 2337: 2213: 2184: 2132: 1976: 6532: 6495: 6464: 6454: 6392: 6352: 6344: 6303: 6272: 6262: 6177: 6146: 6136: 6093: 6060: 6023: 5984: 5951: 5914: 5836: 5789: 5766: 5744: 5700: 5692: 5651: 5643: 5601: 5560: 5519: 5511: 5462: 5421: 5411: 5362: 5354: 5305: 5294:"Cyclin D1 represses the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, BETA2/NeuroD" 5256: 5212: 5204: 5155: 5114: 5104: 5047: 4998: 4968: 4948: 4903: 4895: 4843: 4802: 4794: 4750: 4671: 4629: 4606: 4586: 4551: 4514: 4473: 4434: 4396: 4352: 4347: 4335: 4308: 4265: 4220: 4171: 4132: 4041: 3968: 3903: 3854: 3759: 3712: 3677: 3642: 3604: 3596: 3569: 3549: 3504: 3463: 3455: 3406: 3373: 3331: 3290: 3282: 3202: 3186: 3132: 3122: 3092: 3070: 3062: 3031: 3011: 2958: 2909: 2901: 2852: 2808: 2798: 2749: 2705: 2651: 2602: 2561: 2553: 2505: 2455: 2417: 2373: 2365: 2315: 2274: 2266: 2225: 2162: 2112: 2074: 2037: 2029: 1956: 1933: 1913: 1624:

Inhibiting translation of cyclin D1 mRNA via mTOR inhibitors and RXR activators.

1531: 1472: 414: 345: 289: 244: 6802: 6243:"PRAD1, a candidate BCL1 oncogene: mapping and expression in centrocytic lymphoma" 6064: 5696: 4755: 4738: 4336:"Cotargeting cyclin D1 starts a new chapter in lung cancer prevention and therapy" 3378: 3361: 149: 4136: 4032:

Arnold A, Papanikolaou A (June 2005). "Cyclin D1 in breast cancer pathogenesis".

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National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine

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National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine

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positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

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