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can also be made from semolina, rice, or even instant potato flakes. Often, the dish is still made by traditional methods: pounding and the base substance in a mortar with a wooden spoon. In contexts where poverty is not an issue, or where modern appliances are readily available, a food processor may
579:
Seafood is so prevalent in this region that this industry accounts for a quarter of the workforce. Dried and smoked fish flavor a number of sauces, stews, and other dishes, including condiments, in much the same way that anchovies and bacon flavor food in a number of other cuisines. It is often
672:
is mostly made from boiled cassava and unripe plantain beaten together, as well as from cocoyam. Currently, these products have been made into powder/flour and can be mixed with hot water to obtain the final product, eliminating the task of beating it in a mortar with a pestle until a desired
132:, European settlers defined colonial borders without regard to pre-existing borders, territories or cultural differences. This bisected tribes and created colonies with varying culinary styles. As a result, it is difficult to sharply define, for example, Senegalese cuisine.
68:
also plays a large role in their cuisine and recipes, as interactions with different cultures (particularly the Arab world and later
Europeans) over the centuries have introduced many ingredients that went on to become key components of the various national cuisines today.
495:
leaves (which contain cyanide in their raw state, and are always blanched with boiling water before use to remove the toxins) are some of the greens that are commonplace in a West
African kitchen. Black-eyed peas form the basis for a popular fried snack, the
453:
African potash (potassium carbonate) is a native salt used for flavoring and to expedite the cooking time for some foods by cooks, it is made from wood-fire ashes in an ancient process that was once used by pioneer settlers in North
America.
442:
or savory flavour is developed. Salt can be added to the finished product to facilitate storage life. This condiment is traditionally sold in balls or patties that can be kept for several months at a time in the case of the best quality.
1241:
is a common beverage made from the fermented sap of various types of palm trees and is usually sold in sweet (less-fermented, retaining more of the sap's sugar) or sour (fermented longer, making it stronger and less sweet) varieties.
1254:
Dining is communal; diners use their fingers to eat. Water has a very strong ritual significance in many West
African nations (particularly in dry areas), and water is often the first thing an African host will offer a guest.
57:, many families grow and raise their own food, and within each there is a division of labor. Indigenous foods consist of a number of plant species and animals, and are important to those whose lifestyle depends on farming and
339:
Obe ata and ata din din are base sauces used in many recipes. Both are based on tomatoes, chili peppers, onions and flavorings such as thyme, garlic, ginger, curry powder, along with stock or bouillon.
373:
rating 200,000-300,000) add a unique flavor as well as heat. The chilli is also supposed to help preserve food, as well as adding flavour to relatively bland tropical staples like root vegetables.
365:
sailed to
America by European sailors, it is said that the sweating induced by the spicy heat of chilli helps to cool the skin. More than in other regions of Africa, West Africans utilize
172:. Considered an essential and even "sacred" cooking technique in the region, the combination of these three ingredients sauteed in oil is analogous to similar concepts such as the
931:. The most common basic ingredients are rice, tomatoes and tomato paste, onion, salt, and red pepper. Beyond that, nearly any kind of meat, vegetable, or spice can be added.
616:, a popular grilled spicy meat kebab flavored with peanuts and other spices, is sold by street vendors as a snack or evening meal and is typically made with beef or chicken.
361:, however, are loved in West Africa, in fresh, dried and powdered form, particularly in the more hot and humid lands of the region. Introduced to Africa sometime after
277:
For an overall view of West Africa, according to Fran Osseo-Asare, the common ingredients for the West
African region are the leaves from a baobab tree, cereal grains:
924:
but has since spread to the whole of West Africa, especially
Nigeria and Ghana amongst members of the Wolof ethnic group, from whom the word "jollof" originated.
135:
Although the
European colonists brought many new ingredients to the African continent, they had relatively little effect on the way people cook in West Africa.
1566:
81:, European explorers and slave traders influenced regional cuisines in West Africa, but only to a limited extent. However, it was European merchant and
386:
or melegueta pepper), a plant indigenous to West Africa, are also widely used. This native spice tastes and looks somewhat like a peppercorn, but has
576:
is especially popular along the coast and many dishes combine both fish and meat. Seafood is one of the most common protein sources in West Africa.
157:
Though there are obvious differences among the local cuisines in West Africa, there are also many commonalities, mainly in the ingredients used.
1689:
529:
are ubiquitous in the local diet, and they are usually boiled and then pounded with a pestle and mortar into a thick starchy paste called
4429:
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580:
flaked and fried in oil, and sometimes cooked in sauce made with the base of hot peppers, onions and tomatoes, various spices (such as
2491:
1809:
3691:
2037:
2692:
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1872:
949:, or "rice meat" is made with beef, mutton or other red meat. Riz gras is a similar dish found in French-speaking West Africa.
17:
446:
It is a traditional cooking ingredient used across West Africa, although the less traditional bouillon cube, specifically the
219:, traditionally associated with the coastal regions and contributing a distinctive colour, flavour and texture to food, while
4509:
2486:
1739:
1665:
1601:
250:. Ghanaians use hot pepper because they believe the hot peppers will cool the body and cleanse/purify it (Salm, 106-108). In
424:) seeds, also known as locust bean, a plant native to West Africa. It can be made from other kinds of seeds, and the use of
4759:
509:
are used as staple food, to be served with their meat and vegetable dishes, often as a foil to the hotness of the peppers.
274:, and cooking oil (Ross, 75). Those are the few that have a slight difference of what they commonly use for their dishes.
394:
flavor notes. Grains of paradise was once a prized commodity reaching Europe through North
African middlemen during the
369:
chilli peppers with a liberal hand in many of their sauces and stews. The bite and fire of these extremely hot peppers (
4127:
2242:
624:
Some dishes are a prevalent feature in most West
African societies, but bearing different names in different locales.
4229:
1778:
1596:. Arts and Traditions of the Table: Perspectives on Culinary History Series. Columbia University Press. p. 33.
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Recipes for the stew vary widely, but groundnut stew at its core is cooked with a sauce based on groundnuts (
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1902:
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and makes an indentation with the thumb. This reservoir is then filled with soup, and the ball is eaten.
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Brashares, J. S. (2004-11-12). "Bushmeat Hunting, Wildlife Declines, and Fish Supply in West Africa".
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seeds. The fabrication process involves boiling, cleaning and then packing away to ferment - the
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733:(cocoyam leaves). Soups are often made with different kinds of meat and fish, fresh or smoked.
327:
173:
125:
65:
1618:
927:
There are many variations of jollof rice, which in most cuisines depends on a base similar to
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Other starch staples eaten throughout West Africa besides root vegetables and tubers include
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2047:
1987:
1912:
1862:
1318:
1101:
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In Nigeria and Ghana, the ball is often not chewed but swallowed whole; in fact, chewing
433:
378:
355:. Cooks uses spices and herbs like ginger, coriander, and thyme sparingly but knowingly.
129:
78:
4745:
1515:
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For more specific styles, refer to the articles on each national or regional cuisines:
657:
522:
488:
383:
271:
205:
110:
414:. It is usually prepared by women over the course of several days, traditionally from
313:, and rice. Other ingredients used are okra (thickener) as basis for soups and stews,
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4234:
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2022:
1937:
1917:
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1857:
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1735:
1671:
1661:
1657:
The art of fufu : a guide to the culture and flavors of a West African tradition
1597:
1535:
1527:
1454:
1292:
592:
is eaten nearly everywhere and chicken eggs are a common food and source of protein.
322:
113:. In turn, these slave ships carried African ingredients to the New World, including
1547:
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2017:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1932:
1922:
1907:
1897:
1882:
1847:
1832:
1770:
1519:
1442:
1348:
1328:
1323:
1308:
1287:
1166:
821:
420:
302:
101:, and both have become ubiquitous components of West African cuisines, along with
4489:
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4459:
4351:
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4013:
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3940:
3895:
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2707:
2702:
2697:
2680:
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2608:
2593:
2553:
2503:
2265:
2102:
2092:
2027:
1947:
1927:
1877:
1837:
1818:
1302:
1282:
860:
589:
526:
53:
encompasses a diverse range of foods that are split between its 16 countries. In
4749:
4249:
4608:
4545:
4514:
4474:
4244:
4147:
4095:
4080:
4003:
3998:
3935:
3833:
3766:
3736:
3726:
3659:
3604:
3594:
3549:
3454:
3397:
3367:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3204:
3169:
3159:
3112:
3062:
3022:
3002:
2997:
2940:
2925:
2883:
2861:
2784:
2747:
2421:
2381:
2351:
2133:
2128:
2057:
1982:
1967:
1952:
1313:
1189:
1026:
831:
506:
466:
391:
370:
358:
351:
play a relatively less prominent role in West African cooking compared to say,
314:
181:
114:
1675:
410:
is a flavouring used widely across West Africa, used in a manner not unlike a
4784:
4641:
4562:
4494:
4394:
4219:
4209:
4137:
4008:
3910:
3843:
3828:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3559:
3281:
3231:
3226:
3164:
3117:
2935:
2816:
2779:
2769:
2633:
2563:
2496:
2408:
2314:
1842:
1531:
1458:
1368:
1267:
1234:
1179:
1145:
1127:
940:
718:
683:
In Western and Central Africa, the more common method is to serve a mound of
411:
366:
193:
185:
177:
44:
40:
1641:
1523:
465:
are a part of any West African meal. Some commonly eaten vegetables include
4719:
4656:
4464:
3971:
3966:
3860:
3639:
3179:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3032:
2123:
1655:
1539:
1202:
894:
872:
518:
169:
86:
39:, a tangy-spicy dish enjoyed throughout the West African region, made with
34:
4707:
4339:
4132:
3372:
1382:
1150:
1133:
1055:
913:
722:
641:
593:
395:
298:
238:
There are certain ingredients that go with certain countries as well. In
220:
54:
1567:"Fufu: How to make, eat, and what to pair with the West African staple"
1226:
1094:
1067:
935:
809:
726:
82:
4540:
3961:
1238:
1230:
1160:
1113:
999:
981:
834:. With the significant expansion of groundnut cultivation during the
462:
224:
197:
98:
436:
process giving it a pungent smell and at the same time a rich, deep
4631:
1107:
1080:
1035:
987:
884:
845:
661:
572:
in the past, today their diet is heavier in meats, salt, and fats.
470:
387:
306:
290:
267:
216:
1787:
1731:
Foods of Sierra Leone and Other West African Countries: A Cookbook
1215:
1120:
428:
for this purpose is increasing due mainly to inadequate supply of
4636:
4334:
4254:
2251:
1184:
974:
928:
921:
864:
844:
has become a popular dish across West Africa, and as far east as
805:
665:
653:
582:
573:
553:
510:
492:
491:
leaves, pumpkin leaves, rosella leaves, sweet potato leaves, and
474:
425:
402:
278:
251:
189:
106:
58:
859:
of tomatoes, onion and chillies, and protein components such as
652:
is usually made from cassava, yams, and sometimes combined with
1237:
are popular beverages in West Africa. As for alcoholic drinks,
1195:
1087:
1020:
993:
852:
817:
797:
605:
549:
318:
282:
263:
259:
243:
209:
161:
102:
94:
905:
691:). After washing hands, the diner pinches off a small ball of
29:
4646:
4068:
1593:
A Revolution in Eating: How the Quest for Food Shaped America
1220:
1061:
1047:
1011:
967:
960:
755:
568:
Although West Africans ate far more vegetables and much less
557:
540:
498:
481:, as well as an extensive variety of both farmed and foraged
447:
438:
348:
294:
286:
247:
239:
201:
165:
151:
4702:
1376:
830:
appear in the cuisine of nations throughout West Africa and
729:, and other types of soups with vegetables such as okra and
4680:
4651:
4324:
2220:
1243:
1173:
1155:
1073:
889:
880:
813:
801:
648:
612:
608:
are preferred, with goat meat being the dominant red meat.
601:
597:
569:
545:
531:
514:
478:
310:
255:
143:
118:
90:
920:
is a popular dish all over West Africa. It originated in
741:
4673:
1005:
485:, little known or used outside of the African continent.
254:, the main ingredients are among many others hot pepper,
938:
version of jollof rice is a bit different and is called
586:) and water to produce a combination of subtle flavors.
632:
242:, the most commonly used ingredients are hot pepper,
1358:
952:
839:
825:
804:common to much of West Africa, and very popular in
791:
773:
767:
761:
753:
1447:"Yewande Komolafe's 10 Essential Nigerian Recipes"
710:not only serves as a food but also as a utensil.
235:, it is prized for the rich mouthfeel it imparts.
4782:
2236:
1803:
863:, beef or chicken. In the coastal regions of
1644:Ghanaian Maafe: My Changing Memories of Mafe
1479:"Obe Ata (Nigerian Red Pepper Sauce) Recipe"
785:
779:
231:in French, which comes from the Arabic word
150:, rings of fried peanut butter as served in
1033:—a popular version made in Ghana is called
945:the national dish of Senegal. A variation,
2243:
2229:
1810:
1796:
1764:
1755:
1688:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1616:
1589:
1727:
1501:
596:eggs also popular. In some inland areas,
1619:"Maafe – Chicken And Peanut Stew – Mali"
1441:
1214:
904:
740:
631:
619:
160:Many dishes are enriched with a base of
142:
28:
14:
4783:
1653:
4430:Historical North Indian and Pakistani
2224:
1791:
1642:Um'bido (greens & Peanuts) Recipe
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
887:(as West Africa meets the Sahara) or
4735:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1167:Sauce aux feuilles de patates douces
4755:
1817:
1219:Local distillation of palm wine in
879:is traditionally served with white
713:Some soups that may be served with
24:
1767:Senegal, - Die KĂĽche meiner Mutter
1721:
1610:
1428:
215:The most prevalent cooking oil is
43:, onions, lemon juice, olives and
25:
4882:
1654:Ukegbu, Kavachi Michelle (2021).
1554:
953:List of other West African dishes
736:
4764:
4754:
4744:
4734:
4725:
4724:
4713:
4701:
2205:
2204:
1888:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1758:Sénégal, - La cuisine de ma mère
1728:Massaquoi, Rachel C. J. (2011).
1375:
1361:
748:, prepared by a Senegalese cook.
450:brand, rivals it in popularity.
4765:
4420:Historical Indian subcontinent
1647:
1635:
1583:
1495:
1471:
1408:
900:
717:includes light (tomato) soup,
138:
13:
1:
1700:
1258:
457:
343:
2250:
2117:Ethnic and regional cuisines
1249:
1246:from millet is also common.
1210:
897:in the more tropical areas.
376:The seeds of Guinea pepper (
7:
4604:List of historical cuisines
4440:History of alcoholic drinks
2457:Lowcountry (South Carolina)
1760:. Geneva: Editions Minerve.
1354:
840:
826:
792:
774:
768:
762:
754:
10:
4887:
3891:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
1660:. Grubido. Austin, Texas.
1305:(cuisine of CĂ´te d'Ivoire)
128:, particularly during the
72:
4696:
4624:
4591:
4528:
4360:
4273:
3954:
2407:
2258:
2200:
2179:
2116:
1825:
1623:Chef2Chef culinary portal
1590:McWilliams, J.E. (2005).
334:
223:is more commonly used in
4510:Scottish royal household
4455:History of vegetarianism
2693:Central African Republic
2187:List of African cuisines
1873:Central African Republic
1765:N'Dour, Youssou (2006).
1756:N'Dour, Youssou (2004).
1401:
1391:List of African cuisines
1039:, or hot plantain chips.
871:is frequently made with
673:consistency is reached.
1524:10.1126/science.1102425
1344:Cuisine of Sierra Leone
1334:Cuisine of Saint Helena
1298:Guinea-Bissauan cuisine
1273:Cuisine of Burkina Faso
627:
563:
124:Around the time of the
4866:Sierra Leonean cuisine
4856:Saint Helenian cuisine
4435:History of agriculture
2192:List of African dishes
1708:"West African cuisine"
1416:"West African cuisine"
1396:List of African dishes
1223:
910:
786:
780:
749:
644:
483:green leafy vegetables
194:Spanish-speaking world
154:
66:history of West Africa
47:
18:Cuisine of West Africa
4405:Early modern European
4133:Indigenous Australian
3692:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2579:Bosnian-Herzegovinian
2038:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2023:Republic of the Congo
1218:
908:
744:
635:
620:Representative dishes
353:North African cuisine
146:
45:Scotch bonnet peppers
32:
4806:Cape Verdean cuisine
4568:Molecular gastronomy
4500:Pre-contact Hawaiian
4410:Historical Argentine
4296:Mangalorean Catholic
2477:Pacific Northwestern
1913:Eswatini (Swaziland)
1278:Cape Verdean cuisine
855:), the West African
477:and other squashes,
363:Christopher Columbus
51:West African cuisine
4841:Mauritanian cuisine
4425:Historical Japanese
4260:Transylvanian Saxon
4128:Indigenous American
1516:2004Sci...306.1180B
1510:(5699): 1180–1183.
1319:Mauritanian cuisine
687:along with a soup (
505:Starchy tubers and
379:Aframomum melegueta
130:Scramble for Africa
79:early modern period
4861:Senegalese cuisine
4505:Korean royal court
4450:History of seafood
4415:Historical Chinese
4390:Antebellum America
4230:Pennsylvania Dutch
2842:Equatorial Guinean
2812:Dominican Republic
1451:The New York Times
1339:Senegalese cuisine
1224:
911:
750:
645:
384:grains of paradise
155:
48:
4801:Burkinabe cuisine
4791:Cuisine by region
4778:
4777:
4520:Thirteen Colonies
4380:Ancient Israelite
3580:Papua New Guinean
2378:Intercontinental
2218:
2217:
1903:Equatorial Guinea
1826:National cuisines
1741:978-1-4490-8154-6
1667:978-1-62634-596-6
1603:978-0-231-12992-3
1443:Komolafe, Yewande
1293:Cuisine of Guinea
883:(in Senegambia),
640:accompanied with
323:Jessica B. Harris
16:(Redirected from
4878:
4871:Togolese cuisine
4851:Nigerien cuisine
4846:Nigerian cuisine
4831:Liberian cuisine
4816:Ghanaian cuisine
4796:Beninese cuisine
4768:
4767:
4758:
4757:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4728:
4727:
4720:Drink portal
4718:
4717:
4716:
4706:
4705:
4686:Meal preparation
4599:List of cuisines
4445:History of bread
4370:Ancient Egyptian
4347:Ritual slaughter
4205:Louisiana Creole
4143:Italian American
3962:African American
2951:Greek Macedonian
2245:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2208:
2207:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1771:Christian Verlag
1761:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1617:Dorinda Hafner.
1614:
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1422:
1412:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1349:Togolese cuisine
1329:Nigerian cuisine
1324:Cuisine of Niger
1309:Liberian cuisine
1288:Ghanaian cuisine
1051:(ground cassava)
843:
829:
795:
789:
783:
781:sauce d'arachide
777:
771:
765:
759:
752:Groundnut stew (
702:is considered a
421:Parkia biglobosa
303:melegueta pepper
21:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4826:Ivorian cuisine
4821:Guinean cuisine
4811:Gambian cuisine
4781:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4714:
4712:
4708:Food portal
4700:
4692:
4620:
4587:
4524:
4356:
4269:
3977:Arab-Indonesian
3950:
3931:Western Saharan
3403:Liechtensteiner
2968:Guinea-Bissauan
2604:Channel Islands
2492:Southwestern US
2412:
2403:
2254:
2249:
2219:
2214:
2196:
2175:
2112:
1821:
1819:African cuisine
1816:
1781:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1734:. AuthorHouse.
1724:
1722:Further reading
1712:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1698:
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1681:
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1413:
1409:
1404:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1303:Ivorian cuisine
1283:Gambian cuisine
1261:
1252:
1213:
1208:
1203:Yassa au poulet
955:
903:
836:colonial period
739:
630:
622:
566:
507:root vegetables
467:black-eyed peas
460:
346:
337:
328:High on the Hog
315:black-eyed peas
141:
126:colonial period
115:black-eyed peas
75:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4884:
4874:
4873:
4868:
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4858:
4853:
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4843:
4838:
4836:Malian cuisine
4833:
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4609:Lists of foods
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4086:Greek-American
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3717:Sierra Leonean
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2397:Middle Eastern
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2387:Latin American
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1314:Malian cuisine
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1190:Tapalapa bread
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1027:Fried plantain
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978:
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951:
916:, also called
902:
899:
895:sweet potatoes
832:Central Africa
824:. Variants of
738:
737:Groundnut stew
735:
723:groundnut soup
680:also be used.
629:
626:
621:
618:
565:
562:
519:sweet potatoes
459:
456:
392:coriander seed
382:; also called
359:Chilli peppers
345:
342:
336:
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182:Creole cooking
140:
137:
85:which brought
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4642:Culinary arts
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4385:Ancient Roman
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3133:Uttar Pradesh
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3119:
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3068:Maharashtrian
3066:
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3028:Chhattisgarhi
3026:
3024:
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3019:
3016:
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3011:
3009:
3006:
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2999:
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2822:East Timorese
2820:
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2800:
2796:
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2462:Midwestern US
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2392:Mediterranean
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2199:
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2182:
2178:
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2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Mediterranean
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
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2132:
2130:
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2119:
2115:
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2019:
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1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
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1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Guinea-Bissau
1941:
1939:
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1780:3-88472-636-6
1776:
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1369:Africa portal
1359:
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1294:
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1289:
1286:
1284:
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1269:
1268:Benin cuisine
1266:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1235:coconut water
1232:
1228:
1222:
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1205:
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1200:
1198:
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1181:
1180:Palm nut soup
1178:
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1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:Palaver sauce
1144:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1132:
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1129:
1125:
1123:
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1118:
1116:
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1103:
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837:
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828:
823:
822:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
819:
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782:
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770:
764:
758:
757:
747:
743:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:palm nut soup
716:
711:
709:
706:. Therefore,
705:
701:
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681:
678:
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671:
667:
663:
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494:
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455:
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440:
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431:
427:
423:
422:
417:
413:
412:bouillon cube
409:
405:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:
374:
372:
368:
367:Scotch bonnet
364:
360:
356:
354:
350:
341:
332:
330:
329:
324:
321:according to
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
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222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:United States
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:chili peppers
167:
163:
158:
153:
149:
145:
136:
133:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:chili peppers
84:
80:
70:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
46:
42:
41:Dijon mustard
38:
37:
31:
27:
19:
4573:Note by Note
4551:New American
4240:Pontic Greek
4121:South Indian
4116:North Indian
3787:Extremaduran
3677:Saint Lucian
3351:South Korean
3346:North Korean
3210:Palembangese
3138:Uttarakhandi
2624:Saint Helena
2614:Gibraltarian
2482:Puerto Rican
2275:
2166:West African
2165:
2063:South Africa
2053:Sierra Leone
2033:Saint Helena
1853:Burkina Faso
1766:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1730:
1711:. Retrieved
1656:
1649:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:
1612:
1592:
1585:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1486:. Retrieved
1483:Serious Eats
1482:
1473:
1462:. Retrieved
1450:
1419:. Retrieved
1410:
1262:
1253:
1225:
1201:
1194:
1172:
1165:
1138:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1019:
1012:
1004:
992:
980:
973:
966:
959:
947:thiebou yapp
946:
939:
933:
926:
917:
912:
888:
876:
868:
850:
751:
745:
730:
714:
712:
707:
703:
699:
697:
692:
688:
684:
682:
676:
675:
669:
668:. In Ghana,
647:
646:
637:
623:
611:
610:
588:
581:
578:
567:
539:
537:
530:
504:
497:
487:
461:
452:
445:
437:
434:fermentation
429:
419:
415:
407:
401:
400:
377:
375:
357:
347:
338:
326:
276:
272:baobab fruit
270:leaves, and
237:
232:
228:
217:palm nut oil
214:
192:used in the
174:holy trinity
159:
156:
147:
134:
123:
76:
63:
50:
49:
36:yassa poulet
35:
26:
4760:WikiProject
4340:Kosher food
3722:Singaporean
3712:Seychellois
3687:Sammarinese
3570:Palestinian
3530:New Zealand
3500:Montenegrin
3470:Mauritanian
3465:Marshallese
3277:Piedmontese
3205:Minangkabau
3175:Gorontalese
2956:Heptanesean
2872:Kapampangan
2795:Greenlandic
2671:Cameroonian
2539:Bangladeshi
2529:Azerbaijani
2487:Southern US
2472:New Mexican
2467:New English
2442:Californian
2259:Continental
2068:South Sudan
1948:Ivory Coast
1747:October 15,
1383:Food portal
1227:Malt drinks
1156:Pounded yam
1151:Peanut soup
1134:Ogbono soup
1056:Jollof rice
914:Jollof rice
909:Jollof rice
901:Jollof rice
787:tigadèguèna
642:peanut soup
636:A plate of
594:Guinea fowl
396:Middle Ages
299:guinea fowl
221:shea butter
139:Ingredients
83:slave ships
77:During the
55:West Africa
33:Senegalese
4785:Categories
4583:Vegetarian
4362:Historical
4106:Indonesian
4054:Indonesian
4024:Australian
3946:Zimbabwean
3926:Vietnamese
3921:Venezuelan
3809:Sri Lankan
3777:Cantabrian
3752:Andalusian
3702:Senegalese
3682:Salvadoran
3630:Circassian
3600:Portuguese
3585:Paraguayan
3575:Panamanian
3535:Nicaraguan
3510:Mozambican
3490:Monégasque
3443:Sarawakian
3418:Macedonian
3408:Lithuanian
3272:Neapolitan
3145:Indonesian
3103:Rajasthani
3078:Meghalayan
3053:Jharkhandi
3008:Arunachali
2963:Guatemalan
2894:La RĂ©union
2827:Ecuadorian
2802:Djiboutian
2549:Belarusian
2519:Australian
2447:Floribbean
2048:Seychelles
2003:Mozambique
1988:Mauritania
1973:Madagascar
1868:Cape Verde
1769:. Munich:
1713:2010-03-22
1701:References
1676:1241244901
1628:2007-03-03
1576:2022-11-23
1488:2023-09-22
1464:2023-09-22
1421:2010-03-18
1259:By country
1233:and fresh
1068:Fried fish
936:Senegalese
810:the Gambia
731:nkontomire
727:peppersoup
463:Vegetables
458:Vegetables
344:Seasonings
266:, ginger,
204:, and the
148:Klouikloui
4662:sociology
4541:Fast food
4536:Classique
4400:Byzantine
4301:Mennonite
4286:Christian
4274:Religious
4235:Peranakan
4183:Sephardic
4168:Ethiopian
4158:Ashkenazi
4111:Malaysian
4064:Pakistani
4059:Malaysian
4034:Cambodian
3984:Aromanian
3916:Vanuatuan
3906:Uruguayan
3901:Ukrainian
3854:Zanzibari
3849:Tanzanian
3839:Taiwanese
3802:Valencian
3797:Manchegan
3732:Slovenian
3645:Mordovian
3565:Pakistani
3555:Norwegian
3495:Mongolian
3475:Mauritian
3450:Maldivian
3433:Malaysian
3326:Jordanian
3287:Sardinian
3247:Abruzzese
3215:Sundanese
3200:Minahasan
3123:Telangana
3108:Sikkimese
3058:Karnataka
2993:Icelandic
2988:Hungarian
2857:Ethiopian
2807:Dominican
2760:Congolese
2755:Colombian
2723:Hong Kong
2718:Cantonese
2686:Québécois
2666:Cambodian
2661:Burundian
2651:Burkinabé
2646:Bulgarian
2599:Anguillia
2589:Brazilian
2569:Bhutanese
2544:Barbadian
2509:Argentine
2330:Levantine
2320:Caucasian
2293:Caribbean
2139:Ethiopian
1993:Mauritius
1684:cite book
1532:0036-8075
1459:0362-4331
1250:Etiquette
1239:palm wine
1231:Supermalt
1211:Beverages
1161:Puff-puff
1114:Moin moin
1000:Draw soup
982:Chin chin
941:ceebu jen
918:benachin,
760:), (var.
658:plantains
523:plantains
502:fritter.
291:cola nuts
225:the Sahel
198:soffritto
111:plantains
99:New World
97:from the
4750:Cookbook
4730:Category
4632:Cookbook
4614:Prepared
4578:Nouvelle
4556:Eurasian
4485:Medieval
4281:Buddhist
4215:Ossetian
4200:Livonian
4178:Moroccan
4163:Bukharan
4153:American
4091:Hazaragi
4069:Peruvian
4044:Filipino
4039:Canadian
4019:American
3989:Assyrian
3886:Tuvaluan
3871:Tunisian
3866:Togolese
3814:Sudanese
3792:Galician
3772:Canarian
3762:Balearic
3757:Asturian
3610:Romanian
3590:Peruvian
3545:Nigerian
3525:Nepalese
3515:Namibian
3505:Moroccan
3485:Moldovan
3428:Malawian
3423:Malagasy
3393:Liberian
3383:Lebanese
3319:Okinawan
3314:Japanese
3309:Jamaican
3297:Venetian
3292:Sicilian
3267:Lucanian
3257:Ligurian
3195:Makassar
3190:Madurese
3185:Javanese
3155:Balinese
3150:Acehnese
3073:Manipuri
3048:Kashmiri
3043:Haryanvi
3038:Gujarati
3013:Assamese
2983:Honduran
2946:Epirotic
2931:Ghanaian
2921:Georgian
2911:Gabonese
2889:Corsican
2867:Filipino
2852:Estonian
2847:Eritrean
2832:Egyptian
2765:Croatian
2748:Xinjiang
2733:Shandong
2728:Macanese
2676:Canadian
2641:Bruneian
2629:Scottish
2584:Botswana
2574:Bolivian
2564:Beninese
2559:Belizean
2534:Bahraini
2524:Austrian
2514:Armenian
2452:Hawaiian
2437:American
2432:Algerian
2427:Albanian
2414:regional
2409:National
2374:Oceanian
2347:European
2288:Americas
2252:Cuisines
2210:Category
2171:Zanzibar
2156:Maghrebi
2149:Sephardi
2108:Zimbabwe
2078:Tanzania
1918:Ethiopia
1893:Djibouti
1863:Cameroon
1848:Botswana
1548:34213295
1540:15539602
1355:See also
1229:such as
1108:Meat pie
1081:Kedjenou
1036:kelewele
988:Couscous
885:couscous
846:Cameroon
796:), is a
793:tigadene
704:faux pas
662:cornmeal
583:soumbala
515:cocoyams
471:eggplant
426:soybeans
408:soumbala
388:cardamom
371:Scoville
307:oil palm
268:tamarind
206:mirepoix
162:tomatoes
95:tomatoes
4770:Outline
4740:Commons
4657:history
4637:Cooking
4625:Related
4495:Peasant
4490:Ottoman
4460:Hittite
4335:Kashrut
4318:Chinese
4313:Islamic
4225:Pashtun
4195:Kurdish
4173:Mizrahi
4101:English
4029:British
4014:Chinese
3994:Balochi
3941:Zambian
3896:Ugandan
3881:Turkmen
3876:Turkish
3824:Swedish
3782:Catalan
3747:Spanish
3707:Serbian
3672:Rwandan
3635:Cossack
3625:Chechen
3620:Bashkir
3615:Russian
3520:Nauruan
3480:Mexican
3460:Maltese
3438:Sabahan
3388:Lesotho
3378:Latvian
3363:Kuwaiti
3358:Kosovan
3304:Ivorian
3262:Lombard
3252:Apulian
3242:Italian
3237:Israeli
3222:Iranian
3128:Tripuri
3098:Punjabi
3018:Bengali
2978:Haitian
2973:Guinean
2916:Gambian
2904:Occitan
2879:Finnish
2837:Emirati
2790:Faroese
2775:Cypriot
2743:Tibetan
2738:Sichuan
2713:Beijing
2708:Chinese
2703:Chilean
2698:Chadian
2681:Acadian
2656:Burmese
2609:English
2594:British
2554:Belgian
2504:Angolan
2362:Eastern
2357:Central
2325:Central
2266:African
2144:Mizrahi
2088:Tunisia
2058:Somalia
2043:Senegal
2018:Nigeria
2008:Namibia
1998:Morocco
1963:Liberia
1958:Lesotho
1908:Eritrea
1883:Comoros
1858:Burundi
1833:Algeria
1512:Bibcode
1504:Science
1185:Red Red
975:Cachupa
929:obe ata
922:Senegal
865:Senegal
857:trinity
853:peanuts
806:Senegal
800:-based
666:oatmeal
654:cocoyam
590:Chicken
574:Seafood
554:sorghum
511:Cassava
493:cassava
475:pumpkin
403:Sumbala
297:seeds,
279:sorghum
252:Senegal
227:called
190:sofrito
184:in the
107:cassava
103:peanuts
73:History
59:hunting
4546:Fusion
4529:Styles
4515:Soviet
4480:Mughal
4475:Muisca
4265:Yup'ik
4255:Tejano
4245:Romani
4188:Syrian
4148:Jewish
4096:Indian
4081:Gagauz
4049:Indian
4004:Buryat
3999:Berber
3955:Ethnic
3936:Yemeni
3834:Syrian
3767:Basque
3737:Somali
3727:Slovak
3660:Udmurt
3605:Qatari
3595:Polish
3550:Niuean
3455:Malian
3398:Libyan
3368:Kyrgyz
3341:Korean
3336:Kenyan
3331:Kazakh
3170:Betawi
3160:Banjar
3113:Sindhi
3063:Kerala
3023:Bihari
3003:Andhra
2998:Indian
2941:Cretan
2926:German
2884:French
2862:Fijian
2785:Danish
2422:Afghan
2382:Global
2352:Balkan
2134:Jewish
2129:Berber
2103:Zambia
2093:Uganda
2028:Rwanda
1978:Malawi
1938:Guinea
1928:Gambia
1838:Angola
1777:
1738:
1674:
1664:
1600:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1457:
1196:Wagasi
1102:Kokoro
1088:Kenkey
1043:Futari
1031:alloco
1021:Frejon
994:Dambou
861:mutton
818:Guinea
798:peanut
606:mutton
556:, and
550:millet
525:, and
489:Baobab
349:Spices
335:Sauces
319:sesame
317:, and
285:, and
283:millet
264:peanut
260:millet
246:, and
244:ginger
233:ghartī
229:karité
210:France
166:onions
109:, and
4647:Drink
4592:Lists
4563:Haute
4470:Mayan
4395:Aztec
4308:Hindu
4220:Parsi
4210:Malay
4138:Inuit
4009:Cajun
3911:Uzbek
3844:Tajik
3829:Swiss
3819:Swazi
3665:Yamal
3655:Tatar
3650:Sakha
3560:Omani
3540:Niger
3282:Roman
3232:Irish
3227:Iraqi
3165:Batak
3118:Tamil
2936:Greek
2817:Dutch
2780:Czech
2770:Cuban
2634:Welsh
2497:Texan
2335:South
2315:Asian
2303:South
2298:North
2271:North
2180:Lists
2073:Sudan
2013:Niger
1968:Libya
1953:Kenya
1933:Ghana
1923:Gabon
1898:Egypt
1843:Benin
1544:S2CID
1402:Notes
1221:Ghana
1128:Ngome
1121:Ndolé
1062:Fakou
1049:Garri
1013:Egusi
968:Aloko
961:Akara
877:Maafe
869:maafe
841:maafe
827:maafe
769:maffé
756:maafe
746:Maafe
664:, or
558:maize
541:fonio
499:akara
448:Maggi
439:umami
295:egusi
287:fonio
248:maize
240:Ghana
202:Italy
178:Cajun
152:Benin
4681:Meal
4669:Diet
4652:Food
4465:Inca
4352:Sikh
4330:Jain
4325:Ital
4250:Sámi
3972:Arab
3967:Ainu
3861:Thai
3640:Komi
3180:Indo
3093:Odia
3088:Naga
3083:Mizo
3033:Goan
2367:list
2340:list
2308:list
2281:list
2276:West
2124:Arab
2083:Togo
1983:Mali
1878:Chad
1775:ISBN
1749:2012
1736:ISBN
1690:link
1672:OCLC
1662:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1571:KCRW
1536:PMID
1528:ISSN
1455:ISSN
1244:Beer
1174:Suya
1095:Koko
1074:Fufu
1015:soup
934:The
893:and
890:fufu
881:rice
873:fish
820:and
814:Mali
802:stew
775:maff
763:mafé
715:fufu
708:fufu
700:fufu
693:fufu
685:fufu
677:Fufu
670:fufu
649:Fufu
638:fufu
628:Fufu
613:Suya
604:and
602:pork
598:beef
570:meat
564:Meat
546:rice
532:fufu
527:yams
479:okra
430:néré
416:néré
390:and
311:okra
256:rice
180:and
168:and
119:okra
117:and
93:and
91:corn
64:The
4674:Fat
3373:Lao
2411:and
1520:doi
1508:306
1140:Ogi
1029:or
1006:ẸbĂ
790:or
784:,
689:ọbẹ
406:or
325:in
208:of
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