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230:
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1608:, where the lowest-numbered object ball on the table must be struck first, although any object ball may be pocketed (i.e., combination shot). Each pocketed ball is worth its number, and the player with the highest score at the end of the rack is the winner. Since there are only 120 points available (1 + 2 + 3 ⋯ + 15 = 120), scoring 61 points leaves no opportunity for the opponent to catch up. In both one-pocket and bank pool, the players must sink a set number of balls; respectively, all in a particular
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1351:(talcum powder) it can be used to reduce friction between the cue and bridge hand during shooting, for a smoother stroke. Some brands of hand chalk are made of compressed talc. (Tip chalk is not used for this purpose because it is abrasive, hand-staining and difficult to apply.) Many players prefer a slick pool glove over hand chalk or talc because of the messiness of these powders; buildup of particles on the cloth will affect ball behavior and necessitate more-frequent cloth cleaning.
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1303:
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1051:, plastic, steel and wood. The dominant material from 1627 until the early 20th century was ivory. The search for a substitute for ivory use was not for environmental concerns, but based on economic motivation and fear of danger for elephant hunters. It was in part spurred on by a New York billiard table manufacturer who announced a prize of $ 10,000 for a substitute material. The first viable substitute was celluloid, invented by
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There are several other types of less common rack types that are also used, based on a "template" to hold the billiard balls tightly together. Most commonly it is a thin plastic sheet with diamond-shaped cut-outs that hold the balls that is placed on the table with the balls set on top of the rack.
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Initially, the mace was used to push the balls, rather than strike them. The newly developed striking cue provided a new challenge. Cushions began to be stuffed with substances to allow the balls to rebound, in order to enhance the appeal of the game. After a transitional period where only the better
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By 1670, the thin butt end of the mace began to be used not only for shots under the cushion (which itself was originally only there as a preventative method to stop balls from rolling off), but players increasingly preferred it for other shots as well. The footless, straight cue as it is known today
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is the name given to a frame (usually wood, plastic or aluminium) used to organize billiard balls at the beginning of a game. This is traditionally triangular in shape, but varies with the type of billiards played. There are two main types of racks; the more common triangular shape which is used for
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Early billiard games involved various pieces of additional equipment, including the "arch" (related to the croquet hoop), "port" (a different hoop, often rectangular), and "king" (a pin or skittle near the arch) in the early 17th to late 18th century, but other game variants, relying on the cushions
566:'s estate included a "billyard bord coered with a greene cloth ... three billyard sticks and 11 balls of yvery". Billiards grew to the extent that by 1727, it was being played in almost every Paris café. In England, the game was developing into a very popular activity for members of the gentry.
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that newer compounds formed that provided better grip for the ball. This is when the
English began to experiment with side spin or applying curl to the ball. This was shortly introduced to the American players and is how the term "putting English on the ball" came to be. "Chalk" may also refer to a
1208:
Billiards games are mostly played with a stick known as a cue. A cue is usually either a one-piece tapered stick or a two-piece stick divided in the middle by a joint of metal or phenolic resin. High-quality cues are generally two pieces and are made of a hardwood, generally maple for billiards and
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further refined and popularized the game, and it swiftly spread among the French nobility. While the game had long been played on the ground, this version appears to have died out (aside from trucco) in the 17th century, in favor of croquet, golf and bowling games, even as table billiards had grown
1539:
Another solution was to require a player's cue ball to make contact with the rail cushions in the process of contacting the other balls. This in turn saw the three-cushion version emerge, where the cue ball must make three separate cushion contacts during a shot. This is difficult enough that even
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The mechanical bridge, sometimes called a "rake", "crutch", "bridge stick" or simply "bridge", and in the UK a "rest", is used to extend a player's reach on a shot where the cue ball is too far away for normal hand bridging. It consists of a stick with a grooved metal or plastic head which the cue
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woven composites have been developed and utilized by top professional players and amateurs. Advantages include less flexibility and no worry of nicks, scratches, or damages to the cue. Skilled players may use more than one cue during a game, including a separate cue with a hard phenolic resin tip
1378:, but available today, like the cloth, in many colours) and a binder (glue). Each manufacturer's brand has different qualities, which can significantly affect play. High humidity can also impair the effectiveness of chalk. Harder, drier compounds are generally considered superior by most players.
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For snooker, bridges are normally available in three forms, their use depending on how the player is hampered; the standard rest is a simple cross, the 'spider' has a raised arch around 12 cm with three grooves to rest the cue in and for the most awkward of shots, the 'giraffe' (or 'swan' in
702:
The games with regulated international professional competition, if not others, have been referred to as "sports" or "sporting" events, not simply "games", since 1893 at the latest. Quite a variety of particular games (i.e., sets of rules and equipment) are the subject of present-day competition,
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made of thick slate, in three pieces to prevent warping and changes due to temperature and humidity. The slates on modern carom tables are usually heated to stave off moisture and provide a consistent playing surface. Smaller bar tables are most commonly made with a single piece of slate. Pocket
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The cloth of the billiard table has traditionally been green, reflecting its origin (originally the grass of ancestral lawn games), and has been so colored since at least the 16th century, but it is also produced in other colors such as red and blue. Television broadcasting of pool as well as 3
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twice as long as they are wide. Table sizes are typically referred to by the nominal length of their longer dimension. Full-size snooker tables are 12 feet (3.7 m) long. Carom billiards tables are typically 10 feet (3.0 m). Regulation pool tables are 9-foot (2.7 m), though
2605:"Meeting of the Champions; The Big Billiard Tournament to Begin To-morrow – What Ives, Schaefer, and Slosson Have Been Doing in Practice – The Older Players Not Afraid of the Big Runs Made by Ives – Something About the Rise and Progress of the Young 'Napoleon' of the Billiard World"
706:
Snooker, though a pocket billiards variant and closely related in its equipment and origin to the game of
English billiards, is a professional sport organized at an international level, and its rules bear little resemblance to those of modern pool, pyramid, and other such games.
1255:, which is now endangered), or other low-quality wood, with inferior plastic ferrules. A quality cue can be expensive and may be made of exotic woods and other expensive materials which are artfully inlaid in decorative patterns. Many modern cues are also made, like
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billiards. All are played on a pocketless table with three balls; two cue balls and one object ball. In all, players shoot a cue ball so that it makes contact with the opponent's cue ball as well as the object ball. Others of multinational interest are
1604:". Well-known but waning in popularity is straight pool, in which players seek to continue sinking balls, rack after rack if they can, to reach a pre-determined winning score (typically 150). Related to nine-ball, another well-known game is
1511:
In light of these skill developments in straight rail, the game of balkline soon developed to make it impossible for a player to keep the balls gathered in one part of the table for long, greatly limiting the effectiveness of nurse shots. A
690:. This was mainly due to the fact that it was a popular pastime for troops to take their minds off battle. However, by the end of World War II, pool and billiards began to die down once again. It was not until 1961 when the film
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is a line parallel to one end of a billiards table. In the game of balkline, the players have to drive at least one object ball past a balkline parallel to each rail after a specified number of points have been scored.
324:, played on a large, six-pocket table (dimensions just under 12 ft by 6 ft), all of which are classified separately from pool based on distinct development histories, player culture, rules, and terminology.
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countries as well, and in areas of Asia, becoming increasingly popular in China in particular. Snooker is uncommon in North
America, where pool games such as eight-ball and nine-ball dominate, and Latin America and
1433:, has some features of carom billiards. English billiards used to be one of the two most-competitive cue sports along with the carom game balkline, at the turn of the 20th century and is still enjoyed today in
45:
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in
Finnish), two red object balls, and the two white cue balls (usually differentiated by one cue ball having a dot or other marking on it and each of which serves as an object ball for the opponent).
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In straight rail, a player scores a point and may continue shooting each time his cue ball makes contact with both other balls. Some of the best players of straight billiards developed the skill to
1917:(or "in-offs"): potting one's cue ball by cannoning off another ball (3 points if the red ball was hit first; 2 points if the other cue ball was hit first, or if the red and other cue ball were "
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scored 690 points in a single turn (that is, 690 separate strokes without a miss). With the balls repetitively hit and barely moving in endless "nursing", there was little for the fans to watch.
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countries, though not exclusively, since they are unsuited for playing nine-ball. The diameter varies but is typically slightly smaller than that of standard solids-and-stripes sets.
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In the United States, pool and billiards had died out for a bit, but between 1878 and 1956 the games became very popular. Players in annual championships began to receive their own
30:"Billiards" redirects here. This article covers the word as an umbrella term for cue sports in general. For specific games known as "billiards" and all other uses of the term, see
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during the 19th century, based on earlier pool games such as black pool and life pool. The name of the game became generalized to also describe one of its prime strategies: to "
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Chalk is applied to the tip of the cue stick, ideally before every shot, to increase the tip's friction coefficient so that when it impacts the cue ball on a non-center hit, no
975:; the balls are racked differently for different games (some of which do not use the entire ball set). Blackball (English-style eight-ball) sets are similar, but have unmarked
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Bridge head design is varied, and not all designs (especially those with cue shaft-enclosing rings, or wheels on the bottom of the head), are broadly tournament-approved.
1028:", and a cue ball). English billiard balls are the same size as snooker balls and come in sets of three balls (two cue balls and a red object ball). Other games, such as
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the best players can only manage to average one to two points per turn. This is sometimes described as "hardest to learn" and "require most skill" of all billiards.
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of 15 balls, and the last object ball of a rack is not pocketed, but left on the table with the opponent re-racking the remaining 14 before game play continues.
1589:), there may be variations, and people may play recreationally using relaxed or local rules. A few of the more popular examples of pool games are given below.
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1959:
In the United
Kingdom, snooker is by far the most popular cue sport at the competitive level, and major national pastime along with association football and
1889:. The object of the game is to score either a fixed number of points, or score the most points within a set time frame, determined at the start of the game.
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1977:
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1159:. Snooker cloth traditionally has a nap (consistent fiber directionality) and balls behave differently when rolling against versus along with the nap.
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is a standard billiards game where the balls must be pocketed in as little time as possible. Rules vary greatly from tournament to tournament. The
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Some players, especially current or former snooker players, use a screw-on cue butt extension instead of or in addition to the mechanical bridge.
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1981:
517:'. This refers to the early practice of using the tail or butt of the mace, instead of its club foot, to strike the ball when it lay against a
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was taken away (by those who eventually became her executioners, who were to cover her body with the table's cloth). A 1588 inventory of the
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came out that sparked a new interest in the game. Now the game is generally well-known and has many players of all different skill levels.
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can be used to encompass the ancestral mace games, and even the modern cueless variants, such as finger billiards, for historical reasons.
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category. These games are played with three or sometimes four balls on a table without holes in which the goal is generally to strike one
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including many of those already mentioned, with competition being especially broad in nine-ball, snooker, three-cushion, and eight-ball.
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and other establishments catering to casual play will typically use 7-foot (2.1 m) tables which are often coin-operated, nicknamed
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914: in), and come as a set of two cue balls (one colored or marked) and an object ball (or two object balls in the case of the game
1318:(unintentional slippage between the cue tip and the struck ball) occurs. Chalk is an important element to make good shots in pool or
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billiards tables of all types normally have six pockets, three on each side (four corner pockets, and two side or middle pockets).
593:(and pockets cut into them), were being formed that would go on to play fundamental roles in the development of modern billiards.
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is affixed, flush with the ferrule, to make final contact with balls. The tip, in conjunction with chalk, can be used to impart
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The rack is used to set up the "break" and removed once the break has been completed and no balls are obstructing the template.
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England) which has a raised arch much like the 'spider' but with a slender arm reaching out around 15 cm with the groove.
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All types of tables are covered with billiard cloth (often called "felt", but actually a woven wool or wool/nylon blend called
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Cushion billiards prefers a blue colored cloth which was chosen for better visibility and contrast against colored balls.
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of the cue is of smaller circumference, usually tapering to an 0.4 to 0.55 inches (10 to 14 mm) terminus called a
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balls instead of solids and stripes, known as "casino" style. They are used principally in
Britain, Ireland, and some
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One type of obstacle remained a feature of many tables, originally as a hazard and later as a target, in the form of
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Two-ball cannons: striking both the object ball and the other (opponent's) cue ball on the same shot (2 points).
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1374:), into a powder. It is combined with dye (originally and most commonly green or blue-green, like traditional
536:, playing the 'royal game of fortifications', an early form of obstacle billiards with similarities to modern
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2752:, vol. 3, no. 3, online edition. Retrieved February 24, 2007. The piece is largely an interview of Hoskins.
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1790:: The goal is to reach a predetermined number of points; a point is earned by pocketing any called ball by
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Bar or tavern tables, which get a lot of play, use "slower", more durable cloth. The cloth used in upscale
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in 1868, but the material was volatile, sometimes exploding during manufacture, and was highly flammable.
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1941:
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In eight-ball and nine-ball, the object is to sink object balls until one can legally pocket the winning
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Billiard balls have been made from many different materials since the start of the game, including clay,
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287:(or pool), played on six-pocket tables of seven, eight, nine, or ten-foot length, including among others
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A recognizable form of billiards was played outdoors in the 1340s, and was reminiscent of croquet. King
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Billiards has a long history from its inception in the 15th century, with many mentions in the works of
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877: in). In Russian pyramid there are 16 balls, as in pool, but 15 are white and numbered, and the
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1776:(e.g. 100); a point is earned by pocketing any called ball into a designated pocket; game play is by
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All cue sports are generally regarded to have evolved into indoor games from outdoor stick-and-ball
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Women playing on an elaborately decorated green-covered table in an early 1880s advertising poster
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end of the cue is of larger circumference and is intended to be gripped by a player's hand. The
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There are many variations of games played on a standard pool table. Popular pool games include
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is "faster" (i.e., provides less friction, allowing the balls to roll farther across the table
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1098:. Formerly, ten-foot pool tables were common, but such tables are now considered antiques.
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1956:" the opposing player by causing that player to foul or leave an opening to be exploited.
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Man playing billiards with a cue and a woman with mace, from an illustration appearing in
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Snooker balls are smaller than
American-style pool balls with a diameter of 52.5 mm (
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1873:(caroms) and the pocketing of balls as objects of play. English billiards requires two
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935: in), are used in many pool games found throughout the world, come in sets of two
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In Italy, a longer, thicker cue is typically available for this kind of tricky shot.
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Carom billiards balls are larger than pool balls, having a diameter of 61.5 mm (
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was held in 1927, and it has been held annually since then with few exceptions. The
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the balls in a corner or along the same rail for the purpose of playing a series of
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A "Billiards" category encompassing pool, snooker, and carom has been part of the
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Dating to approximately 1800, English billiards, called simply billiards in many
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Engraving of an early billiards game with obstacles, targets, and pockets, from
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and other furniture makers of the era. The early balls were made from wood and
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1768:(a.k.a. 14.1 continuous pool): The goal is to reach a predetermined number of
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Cheap cues are generally made of pine, low-grade maple (and formerly often of
1236:(usually made of fiberglass or brass in better cues), where a rounded leather
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Billiards in the 1620s was played with a port, a king pin, pockets, and maces.
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1980:(WPBSA) was established in 1968 to regulate the professional game, while the
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eight-ball and straight pool and the diamond-shaped rack used for nine-ball.
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for the opening break shot, and another, shorter cue with a special tip for
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The Sport of Pool
Billiards 1: Techniques and Training Based on PAT Part 1
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The Sport of Pool
Billiards 1: Techniques and Training Based on PAT Part 1
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Aluminium billiard rack that is used for 8-ball, 9-ball, and straight pool
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players would use cues, the cue came to be the first choice of equipment.
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Cue tip chalk (invented in its modern form by straight rail billiard pro
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The demand for tables and other equipment was initially met in Europe by
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2458:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 394.
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The first straight rail professional tournament was held in 1879 where
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The early croquet-like games eventually led to the development of the
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Billiard balls vary from game to game, in size, design and quantity.
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The most globally popular of the large variety of pocket games are
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637:
508:
494:
472:
466:
399:
355:
296:
263:
4173:
4024:
4009:
3973:
3878:
3397:
2230:
1960:
1935:
1426:
1319:
1156:
823:
676:
443:
313:
2447:
1177:
4019:
3978:
3487:
3114:
2349:
1907:
the red ball (3 points); potting the other cue ball (2 points).
1730:: The goal is to pocket the 9 ball; the initial contact of the
1543:
1363:
439:
243:
There are three major subdivisions of games within cue sports:
2471:
The
Billiard Encyclopedia: An Illustrated History of the Sport
3125:
3057:
1845:
and in the UK where it originated, was originally called the
1375:
1371:
1323:
1259:, with high-tech materials such as woven graphite. Recently,
1133:
1119:
1048:
586:
451:
207:
1746:
remaining on the table; there are numerous variants such as
3993:
1348:
582:
514:
447:
1624:. In snooker, players score points by alternately potting
1452:
885:
is usually red. In kaisa, five balls are used: the yellow
2792:, ChemIndustry.com database. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
2735:"The World's Most Tragic Man Is the One Who Never Starts"
608:, Germany, using a table much longer than the modern type
493:; however, the term's origin could have been from French
2750:
hotwire: The Newsletter of the Toaster Museum Foundation
1155:), and competition-quality pool cloth is made from 100%
547:(1461–1483) had the first known indoor billiard table.
2880:. New York: Lyons Press. pp. 46, 61–62, 89, 244.
2022:
3838:
3801:
are standardized by international sanctioning bodies.
1708:, depending upon the equipment), and then pocket the
3743:
World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association
2385:
2030:
1978:
World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association
1865:), that combined to form it. The game features both
1330:), but any of several proprietary compounds, with a
552:
in popularity as an indoor activity. The imprisoned
430:, and as such to be related to the historical games
2906:Alciatore, David G. ("Doctor Dave") (August 2004).
1849:, folding in the names of three predecessor games,
2873:
2826:
1825:
1248:to the cue ball when it is not hit in its center.
338:(1606–07). Enthusiasts of the sport have included
233:Interior view of a billiard hall in Toledo, Ohio,
222:. Cue sports are also collectively referred to as
2683:The New York Times Company (September 16, 1875).
2126:(a.k.a. eightball pool, British-style eight-ball)
1940:Snooker is a pocket billiards game originated by
1490:to score a seemingly limitless number of points.
4277:
2970:The Illustrated Principles of Pool and Billiards
2909:The Illustrated Principles of Pool and Billiards
2268:
1386:There are two main varieties of billiard games:
1306:Billiard chalk is applied to the tip of the cue.
3025:Byrne's New Standard Book of Pool and Billiards
2937:Byrne's New Standard Book of Pool and Billiards
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
1987:
1558:
1020: in), and come in sets of 22 (15 reds, 6 "
3736:International Billiards and Snooker Federation
2702:
2700:
2613:. 10 December 1893. p. 10. Archived from
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
1982:International Billiards and Snooker Federation
1798:it into a designated pocket using one or more
3824:
3141:
2876:The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards
2331:
489:, and which was the forerunner to the modern
332:, including the line "let's to billiards" in
2755:
2631:. BilliardsVillage.com. 2007. Archived from
2297:
1643:
557:
291:(the world's most widely played cue sport),
114:Yes, sometimes in separate leagues/divisions
2862:
2697:
2487:
2468:
1738:each turn must be with the lowest-numbered
3831:
3817:
3148:
3134:
2744:, Clark, Neil M.; originally published in
426:, specifically those retroactively termed
258:, typically ten feet in length, including
2994:
2966:
2905:
2660:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards
27:Table games using cues and billiard balls
2473:(2nd ed.). Blue Book Publications.
2442:
2203:
1972:, where carom games dominate. The first
1542:
1301:
1176:
1123:
1068:
742:
595:
527:
413:
228:
206:and thereby cause them to move around a
3721:World Confederation of Billiards Sports
3435:
2832:
2795:
2520:
1453:Games played on a carom billiards table
921:Standard pool balls are 57.15 mm (
477:, meaning 'stick', in reference to the
71:World Confederation of Billiards Sports
14:
4278:
3075:Leider, Nicholas (February 12, 2010).
3074:
3046:
2868:
2844:, 1979 ed.). Haywards Heath, UK:
2728:
2706:
2663:. New York City: Lyons & Burford.
2653:
2557:
465:may have evolved from the French word
450:, and more distantly to the stickless
4265:International World Games Association
3812:
3569:Artistic Billiards World Championship
3129:
3018:
2930:
2776:
2597:
2551:
570:was finally developed by about 1800.
3574:UMB World Three-cushion Championship
2838:The History of Snooker and Billiards
2526:The History of Snooker and Billiards
2469:Stein, Victor; Rubino, Paul (1996).
1984:(IBSF) regulates the amateur games.
1830:
1524:
1334:base. It was around the time of the
1275:
214:bounded by elastic bumpers known as
2802:"Substance Summary: Aluminum Oxide"
2748:magazine, May 1927; republished in
2647:
1822:has been held annually since 2006.
1397:The main carom billiards games are
1077:There are many sizes and styles of
80:15th-century Europe, with roots in
24:
3596:World Women's Snooker Championship
2960:
2842:The Story of Billiards and Snooker
2546:The Story of Billiards and Snooker
1820:International Speed Pool Challenge
499:, meaning 'ball'. The modern term
303:(the formerly dominant pro game),
295:(the dominant professional game),
104:Single opponents, doubles or teams
25:
4307:
3840:Sports of the World Games program
3628:WPA World Eight-ball Championship
3107:
1847:winning and losing carambole game
732:
4255:
4254:
3786:
3623:World Straight Pool Championship
3601:WPA World Nine-ball Championship
3317:
3113:
2995:Alciatore, David G. (May 2017).
2814:US National Institutes of Health
2388:
2356:
2222:
1585:. Even within games types (e.g.
1463:
1437:countries. Another pocket game,
585:, but the rich preferred to use
43:
3731:World Pool-Billiard Association
3618:WPA World Ten-ball Championship
2816:. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
2581:. The Pool Shop. Archived from
2056:
1826:Games played on a snooker table
3155:
3078:Pool and Billiards For Dummies
3004:. Union Square & Company.
2677:
2621:
2571:
2462:
2436:
1994:
1381:
13:
1:
3655:Cue sports at the World Games
3047:Eckert, Ralph (May 8, 2015).
2890:– via Internet Archive.
2544:This is a revised version of
2424:
2343:
2269:Games with pockets and caroms
2063:
1925:", i.e., hit simultaneously).
1810:
1362:in 1897) is made by crushing
697:
600:Illustration of a three-ball
234:
3030:Harcourt Brace & Company
2967:Alciatore, David G. (2017).
2810:National Library of Medicine
2694:. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
2429:
2404:Glossary of cue sports terms
1988:List of cue sports and games
1559:Games played on a pool table
721:
485:, an implement similar to a
7:
3683:European Pool Championships
2381:
2031:
2023:
1500:
1366:and the abrasive substance
1101:High-quality tables have a
863:have a size of 68 mm (
846:pool—51 mm (2 in)
604:game in early 19th century
250:, played on tables without
10:
4312:
3591:Six-red World Championship
3579:World Snooker Championship
2978:Union Square & Company
2898:
2362:
2069:
2000:
1974:World Snooker Championship
1933:
1929:
1834:
1668:) all of one's designated
1562:
1528:
1504:
1467:
1456:
1445:are popular in the former
1201:
1170:
1117:
1062:
736:
725:
409:
202:, which is used to strike
185: – present
29:
4260:Sports at the World Games
4250:
4213:
4136:
4054:
4033:
4002:
3966:
3904:
3847:Artistic and dance sports
3846:
3782:
3751:
3726:Union Mondiale de Billard
3713:
3663:
3557:
3506:
3434:
3389:
3326:
3315:
3163:
2298:Obstacle and target games
2094:Baseball pocket billiards
1644:Two-player or -team games
1073:Pool table with equipment
1058:
1032:, have custom ball sets.
176:
166:
161:
147:
129:
118:
108:
100:
92:
87:
76:
63:
42:
32:Billiard (disambiguation)
3549:Comparison of cue sports
2740:August 25, 2006, at the
2188:(a.k.a. 14.1 continuous)
1892:Points are awarded for:
1297:
1141:pool (and snooker) halls
1113:
1081:. Generally, tables are
3854:Artistic roller skating
2942:Harcourt Brace & Co
2455:Encyclopædia Britannica
2352:(uses full-length cues)
2339:(or nine-pin billiards)
2051:Three-cushion billiards
1963:. It is played in many
1843:former British colonies
1535:three-cushion billiards
1197:
1166:
943:of object balls, seven
513:, the French word for '
509:
495:
473:
467:
380:George Armstrong Custer
272:three-cushion billiards
3797:The rules of games in
2820:April 6, 2014, at the
2332:
1555:
1441:and its variants like
1370:or aloxite (aluminium
1307:
1182:
1129:
1074:
850:
609:
558:
556:, complained when her
540:
419:
392:W. C. Fields
240:
194:are a wide variety of
3793:Cue sports portal
2770:U.S. patent 0,578,514
2564:The Compleat Gamester
2419:Cue sports techniques
2204:Non-pool pocket games
2041:One-cushion billiards
1632:and various special "
1553:The Game of Billiards
1546:
1336:Industrial Revolution
1305:
1180:
1127:
1072:
746:
599:
531:
417:
232:
56:The Compleat Gamester
4291:Sports entertainment
4137:Past official sports
4116:Competition climbing
4099:Speed roller skating
3869:Acrobatic gymnastics
3463:Danish pin billiards
3122:at Wikimedia Commons
2585:on November 19, 2011
2321:Danish pin billiards
1949:
1918:
1910:
1900:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1799:
1791:
1777:
1769:
1755:
1739:
1731:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1597:
1513:
1483:
1475:
1340:
1339:cone of fine, white
1311:
1265:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1148:
1102:
1091:
1021:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
952:
944:
936:
886:
878:
754:from left to right:
747:
728:Cue sports equipment
625:
617:
554:Mary, Queen of Scots
534:Louis, Grand Dauphin
518:
478:
335:Antony and Cleopatra
251:
215:
4214:Invitational sports
3884:Rhythmic gymnastics
2914:Sterling Publishing
2708:Shamos, Michael Ian
2655:Shamos, Michael Ian
2629:"Russian Billiards"
2019:Four-ball billiards
344:Louis XIV of France
66:governing body
39:
3874:Aerobic gymnastics
3650:World Pool Masters
3370:Artistic billiards
3182:British eight-ball
2788:2007-06-25 at the
2714:. Hotho & Co.
2690:2014-03-16 at the
2610:The New York Times
2528:. Haywards Heath:
2326:Five-pin billiards
2130:Chinese eight-ball
2009:Artistic billiards
1970:Continental Europe
1861:(an early form of
1859:the carambole game
1556:
1531:one-cushion caroms
1495:Jacob Schaefer Sr.
1308:
1183:
1130:
1075:
851:
610:
545:Louis XI of France
541:
420:
384:Theodore Roosevelt
276:artistic billiards
241:
37:
4296:French inventions
4273:
4272:
3806:
3805:
3640:World Cup of Pool
3445:English billiards
3421:Brazilian snooker
3118:Media related to
2532:. pp. 8–11.
2449:"Billiards"
2396:Cue sports portal
2287:English billiards
2251:Volunteer snooker
2246:Brazilian snooker
2079:American rotation
2072:Pool (cue sports)
1899:Winning hazards:
1837:English billiards
1831:English billiards
1676:of balls (either
1652:: The goal is to
1565:Pool (cue sports)
1525:Cushion billiards
1431:English billiards
1356:William A. Spinks
1328:calcium carbonate
1276:Mechanical bridge
1209:ash for snooker.
1053:John Wesley Hyatt
681:English billiards
559:table de billiard
507:itself came from
368:George Washington
318:English billiards
268:one-cushion carom
189:
188:
16:(Redirected from
4303:
4258:
4257:
4237:Wheelchair rugby
4154:Beach volleyball
4015:Billiards sports
4003:Precision sports
3833:
3826:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3714:Governing bodies
3493:Ground billiards
3416:American snooker
3321:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3103:
3083:
3071:
3055:
3043:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2975:
2955:
2927:
2892:
2891:
2879:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2830:
2824:
2806:PubChem Database
2799:
2793:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2753:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2704:
2695:
2685:Explosive Teeth.
2681:
2675:
2674:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2635:on June 13, 2008
2625:
2619:
2618:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2518:
2485:
2484:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2440:
2409:BCA Hall of Fame
2398:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2365:Finger billiards
2337:
2241:American snooker
2036:
2028:
1953:
1942:British officers
1922:
1914:
1904:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1851:the winning game
1803:
1795:
1781:
1773:
1759:
1743:
1735:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1601:
1517:
1487:
1479:
1344:
1315:
1269:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1173:Rack (billiards)
1152:
1106:
1095:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
996:
988:
980:
972:
964:
956:
948:
940:
934:
933:
929:
926:
913:
912:
908:
905:
890:
882:
876:
875:
871:
868:
839:
838:
834:
831:
819:
818:
814:
811:
806:—57.15 mm (
798:
797:
793:
790:
778:
777:
773:
770:
751:
665:pocket billiards
656:, among others.
629:
621:
602:pocket billiards
561:
522:
512:
498:
482:
476:
470:
428:ground billiards
348:Marie Antoinette
285:Pocket billiards
255:
239:
236:
219:
82:ground billiards
47:
40:
36:
21:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4246:
4209:
4132:
4050:
4034:Strength sports
4029:
3998:
3962:
3900:
3842:
3837:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3787:
3785:
3778:
3747:
3709:
3659:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3502:
3452:Russian pyramid
3430:
3405:Six-red snooker
3385:
3328:Carom billiards
3322:
3313:
3214:and trick shots
3159:
3154:
3110:
3100:
3081:
3068:
3053:
3040:
3012:
3001:
2988:
2973:
2963:
2961:Further reading
2958:
2952:
2924:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2846:Partridge Press
2831:
2827:
2822:Wayback Machine
2800:
2796:
2790:Wayback Machine
2781:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2756:
2742:Wayback Machine
2733:
2729:
2722:
2705:
2698:
2692:Wayback Machine
2682:
2678:
2671:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2559:Cotton, Charles
2556:
2552:
2540:
2530:Partridge Press
2519:
2488:
2481:
2467:
2463:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2367:
2363:Main category:
2359:
2346:
2300:
2271:
2236:Six-red snooker
2225:
2217:Russian pyramid
2206:
2201:
2074:
2070:Main category:
2066:
2059:
2005:
2003:Carom billiards
1997:
1990:
1955:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1906:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1855:the losing game
1839:
1833:
1828:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1783:
1775:
1761:
1745:
1737:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1603:
1567:
1561:
1537:
1529:Main articles:
1527:
1519:
1509:
1503:
1489:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1461:
1459:Carom billiards
1455:
1439:Russian pyramid
1384:
1360:William Hoskins
1346:
1317:
1300:
1278:
1271:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1206:
1200:
1175:
1169:
1154:
1122:
1116:
1108:
1097:
1079:billiard tables
1067:
1061:
1027:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
998:
990:
982:
974:
966:
958:
950:
942:
931:
927:
924:
922:
910:
906:
903:
901:
892:
884:
873:
869:
866:
864:
857:Russian pyramid
849:
836:
832:
829:
827:
826:—52.5 mm (
816:
812:
809:
807:
802:American-style
795:
791:
788:
786:
785:—61.5 mm (
775:
771:
768:
766:
753:
741:
735:
730:
726:Main category:
724:
700:
688:cigarette cards
673:Russian pyramid
631:
623:
614:carom billiards
564:Duke of Norfolk
524:
484:
412:
376:Charles Dickens
360:Abraham Lincoln
322:Russian pyramid
257:
248:Carom billiards
237:
221:
88:Characteristics
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4309:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4169:Indoor cycling
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4074:Canoe marathon
4071:
4070:
4069:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:Beach handball
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3738:
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3109:
3108:External links
3106:
3105:
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3066:
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2840:(rev. ver. of
2834:Everton, Clive
2825:
2794:
2775:
2773:, 9 March 1897
2754:
2727:
2720:
2696:
2676:
2669:
2646:
2620:
2617:on 2014-03-16.
2596:
2579:"Pool History"
2570:
2550:
2538:
2522:Everton, Clive
2486:
2479:
2461:
2446:, ed. (1911).
2444:Chisholm, Hugh
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2048:
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2016:
2011:
2001:Main article:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1934:Main article:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1913:Losing hazards
1908:
1897:
1835:Main article:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1785:
1763:
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1645:
1642:
1563:Main article:
1560:
1557:
1551:'s 1859 book,
1549:Michael Phelan
1526:
1523:
1505:Main article:
1502:
1499:
1468:Main article:
1465:
1462:
1457:Main article:
1454:
1451:
1383:
1380:
1376:billiard cloth
1299:
1296:
1277:
1274:
1202:Main article:
1199:
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1171:Main article:
1168:
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1145:billiard rooms
1118:Main article:
1115:
1112:
1065:Billiard table
1063:Main article:
1060:
1057:
848:
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780:
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737:Main article:
734:
733:Billiard balls
731:
723:
720:
699:
696:
683:; and others.
538:miniature golf
411:
408:
404:Jackie Gleason
326:
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204:billiard balls
198:played with a
196:games of skill
187:
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138:billiard table
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51:Charles Cotton
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4226:Flag football
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4204:Weightlifting
4202:
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4179:Roller hockey
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4020:Boules sports
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3769:Organizations
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3534:Billiard hall
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3483:Bar billiards
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3212:Artistic pool
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3198:Straight pool
3195:
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3099:9780470633946
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3067:9783941484986
3063:
3059:
3052:
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3045:
3041:
3039:9780156005548
3035:
3031:
3028:(Paperback).
3027:
3026:
3021:
3020:Byrne, Robert
3017:
3013:
3011:9781454927914
3007:
3000:
2999:
2993:
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2987:9781454927914
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2951:0-15-100325-4
2947:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2932:Byrne, Robert
2929:
2925:
2923:1-4027-1428-9
2919:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2889:
2887:9781558217973
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2855:1-85225-013-5
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2539:1-85225-013-5
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2480:1-886768-06-4
2476:
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2402:
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2357:Cueless games
2351:
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2338:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
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2311:Bar billiards
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2302:
2293:
2290:
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2285:
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2275:
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2262:
2261:Power Snooker
2259:
2257:
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2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
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2223:Snooker games
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2186:Straight pool
2184:
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2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:Equal offense
2135:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
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2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:Artistic pool
2082:
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2077:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Straight rail
2044:
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2027:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1947:
1944:stationed in
1943:
1937:
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1863:straight rail
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1823:
1821:
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1766:Straight pool
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1579:straight pool
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1470:straight rail
1464:Straight rail
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1404:
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1399:straight rail
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1357:
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1337:
1333:
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1326:" (generally
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896:
891:
883:
862:
858:
854:
845:
842:
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822:
805:
801:
784:
781:
765:—68 mm (
764:
760:
757:
756:
752:
745:
740:
739:Billiard ball
729:
719:
717:
713:
708:
704:
695:
693:
689:
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682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
646:three-cushion
643:
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635:
634:straight rail
630:
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615:
607:
603:
598:
594:
590:
588:
584:
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579:John Thurston
575:
571:
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560:
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546:
539:
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475:
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438:, and modern
437:
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429:
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407:
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401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Lewis Carroll
385:
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365:
361:
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353:
352:Immanuel Kant
349:
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301:straight pool
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156:billiard room
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99:
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83:
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72:
69:
67:
62:
58:
57:
53:'s 1674 book
52:
46:
41:
33:
19:
4184:Rugby sevens
4159:Bodybuilding
4126:Wakeboarding
4121:Water skiing
4094:Orienteering
4055:Trend sports
4041:Powerlifting
4014:
3967:Martial arts
3889:Trampolining
3798:
3784:
3774:Competitions
3664:Other events
3450:
3443:
3411:Snooker plus
3403:
3396:
3368:
3361:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3289:Pyramid pool
3259:Fifteen-ball
3211:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3173:
3156:
3077:
3049:
3024:
2997:
2969:
2940:. New York:
2936:
2912:. New York:
2908:
2875:
2870:Shamos, Mike
2864:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2805:
2797:
2778:
2749:
2746:The American
2745:
2730:
2711:
2679:
2659:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2633:the original
2623:
2615:the original
2608:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:the original
2573:
2562:
2553:
2545:
2525:
2470:
2464:
2453:
2438:
2360:
2330:
2301:
2272:
2256:Snooker plus
2226:
2207:
2140:Fifteen-ball
2067:
2060:
2057:Pocket games
2032:
2024:
1998:
1991:
1965:Commonwealth
1958:
1939:
1891:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1814:
1636:colour balls
1616:, or all by
1591:
1568:
1552:
1538:
1510:
1492:
1473:
1447:Eastern bloc
1435:Commonwealth
1420:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1358:and chemist
1353:
1309:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1261:carbon fiber
1250:
1211:
1207:
1192:
1184:
1161:
1157:worsted wool
1138:
1131:
1100:
1076:
1034:
1005:
1001:Commonwealth
920:
899:
894:
893:(called the
855:
852:
759:Russian pool
709:
705:
701:
691:
685:
658:
611:
591:
576:
572:
568:
542:
532:The sons of
521:rail cushion
504:
500:
462:
460:
421:
333:
327:
242:
223:
191:
190:
101:Team members
77:First played
54:
4084:Flying disc
4079:Finswimming
4067:Parachuting
3948:Racquetball
3905:Ball sports
3645:Mosconi Cup
3562:tournaments
3468:Bumper pool
3436:Other games
3344:One-cushion
3244:Cowboy pool
3229:Bottle pool
3086:For Dummies
2316:Bumper pool
2282:Cowboy pool
2277:Bottle pool
2172:(a.k.a. 61)
1995:Carom games
1885:object ball
1742:object ball
1486:nurse shots
1429:. A third,
1382:Major games
1281:slides on.
1045:crystallite
1030:bumper pool
889:object ball
712:World Games
692:The Hustler
642:one-cushion
620:object ball
487:golf putter
436:palle-malle
432:jeu de mail
372:Jules Grévy
330:Shakespeare
238: 1900
178:World Games
4286:Cue sports
4280:Categories
4089:Lifesaving
4062:Air sports
4046:Tug of war
3984:Kickboxing
3917:Canoe polo
3864:Gymnastics
3859:Dancesport
3759:Cue sports
3752:Categories
3519:Techniques
3309:Three-ball
3304:Speed pool
3299:Seven-ball
3284:One-pocket
3274:Kelly pool
3234:Bowlliards
3175:Eight-ball
3157:Cue sports
2639:August 14,
2589:1 December
2425:References
2344:Disk games
2197:Three-ball
2181:Speed pool
2176:Seven-ball
2165:One-pocket
2150:Kelly pool
2119:Eight-ball
2099:Bowlliards
2064:Pool games
1881:and a red
1816:Speed pool
1811:Speed pool
1758:money ball
1748:seven-ball
1650:Eight-ball
1620:bank shots
1600:money ball
1587:eight-ball
1583:one-pocket
1571:eight-ball
1343:hand chalk
1268:jump shots
1257:golf clubs
1083:rectangles
951:and seven
698:As a sport
669:one-pocket
501:cue sports
424:lawn games
364:Mark Twain
305:one-pocket
289:eight-ball
192:Cue sports
142:cue sticks
38:Cue sports
18:Cue Sports
4199:Triathlon
4194:Taekwondo
4144:Badminton
3927:Floorball
3688:U.S. Open
3671:Euro Tour
3633:champions
3611:champions
3584:champions
3539:Cue stick
3507:Resources
3473:Bagatelle
3426:Shoot Out
3381:Goriziana
3376:Four-ball
3363:Five-pins
3254:Cutthroat
3219:Bank pool
3191:Nine-ball
3120:Billiards
2783:"Aloxite"
2430:Citations
2334:Goriziana
2306:Bagatelle
2160:Nine-ball
2124:Blackball
2114:Cutthroat
2089:Bank pool
2025:yotsudama
1877:cue balls
1788:Bank pool
1728:Nine-ball
1628:red balls
1594:eponymous
1575:nine-ball
1416:five-pins
1412:four-ball
1204:Cue stick
1143:and home
1094:bar boxes
1041:celluloid
916:four-ball
844:Blackball
840: in)
820: in)
799: in)
779: in)
750:Cue balls
722:Equipment
654:four-ball
650:five-pins
549:Louis XIV
461:The word
396:Babe Ruth
309:bank pool
293:nine-ball
280:four-ball
224:billiards
210:-covered
130:Equipment
110:Mixed-sex
4231:Lacrosse
4221:Duathlon
4149:Baseball
3989:Muaythai
3974:Ju-jitsu
3953:Softball
3942:Lacrosse
3937:Korfball
3922:Fistball
3894:Tumbling
3514:Glossary
3478:Boccette
3351:Balkline
3294:Rotation
3269:Honolulu
3249:Cribbage
3224:Baseball
3205:Ten-ball
3022:(1998).
2934:(1998).
2872:(1999).
2836:(1986).
2818:Archived
2786:Archived
2738:Archived
2710:(1991).
2688:Archived
2657:(1993).
2561:(1674).
2524:(1986).
2414:Hustling
2382:See also
2371:Boccette
2192:Ten-ball
2170:Rotation
2145:Honolulu
2109:Cribbage
2014:Balkline
1752:six-ball
1734:cue ball
1606:rotation
1516:balkline
1507:Balkline
1501:Balkline
1403:balkline
1368:corundum
1332:silicate
1037:bakelite
971:cue ball
881:cue ball
638:balkline
628:cue ball
606:Tübingen
474:billette
463:billiard
400:Bob Hope
356:Napoleon
297:ten-ball
264:balkline
218:cushions
162:Presence
154:or home
64:Highest
4206:(women)
4174:Netball
4164:Casting
4025:Bowling
4010:Archery
3944:(women)
3879:Parkour
3799:italics
3764:Players
3606:Women's
3398:Snooker
3390:Snooker
3239:Chicago
3082:(ebook)
3054:(ebook)
3002:(ebook)
2974:(ebook)
2899:Sources
2548:(1979).
2231:Snooker
2104:Chicago
1961:cricket
1952:snooker
1936:Snooker
1930:Snooker
1903:potting
1869:cannons
1802:cushion
1794:banking
1724:pocket.
1704:yellows
1680:stripes
1427:snooker
1347:; like
1320:snooker
1232:ferrule
1024:colours
1015:⁄
955:stripes
930:⁄
909:⁄
872:⁄
835:⁄
824:Snooker
815:⁄
794:⁄
774:⁄
677:snooker
661:pockets
624:with a
468:billart
444:croquet
410:History
314:Snooker
254:pockets
168:Olympic
125:, table
93:Contact
3979:Karate
3958:Squash
3703:9-Ball
3698:8-Ball
3676:events
3488:Novuss
3279:Killer
3096:
3064:
3036:
3008:
2984:
2948:
2920:
2884:
2852:
2718:
2667:
2536:
2477:
2350:Novuss
2155:Killer
1772:points
1720:called
1712:8 ball
1688:solids
1656:pocket
1612:pocket
1478:gather
1392:pocket
1364:silica
1314:miscue
1059:Tables
995:yellow
979:groups
967:and a
963:8 ball
947:solids
714:since
652:, and
446:, and
440:trucco
402:, and
340:Mozart
320:, and
307:, and
278:, and
123:Indoor
4242:Wushu
4233:(men)
4189:Sambo
4109:Track
3558:Major
3498:Slosh
3458:Kaisa
3167:games
3090:Wiley
3058:Litho
2292:Kaisa
1946:India
1921:split
1780:racks
1716:in a
1692:, or
1672:group
1443:kaisa
1388:carom
1372:oxide
1324:chalk
1298:Chalk
1253:ramin
1224:shaft
1134:baize
1120:Baize
1114:Cloth
1049:ivory
959:, an
939:suits
895:kaisa
861:kaisa
783:Carom
763:kaisa
587:ivory
510:queue
496:bille
456:bowls
452:bocce
212:table
208:cloth
148:Venue
4104:Road
3994:Sumo
3544:Rack
3264:Golf
3165:Pool
3094:ISBN
3062:ISBN
3034:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2982:ISBN
2946:ISBN
2918:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2716:ISBN
2712:Pool
2665:ISBN
2641:2008
2591:2011
2534:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2376:Crud
2033:sagu
1857:and
1700:vs.
1696:reds
1684:vs.
1581:and
1533:and
1425:and
1423:pool
1414:and
1405:and
1390:and
1349:talc
1246:spin
1216:butt
1212:The
1198:Cues
1187:rack
1167:Rack
1088:pubs
991:and
859:and
804:pool
761:and
716:2001
583:clay
515:tail
481:mace
454:and
448:golf
434:and
183:2001
119:Type
1664:pot
1640:".
1240:tip
1151:bed
1105:bed
987:red
983:of
918:).
505:Cue
491:cue
471:or
200:cue
4282::
3092:.
3088:.
3084:.
3060:.
3056:.
3032:.
2980:.
2976:.
2944:.
2916:.
2848:.
2812:,
2808:,
2804:,
2757:^
2699:^
2607:.
2489:^
2452:.
2029:,
1853:,
1750:,
1577:,
1573:,
1449:.
1418:.
1401:,
1394:.
1272:.
1185:A
1047:,
1043:,
1039:,
1017:16
911:16
874:16
870:11
837:16
796:16
776:16
772:11
718:.
679:;
675:;
671:;
648:,
644:,
640:,
636:,
589:.
525:.
458:.
442:,
406:.
398:,
394:,
390:,
386:,
382:,
378:,
374:,
370:,
366:,
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358:,
354:,
350:,
346:,
342:,
316:,
299:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
235:c.
172:No
140:,
136:,
96:No
3832:e
3825:t
3818:v
3149:e
3142:t
3135:v
3102:.
3070:.
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2990:.
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1660:(
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1013:1
1010:+
1008:2
932:4
928:1
925:+
923:2
907:7
904:+
902:2
867:+
865:2
833:1
830:+
828:2
817:4
813:1
810:+
808:2
792:7
789:+
787:2
769:+
767:2
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20:)
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