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attempted to recall the same words underwater as well as on land. The participants who had learned the words on land recalled 38% of the words when tested on land, but only 21% of the words when underwater. The divers who had learned the words underwater recalled 21% on the beach and 32% when underwater.
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Memory retrieval can be facilitated or triggered by replication of the context in which the memory was encoded. Such conditions include weather, company, location, smell of a particular odor, hearing a certain song, even taste can sometimes act as a cue. For example, students sometimes fail to recall
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and situation. In an experiment conducted in 1975, deep sea divers were divided into two groups. Each group had the same list of 36 unrelated words to learn. However, one of the groups learned these words 15 feet underwater, while the second group learned the words on land. Both groups then
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how memory in the human mind works. Instead, information stored in the memory is retrieved by way of association with other memories. Some memories can not be recalled by simply thinking about them. Rather, one must think about something associated with it.
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are governed by the state of mind and being at the time of encoding. The emotional or mental state of the person, such as being inebriated, drugged, upset, anxious or happy are key cues.
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An experiment from 1966 showed that people remember a group of words better if they are within the same theme category. Such words that generate recall by association are known as
363:(1974). "Cue-Dependent Forgetting: When we forget something we once knew, it does not necessarily mean that the memory trace has been lost; it may only be inaccessible".
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Upon performing a search for files in a computer, its memory is scanned for words. Relevant files containing this word or string of words are displayed. This is
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during this vacation, this may make them remember all sorts of things from that trip, such as what they ate there, where they went and what books they read.
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For example, if someone tries and fails to recollect the memories they had about a vacation they went on, and someone mentions the fact that they hired a
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occurred. Students may consider studying under conditions that resemble an examination center which could boost their recall during actual exams.
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diligently studied material when an examination room's environmental conditions differ significantly from the room or place where initial
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Abernethy, Ethel Mary (1940). "The Effect of
Changed Environmental Conditions Upon the Results of College Examinations".
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Goodwin, D.; Powell, B.; Bremer, D.; Hoine, H.; Stern, J. (1969). "Alcohol and recall: state-dependent effects in man".
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Tulving, Endel; Pearlstone, Zena (1966). "Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words".
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Godden, D; Baddeley, A. (1975). "Context-Dependent Memory in Two
Natural Environments: On Land and Underwater".
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Psychologists that have researched context dependent recall include
Abernethy (1940).
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process, a cue that could be used could also put emphasis on the
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Pastorino, Ellen E.; Doyle-Portillo, Susann M. (2011).
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23:, is the failure to recall information without memory
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222:(9th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 277.
168:(2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 228.
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191:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
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219:Psychology: Themes and Variations
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165:What is Psychology? Essentials
143:Encoding specificity principle
27:. The term either pertains to
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343:10.1080/00223980.1940.9917005
296:British Journal of Psychology
265:10.1126/science.163.3873.1358
203:10.1016/S0022-5371(66)80048-8
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331:The Journal of Psychology
138:Context-dependent memory
133:State-dependent learning
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102:which are dependent on
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216:Weiten, Wayne (2012).
100:context-dependent cues
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79:quality of the word.
88:State-dependent cues
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251:(3873): 1358–1360.
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