334:
116:
40:
147:(PCL). These ligaments are two strong, rounded bands that extend from the head of the tibia to the intercondyloid notch of the femur. The ACL is lateral and the PCL is medial. They cross each other like the limbs of an X. They are named for their insertion into the tibia: the ACL attaches to the anterior aspect of the
270:
The examiner stands behind the dog and places a thumb on the caudal aspect of the femoral condylar region with the index finger on the patella. The other thumb is placed on the head of the fibula with the index finger on the tibial crest. The ability to move the tibia forward (cranially) with respect
173:
pass through a fibro-osseous tunnel system – the flexor mechanism – of annular and cruciate ligaments called pulleys. The cruciate pulleys tether the long flexor tendons. The number and extent of these cruciate and annular ligaments varies among individuals, but three cruciate and four or
308:
This surgery uses biomechanics of the knee joint and is meant to address the lack of success seen in the extracapsular repair surgery in larger dogs. A stainless steel bone plate is used to hold the two pieces of bone in place. This surgery is complex and typically costs more than the extracapsular
242:
There are several ways a dog can tear or rupture the cruciate ligament. Young athletic dogs can be seen with this rupture if they take a bad step while playing too rough and injure their knee. Older dogs, especially if overweight, can have weakened ligaments that can be stretched or torn by simply
263:
History, palpation, observation and proper radiography is important in properly assessing the patient. The key in diagnosing a rupture of the cruciate ligament is the demonstration of an abnormal gait in the dog. Abnormal knee motion is typically observed and diagnosis of a rupture can be made by
254:
In recent survey's some of the large breed dogs that seem to be at risk for obtaining these ruptures were: Neapolitan mastiff, Newfoundland, St. Bernard, Rottweiler, Chesapeake Bay retriever, Akita, and
American Staffordshire terrier. However, other breeds have been observed with these ruptures,
231:
In animals the two cruciate ligaments that cross the inside of the knee joint are referred to as the cranial cruciate (equivalent to anterior in humans) and the caudal cruciate (equivalent to the posterior in humans). The cranial cruciate ligament prevents the tibia from slipping forward out from
317:
This surgery aims at advancing the tibial tuberosity forward in order to modify the pull of the quadriceps muscle group, which in turn helps reduce tibial thrust and ultimately stabilizes the knee. The tibial tuberosity is separated and anchored to its new position by a titanium or steel cage,
299:
Any bone spurs are removed and a large suture is passed around the fabella behind the knee through a drilled hole in the front of the tibia. This surgical procedure tightens the joint to prevent the drawer motion, and the suture that is put in place takes the job of the cruciate ligament for
235:
Stifle injuries are one of the most common causes of lameness in rear limbs in dogs, and cruciate ligament injuries are the most common lesion in the stifle joint. A rupture of the cruciate ligament usually involves a rear leg to suddenly become so sore that the dog can barely bear weight on
280:
For proper diagnosis sedation is typically needed since most animals tend to be tense or frightened at the vet's office. If the animal tenses its muscles, temporary stabilization of the knee can be observed which would prevent demonstration of the drawer sign or tibial compression
151:, the PCL to the posterior aspect. The ACL and PCL remain distinct throughout and each has its own partial synovial sheath. Relative to the femur, the ACL keeps the tibia from slipping forward and the PCL keeps the tibia from slipping backward.
276:
Another method used to diagnose a rupture is the tibial compression test, in which a veterinarian will stabilize the femur with one hand and flex the ankle with the other hand. The tibia will move abnormally forward if a rupture is
284:
Radiographs are typically necessary to identify whether bone chips, from where the ligament attaches to the tibia, are present. This can occur when the cruciate ligament tears, and if found will require surgical
190:
246:
Large overweight dogs are at more risk for ruptures of the cruciate ligament. In these instances it is common to see a rupture in the other leg within a year's time of the first rupture.
222:
Cruciate ligament injuries are common in animals, and in 2005 a study estimated that $ 1.32 billion was spent in the United States in treating the cranial cruciate ligament of dogs.
174:
five annular ligaments are normally found in each finger (usually referred to as, for example, "A1 pulley" and "C1 pulley"). The thumb has a similar system for its
300:
approximately 2 to 12 months after surgery. The suture will eventually break and the dog will have its own healed tissue that will hold the knee in place.
437:
255:
such as: Labradors, Labrador crossbreeds, Poodles, Poodle crossbreeds, Bichon Frises, German
Shepherds, Shepherd crossbreeds, and Golden Retrievers.
658:
685:
Die anatomische
Nomenclatur. Nomina Anatomica. Der von der Anatomischen Gesellschaft auf ihrer IX. Versammlung in Basel angenommenen Namen
671:
337:
Annular (A1-A5) and cruciform (C0-C3) ligaments of the tendon sheath over the flexor tendons of the index finger of the right hand.
542:
1040:
471:
186:
170:
333:
645:
17:
454:
Austin, Noelle M. (2005). "Chapter 9: The Wrist and Hand
Complex". In Levangie, Pamela K.; Norkin, Cynthia C. (eds.).
417:
271:
to a fixed femur is a positive cranial drawer sign indicative of a rupture (it will look like a drawer being opened).
219:" in humans, dogs, and cats; direct trauma to the joint is relatively uncommon and age appears to be a major factor.
166:
564:
Estimate of the annual economic impact of treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injury in dogs in the United States
741:
158:
of the atlas vertebra, also called "cruciform ligament of the atlas", a ligament in the neck forming part of the
603:
175:
155:
432:
144:
906:
342:
140:
979:
965:
182:
44:
Illustration of the ligaments of the knee, including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
1011:
961:
947:
938:
99:
215:
Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament is one of the "most frequent acquired diseases of the
1007:
463:
413:
364:
50:
854:
784:
455:
734:
8:
915:
791:
700:(29th edition). Philadelphia/London/Toronto/Montreal/Sydney/Tokyo: W.B. Saunders Company.
198:
194:
159:
102:, the crossed ligaments stabilize the joint while allowing a very large range of motion.
1097:
1061:
632:
616:
539:
518:
148:
95:
1035:
956:
952:
510:
467:
456:
178:
but with a single oblique pulley replacing the cruciate pulleys found in the fingers.
522:
489:"Evaluation of computed tomographic anatomy of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint"
911:
500:
358:
839:
727:
563:
546:
441:
377:
1057:
1052:
1047:
998:
885:
880:
811:
774:
1091:
1030:
796:
764:
711:
A Latin dictionary founded on
Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.
1002:
875:
844:
514:
216:
128:
505:
488:
975:
901:
829:
824:
816:
779:
659:
Cranial
Cruciate Ligament (CCL)- Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO)
91:
56:
984:
864:
87:
988:
943:
801:
769:
115:
672:
Cranial
Cruciate Ligament (CCL)- Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA)
540:
Predisposition of Dog Breeds to
Rupture of Cranial Cruciate Ligament
225:
1076:
1071:
75:
934:
318:“fork”, and plate. Bone graft is used to stimulate bone healing.
39:
486:
750:
251:
Common breeds that are seen with cruciate ligament ruptures:
83:
462:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. pp.
487:
Vanderperren K, Ghaye B, Snaps FR, Saunders JH (May 2008).
132:
124:
127:
of humans and other bipedal animals and the corresponding
719:
619:. “The Canadian Veterinary Journal” 2003, 44(10): 845-846
356:
In the first edition of the official Latin nomenclature (
664:
635:. “The Canadian Veterinary Journal” 2002, 43(6): 475-476
392:. It became considered that cruciate was equivalent to
154:
Another structure of this type in human anatomy is the
568:
Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association
458:
Joint
Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis
412:
651:
646:
Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CCL)- Extracapsular Repair
638:
79:
633:
Diagnosing rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament
617:
Canine cranial cruciate ligament rupture in profile
703:
226:Rupture in canines and surgical repair techniques
1089:
538:Neãas A., J . Zatloukal, H. Kecová, M. Dvofiák:
534:
532:
98:. In a fashion similar to the cords in a toy
735:
627:
625:
606:. “Veterinary Information Network, Inc.” 2005
604:Ruptured Anterior (Cranial) Cruciate Ligament
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
529:
293:Three surgical techniques are commonly used
690:
480:
422:(5th ed.). Oxford Press. p. 1593.
139:The cruciate ligaments of the knee are the
742:
728:
648:. “Dallas Veterinary Surgical Center” 2015
622:
609:
197:joint. These ligaments can be seen using
38:
573:
504:
698:Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary
674:“Dallas Veterinary Surgical Center” 2015
661:“Dallas Veterinary Surgical Center” 2015
332:
205:
114:
14:
1090:
453:
723:
243:stepping down off the bed or jumping.
191:cruciate distal sesamoidean ligaments
187:inferior extensor retinaculum of foot
709:Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879).
434:Anatomy of Spinal Vertebrae Tutorial
372:was used, similar to the expression
677:
131:of quadrupedal animals, and in the
24:
687:. Leipzig: Verlag Veit & Comp.
328:
305:Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy
25:
1109:
419:Cunningham's text-book of anatomy
27:Type of ligament shaped like an X
376:currently in use in English. In
264:performing the drawer sign test.
189:. The equine foot has a pair of
123:Cruciate ligaments occur in the
347:Cruciform ligaments of fingers.
556:
447:
426:
406:
314:Tibial tuberosity advancement
13:
1:
399:
156:cruciate ligament of the dens
351:
110:
7:
145:posterior cruciate ligament
10:
1114:
907:Anatomical terms of motion
749:
343:Cruciate ligament of atlas
210:
171:superficial flexor tendons
141:anterior cruciate ligament
1020:
924:
894:
757:
239:How a rupture can occur:
86:of the body, such as the
82:. They occur in several
49:
37:
32:
996:specialized/lower limbs:
973:specialized/upper limbs:
713:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
368:), the Latin expression
183:cruciate crural ligament
696:Anderson, D.M. (2000).
105:
78:arranged like a letter
414:Daniel John Cunningham
365:Terminologia Anatomica
338:
120:
51:Anatomical terminology
855:Ball and socket joint
785:Interosseous membrane
506:10.2460/ajvr.69.5.631
362:, renamed in 1998 as
336:
296:Extracapsular repair
206:Clinical significance
181:The human foot has a
135:, fingers, and foot.
118:
165:In the fingers, the
873:by range of motion:
199:computed tomography
195:metacarpophalangeal
160:atlanto-axial joint
96:atlanto-axial joint
72:cruciform ligaments
562:Wilke VL. (2005).
553:2000, 69: 305-310.
545:2008-12-09 at the
440:2007-10-10 at the
374:cruciate ligaments
370:ligamenta cruciata
339:
176:long flexor tendon
149:intercondylar area
121:
119:Cruciate ligaments
68:Cruciate ligaments
33:Cruciate ligaments
18:Cruciate ligaments
1085:
1084:
1036:Synovial membrane
957:External rotation
953:Internal rotation
602:Brooks, Wendy C.
473:978-0-8036-1191-7
267:The drawer sign:
65:
64:
60:
16:(Redirected from
1105:
1041:Fibrous membrane
744:
737:
730:
721:
720:
714:
707:
701:
694:
688:
683:His, W. (1895).
681:
675:
668:
662:
655:
649:
642:
636:
629:
620:
613:
607:
600:
571:
560:
554:
536:
527:
526:
508:
484:
478:
477:
461:
451:
445:
430:
424:
423:
410:
384:is derived from
359:Nomina Anatomica
290:Surgical repair
232:under the femur.
185:, also known as
57:edit on Wikidata
54:
42:
30:
29:
21:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1016:
920:
890:
840:Condyloid joint
753:
748:
718:
717:
708:
704:
695:
691:
682:
678:
669:
665:
656:
652:
643:
639:
630:
623:
614:
610:
601:
574:
561:
557:
547:Wayback Machine
537:
530:
493:Am. J. Vet. Res
485:
481:
474:
452:
448:
442:Wayback Machine
431:
427:
411:
407:
402:
378:classical Latin
354:
331:
329:Other locations
228:
213:
208:
113:
108:
74:) are pairs of
61:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:extracapsular:
1065:
1064:
1058:Articular disk
1055:
1053:Synovial bursa
1050:
1048:Synovial fluid
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1005:
999:Plantarflexion
992:
991:
982:
969:
968:
959:
950:
941:
928:
926:
922:
921:
919:
918:
909:
904:
898:
896:
892:
891:
889:
888:
883:
881:Amphiarthrosis
878:
869:
868:
860:
859:
858:
857:
849:
848:
847:
842:
834:
833:
832:
827:
819:
807:
806:
805:
804:
799:
789:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
761:
759:
755:
754:
747:
746:
739:
732:
724:
716:
715:
702:
689:
676:
663:
650:
637:
631:Harasen, Greg
621:
615:Harasen, Greg
608:
572:
555:
551:Acta Vet. Brno
528:
479:
472:
446:
425:
404:
403:
401:
398:
353:
350:
349:
348:
345:
330:
327:
326:
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323:
322:
321:
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319:
312:
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303:
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288:
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278:
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265:
258:
257:
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244:
237:
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227:
224:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
179:
163:
152:
143:(ACL) and the
112:
109:
107:
104:
100:Jacob's ladder
63:
62:
53:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:Joint capsule
1029:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
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1004:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
990:
986:
983:
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977:
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954:
951:
949:
945:
942:
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936:
933:
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929:
927:
923:
917:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
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893:
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884:
882:
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871:
870:
867:
866:
862:
861:
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853:
852:
850:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
820:
818:
815:
813:
809:
808:
803:
800:
798:
797:Synchondrosis
795:
794:
793:
792:Cartilaginous
790:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
766:
763:
762:
760:
756:
752:
745:
740:
738:
733:
731:
726:
725:
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706:
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673:
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660:
654:
647:
641:
634:
628:
626:
618:
612:
605:
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597:
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593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
569:
565:
559:
552:
548:
544:
541:
535:
533:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
483:
475:
469:
465:
460:
459:
450:
443:
439:
436:
435:
429:
421:
420:
415:
409:
405:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:
361:
360:
346:
344:
341:
340:
335:
316:
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313:
307:
306:
304:
298:
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269:
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266:
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245:
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240:
238:
234:
230:
229:
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218:
200:
196:
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161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:
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134:
130:
126:
117:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
58:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1068:
1027:
1003:Dorsiflexion
995:
972:
931:
876:Synarthrosis
872:
863:
845:Saddle joint
810:
710:
705:
697:
692:
684:
679:
666:
653:
640:
611:
567:
558:
550:
499:(5): 631–8.
496:
492:
482:
457:
449:
433:
428:
418:
408:
394:cross-shaped
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
369:
363:
357:
355:
221:
217:stifle joint
214:
122:
71:
67:
66:
976:Protraction
902:Kinesiology
895:Terminology
886:Diarthrosis
830:Pivot joint
825:Hinge joint
817:Plane joint
780:Syndesmosis
260:Diagnosis:
92:wrist joint
1021:Components
985:Supination
980:Retraction
966:Depression
916:Antagonist
865:synostosis
670:Tong, Kim
657:Tong, Kim
644:Tong, Kim
400:References
388:, meaning
88:knee joint
1098:Ligaments
1028:capsular:
1012:Inversion
989:Pronation
962:Elevation
948:Abduction
944:Adduction
939:Extension
802:Symphysis
770:Gomphosis
380:the verb
352:Etymology
111:Structure
76:ligaments
1092:Category
1077:Enthesis
1072:Ligament
1062:Meniscus
1008:Eversion
932:general:
812:synovial
543:Archived
523:24715289
515:18447794
438:Archived
416:(1918).
382:cruciare
277:present.
94:and the
935:Flexion
925:Motions
912:Agonist
765:Fibrous
309:repair.
285:repair.
211:Rupture
193:in the
775:Suture
751:Joints
521:
513:
470:
129:stifle
84:joints
70:(also
758:Types
519:S2CID
466:–28.
390:cross
281:test.
55:[
511:PMID
468:ISBN
386:crux
169:and
167:deep
133:neck
125:knee
106:Knee
851:3°
836:2°
821:1°
501:doi
464:327
236:it.
1094::
624:^
575:^
566:.
549:.
531:^
517:.
509:.
497:69
495:.
491:.
396:.
90:,
1060:/
1010:/
1001:/
987:/
978:/
964:/
955:/
946:/
937:/
914:/
814::
743:e
736:t
729:v
570:.
525:.
503::
476:.
444:.
201:.
162:.
80:X
59:]
20:)
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