925:, and The Open Source Science Project. In the scientific community, these new options for research funding are seen ambivalently. Advocates of crowdfunding for science emphasize that it allows early-career scientists to apply for their own projects early on, that it forces scientists to communicate clearly and comprehensively to a broader public, that it may alleviate problems of the established funding systems which are seen to fund conventional, mainstream projects, and that it gives the public a say in science funding. In turn, critics are worried about quality control on crowdfunding platforms. If non-scientists were allowed to make funding decisions, it would be more likely that "panda bear science" is funded, i.e. research with broad appeal but lacking scientific substance.
1142:
rather than financial logic. By using crowdfunding, creators also forgo potential support and value that a single angel investor or venture capitalist might offer. Likewise, crowdfunding requires that creators manage their investors. This can be time-consuming and financially burdensome as the number of investors in the crowd rises. Crowdfunding draws a crowd: investors and other interested observers who follow the progress, or lack of progress, of a project. Sometimes it proves easier to raise the money for a project than to make the project a success. Managing communications with many possibly disappointed investors and supporters can be a substantial, and potentially diverting, task.
1037:
intrastate solicitation was allowed, but a single out-of-state offer could destroy the exemption. Additionally, the issuer was required to be incorporated and do business in the same state of the intrastate offering. With the expansion of interstate business activities because of the internet, it became difficult for businesses to comply with the exemption. Therefore, on
October 26, 2016, the SEC adopted Rule 147(a) which removed many of the restrictions to modernize the Rules. For example, companies would have to do business and have its principal place of business in the state where the offering is sold, and not necessarily where
81:
960:. Though deciding which stories are published is a role that traditionally belongs to editors at more established publications, crowdfunding can give the public an opportunity to provide input in deciding which stories are reported. This is done by funding certain reporters and their pitches. Donating can be seen as an act that "bonds" reporters and their readers. This is because readers are expressing interest for their work, which can be "personally motivating" or "gratifying" for reporters.
1225:, has commented on this: "The system is terrible. It needs to be rethought and retooled. Politicians are failing us. Health care companies are failing us. Those are realities. I don't want to mince words here. We are facing a huge potential tragedy. We provide relief for a lot of people. But there are people who are not getting relief from us or from the institutions that are supposed to be there. We shouldn't be the solution to a complex set of systemic problems."
253:
Research also shows that friends and family account for a large, or even majority, portion of early fundraising. This capital may encourage subsequent funders to invest in the project. While funding does not depend on location, observation shows that funding is largely tied to the locations of traditional financing options. In reward-based crowdfunding, funders are often too hopeful about project returns and must revise expectations when returns are not met.
7490:
7480:
7460:
7440:
7430:
6099:
367:. Borrowers apply online, generally for free, and their application is reviewed and verified by an automated system, which also determines the borrower's credit risk and interest rate. Investors buy securities in a fund that makes the loans to individual borrowers or bundles of borrowers. Investors make money from interest on the unsecured loans; the system operators make money by taking a percentage of the loan and a loan servicing fee. In 2009,
419:
contributions (desire for investment). Additionally, individuals participate in crowdfunding to see new products before the public. Early access often allows funders to participate more directly in the development of the product. Crowdfunding is also particularly attractive to funders who are family and friends of a creator. It helps to mediate the terms of their financial agreement and manage each group's expectations for the project.
7470:
7450:
6109:
1091:." With crowdfunding, creators can find funders from around the world, sell both their product and equity, and benefit from increased information flow. Additionally, crowdfunding that supports pre-buying allows creators to obtain early feedback on the product. Another potential positive effect is the propensity of groups to "produce an accurate aggregate prediction" about market outcomes as identified by the author
521:, launched an initiative for public subscription in favor of establishing the first Egyptian university, and published an advertisement in Al-Ahram newspaper in October 1906 calling on Egyptians to fulfill the nation's debt and not procrastinate with it. Indeed, many people including school children rushed to donate, and the patriots encouraged this subscription until donations exceeded 4,400 Egyptian pounds.
5474:
1229:
For instance, physicians are obliged to uphold the ethics of the medical profession, such as patient confidentiality, but this runs in conflict with dishonest crowdfunding efforts. Thirdly, medical crowdfunding perpetuates inequalities—associated with variables such as gender, class, and race—in access to healthcare. For instance, there's a socioeconomic gradient with medical fundraising, in which a higher
502:. The paper solicited contributions by publishing articles that appealed to the emotions of New Yorkers. Donations of all sizes poured in, ranging from $ 0.15 to $ 250. More than 160,000 people across America gave, including businessmen, waiters, children, and politicians. The paper chronicled each donation, published letters from contributors on the front page, and kept a running tally of funds raised.
1006:
phenomenon, with the support of governments and development organizations it could become a useful tool in the developing world as well. Substantial reservoirs of entrepreneurial talent, activity, and capital lay dormant in many emerging economies ... Crowdfunding and crowdfund investing have several important roles to play in the developing world's entrepreneurial and venture finance ecosystem."
270:
create equity through the construction of a company. Equity crowdfunding, unlike donation and rewards-based crowdfunding, involves the offer of securities which include the potential for a return on investment. Syndicates, which involve many investors following the strategy of a single lead investor, can be effective in reducing information asymmetry and in avoiding the outcome of
423:
sparks the desire to be a part of the initiative; and (monetary) exploitation, which motivates the individual to participate by expecting a payoff. Crowdfunding platforms are motivated to generate income by drawing worthwhile projects and generous funders. These sites also seek widespread public attention for their projects and platform.
573:(Erik Estrada, Karen Black) was an early crowdfunded film. Subscribers of The Blue Sheet formed The Florida Film Investment Co (FFI) in January 1995, and started selling shares of stock at $ 10 a share to fund the $ 80,000 – $ 100,000 film. The Movie was filmed in Oct 1996. The film was distributed by RGH/Lion's Shares Pictures.
863:" redevelopment of distressed or abandoned properties, equity for commercial and residential projects, acquisition of pools of distressed mortgages, home buyer down payments, and similar real estate related outlets. Investment, via specialized online platforms in the US, is generally completed under Title II of the
1194:
observed on crowdfunding platforms – these platforms are not geographically constrained and bring in investors from near and far. On non-equity or reward-based platforms, investors try to mitigate this risk by using the amount of capital raised as a signal of performance or quality. On equity-based platforms,
817:, which enable students and staff to create projects and receive funding from alumni of the university or the general public. Several dedicated civic crowdfunding platforms have emerged in the US and the UK, some of which have led to the first direct involvement of governments in crowdfunding. In the UK,
1193:
is exacerbated due to the reduced ability of the investor to conduct due diligence. Early-stage investing is typically localized, as the costs of conducting due diligence before making investment decisions and the costs of monitoring after investing both rise with distance. However, this trend is not
1168:
Crowdfunding reduces costs – The platforms reduce search costs and transaction costs, which allows higher participation in the market. Many individual investors would otherwise have a hard time investing in early-stage companies because of the difficulty of identifying a company directly and the high
1019:
banned companies from soliciting capital from the general public for private offerings. However, "President Obama signed the
Jumpstart Our Small Businesses Act ('JOBS Act') into law on April 5, 2012, which removed the ban on general solicitation activities for issuers qualifying under a new exemption
460:
supply and demand. They replace traditional intermediaries (such as traditional record companies, venture capitalists). These platforms link new artists, designers, project initiators with committed supporters who believe in the persons behind the projects strongly enough to provide monetary support.
434:
The future growth potential of crowdfunding platforms also depends on their financing volume with venture capital. Between
January 2017 and April 2020 globally 99 venture capital financing rounds for crowdfunding platforms took place with more than half a billion USD of total money raised. The median
269:
will allow for a wider pool of small investors with fewer restrictions following the implementation of the act. Unlike non-equity crowdfunding, equity crowdfunding contains heightened "information asymmetries." The creator must not only produce the product for which they are raising capital, but also
1228:
There are ethical issues in medical crowdfunding. Firstly, there is a loss of patient privacy. Crowdfunding campaigns are generally more financially successful if extensive personal information is disclosed to the public. Secondly, the oversight regarding the veracity of claims is generally limited.
879:
In Europe, the requirements towards investors are not as high as in the United States, lowering the entry barrier into the real estate investments in general. Real estate crowdfunding can include various project types from commercial to residential developments, planning gain opportunities, build to
768:
article published in mid-September 2013 stated that "the niche for crowdfunding exists in financing films with budgets in the $ 1 to $ 10 million range" and crowdfunding campaigns are "much more likely to be successful if they tap into a significant pre-existing fan base and fulfill an existing
297:
of the network to expend scarce computer resources on maintaining the protocol network. These value tokens may or may not exist at the time of the crowdsale, and may require substantial development effort and eventual software release before the token is live and establishes a market value. Although
127:
of the 19th and 20th centuries is a broader precursor. It generated collective groups, such as community or interest-based groups, pooling subscribed funds to develop new concepts, products, and means of distribution and production, particularly in rural areas of
Western Europe and North America. In
1145:
Some of the most popular fundraising drives are for commercial companies that use the process to reach customers and at the same time market their products and services. This favors companies like microbreweries and specialist restaurants – in effect creating a "club" of people who are customers as
459:
Curated crowdfunding platforms serve as "network orchestrators" by curating the offerings that are allowed on the platform. They create the necessary organizational systems and conditions for resource integration among other players to take place. Relational mediators act as an intermediary between
252:
was about 3,000 miles when the platform introduced royalty sharing. The funding for these projects is distributed unevenly, with a few projects accounting for the majority of overall funding. Additionally, funding increases as a project nears its goal, encouraging what is called "herding behavior".
983:
was not sustainable for various reasons. Many contributors were not returning donors and often, projects were funded by family and friends. The overall market for crowdfunding journalism may also be a factor; donations for journalism projects accounted for .13 percent of the $ 2.8 billion that was
422:
An individual who takes part in crowdfunding initiatives tends to have several distinct traits – innovative orientation, which stimulates the desire to try new modes of interacting with firms and other consumers; social identification with the content, cause, or project selected for funding, which
401:
Donation-based crowdfunding is the collective effort of individuals to help charitable causes. In donation-based crowdfunding, funds are raised for religious, social environmental, or other purposes. Donors come together to create an online community around a common cause to help fund services and
867:
and is limited to accredited investors. The platforms offer low minimum investments, often $ 100 – $ 10,000. There are over 75 real estate crowdfunding platforms in the United States. The growth of real estate crowdfunding is a global trend. During 2014 and 2015, more than 150 platforms have been
380:
Litigation crowdfunding allows plaintiffs or defendants to reach out to hundreds of their peers simultaneously in a semi-private and confidential manner to obtain funding, either seeking donations or providing a reward in return for funding. It also allows investors to purchase a stake in a claim
1061:
Marketing – project initiators can show there is an audience and market for their project. In the case of an unsuccessful campaign, it provides good market feedback. It also has a signal value: observing consumers, consumers who are not involved with original crowdfunding campaign, show a strong
900:
One of the challenges of posting new ideas on crowdfunding sites is there may be little or no intellectual property (IP) protection provided by the sites themselves. Once an idea is posted, it can be copied. As Slava Rubin, founder of IndieGoGo, said: "We get asked that all the time, 'How do you
430:
Crowdfunding is expected to reach US$ 1 trillion in 2025. A May 2014 report, released by the United
Kingdom-based The Crowdfunding Centre and titled "The State of the Crowdfunding Nation", presented data showing that during March 2014, more than US$ 60,000 were raised on an hourly basis via
418:
The motivation for consumer participation stems from the feeling of being at least partly responsible for the success of others people's initiatives (desire for patronage), striving to be a part of a communal social initiative (desire for social participation), and seeking a payoff from monetary
371:
entered the P2P lending arena; for example in 2013, Google invested $ 125 million in
Lending Club. In 2014 in the US, P2P lending totaled about $ 5 billion. In 2014 in the UK, P2P platforms lent businesses £749 million, a growth of 250% from 2012 to 2014, and lent retail customers
1172:
Current early-stage investing is not efficient – Venture capital firms often neglect the consumer sector and focus mainly on high-tech companies. Crowdfunding opens up some of these neglected markets to individual investors. Crowdfunding does not make sense in every industry, but for some, like
1141:
For crowdfunding of equity stock purchases, there is some research in social psychology that indicates that, like in all investments, people don't always do their due diligence to determine if it is a sound investment before investing, which leads to making investment decisions based on emotion
1127:
Intellectual property (IP) protection – many
Interactive Digital Media developers and content producers are reluctant to publicly announce the details of a project before production due to concerns about idea theft and protecting their IP from plagiarism. Creators who engage in crowdfunding are
1104:
Proponents also identify a potential outcome of crowdfunding as an exponential increase in available venture capital. One report claims that if every
American family gave one percent of their investable assets to crowdfunding, $ 300 billion (a 10X increase) would come into venture capital.
928:
Initial studies found that crowdfunding is used within science, mostly by young researchers to fund small parts of their projects, and with high success rates. At the same time, funding success seems to be strongly influenced by non-scientific factors like humor, visualizations, or the ease and
1217:
The rise of crowdfunding for medical expenses is considered, in large part, a symptom of an inadequate and failing healthcare system in countries such as the United States. Healthcare through crowdfunding relies on perceived deservingness and worth, which reproduces unequal outcomes in access.
1036:
Another change was the amendment of SEC Rule 147. Section 3(a)(11) of the
Securities Act allows for unlimited capital raising from investors in a single state through an intrastate exemption. However, the SEC created Rule 147 with a number of requirements to ensure compliance. For example, the
943:
In order to fund online and print publications, journalists are enlisting the help of crowdfunding. Crowdfunding allows for small start-ups and individual journalists to fund their work without the institutional help of major public broadcasters. Stories are publicly pitched using crowdfunding
1005:
There is some hope that crowdfunding has potential as a tool open for use by groups of people traditionally more marginalized. The World Bank published a report titled "Crowdfunding's
Potential for the Developing World" which states that "While crowdfunding is still largely a developed world
996:
into question. This is also due to the fact that journalists may feel some pressure or "a sense of responsibility" toward funders who support a particular project. Crowdfunding can also allow for a blurred line between professional and non-professional journalism because if enough interest is
414:
The inputs of the individuals in the crowd trigger the crowdfunding process and influence the ultimate value of the offerings or outcomes of the process. Individuals act as agents of the offering, selecting, and promoting of the projects in which they believe. They sometimes play a donor role
1109:
expressed his supportive views of crowdfunding for musicians, explaining: "I've said many times that I think they're part of the new way bands and their audience interact and they can be a fantastic resource, enabling bands to do things essentially in cooperation with their audience." Albini
763:
Community music labels are usually for-profit organizations where "fans assume the traditional financier role of a record label for artists they believe in by funding the recording process". Since pioneering crowdfunding in the film industry, Spanner Films has published a "how-to" guide. A
1077:
Audience engagement – crowdfunding creates a forum where project initiators can engage with their audiences. An audience can engage in the production process by the following progress through updates from the creators and sharing feedback via comment features on the project's crowdfunding
415:
oriented towards providing help on social projects. In some cases, they become shareholders and contribute to the development and growth of the offering. Individuals disseminate information about projects they support in their online communities, generating further support (promoters).
660:
Zack Brown raised $ 55,000 from over 6,900 backers in September 2014 to make a bowl of potato salad. Noteworthy is that his initial goal was only $ 10, but his campaign went viral and got a lot of attention. Brown ended up throwing a potato salad party with over 3,000 pounds of
1233:
coincides with higher donation amounts, higher proportions of fundraising targets reached, higher numbers of donations received, and more shares on social media. Finally, the use of medical crowdfunding might reduce the impetus to reform failing infrastructures to healthcare.
1105:
Proponents also cite that a benefit for companies receiving crowdfunding support is that they retain control of their operations, as voting rights are not conveyed along with ownership when crowdfunding. As part of his response to the Amanda Palmer Kickstarter controversy,
1086:
There are also financial benefits to the creator. For one, crowdfunding allows creators to attain low-cost capital. Traditionally, a creator would need to look at "personal savings, home equity loans, personal credit cards, friends and family members, angel investors, and
1123:
Reputation – failure to meet campaign goals or to generate interest results in a public failure. Reaching financial goals and successfully gathering substantial public support but being unable to deliver on a project for some reason can severely negatively impact one's
987:
Traditionally, journalists are not involved in advertising and marketing. Crowdfunding means that journalists are attracting funders while trying to remain independent, which may pose a conflict. Therefore, being directly involved with financial aspects can call
901:
protect me from someone stealing my idea?' We're not liable for any of that stuff." Inventor advocates, such as Simon Brown, founder of the UK-based United Innovation Association, counsel that ideas can be protected on crowdfunding sites through early filing of
467:
after it was rejected from Kickstarter. While Selfstarter required the creators of the project to set up hosting and payment processing, it proved that projects could successfully crowdfund without middlemen taking a significant percentage of the money raised.
159:. By early 1999, he had raised more than US$ 125,000 through the site from various fans and investors, providing him with the funds to complete his film. In 2002, the "Free Blender" campaign was an early software crowdfunding precursor. The campaign aimed for
51:
Although similar concepts can also be executed through mail-order subscriptions, benefit events, and other methods, the term crowdfunding refers to internet-mediated registries. This modern crowdfunding model is generally based on three types of actors – the
426:
Crowdfunding websites helped companies and individuals worldwide raise US$ 89 million from members of the public in 2010, $ 1.47 billion in 2011, and $ 2.66 billion in 2012 — $ 1.6 billion of the 2012 amount was raised in North America.
372:£547 million, a growth of 108% from 2012 to 2014. In both countries in 2014, about 75% of all the money transferred through crowdfunding went through P2P platforms. Lending Club went public in December 2014 at a valuation around $ 9 billion.
140:
raised US$ 60,000 in donations through an Internet campaign to underwrite an entire U.S. tour. The band subsequently used this method to fund their studio albums. This built on the success of crowdfunding via magazines, such as the 1992 campaign by
247:
Many characteristics of rewards-based crowdfunding, also called non-equity crowdfunding, have been identified by research studies. In rewards-based crowdfunding, funding does not rely on location. The distance between creators and investors on
103:
is not exactly crowdfunding, since the actual flow of money only begins with the arrival of the product. However, the list of subscribers has the power to create the necessary confidence among investors that is needed to risk the publication.
1118:
Crowdfunding, while gaining popularity, also comes with a number of potential risks or barriers. For the creator, as well as the investor, studies show that crowdfunding contains "high levels of risk, uncertainty, and information asymmetry."
833:
initiatives are emerging, involving humanitarian organizations, volunteers, and supporters in solving and modeling how to build innovative crowdfunding solutions for the humanitarian community. Likewise, international organizations like the
812:
teachers in the United States to request materials for their classrooms. Individuals can lend money to teacher-proposed projects, and the organization fulfills and delivers supplies to schools. There are also a number of own-branded
1065:
Signal value - Consumers generally perceive crowdfunded products as higher quality, except in high-risk domains where the identified effect reverses due to perceptions that the crowdfunding model lacks sufficient professionalism to
67:
projects. Although crowdfunding has been suggested to be highly linked to sustainability, empirical validation has shown that sustainability plays only a fractional role in crowdfunding. Its use has also been criticized for funding
4062:
1955:"People can subscribe to become Foundation Member. Members who subscribe during the campaign period, get additional benefits for their support. During campaign: – Costs: minimum one time fee of 50 euros (or US$ 50)" (archived 2002)
135:
Crowdfunding on the internet first gained popular and mainstream use in the arts and music communities. The first noteworthy instance of online crowdfunding in the music industry was in 1997, when fans of the British rock band
956:. The funds collected from crowdsourcing may be put toward travel expenses or purchasing equipment. Crowdfunding in journalism may also be viewed as a way to allow audiences to participate in news production and in creating a
114:
in the 1730s when customers demanded their pounds to be converted into gold – they supported the currency until confidence in the pound was restored, thus crowdfunding their own money. A clearer case of modern crowdfunding is
739:
was originally founded with the intent to market, accelerate, and invest in startups wanting to publicize their ideas via crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter, often designing the startup's campaign and online material.
1014:
As the popularity of crowdfunding expanded, the SEC, state governments, and Congress responded by enacting and refining many capital-raising exemptions to allow easier access to alternative funding sources. Initially, the
264:
is the collective effort of individuals to support efforts initiated by other people or organizations through the provision of finance in the form of equity. In the United States, legislation that is mentioned in the 2012
1081:
Feedback – offering pre-release access to content or the opportunity to beta-test content to project backers as a part of the funding incentives provides the project initiators with instant access to good market testing
974:
allowed for donors or "community members" to become involved with the co-creation of a story. This gave them the ability to edit articles, submit photographs, or share leads and information. According to an analysis by
4122:
1031:
The company takes reasonable steps to verify that the investors are accredited investors, which could include reviewing documentation, such as W-2s, tax returns, bank and brokerage statements, credit reports and the
801:
model to microcredit lending for low-income small business owners in developing countries. In 2017, Facebook initiated "Fundraisers", an internal plug-in function that allows its users to raise money for nonprofits.
580:, a Japanese rock band, raised £10,000 from 100 fans (the Samurai 100) by offering them a lifetime membership on the band's guestlist. Two years later, they became the fastest band to raise a US$ 50,000 budget on
710:. In the campaign's first 12 hours of existence, it became the fastest Kickstarter campaign to reach both $ 1 million and $ 2 million and it held onto the record of highest in the "film" category until
212:
The phenomenon of crowdfunding is older than the term "crowdfunding". The earliest recorded use of the word was in August 2006. Crowdfunding is a part of crowdsourcing, which is a much wider phenomenon itself.
402:
programs to combat a variety of issues including healthcare and community development. The major aspect of donor-based crowdfunding is that there is no reward for donating; rather, it is based on the donor's
4204:
381:
they have funded, which may allow them to get back more than their investment if the case succeeds (the reward is based on the compensation received by the litigant at the end of his or her case, known as a
56:
initiator who proposes the idea or project to be funded, individuals or groups who support the idea, and a moderating organization (the "platform") that brings the parties together to launch the idea.
2254:
675:
Kickstarter has been used to successfully revive or launch television and film projects that could not get funding elsewhere. These are the current record holders for projects in the "film" category:
1535:
Gleasure, R., & Feller, J. (2016). Emerging technologies and the democratisation of financial services: A metatriangulation of crowdfunding research. Information and Organization, 26(4), 101–115.
91:
Funding by collecting small donations from many people has a long history with many roots. Books have been funded in this way in the past; authors and publishers would advertise book projects in
1134:
Public fear of abuse – concern among supporters that without a regulatory framework, the likelihood of a scam or an abuse of funds is high. The concern may become a barrier to public engagement.
1156:
commented: "It is all the pain of an IPO without the benefits of the IPO." These two trends may mean crowdfunding is most suited to small consumer-facing companies rather than tech start-ups.
2741:
3209:
1150:
to regulate equity crowdfunding will mean that larger businesses with more than 500 investors and more than $ 25 million in assets will have to file reports like a public company.
1198:
reduce information asymmetry through dual channels – through portfolio diversification and better due diligence as in the case of offline early-stage investing, but also by allowing
773:, have emerged that combine traditional funding for creative work with branded crowdsourcing—helping artists and entrepreneurs unite with brands "without the need for a middle man."
3998:
657:" raised a total of $ 13,285,226 from 62,642 backers in July 2014 in a campaign run by Funded Today. The cooler features a blender, waterproof Bluetooth speakers and an LED light.
2933:
Snyder, Jeremy; Mathers, Annalise; Crooks, Valorie (2016). "Fund my treatment!: A call for ethics-focused social science research into the use of crowdfunding for medical care".
5068:
Kang L, Jiang Q, Tan C-H. "Remarkable advocates: An investigation of geographic distance and social capital for crowdfunding". Information & Management. 2017;54(3):336–348.
2332:
Agrawal, Ajay; Catalini, Christian; Goldfarb, Avi (February 25, 2015). "Are Syndicates the Killer App of Equity Crowdfunding?". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
7360:
844:
Research into the suitability of crowdfunding for civic investment in the UK highlights that the public sector has not fully realized the benefits of a crowdfunding approach.
6901:
4126:
3402:
966:, which was closed in February 2015, was a crowdfunding platform that was specifically meant for journalism. The website allowed for readers, individual donors, registered
406:
reasoning. Ethical concerns have been raised to the increasing popularity of donation-based crowdfunding, which can be affected by fraudulent campaigns and privacy issues.
6938:
1137:
Lack of participation – It is seen that some stories are more likely to get picked up than others based on the story. It is easy to get support if you "just tell a story."
1131:
Donor exhaustion – there is a risk that if the same network of supporters is reached out to multiple times, that network will eventually cease to supply necessary support.
4260:
2472:
1070:. Consumers believe that supporting crowdfunding reduces inequality in the marketplace. The positive crowdfunding effect is particularly strong among consumers who value
449:
In 2015, it was predicted that over 2,000 crowdfunding sites would be available to choose from in 2016. As of 2021, there are 1,478 crowdfunding organizations in the US (
735:, which acts as a startup accelerator and receives a significant number of its applicants from platforms such as Kickstarter and Indiegogo. The Italian-American company
551:, a trade body representing freelancers in the UK, raised £100,000 over a two-week period in 1999 from some 2000 freelancers threatened by a government measure known as
690:
game. Not only did the campaign exceed the $ 750,000 goal, but the campaign also broke the Kickstarter record for most money raised for projects in the "film" category.
4585:
3260:
1892:
3480:
2504:
781:
A variety of crowdfunding platforms have emerged to allow ordinary web users to support specific philanthropic projects without the need for large amounts of money.
4211:
435:
amount per venture capital financing rounds for crowdfunding was $ 5 million in the U.S. and $ 1.5 million in Europe between January 2017 and April 2020.
4847:
642:
media outlet published a list of "20 of the most significant projects" launched on the Kickstarter platform prior to the date of publication, including: Musician
1054:
Crowdfunding campaigns provide producers with several benefits, beyond the strict financial gains. The following are the non-financial benefits of crowdfunding.
4874:
206:
3845:
2251:
785:
allows individuals to browse through a selection of small projects proposed by nonprofit organizations worldwide, donating funds to projects of their choice.
7433:
6827:
5122:
2681:
2232:
Ordanini, A.; Miceli, L.; Pizzetti, M.; Parasuraman, A. (2011). "Crowd-funding: Transforming customers into investors through innovative service platforms".
5409:
5380:
Cheng, Cheng; Ren, Yifei (January 2024). "The paradox of seeking help: Socioeconomic inequality in medical crowdfunding in the era of the mobile internet".
225:
Rewards crowdfunding, in which entrepreneurs pre-sell a product or service to launch a business concept without incurring debt or sacrificing equity/shares.
3312:
970:
reporters, or news organizations to fund or donate talent toward a pitch of their choosing. While funders are not normally involved in editorial control,
463:
In response to arbitrary crowdfunding curation on existing platforms, an open source alternative called Selfstarter emerged in late 2012 from the project
1293:
835:
4176:
1430:
3737:
3289:
2649:
33:
is the practice of funding a project or venture by raising money from a large number of people, typically via the internet. Crowdfunding is a form of
1678:
528:
and senior statesmen and notables. Its director was the politician and writer Ahmed Lutfi al-Sayyid while the chairman of its board of directors was
723:
A number of private companies thrive off of crowdfunding and offer services related to a number of platforms. Examples include large companies like
6931:
6864:
5506:
1128:
required to release their product to the public in early stages of funding and development, exposing themselves to the risk of copy by competitors.
485:
stalled due to a lack of financing. Fundraising efforts for the project fell short of the necessary amount by more than a third. New York Governor
4904:
2751:
547:
started crowdfunding in 1997. Fans of the British rock band raised $ 60,000 (£39,000) via the internet to help finance a North American tour. The
4509:
Hunter, Andrea (February 2015). "Crowdfunding independent and freelance journalism: Negotiating journalistic norms of autonomy and objectivity".
119:'s scheme to issue notes for the public support of his further work as a philosopher. The "Première Circulaire Annuelle adressée par l'auteur du
4140:
2591:
736:
3703:
3220:
2617:
2018:
7007:
3540:
814:
505:
The campaign raised over $ 100,000 (roughly $ 2 million today) allowing the city to complete construction of the pedestal. Pulitzer and
4949:
997:
generated, anyone may have their work published. Crowdfunding enables freelance journalists to travel to the sites to find the new sources.
7847:
4006:
1288:
607:
481:
In the summer of 1885, crowdfunding averted a crisis that threatened the completion of the Statue of Liberty. Construction of the statue's
3645:
1924:
524:
The National University was opened on December 21, 1908, in a large ceremony in the hall of the Shura Council of Laws, in the presence of
282:
Another kind of crowdfunding is to raise funds for a project where a digital security is offered as a reward to funders which is known as
7493:
6924:
5147:
Robock, Zachary (2014). "The Risk of Money Laundering Through Crowdfunding: A Funding Portal's Guide to Compliance and Crime Fighting".
1164:
There are several ways in which a well-regulated crowdfunding platform may provide the possibility of attractive returns for investors:
698:
raised a total of $ 5,764,229 with 48,270 backers in December 2015 to create 14 episodes of the new series, including a holiday special.
7761:
7405:
3894:
3245:
2811:
Xu, Larry Zhiming (2018). "Will a digital camera cure your sick puppy? Modality and category effects in donation-based crowdfunding".
7864:
6145:
4718:
4081:
1024:" A company can now broadly solicit and generally advertise an offering and still be compliant with the exemption's requirements if:
868:
created throughout the world, such as in China, the Middle East, or France. In Europe, some compare this growing industry to that of
99:
schemes. The book would be written and published if enough subscribers signaled their readiness to buy the book once it was out. The
5236:
Berliner, Lauren S.; Kenworthy, Nora J. (August 2017). "Producing a worthy illness: Personal crowdfunding amidst financial crisis".
4693:
3384:
355:
Debt-based crowdfunding, (also known as "peer-to-peer", "P2P", "marketplace lending", or "crowdlending") arose with the founding of
3595:
3450:
1258:
910:
885:
4975:
3749:
4672:
3964:
1147:
3125:
2967:
4268:
3793:
3620:
2482:
2088:
2150:
1176:
Value of new investors – Investors can add value to companies when they act as brand advocates and they can even be used as a
431:
global crowdfunding initiatives. Also during this period, 442 crowdfunding campaigns were launched globally on a daily basis.
240:
Reward-based crowdfunding has been used for a wide range of purposes, including album recording and motion-picture promotion,
6885:
4878:
4301:
3005:
3566:
7652:
7637:
5499:
5299:
Dressler, Gabrielle; Kelly, Sarah A (July 2018). "Ethical implications of medical crowdfunding: the case of Charlie Gard".
3267:
3088:
2775:"Crowdsourcing for a better world: On the relation between IT affordances and donor motivations in charitable crowdfunding"
1900:
630:; it has raised over $ 500M to date, and while it has a devoted fan base, criticism has arisen for being a potential scam.
4238:
2983:
1465:
748:
Crowdfunding is being explored as a potential funding mechanism for creative work such as blogging and journalism, music,
7227:
7222:
6112:
3926:
2177:
1807:
1263:
444:
5459:
5272:
4851:
4158:
4104:
3875:
2774:
1579:
7130:
6880:
4994:
3912:
2455:
3021:
1992:
793:
facilitate crowdfunding of loans managed by microcredit organizations in developing countries. The US-based nonprofit
7871:
7526:
4398:
2533:
2002:
1357:
1940:
3853:
3429:
2708:
1952:
627:
231:, in which the backer receives shares of a company, usually in its early stages, in exchange for the money pledged.
2685:
1965:
706:
raised a total of $ 5,702,153 with 91,585 backers in March 2013 to create a film set 9 years after the end of the
7015:
6992:
6102:
5492:
3320:
3156:
1434:
841:
One crowdfunding project, iCancer, was used to support a Phase 1 trial of AdVince, an anti-cancer drug in 2016.
7962:
7937:
7859:
7463:
7205:
5999:
5421:
3946:
3183:
623:
548:
453:, 2021). As of January 2021, Kickstarter has raised more than $ 5.6 billion spread over 197,425 projects.
2274:
Agrawal, Ajay; Catalini, Christian; Goldfarb, Avi (January 1, 2014). "Some Simple Economics of Crowdfunding".
2069:
1651:
7952:
7947:
7642:
7473:
7443:
6614:
6138:
5478:
3676:
3365:
563:
for a new recording. The recording was funded by her fans and became the first recording in history to win a
167:
155:
921:
A number of platforms have also emerged that specialize in the crowdfunding of scientific projects, such as
682:
raised a total of $ 11,385,449 with 88,887 backers in April 2019 to make an animated TV show based on their
456:
Crowdfunding platforms have differences in the services they provide and the type of projects they support.
7453:
7210:
3297:
2656:
2566:
2561:
933:
694:
3111:
2892:
1399:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
5123:"ACFCS Special Contributor Report: Crowdfunding-An unorthodox way of Money Laundering? Definitely…maybe…"
5020:
1268:
100:
7688:
7087:
5441:
2448:
The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World
556:
123:" was published on March 14, 1850, and several of these notes, blank and with sums, have survived. The
4029:
2588:
1058:
Profile – a compelling project can raise a producer's profile and provide a boost to their reputation.
489:
refused to appropriate city funds for the project, and Congress could not agree on a funding package.
7942:
7932:
7736:
7297:
7247:
7185:
7145:
7092:
6700:
4923:
830:
110:
are theoretically a form of crowdfunding military conflicts. London's mercantile community saved the
17:
5345:
Young, Michael J.; Scheinberg, Ethan (April 25, 2017). "The Rise of Crowdfunding for Medical Care".
4654:
4355:
2426:
2382:
170:
by collecting €100,000 from the community, while offering additional benefits for donating members.
7957:
7483:
7400:
7395:
6131:
4370:
3713:
3039:
2614:
2025:
993:
798:
619:
4755:
3506:
7605:
7380:
7375:
7330:
6627:
6205:
5812:
4086:
1333:
1323:
1308:
1152:
826:
368:
64:
2050:
509:
simultaneously saved the Statue of Liberty and gave birth to crowdfunding in American politics.
7854:
7647:
7620:
7390:
7355:
7252:
7082:
6780:
6765:
6655:
3653:
1921:
1016:
989:
976:
646:
raised US$ 1.2 million from 24,883 backers in June 2012 to make a new album and art book.
338:
294:
96:
3999:"Can crowdfunding really cure cancer? Alexander Masters investigates a pioneering new project"
2361:
84:
A printed receipt 135 × 97 mm issued between 1850 and 1857 to support French philosopher
7927:
7741:
7672:
7667:
7519:
7307:
7215:
6846:
6745:
6562:
5686:
4641:
4342:
4063:"Fundrise faces off with skeptical financial services industry over crowd-funded real estate"
2413:
2369:
1865:
1490:
1190:
957:
687:
299:
283:
153:
designed a website in 1997 for his then-unfinished first feature film, the independent drama
4809:
3891:
7817:
7335:
7120:
6997:
6755:
6632:
6622:
6402:
5646:
5566:
4668:
3541:"Critical Role Crowdfunding Campaign for Animated D&D Series Tops $ 8.9 Million Raised"
2505:"The DAO of accrue: A new, automated investment fund has attracted stacks of digital money"
1313:
1230:
1097:
702:
350:
177:(2001). As the model matured, more crowdfunding sites started to appear on the web such as
160:
128:
1885, when government sources failed to provide funding to build a monumental base for the
124:
43:
4729:
3819:
1466:"Crowdfunding: Transforming Customers Into Investors Through Innovative Service Platforms"
1374:
8:
7410:
7272:
7262:
7180:
7175:
7171:
7125:
6775:
6637:
6546:
5711:
5576:
5530:
4694:"Intrastate Offering Exemptions: A Small Entity Compliance Guide for Issuers [1]"
4633:
4067:
3805:
Kappel, Tim, "Ex Ante Crowdfunding and the Recording Industry: A Model for the U.S.?" in
3290:"Electric Eel Shock becomes the most established artist to reach US$ 50,000 on SellaBand"
1829:
1273:
1088:
902:
790:
518:
261:
228:
178:
63:
such as artistic and creative projects, medical expenses, travel, and community-oriented
38:
4030:"Financing for Society: Assessing the Suitability of Crowdfunding for the Public Sector"
1169:
costs of joining an Angel Group or doing it through a professional venture capital firm.
221:
The Crowdfunding Centre's May 2014 report identified two primary types of crowdfunding:
7842:
7827:
7792:
7771:
7746:
7723:
7625:
7559:
7535:
7385:
7345:
7282:
7277:
7115:
6309:
6227:
5751:
5324:
5208:
5183:
5164:
5103:
5051:
4783:
4564:
4526:
4479:
4454:
4428:
4330:
3458:
2915:
2873:
2828:
2794:
2477:
2349:
2309:
2155:
1851:
1633:
1518:
1248:
577:
164:
4586:"Spot.us is going away, but its legacy inspires new chapters of crowdfunding playbook"
4416:
3972:
1180:. Crowdfunding allows individual investors to be a part of the company they invest in.
872:
ten years earlier. Examples of real estate crowdfunding platforms are EquityMultiple,
7886:
7751:
7731:
7662:
7584:
7350:
7077:
7072:
7067:
6982:
6916:
5362:
5316:
5253:
5213:
5168:
5107:
5055:
5043:
4829:
4787:
4775:
4484:
4420:
4334:
4297:
3994:
3514:
3239:
3161:
3133:
3040:"80 Crowdfunding Statistics You Must See: 2021 Platforms, Impact & Campaign Data"
3001:
2950:
2911:
2877:
2716:
2451:
2357:
2301:
1998:
1625:
1522:
1510:
757:
590:
525:
323:
142:
129:
5328:
5249:
4568:
4530:
4432:
2946:
2919:
2832:
2798:
2353:
2313:
1637:
1580:"Crowdfunding Sites Are Putting Money in the Pockets of Cancer Quacks, Report Finds"
1062:
preference for crowdfunded products compared to those funded with alternative means
7906:
7901:
7891:
7615:
7512:
7190:
7059:
6970:
6790:
6760:
6675:
6670:
6392:
6319:
6222:
6034:
5994:
5984:
5601:
5591:
5454:
5389:
5354:
5308:
5245:
5203:
5195:
5156:
5095:
5069:
5035:
4821:
4767:
4612:
4556:
4518:
4474:
4466:
4412:
4375:
4322:
4246:
4037:
2942:
2907:
2863:
2855:
2820:
2786:
2401:
2341:
2333:
2291:
2283:
2241:
1786:
1617:
1563:
1558:
1546:
1502:
1283:
1278:
1092:
909:
and trademark protection as well as a new form of idea protection supported by the
753:
749:
683:
585:
533:
496:
came to the rescue by launching a five-month fundraising campaign in his newspaper
486:
319:
303:
287:
150:
80:
60:
7802:
7504:
5312:
5021:"Crowdfunding: Geography, Social Networks, and the Timing of Investment Decisions"
4808:
Acar, Oguz A.; Dahl, Darren W.; Fuchs, Christoph; Schreier, Martin (August 2021).
3738:"Sponsume lets projects get off the ground with Groupon-style group funding model"
1491:"Crowdfunding: Geography, Social Networks, and the Timing of Investment Decisions"
1195:
612:
As of late 2022, the highest reported funding by a crowdfunded project to date is
7896:
7837:
7822:
7797:
7776:
7370:
7292:
7140:
7102:
6977:
6951:
6750:
6154:
5756:
5540:
5425:
4560:
4291:
4242:
3950:
3898:
3841:
3708:
2859:
2621:
2595:
2538:
2258:
2106:
1928:
1547:"Assessing the interplay between crowdfunding and sustainability in social media"
1071:
1067:
822:
669:
529:
493:
111:
5428:
by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 2015.
2637:
2051:"Can You Spare a Quarter? Crowdfunding Sites Turn Fans into Patrons of the Arts"
7876:
7195:
7110:
6987:
6947:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6397:
6292:
6242:
6190:
5964:
5736:
4235:
3434:
2824:
2746:
1732:
1318:
1243:
922:
881:
668:
raised more than $ 3 million via a Kickstarter campaign to fund his 2014 movie
654:
595:
498:
382:
334:
307:
271:
92:
5434:
by Ethan Mollick, examines what causes individual projects to succeed or fail.
5393:
4825:
4771:
3053:
2245:
244:
development, inventions development, scientific research, and civic projects.
7921:
7807:
7302:
7287:
7267:
7155:
6735:
6710:
6690:
6665:
6588:
6074:
5959:
5944:
5761:
5726:
5721:
5651:
5636:
5073:
5047:
4833:
4779:
4522:
4470:
3518:
2790:
2720:
2509:
2305:
2124:
1629:
1514:
707:
679:
643:
241:
198:
116:
85:
34:
5160:
4547:
Aitamurto, Tanja (August 2011). "The Impact of Crowdfunding on Journalism".
3750:"TechCrunch 'Grow VC launches, aiming to become the Kiva for tech startups'"
3403:"Amanda Palmer Raises $ 1.2 Million On Kickstarter, And The Crowd Goes Wild"
1707:
1679:"Crowdfunding raises millions for quack cancer remedies, like coffee enemas"
1605:
728:
7832:
7812:
7756:
7657:
7594:
7589:
7415:
7340:
7257:
7150:
6785:
6536:
6515:
6489:
6412:
6364:
6359:
6064:
6054:
5969:
5954:
5949:
5913:
5883:
5827:
5671:
5611:
5606:
5366:
5358:
5320:
5257:
5217:
4488:
4424:
3953:, by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
2954:
2443:
2089:"भारत में सेल्फ पब्लिकेशन और प्रिंट ऑन डिमांड: पब्लिकेशन उद्योग की क्रांति"
1400:"Cambridge Judge Business School: Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance"
1298:
1106:
809:
805:
782:
732:
614:
564:
360:
311:
5853:
5273:"Life And Debt: Stories From Inside America's GoFundMe Health Care System"
5199:
3772:
2742:"Q&A: Rizikitoto's Suraya Shivji, 17, crowd-funds for African orphans"
594:. Over five years, from June 2004 to June 2009 (release date), she raised
492:
Recognizing the social and symbolic significance of the statue, publisher
132:, a newspaper-led campaign attracted small donations from 160,000 donors.
7579:
7200:
6463:
6324:
6029:
6004:
5868:
5807:
5706:
5571:
5484:
4123:"Le crowdfunding va devenir un secteur de poids, à l'image du e-commerce"
2868:
2345:
2337:
2296:
1545:
Laurell, Christofer; Sandström, Christian; Suseno, Yuliani (April 2019).
1338:
1177:
945:
852:
786:
560:
364:
291:
190:
174:
3507:"Veronica Mars Kickstarter Breaks Records, Raises Over $ 2M in 12 Hours"
3481:"Zach Braff Addresses Backlash To His Crowdfunded Movie Wish I Was Here"
3342:
173:
The first company to engage in this business model was the U.S. website
7564:
7365:
7135:
6730:
6685:
6660:
6593:
6572:
6567:
6541:
6484:
6448:
6407:
6374:
6346:
6185:
6014:
5898:
5878:
5858:
5766:
5741:
5716:
5696:
5666:
5596:
5581:
5039:
4754:
Acar, Oguz A; Dahl, Darren; Fuchs, Christoph; Schreier, Martin (2021).
4617:
4600:
4403:
3787:
3734:
3067:
1969:
1736:
1506:
1328:
1101:, thereby placing financial backing behind ventures likely to succeed.
869:
665:
450:
315:
298:
funds may be raised simply for the value token itself, funds raised on
5455:
Ex Ante Crowdfunding and the Recording Industry: A Model for the U.S.?
3677:"Teenagers' credit note approach to fund £1m film of Clovis Dardentor"
1621:
393:
is a platform that allows accredited investors to invest in lawsuits.
6795:
6695:
6458:
6387:
6382:
6329:
6180:
6084:
6079:
6049:
6044:
6009:
5979:
5918:
5893:
5863:
5832:
5691:
5681:
5641:
5621:
5561:
5418:
5410:"Crowdfunding and Civic Society in Europe: A Profitable Partnership?"
5087:
4318:
4317:
Sauermann, Henry; Franzoni, Chiara; Shafi, Kourosh (March 12, 2018).
3943:
2846:
Davies, Rodrigo (2015). "Three provocations for civic crowdfunding".
2397:
2208:"Crowdfunding and Civic Society in Europe: A Profitable Partnership?"
1303:
1253:
949:
906:
855:
crowdfunding is the online pooling of capital from investors to fund
818:
770:
724:
581:
544:
464:
390:
249:
202:
186:
137:
107:
5448:
5437:
5431:
4041:
829:
to co-fund civic projects created by citizens. Similarly, dedicated
7881:
7766:
7703:
7569:
7554:
6740:
6453:
6262:
6215:
6069:
6059:
6024:
6019:
5989:
5974:
5928:
5888:
5848:
5817:
5781:
5676:
5661:
5631:
5626:
5616:
5586:
5545:
5099:
4326:
2534:"Automated company raises equivalent of $ 120M in digital currency"
2405:
2287:
2207:
1791:
1778:
1222:
873:
864:
860:
856:
482:
403:
331:
290:
created by particular open decentralized networks that are used to
266:
194:
69:
6123:
5019:
Agrawal, Ajay; Catalini, Christian; Goldfarb, Avi (June 1, 2015).
4293:
The Nature of the Future: Dispatches from the Socialstructed World
4236:
Mike Drummond, "Making it Rain: Seeking Seed Money from the Crowd"
2473:"A Venture Fund With Plenty of Virtual Capital, but No Capitalist"
7708:
7574:
6680:
6468:
6252:
6247:
6175:
6039:
5908:
5822:
5802:
5776:
5731:
5535:
4141:"7 Best Real Estate Crowdfunding Platforms for Investing in 2021"
3649:
2231:
2125:"Crowdfunding Generates More Than $ 60,000 an Hour (Infographic)"
980:
971:
967:
963:
953:
794:
182:
53:
7693:
4875:"Re: amanda '$ 1.2m' palmer wants you to play with her for free"
1209:
Crowdfunding platforms also carry the risk of money laundering.
385:
in the United States, a success fee in the United Kingdom, or a
318:" for the entity being funded. Examples of such crowd sales are
6965:
6650:
6499:
6494:
6354:
6302:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6200:
5923:
5903:
5797:
5746:
5656:
5473:
3072:
1777:
Agrawal, Ajay; Catalini, Christian; Goldfarb, Avi (June 2013).
1028:
The investors in the offering are all accredited investors; and
3621:"Why you need to use Backerkit for your crowdfunding campaign"
3385:"Kickstarter's biggest hits: Crowdfunding now sets the trends"
3366:"Fans Have Dropped $ 77M on This Guy's Buggy, Half-Built Game"
1830:"Marillion 'understood where the internet was going early on'"
359:
in the UK in 2005 and in the US in 2006, with the launches of
59:
Crowdfunding has been used to fund a wide range of for-profit
7713:
7698:
6902:
Professional E-Hailing Drivers and Private Owners Association
6770:
6520:
6428:
6314:
6287:
6237:
6195:
5873:
5771:
5432:
Dynamics of Crowdfunding: Determinants of Success and Failure
3430:"Pimped Out "Coolest" Cooler Set to Break Kickstarter Record"
2961:
838:(OCHA) have been researching and publishing about the topic.
6613:
7549:
6800:
6297:
6282:
6257:
6232:
6210:
5701:
4976:"Tech Startup Crowdfunding Isn't All It's Cracked Up to Be"
4082:"Real-Estate Sector Moves Crowdfunding Beyond the Trinkets"
3567:"MST3K breaks Kickstarter records, secures 14 new episodes"
2201:
2199:
1922:
Blender Foundation Launches Campaign to Open Blender Source
1110:
described the concept of crowdfunding as "pretty amazing".
552:
356:
1733:"The Statue of Liberty and America's crowdfunding pioneer"
1489:
Agrawal, Ajay; Catalini, Christian; Goldfarb, Avi (2015).
3261:"Wanna Go VIP? Electric Eel Shock'll show you the way..."
1146:
well as investors. In the US in 2015, new rules from the
149:
video documentary. In the film industry, writer/director
4950:"Success of Crowdfunding Puts Pressure on Entrepreneurs"
4159:"The best real estate crowdfunding investment platforms"
3022:"2,000 Global Crowdfunding Sites to Choose from by 2016"
2450:. Portfolio/Penguin. pp. 82–83, 128, 181, 245–246.
2196:
27:
Collection of finance from backers to fund an initiative
5018:
3927:"Prime Minister hails the rise of 'civic crowdfunding'"
2398:"Initial Coin Offerings and the Value of Crypto Tokens"
2396:
Catalini, Christian; Gans, Joshua S. (March 19, 2018).
2331:
2273:
1984:
1776:
1488:
6946:
4316:
4177:"Emerging Trends in Real Estate: New market realities"
3794:
Crowdfunding Rules Could Create Mini-Disclosure Regime
3596:"'Mystery Science Theater 3000' revival breaks record"
2890:
2067:
1544:
769:
gap in the market." Innovative new platforms, such as
532:. In 1953 the National University changed its name to
72:, especially costly and fraudulent cancer treatments.
6828:
International Alliance of App-based Transport Workers
4848:"Gigaom: What crowdfunding means for the VC business"
4807:
4753:
2891:
Belleflamme, P.; Omrani, N.; Peitz, M. (March 2015).
2562:"Ethereum reinvents companies with launch of The DAO"
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1113:
588:
later created a donation system for her feature film
476:
5127:
Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists
3846:"In Hollywood, Crowdfunding Isn't Just for No-Names"
7534:
4634:"Crowdfunding's Potential for the Developing World"
2932:
2926:
1294:
List of highest-funded equity crowdfunding projects
836:
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
5149:Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review
3593:
2122:
1751:
1202:with more information and better networks to lead
776:
5451:, NET Institute Working Paper No. 10-08, Oct 2010
5235:
4399:"Crowdfunding medical research picks up the pace"
3742:
2682:"How to Succeed in Crowdfunding Your Legal Claim"
2497:
2438:
2436:
1990:
1212:
895:
7919:
6865:Indian Federation of App-based Transport Workers
5086:Catalini, Christian; Hui, Xiang (July 9, 2018).
4452:
3313:"Is crowd-funding the future for documentaries?"
3000:. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 115, 116.
2442:
2178:"Crowdfunding as the future of science funding?"
1893:"Filmmaker Uses Web To Help Finance, Cast Movie"
1808:"British Band's U.s. Tour Is Computer-generated"
5344:
4905:"The hidden costs of crowdfunding medical care"
4027:
3840:
3796:WSJ/CFO Journal, October 24, 2013, Emily Chasan
2151:"Crowd funding: An emerging trend in Bollywood"
5028:Journal of Economics & Management Strategy
4995:"3 Reasons Crowdfunding Is Good For Investors"
3807:Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review
3448:
2772:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2433:
1890:
1495:Journal of Economics & Management Strategy
1431:"Oxford Dictionary Definition of Crowdfunding"
7520:
6932:
6139:
5500:
5298:
4947:
4368:
4080:Simon, Ruth and Brown, Eliot(June 11, 2014).
3913:"Facebook launches personal fundraising tool"
3882:, March 12, 2011, accessed September 3, 2011.
3054:"These Are the Top 10 Crowdfunding Platforms"
1823:
1821:
601:
7434:Private equity and venture capital investors
5460:Crowdfunding and the Federal Securities Laws
5231:
5229:
5227:
4980:The Wall Street Journaldate= 7 December 2015
4872:
4542:
4540:
4396:
3904:
3395:
3109:
2968:Global Crowdfunding Volumes Rise 81% In 2012
2773:Choy, Katherine; Schlagwein, Daniel (2016),
2395:
1652:"Crowdfunding: The fuel for cancer quackery"
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1289:List of highest-funded crowdfunding projects
1159:
1000:
888:addresses both real estate crowdfunding and
608:List of highest funded crowdfunding projects
559:launched the first crowdfunding campaign on
286:(abbreviated to ICO). Some value tokens are
5085:
4258:
3154:
2986:October 28, 2015, MyPrivateBanking Research
2977:
2839:
2642:
2600:
2553:
2464:
1994:The Oxford Handbook of Music and Virtuality
1991:Whiteley, Sheila; Rambarran, Shara (2016).
1705:
1551:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
1049:
7762:Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis
7527:
7513:
7469:
7449:
7406:Taxation of private equity and hedge funds
7223:Private investment in public equity (PIPE)
6939:
6925:
6146:
6132:
6108:
5514:
5507:
5493:
5088:"Online Syndicates and Startup Investment"
4810:"The Signal Value of Crowdfunded Products"
4756:"The Signal Value of Crowdfunded Products"
4605:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
3773:"Cash-strapped entrepreneurs get creative"
3674:
2709:"Litigation Funding Moves Into Mainstream"
2613:David M. Freedman and Matthew R. Nutting.
2581:
2525:
1818:
1606:"Is cancer fundraising fuelling quackery?"
1189:On crowdfunding platforms, the problem of
567:without being available in retail stores.
5224:
5207:
4941:
4616:
4599:Jian, Lian; Usher, Nikki (January 2014).
4598:
4546:
4537:
4478:
2893:"The Economics of Crowdfunding Platforms"
2867:
2295:
1790:
1727:
1725:
1562:
1449:
1206:of backers to make investment decisions.
1184:
339:the Decentralized Autonomous Organization
5379:
5340:
5338:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5286:
4992:
4921:
3770:
3594:Emanuella Grinberg (December 13, 2015).
3538:
3504:
3157:"Making fans a part of the inner circle"
3148:
2848:Information, Communication & Society
2706:
2632:
2630:
2068:Malika Zouhali-Worrall (November 2011).
1701:
1699:
1259:Business models for open-source software
911:World Intellectual Property Organization
886:Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance
727:that principally offer data analysis of
633:
471:
79:
4840:
4673:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
4495:
3993:
3963:Masters, Alexander (October 14, 2014).
3962:
3910:
3310:
3258:
3112:"How Marillion Pioneered Crowd Funding"
2995:
2804:
2559:
2531:
2043:
1827:
1805:
1779:"Some Simple Economics of Crowdfunding"
302:-based crowdfunding can also represent
145:that crowdfunded the production of the
14:
7920:
5181:
5146:
4866:
4580:
4578:
4508:
4453:Mike S. Schaefer; et al. (2016).
4289:
3752:. Eu.techcrunch.com. February 15, 2010
3564:
3382:
3244:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2845:
2470:
2205:
2118:
2116:
1722:
1604:Newman, Melanie (September 12, 2018).
1603:
181:(2005), The Point (2008, precursor to
48:was raised worldwide by crowdfunding.
7616:Charitable trust / Registered charity
7508:
6920:
6127:
5488:
5335:
5283:
5270:
5120:
4902:
4592:
4296:. Simon & Schuster. p. 139.
3589:
3587:
3565:Hughes, William (December 12, 2015).
3500:
3498:
3427:
3363:
2627:
2587:Ian Fraser for Unquoted. May 1, 2015
2327:
2325:
2323:
2269:
2267:
2070:"Comparison of Crowdfunding Websites"
1696:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1362:The SAGE Encyclopedia of the Internet
1044:
1009:
274:associated with equity crowdfunding.
7653:Public-benefit nonprofit corporation
7638:Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation
6881:National Taxi Workers' Alliance (NY)
5188:Canadian Medical Association Journal
5092:National Bureau of Economic Research
4948:Jenna Wortham (September 17, 2012).
4719:"Crowdfunding in a Canadian Context"
4631:
3971:. The Wellcome Trust. Archived from
3702:Dell, Kristina (September 4, 2008).
3701:
3184:"Now this is known as Crowd Funding"
2589:Crowdfunding Part 3: The P2P lenders
1968:. Blender Foundation. Archived from
1806:Golemis, Dean (September 23, 1997).
1676:
1577:
6153:
5184:"Crowdfunding for medical expenses"
4922:Isenberg, Daniel (April 23, 2012).
4873:Steve Albini (September 13, 2012).
4575:
4397:Nayanah Siva (September 20, 2014).
4105:"Real Estate Crowdfunding Turns 75"
4061:O'Connell, Jonathan (June 9, 2013)
3505:McMillan, Graeme (March 14, 2013).
3449:Gertjan Menten (October 15, 2015).
3311:Bulkley, Kate (November 24, 2012).
3086:
2779:Information Technology & People
2123:Catherine Clifford (May 19, 2014).
2113:
1264:Comparison of crowdfunding services
445:Comparison of crowdfunding services
277:
24:
5403:
5121:Habib, Ahsan (February 28, 2020).
4903:Bogle, Ariel (February 25, 2018).
4877:. Electrical Audio. Archived from
4319:"Crowdfunding Scientific Research"
4028:Davis, M.; Cartwright, L. (2019).
3584:
3495:
3451:"The business behind crowdfunding"
3089:"Crowdfunding Without Kickstarter"
2810:
2320:
2264:
2206:Hollow, Matthew (April 20, 2013).
2107:"Crowdfunding's earliest citation"
2086:
1418:
1114:Risks and barriers for the creator
884:), and many more. The report from
539:
477:Crowdfunding for Statue of Liberty
330:from more than 3500 participants;
25:
7974:
7872:Master of Nonprofit Organizations
5466:
5271:Young, Jeffrey (June 19, 2019) .
3771:Prentice, Claire (May 12, 2010).
3383:Dredge, Stuart (April 17, 2014).
3259:Gourlay, Dom (December 2, 2004).
3155:Don Heckman (February 10, 2008).
3110:Jack Preston (October 13, 2014).
2707:Randazzo, Sara (August 4, 2016).
2636:Bill Payne for Gust. May 4, 2015
2532:Waterss, Richard (May 17, 2016).
2276:Innovation Policy and the Economy
2019:"A Brief History Of Crowdfunding"
1828:Masters, Tim (November 5, 2011).
1677:Mole, Beth (September 20, 2018).
859:secured by real estate, such as "
513:Crowdfunding for Cairo University
396:
7489:
7488:
7479:
7478:
7468:
7459:
7458:
7448:
7439:
7438:
7429:
7428:
6107:
6098:
6097:
5472:
5373:
5264:
5175:
5140:
5114:
5079:
5062:
5012:
4993:Caldbeck, Ryan (April 1, 2012).
4986:
4973:
4967:
4915:
4896:
4801:
4747:
4711:
4686:
4661:
4625:
4446:
4390:
4369:Neel V. Patel (April 24, 2015).
4362:
4310:
4283:
4252:
4229:
4197:
4169:
4151:
4133:
4115:
4097:
4074:
4055:
4021:
3987:
3911:Yurieff, Kaya (March 30, 2017).
3539:Spangler, Todd (April 5, 2019).
2974:, Retrieved at September 7, 2013
2912:10.1016/j.infoecopol.2015.08.003
2900:Information Economics and Policy
2684:. Invest4Justice. Archived from
1891:Andrew Rodgers (June 11, 1999).
876:, Yieldstreet, and RealtyMogul.
815:university crowdfunding websites
718:
7536:Charitable giving and practices
5250:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.008
4924:"The Road to Crowdfunding Hell"
4459:Public Understanding of Science
3956:
3937:
3919:
3885:
3868:
3852:. Credit Suisse. Archived from
3834:
3812:
3799:
3764:
3728:
3695:
3668:
3638:
3613:
3558:
3532:
3473:
3442:
3421:
3376:
3364:Baker, Chris (March 31, 2015).
3357:
3335:
3304:
3296:. June 24, 2008. Archived from
3282:
3252:
3202:
3176:
3118:
3103:
3080:
3060:
3046:
3032:
3014:
2989:
2947:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.024
2884:
2766:
2734:
2700:
2674:
2650:"Nesta Annual Review 2014–2015"
2615:A Brief History of Crowdfunding
2560:Allison, Ian (April 30, 2016).
2471:Popper, Nathan (May 21, 2016).
2389:
2225:
2170:
2143:
2099:
2080:
2061:
2011:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1915:
1884:
1858:
1844:
1799:
1670:
1644:
1597:
1578:Cara, Ed (September 12, 2018).
1404:Cambridge Judge Business School
789:crowdfunding platforms such as
777:Philanthropy and civic projects
743:
235:
121:Système de Philosophie Positive
7860:List of charitable foundations
7206:Publicly traded private equity
5182:Sisler, J. (January 9, 2012).
4265:Intellectual Property Magazine
3652:. May 19, 2009. Archived from
3428:Dawes, Terry (July 11, 2014).
3345:. Spanner Films. July 13, 2009
3190:. October 18, 1996. p. 74
1852:"Marillion fans to the rescue"
1706:Olaf Simons (March 10, 2016).
1571:
1564:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.015
1538:
1529:
1482:
1392:
1367:
1350:
1213:Issues in medical crowdfunding
896:Intellectual property exposure
892:lending (property) in the UK.
847:
808:.org, founded in 2000, allows
622:video game being developed by
549:Professional Contractors Group
517:The Egyptian national leader,
13:
1:
7643:Non-governmental organization
7474:List of venture capital firms
6886:Rideshare Drivers United (CA)
6615:Social peer-to-peer processes
5449:The Geography of Crowdfunding
5438:"Is There an eBay for Ideas?"
5313:10.1136/medethics-2017-104717
5238:Social Science & Medicine
4850:. May 8, 2012. Archived from
4814:Journal of Marketing Research
4760:Journal of Marketing Research
4417:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61661-5
4371:"Crowdfunded Science is here"
3675:Helen Pidd (April 14, 2009).
2935:Social Science & Medicine
2446:; Tapscott, Alex (May 2016).
2234:Journal of Service Management
1931:on linuxtoday (July 22, 2002)
1344:
1173:retail and consumer, it does.
938:
375:
344:
209:(2012) for book publication.
168:3D computer graphics software
7454:List of private equity firms
7211:Business Development Company
6843:Gorillas Workers Collective
5419:Crowdfunding for Emergencies
5382:Chinese Journal of Sociology
4561:10.1080/17512786.2010.551018
3944:Crowdfunding for Emergencies
3901:, SecondAct, April 17, 2012.
3820:"How to crowdfund your film"
3126:"IR35 and the PCG crowdfund"
2860:10.1080/1369118X.2014.989878
2567:International Business Times
1941:'Free Blender Fund' campaign
1783:NBER Working Paper No. 19133
1375:"Definition of Crowdfunding"
934:Category:Crowdfunded science
712:Mystery Science Theater 3000
695:Mystery Science Theater 3000
438:
389:in many civil law systems).
7:
4034:baumaninstitute.leeds.ac.uk
1997:. Oxford University Press.
1269:Crowdfunding in video games
1237:
322:decentralized, distributed
101:subscription business model
10:
7979:
7813:Charity / thrift / op shop
7689:Charity (Christian virtue)
7298:High-net-worth individuals
7088:Leveraged recapitalization
5442:European Management Review
4669:"Rule 506 of Regulation D"
4090:. Retrieved June 26, 2014
4071:. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
3892:"Is Microfinance for You?"
2996:Fischer, Matthias (2021).
2825:10.1016/j.tele.2018.06.004
2813:Telematics and Informatics
1927:November 28, 2020, at the
931:
916:
605:
602:Highest-grossing campaigns
557:Maria Schneider (musician)
442:
348:
75:
7785:
7737:Animal Charity Evaluators
7722:
7681:
7603:
7542:
7424:
7321:
7240:
7186:Limited liability company
7164:
7146:Venture capital financing
7101:
7093:Dividend recapitalization
7058:
7049:
7006:
6958:
6894:
6873:
6857:
6836:
6820:
6813:
6701:Collaborative consumption
6646:
6606:
6581:
6555:
6529:
6508:
6477:
6441:
6421:
6373:
6345:
6338:
6168:
6161:
6093:
5937:
5841:
5790:
5554:
5523:
5394:10.1177/2057150X241230163
5301:Journal of Medical Ethics
4826:10.1177/00222437211012451
4772:10.1177/00222437211012451
4601:"Crowd-Funded Journalism"
4259:Simon Brown (July 2011).
3646:"Crowdfunding journalism"
2620:January 25, 2016, at the
2246:10.1108/09564231111155079
2182:The Science Exchange Blog
2131:. Entrepreneur Media, Inc
1854:. BBC News. May 11, 2001.
1160:Benefits for the investor
1001:International development
913:called Creative Barcode.
831:Humanitarian Crowdfunding
649:Other campaigns include:
555:. In 2003, jazz composer
256:
6638:Peer-to-peer ridesharing
6530:Services and freelancing
5415:, vol. 4, no. 1. (2013).
5094:. Working Paper Series.
5074:10.1016/j.im.2016.09.001
4523:10.1177/1461444814558915
4471:10.1177/0963662516668771
4321:. Working Paper Series.
4205:"Entrenching Innovation"
3965:"A plutocratic proposal"
3876:"Crowd-sourcing a brand"
3809:, Vol.29, Issue 3, p.376
2984:The Rise of Crowdfunding
2791:10.1108/ITP-09-2014-0215
2400:. Working Paper Series.
1221:Rob Solomon, the CEO of
1050:Benefits for the creator
994:journalistic objectivity
799:person-to-person lending
620:space trading and combat
216:
61:entrepreneurial ventures
7253:Institutional investors
6628:Peer-to-peer carsharing
5424:April 24, 2016, at the
5161:10.36639/mbelr.4.1.risk
4928:Harvard Business Review
4511:New Media & Society
4290:Gorbis, Marina (2013).
4092:(subscription required)
4087:The Wall Street Journal
3949:April 24, 2016, at the
2998:Fintech Business Models
2713:The Wall Street Journal
2638:US Crowdfunding in 2014
2624:. Updated June 22, 2015
2257:March 29, 2016, at the
1866:"The Vegan Winter 1992"
1379:www.merriam-webster.com
1334:Threshold pledge system
1324:Revenue-based financing
1309:Participatory budgeting
1196:crowdfunding syndicates
1153:The Wall Street Journal
827:Manchester City Council
409:
369:institutional investors
65:social entrepreneurship
7855:Ethics of philanthropy
7848:Psychological barriers
7648:Nonprofit organization
7391:Liquidation preference
7356:Distribution waterfall
7308:Sovereign wealth funds
6781:Scooter-sharing system
6766:Product-service system
6656:Bicycle-sharing system
5524:Africa & West Asia
5359:10.1001/jama.2017.3078
4649:Cite journal requires
4350:Cite journal requires
4241:June 30, 2013, at the
3844:(September 12, 2013).
2594:July 20, 2014, at the
2421:Cite journal requires
2377:Cite journal requires
1656:Science-Based Medicine
1185:Risks for the investor
1017:Securities Act of 1933
990:journalistic integrity
977:Public Insight Network
688:Dungeons & Dragons
326:software which raised
156:Foreign Correspondents
88:
7963:Technology in society
7938:Collaborative finance
7673:Voluntary association
7668:Religious corporation
7464:Venture capital firms
7216:Venture capital trust
6746:Intentional community
6563:The Freecycle Network
5462:by C. Steven Bradford
5200:10.1503/cmaj.109-4084
4884:on September 22, 2012
4455:"Selling Science 2.0"
4129:on December 22, 2015.
3897:May 14, 2012, at the
3856:on September 16, 2013
3716:on September 10, 2008
3300:on November 15, 2012.
1903:on September 26, 2012
1708:"Crowdsourcing Comte"
1191:information asymmetry
958:participatory culture
932:Further information:
929:security of payment.
634:Kickstarter campaigns
472:Significant campaigns
443:Further information:
387:pactum de quota litis
284:Initial coin offering
83:
7953:Internet terminology
7948:Financial technology
7818:Click-to-donate site
7682:Charity and religion
7444:Private equity firms
7172:Private equity firms
7121:Post-money valuation
6998:Equity co-investment
6756:Platform cooperative
6633:Peer-to-peer lending
6623:Peer-to-peer banking
6403:Servas International
5567:Article One Partners
5481:at Wikimedia Commons
4735:on November 18, 2012
4632:Bank, World (2013).
4217:on November 13, 2018
2688:on November 21, 2015
2662:on December 22, 2015
2338:10.2139/ssrn.2569988
1658:. September 17, 2018
1314:Platform cooperative
1231:socioeconomic status
1098:The Wisdom of Crowds
1041:per the prior rule.
1020:called 'Rule 506(c).
628:Cloud Imperium Games
530:King Fouad the first
351:Peer-to-peer lending
207:Redshine Publication
125:cooperative movement
7494:Portfolio companies
7411:Undercapitalization
7263:Insurance companies
7181:Limited partnership
7126:Pre-money valuation
6776:Ridesharing company
5577:The Audience Engine
5531:Bir Silgi Bir Kalem
4974:Mims, Christopher.
4854:on October 19, 2012
4549:Journalism Practice
4411:(9948): 1085–1086.
4111:. January 21, 2015.
4068:The Washington Post
4003:The Daily Telegraph
3880:The Washington Post
3483:. December 13, 2020
3461:on October 14, 2015
3343:"Crowd-Funding FAQ"
3323:on November 5, 2013
3270:on October 18, 2012
3226:on October 16, 2020
3217:varietyultimate.com
3087:Goodman, Michelle.
3028:. October 23, 2015.
3026:The Huffington Post
2972:The Huffington Post
2754:on January 10, 2015
2250:(also available as
2057:. December 8, 2010.
2031:on January 25, 2016
1437:on January 31, 2013
1274:Cooperative banking
1089:venture capitalists
903:patent applications
791:Kiva (organization)
756:), and for funding
664:Actor and director
638:On April 17, 2014,
262:Equity crowdfunding
229:Equity crowdfunding
39:alternative finance
7843:Effective altruism
7828:Donor-advised fund
7793:Alternative giving
7772:Giving What We Can
7747:Charity assessment
7724:Charity evaluation
7560:Charity (practice)
7346:Capital commitment
7116:Business incubator
7083:Buy–sell agreement
5040:10.1111/jems.12093
4954:The New York Times
4618:10.1111/jcc4.12051
4261:"Follow the Crowd"
3995:Masters, Alexander
3294:It's All Happening
2970:, August 4, 2013,
2478:The New York Times
2156:The Times of India
1972:on January 3, 2019
1507:10.1111/jems.12093
1249:Assurance contract
1045:Benefits and risks
1010:Legal developments
944:platforms such as
578:Electric Eel Shock
312:market-maker seats
89:
7915:
7914:
7887:Visiting the sick
7752:Charity Navigator
7732:Aid effectiveness
7663:Social enterprise
7585:Humanity (virtue)
7502:
7501:
7351:Capital structure
7236:
7235:
7078:Divisional buyout
7073:Management buyout
7068:Financial sponsor
6914:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6809:
6808:
6602:
6601:
6437:
6436:
6121:
6120:
5477:Media related to
5353:(16): 1623–1624.
4726:Canada Media Fund
4303:978-1-4516-4118-9
3162:Los Angeles Times
3056:. March 11, 2021.
3042:. April 19, 2021.
3007:978-3-11-070450-1
1710:. positivists.org
1622:10.1136/bmj.k3829
797:applies a direct
758:startup companies
591:The Age of Stupid
324:prediction market
143:the Vegan Society
130:Statue of Liberty
16:(Redirected from
7970:
7943:Entrepreneurship
7933:2000s neologisms
7907:Warm-glow giving
7902:Wall of kindness
7892:Voluntary sector
7529:
7522:
7515:
7506:
7505:
7492:
7491:
7482:
7481:
7472:
7471:
7462:
7461:
7452:
7451:
7442:
7441:
7432:
7431:
7293:Commercial banks
7283:Investment banks
7191:Carried interest
7056:
7055:
6959:Investment types
6941:
6934:
6927:
6918:
6917:
6818:
6817:
6791:Two-sided market
6761:Platform economy
6676:Decentralization
6671:Borrowing center
6611:
6610:
6556:Swap and renting
6393:Hospitality Club
6343:
6342:
6166:
6165:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6125:
6124:
6111:
6110:
6101:
6100:
6035:Return on Change
5995:I-Bankers Direct
5985:Funding4Learning
5602:Community Funded
5509:
5502:
5495:
5486:
5485:
5476:
5413:Open Citizenship
5398:
5397:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5342:
5333:
5332:
5296:
5281:
5280:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5233:
5222:
5221:
5211:
5194:(2): E123–E124.
5179:
5173:
5172:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5083:
5077:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5025:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4734:
4728:. Archived from
4723:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4506:
4493:
4492:
4482:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4338:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4267:. Archived from
4256:
4250:
4247:Inventors Digest
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4210:. Archived from
4209:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4181:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4165:. June 30, 2021.
4163:Business Insider
4155:
4149:
4148:
4147:. March 9, 2021.
4137:
4131:
4130:
4125:. Archived from
4119:
4113:
4112:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4078:
4072:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4005:. Archived from
3997:(July 2, 2016).
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3960:
3954:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3908:
3902:
3889:
3883:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3850:The Financialist
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3816:
3810:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3746:
3740:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3712:. Archived from
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3457:. Archived from
3446:
3440:
3439:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3319:. Archived from
3308:
3302:
3301:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3266:. Archived from
3264:Drowned in Sound
3256:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3219:. Archived from
3214:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3136:on July 28, 2017
3132:. Archived from
3122:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2897:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2819:(7): 1914–1924.
2808:
2802:
2801:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2750:. Archived from
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2655:. Archived from
2654:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2625:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2481:. Archived from
2468:
2462:
2461:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2329:
2318:
2317:
2299:
2271:
2262:
2249:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2212:Open Citizenship
2203:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2087:Tiwari, Gaurav.
2084:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2024:. Archived from
2023:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1899:. Archived from
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1774:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1739:. April 24, 2013
1729:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1433:. Archived from
1427:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1371:
1365:
1354:
1284:Internet begging
1279:Fan-funded music
1093:James Surowiecki
1023:
984:raised in 2013.
754:crowdfunded film
750:independent film
714:beat it in 2015.
586:Franny Armstrong
534:Cairo University
526:Khedive Abbas II
487:Grover Cleveland
329:
295:client computers
278:Digital security
151:Mark Tapio Kines
47:
41:. In 2015, over
21:
7978:
7977:
7973:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7958:Payment systems
7918:
7917:
7916:
7911:
7897:Volunteer grant
7838:Earning to give
7798:Benefit concert
7781:
7777:GreatNonprofits
7718:
7677:
7607:
7599:
7538:
7533:
7503:
7498:
7484:Angel investors
7420:
7371:High-yield debt
7324:financial terms
7323:
7317:
7232:
7160:
7141:Startup company
7097:
7051:
7045:
7002:
6954:
6952:venture capital
6945:
6915:
6906:
6890:
6869:
6853:
6832:
6805:
6751:Open innovation
6642:
6598:
6577:
6551:
6525:
6504:
6473:
6442:Project funding
6433:
6417:
6369:
6334:
6157:
6155:Sharing economy
6152:
6122:
6117:
6089:
5933:
5837:
5786:
5757:The School Fund
5550:
5519:
5513:
5469:
5426:Wayback Machine
5406:
5404:Further reading
5401:
5378:
5374:
5343:
5336:
5297:
5284:
5269:
5265:
5234:
5225:
5180:
5176:
5145:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5119:
5115:
5084:
5080:
5067:
5063:
5023:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4991:
4987:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4956:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4930:
4920:
4916:
4901:
4897:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4806:
4802:
4792:
4790:
4752:
4748:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4650:
4648:
4639:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4597:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4576:
4545:
4538:
4507:
4496:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4367:
4363:
4351:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4272:
4271:on May 16, 2013
4257:
4253:
4243:Wayback Machine
4234:
4230:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4109:Huffington Post
4103:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4079:
4075:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4010:
4009:on July 2, 2016
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3975:on May 29, 2016
3961:
3957:
3951:Wayback Machine
3942:
3938:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3909:
3905:
3899:Wayback Machine
3890:
3886:
3874:Bell, Melissa.
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3842:Jens Erik Gould
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3822:. Spanner Films
3818:
3817:
3813:
3804:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3656:on May 16, 2009
3644:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3592:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3503:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3447:
3443:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3381:
3377:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3309:
3305:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3257:
3253:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3212:
3210:"Archived copy"
3208:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3188:Tampa Bay Times
3182:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3085:
3081:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3008:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2966:
2962:
2931:
2927:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2844:
2840:
2809:
2805:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2628:
2622:Wayback Machine
2612:
2601:
2596:Wayback Machine
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2539:Financial Times
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2485:on May 27, 2016
2469:
2465:
2458:
2441:
2434:
2422:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2394:
2390:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2330:
2321:
2272:
2265:
2259:Wayback Machine
2252:Scribd document
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2204:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2121:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2085:
2081:
2066:
2062:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1929:Wayback Machine
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1897:Chicago Tribune
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1872:. December 1992
1864:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:Chicago Tribune
1804:
1800:
1775:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1576:
1572:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1406:. Jbs.cam.ac.uk
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1240:
1215:
1187:
1162:
1116:
1072:social equality
1052:
1047:
1021:
1012:
1003:
941:
936:
919:
898:
850:
823:Mayor of London
821:is used by the
779:
746:
721:
670:Wish I Was Here
636:
610:
604:
542:
540:Early campaigns
494:Joseph Pulitzer
479:
474:
447:
441:
412:
399:
378:
353:
347:
327:
280:
259:
238:
219:
112:Bank of England
78:
46:34 billion
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7976:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7877:Matching funds
7874:
7869:
7868:
7867:
7857:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7789:
7787:
7786:Further topics
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7728:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7685:
7683:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7629:
7628:
7618:
7612:
7610:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7546:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7532:
7531:
7524:
7517:
7509:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7486:
7476:
7466:
7456:
7446:
7436:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7327:
7325:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7303:Family offices
7300:
7295:
7290:
7288:Merchant banks
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7244:
7242:
7238:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7203:
7198:
7196:Management fee
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7111:Angel investor
7107:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7064:
7062:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7012:
7010:
7004:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6962:
6960:
6956:
6955:
6948:Private equity
6944:
6943:
6936:
6929:
6921:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6824:
6822:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6726:Garden sharing
6723:
6721:Flight sharing
6718:
6716:Expert network
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6509:Music and film
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6398:Pasporta Servo
6395:
6390:
6385:
6379:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6351:
6349:
6340:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6169:Transportation
6163:
6159:
6158:
6151:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6128:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6105:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5965:Confidentcrowd
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5762:Seed&Spark
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5512:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5468:
5467:External links
5465:
5464:
5463:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5435:
5429:
5416:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5388:(1): 100–130.
5372:
5334:
5307:(7): 453–457.
5282:
5263:
5223:
5174:
5139:
5113:
5100:10.3386/w24777
5078:
5061:
5034:(2): 253–274.
5011:
4985:
4966:
4940:
4914:
4895:
4865:
4839:
4820:(4): 644–661.
4800:
4766:(4): 644–661.
4746:
4710:
4685:
4660:
4651:|journal=
4624:
4611:(2): 155–170.
4591:
4574:
4555:(4): 429–445.
4536:
4517:(2): 272–288.
4494:
4465:(5): 496–514.
4445:
4389:
4361:
4352:|journal=
4327:10.3386/w24402
4309:
4302:
4282:
4251:
4228:
4196:
4168:
4150:
4132:
4114:
4096:
4073:
4054:
4020:
3986:
3955:
3936:
3918:
3903:
3884:
3867:
3833:
3811:
3798:
3786:
3763:
3741:
3727:
3704:"Crowdfunding"
3694:
3667:
3637:
3612:
3583:
3557:
3531:
3494:
3472:
3441:
3435:Cantech Letter
3420:
3409:. June 1, 2012
3394:
3375:
3356:
3334:
3303:
3281:
3251:
3201:
3175:
3147:
3117:
3102:
3091:. Entrepreneur
3079:
3059:
3045:
3031:
3013:
3006:
2988:
2976:
2960:
2925:
2883:
2854:(3): 342–355.
2838:
2803:
2785:(1): 221–247,
2765:
2747:Times-Standard
2733:
2699:
2673:
2641:
2626:
2599:
2580:
2552:
2524:
2513:. May 21, 2016
2496:
2463:
2457:978-0670069972
2456:
2432:
2423:|journal=
2406:10.3386/w24418
2388:
2379:|journal=
2319:
2288:10.1086/674021
2263:
2224:
2195:
2184:. May 27, 2012
2169:
2142:
2112:
2098:
2079:
2060:
2042:
2010:
2003:
1983:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1914:
1883:
1857:
1843:
1817:
1798:
1792:10.3386/w19133
1750:
1721:
1695:
1669:
1643:
1596:
1570:
1537:
1528:
1501:(2): 253–274.
1481:
1448:
1417:
1391:
1366:
1358:"Crowdfunding"
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1319:Private equity
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1244:Angel investor
1239:
1236:
1214:
1211:
1200:lead investors
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1112:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
940:
937:
923:experiment.com
918:
915:
897:
894:
882:social housing
880:hold (such as
849:
846:
778:
775:
745:
742:
720:
717:
716:
715:
699:
691:
686:live-streamed
673:
672:
662:
658:
655:Coolest Cooler
635:
632:
606:Main article:
603:
600:
571:Oliver Twisted
541:
538:
478:
475:
473:
470:
440:
437:
411:
408:
398:
397:Donation-based
395:
383:contingent fee
377:
374:
346:
343:
279:
276:
272:market failure
258:
255:
237:
234:
233:
232:
226:
218:
215:
147:Truth or Dairy
93:praenumeration
77:
74:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7975:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7808:Charity fraud
7806:
7804:
7803:Caffè sospeso
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7608:organizations
7602:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7530:
7525:
7523:
7518:
7516:
7511:
7510:
7507:
7495:
7487:
7485:
7477:
7475:
7467:
7465:
7457:
7455:
7447:
7445:
7437:
7435:
7427:
7426:
7423:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7268:Fund of funds
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7258:Pension funds
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7157:
7156:Venture round
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7016:Early history
7014:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6942:
6937:
6935:
6930:
6928:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6874:United States
6872:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6812:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6736:Home exchange
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6711:Crowdsourcing
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6691:Clothing swap
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6666:Book swapping
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6589:ToursByLocals
6587:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6365:misterb&b
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6149:
6144:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6114:
6106:
6104:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6075:Trillion Fund
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6040:Rock the Post
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Citizinvestor
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5945:Beacon Reader
5943:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:Patch of Land
5725:
5723:
5722:MicroVentures
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5637:EnergyFunders
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5510:
5505:
5503:
5498:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5339:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5000:
4999:Seeking Alpha
4996:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4959:September 18,
4955:
4951:
4944:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4714:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4656:
4643:
4635:
4628:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4541:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4249:, August 2011
4248:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4213:
4206:
4200:
4185:
4178:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4043:
4042:10.5518/100/7
4039:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3860:September 13,
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3821:
3815:
3808:
3802:
3795:
3790:
3774:
3767:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3698:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3588:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3482:
3476:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3344:
3338:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3113:
3106:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3068:"Selfstarter"
3063:
3055:
3049:
3041:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2869:1721.1/123437
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2658:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2512:
2511:
2510:The Economist
2506:
2500:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:Tapscott, Don
2439:
2437:
2428:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:1721.1/103355
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2297:1721.1/108043
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2093:Punjab Kesari
2090:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2004:9780199321285
2000:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1943:archived 2002
1942:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1356:Goran Calic,
1353:
1349:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:mitigate risk
1064:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1042:
1040:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1007:
998:
995:
991:
985:
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
935:
930:
926:
924:
914:
912:
908:
904:
893:
891:
887:
883:
877:
875:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
845:
842:
839:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
810:public school
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
774:
772:
767:
761:
759:
755:
751:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:Third parties
713:
709:
705:
704:
703:Veronica Mars
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
685:
681:
680:Critical Role
678:
677:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
656:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
644:Amanda Palmer
641:
631:
629:
625:
624:Chris Roberts
621:
617:
616:
609:
599:
597:
593:
592:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
519:Mustafa Kamel
515:
514:
510:
508:
503:
501:
500:
495:
490:
488:
484:
469:
466:
461:
457:
454:
452:
446:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
407:
405:
394:
392:
388:
384:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
352:
342:
340:
336:
333:
328:US$ 4 million
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
293:
289:
285:
275:
273:
268:
263:
254:
251:
245:
243:
242:free software
230:
227:
224:
223:
222:
214:
210:
208:
205:(2011)., and
204:
200:
199:Microventures
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
166:
162:
161:open-sourcing
158:
157:
152:
148:
144:
139:
133:
131:
126:
122:
118:
117:Auguste Comte
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
87:
86:Auguste Comte
82:
73:
71:
66:
62:
57:
55:
49:
45:
40:
36:
35:crowdsourcing
32:
19:
7928:Crowdfunding
7833:Donor intent
7757:CharityWatch
7658:Service club
7633:Crowdfunding
7632:
7595:Volunteering
7590:Philanthropy
7416:Vintage year
7341:Capital call
7313:Crowdfunding
7312:
7248:Corporations
7151:Venture debt
6786:Tool library
6706:Crowdfunding
6705:
6516:Sofar Sounds
6490:MercadoLibre
6413:Warm Showers
6360:CouchSurfing
6065:TenPages.com
6055:Social Teeth
5970:CrowdFundEDU
5955:Bountysource
5950:Blackstartup
5914:ShareTheMeal
5884:Innovestment
5828:VentureCrowd
5791:Asia-Pacific
5672:GlobalGiving
5612:Crowd Supply
5607:CrowdJustice
5516:Crowdfunding
5515:
5479:Crowdfunding
5440:
5412:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5350:
5346:
5304:
5300:
5276:
5266:
5241:
5237:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5130:. Retrieved
5126:
5116:
5091:
5081:
5064:
5031:
5027:
5014:
5004:November 30,
5002:. Retrieved
4998:
4988:
4979:
4969:
4957:. Retrieved
4953:
4943:
4931:. Retrieved
4927:
4917:
4908:
4898:
4886:. Retrieved
4882:(Forum post)
4879:the original
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4852:the original
4842:
4817:
4813:
4803:
4791:. Retrieved
4763:
4759:
4749:
4739:February 12,
4737:. Retrieved
4730:the original
4725:
4713:
4701:. Retrieved
4697:
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4663:
4642:cite journal
4627:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4552:
4548:
4514:
4510:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4436:. Retrieved
4408:
4402:
4392:
4380:. Retrieved
4374:
4364:
4343:cite journal
4312:
4292:
4285:
4273:. Retrieved
4269:the original
4264:
4254:
4231:
4219:. Retrieved
4212:the original
4199:
4187:. Retrieved
4183:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4127:the original
4117:
4108:
4099:
4085:
4076:
4066:
4057:
4045:. Retrieved
4033:
4023:
4011:. Retrieved
4007:the original
4002:
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3973:the original
3968:
3958:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3906:
3887:
3879:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3854:the original
3849:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3814:
3806:
3801:
3789:
3777:. Retrieved
3766:
3754:. Retrieved
3744:
3730:
3718:. Retrieved
3714:the original
3707:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3680:
3670:
3658:. Retrieved
3654:the original
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3624:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3599:
3574:. Retrieved
3570:
3560:
3548:. Retrieved
3544:
3534:
3522:. Retrieved
3510:
3487:November 28,
3485:. Retrieved
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3459:the original
3454:
3444:
3433:
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3407:techdirt.com
3406:
3397:
3389:The Guardian
3388:
3378:
3369:
3359:
3349:December 13,
3347:. Retrieved
3337:
3327:December 13,
3325:. Retrieved
3321:the original
3317:The Guardian
3316:
3306:
3298:the original
3293:
3284:
3272:. Retrieved
3268:the original
3263:
3254:
3228:. Retrieved
3221:the original
3216:
3204:
3192:. Retrieved
3187:
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3160:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3134:the original
3129:
3120:
3105:
3093:. Retrieved
3082:
3071:
3062:
3048:
3034:
3025:
3016:
2997:
2991:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2903:
2899:
2886:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2752:the original
2745:
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2712:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2657:the original
2644:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2565:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2537:
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2508:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2483:the original
2476:
2466:
2447:
2414:cite journal
2391:
2370:cite journal
2282:(1): 63–97.
2279:
2275:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:
2186:. Retrieved
2181:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2154:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:Entrepreneur
2128:
2101:
2092:
2082:
2073:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2026:the original
2013:
1993:
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:the original
1960:
1948:
1936:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:the original
1896:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1846:
1836:September 3,
1834:. Retrieved
1811:
1801:
1782:
1741:. Retrieved
1712:. Retrieved
1686:. Retrieved
1683:Ars Technica
1682:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1655:
1646:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1589:December 10,
1587:. Retrieved
1583:
1573:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1531:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1439:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1408:. Retrieved
1403:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:
1369:
1361:
1352:
1299:Microfinance
1227:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1163:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1117:
1107:Steve Albini
1103:
1096:
1095:in his book
1085:
1053:
1038:
1035:
1013:
1004:
986:
962:
942:
927:
920:
899:
889:
878:
861:fix and flip
851:
843:
840:
806:DonorsChoose
804:
783:GlobalGiving
780:
765:
762:
747:
744:Applications
737:Atellani USA
733:Y Combinator
722:
711:
701:
693:
674:
648:
640:The Guardian
639:
637:
618:, an online
615:Star Citizen
613:
611:
589:
575:
570:
569:
565:Grammy Award
543:
523:
516:
512:
511:
506:
504:
497:
491:
480:
462:
458:
455:
448:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
400:
386:
379:
361:Lending Club
354:
288:endogenously
281:
260:
246:
239:
236:Reward-based
220:
211:
172:
154:
146:
134:
120:
106:
97:subscription
90:
58:
50:
31:Crowdfunding
30:
29:
7580:Fundraising
7543:Main topics
7278:Foundations
7201:Pledge fund
6993:Secondaries
6464:Kickstarter
6339:Hospitality
6325:Yandex.Taxi
6030:PledgeMusic
6005:Lone Signal
5869:DigVentures
5808:Impact Guru
5707:Kickstarter
5687:Groundfloor
5572:ArtistShare
5244:: 233–242.
4858:October 15,
4698:www.sec.gov
4221:January 11,
3625:Gadget Flow
3465:October 15,
2758:January 10,
2726:February 2,
2692:November 3,
1688:January 12,
1662:January 12,
1557:: 117–127.
1474:February 7,
1384:October 23,
1339:Kickstarter
1178:focus group
1124:reputation.
946:Kickstarter
890:peer 2 peer
853:Real estate
848:Real estate
787:Microcredit
598:1,500,000.
561:ArtistShare
365:Prosper.com
310:, or even "
292:incentivize
191:Kickstarter
175:ArtistShare
7922:Categories
7865:wealthiest
7621:Foundation
7606:charitable
7565:Compassion
7366:Envy ratio
7273:Endowments
7136:Seed money
7050:Terms and
6731:Gig worker
6686:Carsharing
6661:Blockchain
6594:Withlocals
6568:Streetbank
6542:TaskRabbit
6485:Craigslist
6449:GiveSendGo
6408:Trustroots
6375:Non-profit
6347:For-profit
6206:Co-Op Ride
6113:Comparison
6015:Neighborly
5899:Planeta.ru
5879:FundedByMe
5859:Companisto
5767:SeedInvest
5742:Piggybackr
5717:LaunchGood
5697:InvestedIn
5667:GiveSendGo
5647:Experiment
5597:CommonBond
5582:Change.org
5155:(1): 113.
4933:August 19,
4703:January 1,
4678:January 1,
4438:October 4,
4404:The Lancet
4382:October 4,
4275:August 19,
4189:August 29,
3826:August 19,
3779:August 19,
3775:. BBC News
3756:August 19,
3735:TechCrunch
3720:August 19,
3687:August 19,
3168:October 7,
2240:(4): 443.
2188:August 19,
2162:August 12,
1976:January 3,
1953:Membership
1907:January 7,
1876:January 2,
1832:. BBC News
1737:BBC Online
1345:References
1329:Seed money
939:Journalism
870:e-commerce
666:Zach Braff
451:Crunchbase
404:altruistic
376:Litigation
349:See also:
345:Debt-based
335:blockchain
316:governance
300:blockchain
7604:Types of
7336:Cap table
7241:Investors
7165:Structure
6983:Mezzanine
6971:Leveraged
6796:Upcycling
6696:Co-living
6547:Thumbtack
6459:Indiegogo
6388:Dachgeber
6383:BeWelcome
6330:Yourdrive
6253:KakaoTaxi
6181:BlaBlaCar
6162:Companies
6085:YouCaring
6080:TrustLeaf
6050:Sellaband
6045:RocketHub
6010:Mobcaster
5980:Fundageek
5919:Spacehive
5894:Liberapay
5864:Crowdcube
5854:Bergfürst
5833:Wishberry
5692:Indiegogo
5682:GoyFundMe
5642:EquityNet
5622:Crowdrise
5562:AngelList
5541:Headstart
5518:platforms
5169:166276044
5132:April 15,
5108:229298169
5056:154926205
5048:1530-9134
4834:0022-2437
4788:234803364
4780:0022-2437
4335:158632668
3519:1059-1028
3095:April 17,
2941:: 27–30.
2906:: 11–28.
2878:148641056
2721:0099-9660
2666:August 1,
2306:1531-3468
2217:April 29,
1743:April 28,
1714:March 10,
1630:1756-1833
1616:: k3829.
1523:154926205
1515:1530-9134
1304:One Spark
1254:BackerKit
1082:feedback.
950:Indiegogo
907:copyright
905:, use of
857:mortgages
819:Spacehive
771:RocketHub
766:Financial
729:campaigns
725:BackerKit
661:potatoes.
582:SellaBand
576:In 2004,
545:Marillion
507:The World
499:The World
465:Lockitron
439:Platforms
391:LexShares
250:Sellaband
203:YouCaring
187:Indiegogo
138:Marillion
108:War bonds
18:Crowdfund
7882:Telethon
7767:GiveWell
7704:Tzedakah
7570:Donation
7555:Altruism
7386:Leverage
7322:Related
7052:concepts
6741:Homestay
6607:Concepts
6454:GoFundMe
6263:Ola Cabs
6228:Free Now
6103:Category
6070:Tilt.com
6060:Sponsume
6025:PieShell
6020:Offbeatr
6000:Junction
5990:@HopeMob
5975:Fondomat
5929:Zinsland
5889:Invesdor
5849:Beesfund
5818:PledgeMe
5813:MusicBee
5782:Wefunder
5752:Republic
5677:GoFundMe
5662:FundRazr
5632:DonorSee
5627:DonorBox
5617:Crowdpac
5587:CircleUp
5555:Americas
5546:OurCrowd
5422:Archived
5367:28334321
5329:19118282
5321:29728452
5277:HuffPost
5258:28274601
5218:22231688
4909:ABC News
4793:July 28,
4569:54194660
4531:21039809
4489:27647666
4433:39664203
4425:25247220
4239:Archived
4047:July 15,
3947:Archived
3895:Archived
3683:. London
3681:Guardian
3605:June 26,
3576:June 26,
3550:June 14,
3524:June 26,
3455:Econible
3240:cite web
3140:July 25,
2955:27665200
2920:10924359
2833:53015852
2799:12352130
2618:Archived
2592:Archived
2354:37659400
2314:16085029
2255:Archived
2035:July 27,
1925:Archived
1638:52193362
1441:July 23,
1410:July 24,
1238:See also
1223:GoFundMe
874:Fundrise
865:JOBS Act
483:pedestal
332:Ethereum
267:JOBS Act
201:(2010),
197:(2010),
195:GoFundMe
193:(2009),
189:(2008),
70:quackery
7709:Sadaqah
7626:Private
7575:Empathy
7396:M&A
7103:Venture
7008:History
6978:Venture
6895:Nigeria
6847:strikes
6837:Germany
6681:Carpool
6582:Tourism
6469:Patreon
6422:Unknown
6248:inDrive
6176:AloPeyk
5938:Defunct
5909:Seedups
5823:Pozible
5803:Birchal
5777:Wedidit
5732:Patreon
5536:Eureeca
5209:3273528
4888:May 19,
4480:6041758
4184:pwc.com
4145:US News
4013:July 3,
3979:July 3,
3660:May 15,
3630:May 11,
3545:Variety
3274:June 9,
3230:May 15,
3194:May 15,
2545:May 23,
2517:May 23,
2489:May 22,
2362:2569988
2135:May 25,
2074:Inc.com
2055:Wharton
1584:Gizmodo
1039:offered
981:Spot.us
972:Spot.us
968:Spot.us
964:Spot.us
954:Spot.us
917:Science
795:Zidisha
708:TV show
337:; and "
183:Groupon
165:Blender
76:History
54:project
7742:Candid
7361:EBITDA
7060:Buyout
6988:Growth
6966:Buyout
6821:Global
6814:Labour
6651:Barter
6537:Pickle
6500:Kijiji
6495:Vinted
6478:Retail
6355:Airbnb
6320:Wingly
6303:Careem
6273:PickMe
6268:Pathao
6223:Fasten
6201:Cabify
5924:Symbid
5904:Seedrs
5842:Europe
5798:Asiola
5747:Prizeo
5657:Fundly
5592:Classy
5445:, 2011
5365:
5327:
5319:
5256:
5216:
5206:
5167:
5106:
5054:
5046:
4832:
4786:
4778:
4567:
4529:
4487:
4477:
4431:
4423:
4333:
4300:
3969:Mosaic
3931:GOV.UK
3517:
3413:May 3,
3073:GitHub
3004:
2953:
2918:
2876:
2831:
2797:
2719:
2573:May 1,
2454:
2360:
2352:
2312:
2304:
2001:
1636:
1628:
1521:
1513:
1364:, 2018
1204:crowds
684:Twitch
304:equity
257:Equity
7823:Drive
7714:Zakat
7699:Tithe
7176:funds
7041:2020s
7036:2010s
7031:2000s
7026:1990s
7021:1980s
6858:India
6771:Reuse
6521:Tudou
6429:Helpx
6315:Waymo
6288:TAPSI
6278:Snapp
6238:Gojek
6196:Bykea
5874:EdAid
5772:Watsi
5325:S2CID
5165:S2CID
5104:S2CID
5052:S2CID
5024:(PDF)
4784:S2CID
4733:(PDF)
4722:(PDF)
4565:S2CID
4527:S2CID
4429:S2CID
4376:Wired
4331:S2CID
4215:(PDF)
4208:(PDF)
4180:(PDF)
3511:Wired
3370:Wired
3224:(PDF)
3213:(PDF)
2916:S2CID
2896:(PDF)
2874:S2CID
2829:S2CID
2795:S2CID
2660:(PDF)
2653:(PDF)
2350:S2CID
2310:S2CID
2029:(PDF)
2022:(PDF)
1966:"FAQ"
1870:Issuu
1634:S2CID
1519:S2CID
1469:(PDF)
1078:page.
1032:like.
952:, or
752:(see
731:, or
653:The "
320:Augur
308:bonds
217:Types
7694:Dāna
7550:Alms
7228:SPAC
7174:and
7131:SAFE
6950:and
6801:Wiki
6573:Olio
6298:Uber
6293:Turo
6283:Swvl
6258:Lyft
6243:Grab
6233:Gett
6211:DiDi
6191:Bolt
6186:Beat
5737:Pear
5712:Kiva
5702:Ioby
5363:PMID
5347:JAMA
5317:PMID
5254:PMID
5214:PMID
5134:2022
5044:ISSN
5006:2016
4961:2012
4935:2012
4890:2014
4860:2012
4830:ISSN
4795:2021
4776:ISSN
4741:2013
4705:2018
4680:2018
4655:help
4485:PMID
4440:2016
4421:PMID
4384:2016
4356:help
4298:ISBN
4277:2012
4223:2018
4191:2017
4049:2020
4015:2016
3981:2016
3862:2013
3828:2012
3781:2012
3758:2012
3722:2012
3709:Time
3689:2012
3662:2009
3650:idio
3632:2021
3607:2019
3578:2019
3571:News
3552:2019
3526:2019
3515:ISSN
3489:2022
3467:2015
3415:2014
3351:2012
3329:2012
3276:2012
3246:link
3232:2022
3196:2022
3170:2011
3142:2017
3130:IPSE
3097:2023
3002:ISBN
2951:PMID
2760:2015
2728:2017
2717:ISSN
2694:2015
2668:2015
2575:2016
2547:2016
2519:2016
2491:2016
2452:ISBN
2427:help
2383:help
2358:SSRN
2302:ISSN
2219:2013
2190:2012
2164:2012
2137:2014
2037:2014
1999:ISBN
1978:2019
1909:2013
1878:2020
1838:2013
1745:2013
1716:2016
1690:2019
1664:2019
1626:ISSN
1591:2018
1511:ISSN
1476:2013
1443:2014
1412:2015
1386:2017
992:and
825:and
626:and
553:IR35
410:Role
363:and
357:Zopa
179:Kiva
163:the
44:US$
37:and
7401:PME
7381:IRR
7376:IPO
7331:AUM
6310:Via
5652:Fig
5390:doi
5355:doi
5351:317
5309:doi
5246:doi
5242:187
5204:PMC
5196:doi
5192:184
5157:doi
5096:doi
5070:doi
5036:doi
4822:doi
4768:doi
4613:doi
4557:doi
4519:doi
4475:PMC
4467:doi
4413:doi
4409:384
4323:doi
4038:doi
3600:CNN
2943:doi
2939:169
2908:doi
2864:hdl
2856:doi
2821:doi
2787:doi
2402:doi
2342:hdl
2334:doi
2292:hdl
2284:doi
2242:doi
1787:doi
1618:doi
1614:362
1610:BMJ
1559:doi
1555:141
1503:doi
1148:SEC
341:".
314:of
185:),
95:or
7924::
6216:99
5386:10
5384:.
5361:.
5349:.
5337:^
5323:.
5315:.
5305:44
5303:.
5285:^
5275:.
5252:.
5240:.
5226:^
5212:.
5202:.
5190:.
5186:.
5163:.
5151:.
5125:.
5102:.
5090:.
5050:.
5042:.
5032:24
5030:.
5026:.
4997:.
4978:.
4952:.
4926:.
4907:.
4828:.
4818:58
4816:.
4812:.
4782:.
4774:.
4764:58
4762:.
4758:.
4724:.
4696:.
4671:.
4646::
4644:}}
4640:{{
4609:19
4607:.
4603:.
4577:^
4563:.
4551:.
4539:^
4525:.
4515:17
4513:.
4497:^
4483:.
4473:.
4463:27
4461:.
4457:.
4427:.
4419:.
4407:.
4401:.
4373:.
4347::
4345:}}
4341:{{
4329:.
4263:.
4245:,
4182:.
4161:.
4143:.
4107:.
4084:.
4065:.
4036:.
4032:.
4001:.
3967:.
3929:.
3878:,
3848:.
3706:.
3679:.
3648:.
3623:.
3598:.
3586:^
3569:.
3543:.
3513:.
3509:.
3497:^
3453:.
3432:.
3405:.
3387:.
3368:.
3315:.
3292:.
3242:}}
3238:{{
3215:.
3186:.
3159:.
3128:.
3070:.
3024:.
2949:.
2937:.
2914:.
2904:33
2902:.
2898:.
2872:.
2862:.
2852:18
2850:.
2827:.
2817:35
2815:.
2793:,
2783:29
2781:,
2777:,
2744:.
2715:.
2711:.
2629:^
2602:^
2564:.
2536:.
2507:.
2475:.
2435:^
2418::
2416:}}
2412:{{
2374::
2372:}}
2368:{{
2356:.
2348:.
2340:.
2322:^
2308:.
2300:.
2290:.
2280:14
2278:.
2266:^
2238:22
2236:.
2210:.
2198:^
2180:.
2153:.
2127:.
2115:^
2091:.
2072:.
2053:.
1895:.
1868:.
1820:^
1810:.
1785:.
1781:.
1753:^
1735:.
1724:^
1698:^
1681:.
1654:.
1632:.
1624:.
1612:.
1608:.
1582:.
1553:.
1549:.
1517:.
1509:.
1499:24
1497:.
1493:.
1451:^
1420:^
1402:.
1377:.
1360:,
979:,
948:,
760:.
584:.
536:.
306:,
7528:e
7521:t
7514:v
6940:e
6933:t
6926:v
6147:e
6140:t
6133:v
5508:e
5501:t
5494:v
5396:.
5392::
5369:.
5357::
5331:.
5311::
5279:.
5260:.
5248::
5220:.
5198::
5171:.
5159::
5153:4
5136:.
5110:.
5098::
5076:.
5072::
5058:.
5038::
5008:.
4982:.
4963:.
4937:.
4911:.
4892:.
4862:.
4836:.
4824::
4797:.
4770::
4743:.
4707:.
4682:.
4657:)
4653:(
4636:.
4621:.
4615::
4588:.
4571:.
4559::
4553:5
4533:.
4521::
4491:.
4469::
4442:.
4415::
4386:.
4358:)
4354:(
4337:.
4325::
4306:.
4279:.
4225:.
4193:.
4094:.
4051:.
4040::
4017:.
3983:.
3933:.
3915:.
3864:.
3830:.
3783:.
3760:.
3724:.
3691:.
3664:.
3634:.
3609:.
3580:.
3554:.
3528:.
3491:.
3469:.
3438:.
3417:.
3391:.
3372:.
3353:.
3331:.
3278:.
3248:)
3234:.
3198:.
3172:.
3144:.
3114:.
3099:.
3076:.
3010:.
2957:.
2945::
2922:.
2910::
2880:.
2866::
2858::
2835:.
2823::
2789::
2762:.
2730:.
2696:.
2670:.
2577:.
2549:.
2521:.
2493:.
2460:.
2429:)
2425:(
2408:.
2404::
2385:)
2381:(
2364:.
2344::
2336::
2316:.
2294::
2286::
2261:)
2248:.
2244::
2221:.
2192:.
2166:.
2139:.
2109:.
2095:.
2076:.
2039:.
2007:.
1980:.
1911:.
1880:.
1840:.
1814:.
1795:.
1789::
1747:.
1718:.
1692:.
1666:.
1640:.
1620::
1593:.
1567:.
1561::
1525:.
1505::
1478:.
1445:.
1414:.
1388:.
1074:.
1022:'
596:£
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
