38:
339:
191:
294:
477:
possession of the shares. According to Wilson, when his wife (and later he himself) had concerns about the transaction, the transaction was reversed. Wilson's wife had died in 1870, so senators had to rely on Wilson's word and that of Ames, whose account corroborated Wilson's. The Senate accepted Wilson's explanation, and took no action against him, but his reputation for integrity was somewhat damaged because of his initial denial.
169:" – a financially viable enterprise that relied on "below-market" financing and then could continue to function as a business enterprise, covering its operating expenses with freight and passenger revenues while providing profits for investors and interest payments to the US government for the borrowed capital (at the federal rate based upon the U.S. government bond rates), and ultimately retiring its debt to the U.S. government.
484:
of
Massachusetts was also implicated. Dawes had purchased $ 1,000 in stock and had received a dividend. Dawes later had doubts about the propriety of the stock purchase and cancelled it. Ames returned the purchase price to Dawes with interest and Dawes returned the dividend to Ames. Dawes received $
181:
felt the construction and its routing were being developed without regard for creating a viable and profitable transportation enterprise. They believed the whole project was a bare-faced fraud by some capitalists to build a "railroad to nowhere" and to make tremendous profits doing so, while getting
272:
If the Union
Pacific's corporate officers had openly undertaken the management and construction of the railroad, this scheme to make windfall profits immediately from charges made during construction would have been exposed to public scrutiny by the opponents of the railroad project from the start.
476:
During the 1872 campaign, Grant's running mate Henry Wilson initially denied involvement. However, in the
February 1873 Senate investigation, Wilson admitted involvement and provided a complicated explanation claiming he had paid for stock in his wife's name, and with her money but had never taken
215:
Crédit
Mobilier of America was a deliberate façade. Train and Durant aimed to present to both the government and to the public the appearance that an independent corporate enterprise had been impartially chosen as the principal contractor and construction management firm for the project. In fact,
303:
Maury Klein, in his wide-ranging analysis of the scandal boils down the issue: "Did the builders of the road defraud the government? And did they attempt to gain influence in
Congress through bribery? The evidence suggested that the answer to the first was no, and to the second a qualified yes."
268:
The Union
Pacific presented genuine and accurate invoices to the U.S. government as evidence of actual construction costs billed to them by Crédit Mobilier of America for payment. Any audit of the Union Pacific invoices to the government would have revealed no evidence of fraud or profiteering,
256:
In every major construction contract drawn up between the Union
Pacific and Crédit Mobilier, the contract's terms, conditions, and price were offered and accepted through the actions of the same corporate officers and directors, operating on both sides of the contract. The underlying fraud of a
284:
Thus, the deal generated $ 43,929,328 (equivalent to over $ 724.9M in 2020) in profits for Crédit
Mobilier, counting the Union Pacific shares and bonds that Crédit Mobilier bought and paid itself. The Crédit Mobilier directors reported this as a cash profit of only $ 23,366,319.81, a financial
161:
There was no existing demand for railroad freight or passenger traffic for virtually the entire proposed route. Since no towns or cities of any size yet existed on the western prairies, there was no commercial activity between
Nebraska and the California border. Nor were there any branch lines
311:. Ames, a member of Congress, distributed cash bribes and discounted shares of Crédit Mobilier stock to fellow congressmen and other politicians in exchange for votes and actions favorable to the Union Pacific. Ames offered to members of Congress shares in Crédit Mobilier at its discounted
89:
A new company, Crédit
Mobilier of America, was created by Union Pacific executives to actually build the line, but at inflated construction costs. Though the railroad cost only $ 50 million to build, Crédit Mobilier billed $ 94 million and Union Pacific executives pocketed the excess $ 44
269:
because the fraud took place one level deeper, on the invoices from Crédit Mobilier to Union Pacific. Union Pacific was accepting for payment genuine Crédit Mobilier invoices (based on fraudulent accounting) and was applying only an overhead expense for management and administration.
224:
phase, to generate profit. Because the conspirators believed they could not expect conventional profits from the operation of the railroad, they created the sham company so they could charge the U.S. government extortionate fees and expenses during the construction phase.
252:
The directors of the Union Pacific also engaged in stock manipulation circumventing requirements that they receive full payment for stock issued at par by instead paying Crédit Mobilier in bank checks, which Crédit Mobilier then used to purchase Union Pacific stock.
237:
The Union Pacific contracted with Crédit Mobilier to build the railway at rates greatly above cost. However the UP usually paid with UP shares, which were not highly rated because of the uncertainty that the huge project could be completed and would generate future
468:
All of those named were Republicans except Bayard, a Democrat who was largely dropped from the investigation after he wrote a letter disavowing any knowledge. Ultimately, Congress investigated 13 of its members in a probe that led to the censure of Oakes Ames and
93:
The scandal negatively affected the careers of many politicians and nearly bankrupted Union Pacific. For decades partisan newspapers used the scandal to create widespread public distrust of Republicans, Congress, and the federal government during the
3904:
2793:
1272:
153:
The railroad would have to be built for 1,750 miles (2,820 km) through desert and mountains, incurring extremely high freight costs for supplies. There was the high risk of armed conflict with hostile tribes of
129:
of 1864–68, Congress authorized and chartered the Union Pacific Railroad and provided $ 100 million (equivalent to over $ 1.6B in 2020) in capital investment to complete a transcontinental line west from the
90:
million.Part of the excess cash and $ 9 million in discounted stock was then used to bribe several Washington politicians for laws, funding, and regulatory rulings favorable to the Union Pacific.
138:. The federal government offered to assist the railroad with a loan of $ 16,000 to $ 48,000 per mile of track, variable according to location, for a total of more than $ 60 million in all, and a
3138:
1387:
913:
162:
running either north or south of the proposed route that would have been able to feed their traffic to a new transcontinental railway. As a result, private investors refused to invest.
4332:
4050:
3617:
3541:
3429:
3368:
3317:
3053:
3039:
330:
simply by offering these discounted shares on the market, knowing that they would be purchased at a higher price by investors desiring to own stock in such a profitable company.
1282:
3414:
4312:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
3680:
4259:
4016:
3660:
319:, which was much higher due to its superb (but fraudulent) profits and exclusive contract with the Union Pacific Railroad. It also declared substantial quarterly
3384:
802:
4219:
4121:
3655:
3204:
3174:
2934:
1287:
1062:
3333:
3748:
501:
as chief counsel. During the investigation, the government found that the company had given shares to more than 30 politicians from both parties, including
116:
was chartered by Congress and the associated corporation Crédit Mobilier of America was established. This company had no relation to the major French bank
1025:
Kens, Paul. "The Crédit Mobilier Scandal and the Supreme Court: Corporate Power, Corporate Person, and Government Control in the Mid‐nineteenth Century."
3997:
241:
The railroad was eventually a success and made money from selling land. Thus it eventually brought high profits to Crédit Mobilier, which was owned by
1013:
Heier, Jan Richard. "Building the Union Pacific Railroad: a study of mid-nineteenth-century railroad construction accounting and reporting practices"
3992:
2835:
382:
broke the story. The newspaper reported that Crédit Mobilier had received $ 72 million in contracts for building a railroad worth only $ 53 million.
4307:
3930:
2626:
4024:
1446:
1424:
1267:
3179:
928:
508:
No charges were filed against any of the participants in the scandal. James A. Garfield denied the charges and was elected president in 1880.
3866:
3189:
3153:
2944:
2618:
1262:
909:
281:
The Union Pacific paid $ 94,650,287 to Crédit Mobilier via the project, while Crédit Mobilier incurred operating costs of only $ 50,720,959.
4234:
1150:
285:
misrepresentation since these same directors were the recipients of the undisclosed $ 20,563,010 Union Pacific share of the total profits.
397:
In 1872, the (Republican) House of Representatives submitted the names of nine politicians to the (Republican) Senate for investigation:
1119:
2689:
2679:
2529:
2395:
2380:
2241:
2107:
2097:
1958:
1911:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1038:(volume 1, 1987), the standard scholarly history; no footnotes in 1st edition but they are included in the paprrback edition of 2006.
842:
603:
History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Final Restoration of Home Rule at the South in 1877: 1872-1877. Vol. 7
3711:
2699:
2659:
2566:
2494:
2427:
2405:
2360:
2283:
2251:
2211:
2139:
2117:
2077:
2005:
1983:
1943:
1891:
1864:
1854:
1839:
1802:
1772:
1762:
1257:
4178:
2684:
2591:
2390:
2385:
2313:
2236:
2169:
2164:
1968:
1782:
1599:
1580:
1565:
1546:
1522:
79:
3199:
2867:
2551:
2479:
2442:
2417:
2335:
2268:
2201:
2154:
2129:
2052:
2000:
1933:
1876:
1814:
1752:
1537:
1532:
420:
17:
216:
Crédit Mobilier was created to shield the company's shareholders and management from the common charge that they were using the
3893:
2939:
2546:
2514:
2303:
2263:
2102:
1995:
1901:
1747:
2814:
2654:
2596:
2581:
2462:
2437:
2355:
2318:
2298:
2184:
2149:
2072:
2035:
2020:
1921:
1896:
1886:
1829:
1797:
1787:
1767:
893:
824:
783:
740:
707:
3779:
3285:
2785:
2674:
2669:
2639:
2613:
2571:
2561:
2509:
2504:
2484:
2457:
2375:
2370:
2345:
2288:
2278:
2226:
2221:
2206:
2174:
2092:
2087:
2062:
2010:
1953:
1938:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1819:
1757:
1624:
1619:
4141:
3343:
3272:
3267:
3194:
2694:
2644:
2634:
2608:
2534:
2474:
2400:
2350:
2340:
2330:
2246:
2196:
2179:
2112:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2030:
1978:
1916:
1881:
1859:
1824:
1792:
1742:
1609:
1604:
1575:
1570:
1556:
1551:
1527:
1493:
1331:
155:
4322:
4183:
3942:
3044:
2649:
2524:
2519:
2489:
2231:
1963:
1614:
257:
common and unified ownership of two companies that shared principal officers and directors was not revealed for years.
37:
962:
3424:
3131:
3111:
2664:
2576:
2499:
2452:
2432:
2365:
2293:
2216:
2144:
2082:
2015:
1973:
1948:
1077:
810:
145:
The offer initially attracted no subscribers for additional financing, as the conditions were financially daunting.
2978:
2973:
2882:
2586:
2556:
2447:
2422:
2308:
2273:
2159:
2134:
2025:
1906:
1777:
1143:
4337:
4327:
3980:
3911:
3853:
3763:
3690:
3480:
3312:
3251:
3158:
2993:
2918:
2892:
2801:
69:
45:
4317:
3034:
1113:
1083:
672:
434:
4100:
3799:
3665:
3290:
3184:
2988:
1585:
1356:
1039:
3758:
3726:
3612:
3475:
3363:
3246:
3116:
3085:
3078:
3024:
2913:
2779:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
4286:
4244:
3634:
3409:
3101:
2956:
2951:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1136:
3645:
3445:
3404:
3348:
2966:
1488:
1419:
982:
Duran, Xavier. "The First US transcontinental railroad: Expected profits and government intervention."
522:
494:
1103:
1097:
68:
and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company in the building of the eastern portion of the
4147:
4037:
3957:
3917:
3587:
3295:
3143:
2887:
2857:
1277:
642:
Richard White, "Information, markets, and corruption: Transcontinental railroads in the Gilded Age."
575:
470:
932:
3753:
3640:
3419:
3019:
3014:
2830:
2825:
158:, who occupied many territories in the interior, and no probable early business to pay dividends.
4249:
4068:
3846:
3830:
3721:
3562:
3399:
3338:
3029:
2808:
536:
367:
209:
4224:
4113:
3947:
3732:
3389:
1351:
732:
678:
113:
65:
4198:
4134:
3743:
3597:
3557:
3512:
2862:
1481:
178:
126:
107:
843:"The Expulsion Case of James W. Patterson of New Hampshire (1873) (Crédit Mobilier Scandal)"
773:
3059:
2961:
2774:
1451:
1377:
1326:
201:
8:
4076:
4003:
3937:
3898:
3815:
3738:
3526:
3353:
3300:
3234:
3148:
3126:
3106:
2908:
2841:
1252:
1200:
530:
The scheme and scandal was proposed as a topic for a musical cabaret in season 10 of the
409:
41:
365:
Following a disagreement with Ames, Henry Simpson McComb leaked compromising letters to
30:
This article is about the American railroad scandal. For the unrelated French bank, see
4010:
3838:
3822:
3784:
3675:
3592:
3577:
3567:
3506:
3460:
3240:
3229:
2820:
1629:
1159:
1076:
1047:
959:
Nothing like it in the world: The men who built the transcontinental railroad 1863-1869
727:
Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863-1869
725:
448:
416:
402:
74:
671:
549:
118:
31:
4203:
4057:
3716:
3306:
3072:
2877:
1590:
1372:
975:
889:
868:
779:
736:
703:
338:
4160:
4107:
3987:
3974:
3964:
3924:
3706:
3650:
3607:
3602:
3518:
3394:
3065:
2872:
1461:
1439:
1429:
1195:
1092:
531:
517:
485:
100 in interest on his returned purchase price, but he was not further implicated.
372:
242:
205:
194:
83:
4264:
4154:
4077:
The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution
3969:
3859:
3794:
3685:
3531:
3501:
3465:
2983:
1434:
1185:
1112:
697:
601:
462:
427:
60:
552:, a bank in France that had no connection to the American company or the scandal
4128:
3952:
3277:
1466:
1456:
1190:
1018:
502:
498:
481:
320:
131:
385:
After the revelations, the Union Pacific and other investors were left nearly
4301:
4229:
4193:
4094:
3789:
3572:
3536:
3496:
1471:
1321:
825:"The King Of Frauds: How the Credit Mobilier Bought Its Way Through Congress"
441:
166:
135:
190:
4269:
4239:
4031:
3670:
3582:
3358:
3121:
2998:
1476:
1414:
1399:
1394:
1059:
Congress and the King of Frauds: Corruption and the Credit Mobilier Scandal
455:
327:
316:
293:
655:
Mark Wahlgren Summers." The Era of Good Stealings" (1993) pp 200-203, 225.
4062:
3470:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1096:
4188:
4044:
1006:
987:
308:
297:
139:
95:
458:
of Massachusetts, also Grant's current running mate for Vice President
265:
The principal means of the scheme was the method of indirect billing.
248:
The outsize profits were divided among the Union Pacific stockholders.
142:
of 20,000,000 acres (8,100,000 ha), worth $ 50 to $ 100 million.
3455:
1409:
1128:
1048:"A Complete and Graphic Account of the Crédit Mobilier Investigation"
343:
312:
4254:
1404:
1382:
555:
386:
245:
and the Union Pacific's other directors and principal stockholders.
72:
from the Missouri River to Utah Territory. The story was broken by
699:
Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America
527:(broadcast during 2011-2016) with the portrayal of Thomas Durant.
326:
Those allowed to purchase shares at par value could reap enormous
1001:
Green, Fletcher M. "Origins of the Credit Mobilier of America."
348:
3040:
Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866
165:
In spite of this, the entire railroad scheme was proposed as a "
1054:. - (c/o Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum).
371:, a reformist newspaper highly critical of incumbent President
1283:
United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction
972:
Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad
346:
directing Congressmen implicated in the scandal to commit "
4051:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
994:
The Union Pacific Railroad: A case in premature enterprise
185:
64:) was a two-part fraud conducted from 1864 to 1867 by the
4333:
Investigations and hearings of the United States Congress
4260:
Technological and industrial history of the United States
931:. Green Bay, WI: National Railroad Museum. Archived from
357:
803:"The Credit Mobilier Scandal; Transcontinental Railroad"
4220:
African American founding fathers of the United States
4122:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
1288:
United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction
870:
The Credit Mobilier of America: Its Origin and History
797:
795:
488:
307:
In 1867, Crédit Mobilier replaced Thomas Durant with
2794:
The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women
771:
197:, one of the founders of the Credit Mobilier company
4313:
History of rail transportation in the United States
792:
233:In simplified terms, the scheme worked as follows:
3045:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866
910:"The election of President James Garfield of Ohio"
809:. Public Broadcasting System (PBS). Archived from
724:
333:
2836:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
1036:Union Pacific: The Birth of a Railroad, 1892-1893
582:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives
4299:
182:the United States government to bear the costs.
3180:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
392:
112:The scandal's origins dated to 1864, when the
3154:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
1144:
767:
765:
212:, formed Crédit Mobilier of America in 1864.
1015:Accounting, Business & Financial History
716:
1019:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585200903246775
862:
860:
1151:
1137:
929:"Hell on Wheels: Fact vs Fiction – Part 1"
762:
731:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p.
148:
3712:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
691:
689:
4235:History of the United States (1865–1917)
866:
857:
337:
292:
220:phase of the project, as opposed to the
189:
36:
4308:Political scandals in the United States
1091:
722:
421:United States Secretary of the Treasury
186:Formation of Crédit Mobilier of America
14:
4300:
3894:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era
2940:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
1158:
883:
835:
686:
599:
4179:Women's suffrage in the United States
2868:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
1132:
926:
873:. Boston, MA: C. W. Calkins & Co.
695:
669:
646:90.1 (2003): 19-43, especially 32-34.
606:. New York: Macmillan. pp. 1–19.
511:
59:
3286:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
2974:Confederates surrender at Appomattox
2786:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
1003:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
665:
663:
661:
4142:United Daughters of the Confederacy
3273:American Woman Suffrage Association
3268:National Woman Suffrage Association
3195:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
1494:Women during the Reconstruction era
974:(1999); minute detail in 800 pages
888:. New York: Macmillan. p. 34.
778:. New York: Arno Press. p. 6.
618:Union Pacific: Volume II, 1894-1969
489:Department of Justice investigation
44:, completed in 1868 as part of the
24:
4184:Labor history of the United States
3220:South Carolina readmitted to Union
3217:North Carolina readmitted to Union
3200:Impeachment managers investigation
3139:Constitutional conventions of 1867
2815:National Women's Rights Convention
1114:"Crédit Mobilier of America"
1078:"Crédit Mobilier of America"
950:
673:"Crédit Mobilier of America"
631:Union Pacific: Volume I, 1862-1893
516:This scheme was referenced in the
419:of Massachusetts (then serving as
25:
4349:
3425:United States expedition to Korea
3132:Reconstruction military districts
1069:
1046:Martin, Edward Winslow (1873). -
916:from the original on May 4, 2019.
912:. U.S. House of Representatives.
670:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
658:
505:, Colfax, Patterson, and Wilson.
497:investigation was also made with
2979:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
1273:African-American representatives
1027:Journal of Supreme Court History
3981:Black Reconstruction in America
3854:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3764:1876 State of the Union Address
3691:1875 State of the Union Address
3618:1874 State of the Union Address
3542:1873 State of the Union Address
3481:1872 State of the Union Address
3430:1871 State of the Union Address
3369:1870 State of the Union Address
3318:1869 State of the Union Address
3313:First transcontinental railroad
3252:1868 State of the Union Address
3159:1867 State of the Union Address
2994:1865 State of the Union Address
2919:1864 State of the Union Address
2893:1863 State of the Union Address
2802:Woman in the Nineteenth Century
1052:Behind the Scenes in Washington
920:
902:
877:
845:. U.S. Senate Historical Office
817:
749:
334:Revelation and political impact
70:first transcontinental railroad
46:First transcontinental railroad
3054:Petition for Universal Freedom
3035:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
1084:New International Encyclopedia
649:
636:
623:
610:
593:
568:
228:
13:
1:
4101:A Visit from the Old Mistress
3800:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
3666:Specie Payment Resumption Act
3291:Board of Indian Commissioners
3223:Louisiana readmitted to Union
3185:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
3049:Tennessee readmitted to Union
2883:Women's Loyal National League
1586:Straight-Out Democratic Party
1357:Confederate States of America
772:Trent, Logan Douglas (1981).
576:"The Crédit Mobilier Scandal"
561:
172:
101:
3727:Battle of the Little Bighorn
3211:Arkansas readmitted to Union
3117:Knights of the White Camelia
3079:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866
3025:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
2999:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
2957:Special Field Orders No. 15
2780:Slavery in the United States
996:(Johns Hopkins Press, 1960).
723:Ambrose, Stephen E. (2001).
473:, a Democrat from New York.
342:A political cartoon depicts
208:, the vice president of the
7:
4245:Race (human categorization)
3635:United States v. Cruikshank
3226:Alabama readmitted to Union
3214:Florida readmitted to Union
984:Journal of Economic History
867:Crawford, Jay Boyd (1880).
644:Journal of American History
600:Rhodes, James Ford (1906).
543:
393:Congressional investigation
10:
4354:
3446:General Mining Act of 1872
3415:New York custom house ring
3405:Meridian race riot of 1871
3349:Naturalization Act of 1870
1061:(Edinborough Press, 2018)
702:. New York: W. W. Norton.
378:On September 4, 1872, the
288:
260:
105:
29:
27:American political scandal
4323:1872 in the United States
4282:
4212:
4171:
4087:
4038:Been in the Storm So Long
3958:William Archibald Dunning
3918:The American Commonwealth
3886:
3879:
3808:
3772:
3699:
3626:
3588:Election Massacre of 1874
3550:
3489:
3438:
3377:
3326:
3296:Public Credit Act of 1869
3260:
3235:Fourth Reconstruction Act
3167:
3144:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
3094:
3007:
2927:
2901:
2888:New York City draft riots
2858:Emancipation Proclamation
2850:
2767:
2760:
2710:
1732:
1686:
1640:
1533:National Union Convention
1513:
1506:
1365:
1342:
1278:Reconstruction Amendments
1268:African-American senators
1173:
1166:
276:
3754:Safe burglary conspiracy
3641:Civil Rights Act of 1875
3420:Civil service commission
3020:Memphis massacre of 1866
3015:Civil Rights Act of 1866
2831:Confiscation Act of 1862
2826:Confiscation Act of 1861
1581:Liberal Republican Party
1263:Conservative Republicans
1029:(2009) 34#2 pp: 170–182.
375:and his administration.
4250:Reconstruction Treaties
4069:A Nation Under Our Feet
4017:From Slavery to Freedom
3847:Williams v. Mississippi
3831:United States v. Harris
3722:Great Sioux War of 1876
3661:Yazoo City Riot of 1875
3563:Battle of Liberty Place
3451:Crédit Mobilier scandal
3400:Alcorn State University
3339:Enforcement Act of 1870
3205:Articles of impeachment
3112:Indian Peace Commission
3030:Swing Around the Circle
2967:Freedmen's Bureau bills
2809:Seneca Falls Convention
1538:Radical Democracy Party
1489:Freedman's Savings Bank
1120:Encyclopædia Britannica
1104:The American Cyclopædia
1098:"Crédit Mobilier"
1017:19#3 (2009) pp 327-351
992:Fogel, Robert William.
831:. New York. 1872-09-04.
757:Union Pacific: Volume I
696:White, Richard (2011).
210:Union Pacific Rail Road
149:Obstacles to investment
53:Crédit Mobilier scandal
18:Credit Mobilier scandal
4338:Union Pacific Railroad
4328:Congressional scandals
4225:Forty acres and a mule
3948:Walter Lynwood Fleming
3733:United States v. Reese
3390:Second Enforcement Act
1620:Prohibition Convention
1352:Southern United States
1123:(11th ed.). 1911.
1005:46.2 (1959): 238–251.
986:73.1 (2013): 177-200.
679:Encyclopedia Americana
415:Former Representative
362:
361:] (ritual suicide)
300:
198:
114:Union Pacific Railroad
66:Union Pacific Railroad
61:[kʁedimɔbilje]
48:
4318:19th-century scandals
4199:Civil rights movement
4135:The Birth of a Nation
3744:Centennial Exposition
3598:Black Hills Gold Rush
3513:Slaughter-House Cases
3385:Ku Klux Klan hearings
2863:General Order No. 143
1482:James Mitchell Ashley
580:Historical Highlights
495:Department of Justice
341:
296:
193:
179:Pacific Railroad Acts
127:Pacific Railroad Acts
108:Pacific Railroad Acts
106:Further information:
57:French pronunciation:
40:
3780:Electoral Commission
3656:Clifton Riot of 1875
3410:Treaty of Washington
3102:Tenure of Office Act
3060:National Labor Union
2775:American Indian Wars
1625:Electoral Commission
1615:Greenback Convention
1378:Free people of color
1318:Federal bureaucracy
1258:Moderate Republicans
1057:Mitchell, Robert B.
970:Bain, David Haward.
957:Ambrose, Stephen E.
884:Rutkow, Ira (2006).
202:George Francis Train
4129:D. W. Griffith
4114:The Leopard's Spots
4004:The American Crisis
3938:Columbia University
3905:The Prostrate State
3899:James Shepherd Pike
3816:Posse Comitatus Act
3739:Trader post scandal
3527:Coinage Act of 1873
3301:Black Friday (1869)
3149:Peonage Act of 1867
3127:Reconstruction Acts
3107:Command of Army Act
2842:Militia Act of 1862
1253:Radical Republicans
1201:Rutherford B. Hayes
927:Lambrecht, Justin.
807:American Experience
775:The Credit Mobilier
410:James A. Bayard Jr.
42:Dale Creek Crossing
4148:Gone with the Wind
4011:John Hope Franklin
3867:Disenfranchisement
3839:Plessy v. Ferguson
3823:Civil Rights Cases
3785:Compromise of 1877
3676:Wheeler Compromise
3593:Vicksburg massacre
3578:Timber Culture Act
3568:Coushatta massacre
3507:Timber Culture Act
3461:Star Route scandal
3344:Justice Department
3241:Georgia v. Stanton
3230:Opelousas massacre
2821:American Civil War
1630:Compromise of 1877
1332:Justice Department
1296:Federal judiciary
1175:Federal government
1160:Reconstruction era
534:television series
520:television series
512:In popular culture
449:James W. Patterson
437:of Iowa (retiring)
417:George S. Boutwell
403:William B. Allison
363:
301:
199:
49:
4295:
4294:
4278:
4277:
4204:American frontier
4058:Kenneth M. Stampp
3875:
3874:
3717:Ellenton massacre
3558:Brooks–Baxter War
3307:Ex parte McCardle
3073:Ex parte Milligan
2962:Freedmen's Bureau
2878:National Bank Act
2756:
2755:
1591:Victoria Woodhull
1502:
1501:
1373:African Americans
1344:State governments
1327:Freedmen's Bureau
1093:Johnson, Rossiter
965:; popular history
895:978-0-8050-6950-1
886:James A. Garfield
785:978-0-405-13762-4
742:978-0-405-13762-4
709:978-0-393-34237-6
503:James A. Garfield
177:Opponents of the
16:(Redirected from
4345:
4161:Race and Reunion
4108:Thomas Dixon Jr.
3998:William R. Brock
3988:C. Vann Woodward
3975:W. E. B. Du Bois
3965:Charles A. Beard
3925:Claude G. Bowers
3884:
3883:
3707:Hamburg massacre
3686:Pratt & Boyd
3651:Mississippi Plan
3608:Anti-Moiety Acts
3603:Sanborn incident
3395:Ku Klux Klan Act
3066:Ex parte Garland
2873:Ten percent plan
2765:
2764:
1511:
1510:
1462:Thaddeus Stevens
1447:Republican Party
1440:Samuel J. Tilden
1430:Bourbon Democrat
1425:Democratic Party
1196:Ulysses S. Grant
1171:
1170:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1088:
1080:
944:
943:
941:
940:
924:
918:
917:
906:
900:
899:
881:
875:
874:
864:
855:
854:
852:
850:
839:
833:
832:
821:
815:
814:
799:
790:
789:
769:
760:
753:
747:
746:
730:
720:
714:
713:
693:
684:
683:
675:
667:
656:
653:
647:
640:
634:
627:
621:
614:
608:
607:
597:
591:
590:
588:
587:
572:
451:of New Hampshire
373:Ulysses S. Grant
368:The New York Sun
354:
315:rather than the
206:Thomas C. Durant
156:Native Americans
84:Ulysses S. Grant
75:The New York Sun
63:
58:
21:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4274:
4265:White supremacy
4208:
4167:
4155:David W. Blight
4083:
3993:Joel Williamson
3970:Howard K. Beale
3871:
3860:Giles v. Harris
3804:
3795:Desert Land Act
3768:
3695:
3622:
3546:
3532:Long Depression
3502:Colfax massacre
3485:
3466:Salary Grab Act
3434:
3373:
3354:Kirk–Holden war
3322:
3256:
3163:
3090:
3003:
2984:Shaw University
2923:
2909:Wade–Davis Bill
2897:
2846:
2752:
2706:
1728:
1682:
1636:
1516:
1498:
1435:Horatio Seymour
1361:
1345:
1338:
1186:Abraham Lincoln
1176:
1162:
1157:
1127:
1111:
1075:
1072:
953:
951:Further reading
948:
947:
938:
936:
925:
921:
908:
907:
903:
896:
882:
878:
865:
858:
848:
846:
841:
840:
836:
823:
822:
818:
801:
800:
793:
786:
770:
763:
754:
750:
743:
721:
717:
710:
694:
687:
668:
659:
654:
650:
641:
637:
628:
624:
615:
611:
598:
594:
585:
583:
574:
573:
569:
564:
550:Crédit Mobilier
546:
514:
491:
463:Schuyler Colfax
461:Vice President
447:Representative
428:Roscoe Conkling
408:Former Senator
401:Representative
395:
352:
336:
291:
279:
263:
231:
188:
175:
151:
119:Crédit Mobilier
110:
104:
56:
35:
32:Crédit Mobilier
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4351:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4152:
4144:
4139:
4131:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4105:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4047:
4042:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4008:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3953:Dunning School
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3931:The Tragic Era
3927:
3922:
3914:
3909:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3887:Historiography
3881:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3759:1876 elections
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3613:1874 elections
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3476:1872 elections
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3364:1870 elections
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:15th Amendment
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3247:1868 elections
3244:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3177:
3175:14th Amendment
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3086:1866 elections
3082:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2935:13th Amendment
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2914:1864 elections
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2711:U.S. elections
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Lyman Trumbull
1464:
1459:
1457:Charles Sumner
1454:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1191:Andrew Johnson
1188:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1109:
1089:
1071:
1070:External links
1068:
1067:
1066:
1055:
1043:
1042:
1034:Klein, Maury.
1031:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1009:
998:
997:
990:
979:
978:
967:
966:
954:
952:
949:
946:
945:
919:
901:
894:
876:
856:
834:
816:
813:on 2017-02-08.
791:
784:
761:
759:(1987) p. 300.
748:
741:
715:
708:
685:
657:
648:
635:
622:
609:
592:
566:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
553:
545:
542:
523:Hell on Wheels
513:
510:
499:Aaron F. Perry
490:
487:
482:Henry L. Dawes
466:
465:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
413:
406:
394:
391:
335:
332:
323:on its stock.
290:
287:
278:
275:
262:
259:
250:
249:
246:
239:
230:
227:
187:
184:
174:
171:
150:
147:
132:Missouri River
103:
100:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4350:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Habeas corpus
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4095:Winslow Homer
4093:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:After Slavery
4022:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:Nez Perce War
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Delano affair
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Red River War
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Comstock laws
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:Panic of 1873
3495:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:New Departure
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:Gubernatorial
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:Benjamin Wade
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:Carpetbaggers
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:Edwin Stanton
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1063:online review
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
995:
991:
989:
985:
981:
980:
977:
973:
969:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
935:on 2022-03-14
934:
930:
923:
915:
911:
905:
897:
891:
887:
880:
872:
871:
863:
861:
849:September 30,
844:
838:
830:
826:
820:
812:
808:
804:
798:
796:
787:
781:
777:
776:
768:
766:
758:
755:Maury Klein,
752:
744:
738:
734:
729:
728:
719:
711:
705:
701:
700:
692:
690:
681:
680:
674:
666:
664:
662:
652:
645:
639:
633:(1987) p 303.
632:
629:Maury Klein,
626:
619:
616:Maury Klein,
613:
605:
604:
596:
581:
577:
571:
567:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
541:
539:
538:
533:
528:
526:
524:
519:
509:
506:
504:
500:
496:
486:
483:
478:
474:
472:
464:
460:
457:
453:
450:
446:
443:
439:
436:
432:
429:
425:
422:
418:
414:
411:
407:
404:
400:
399:
398:
390:
388:
383:
381:
376:
374:
370:
369:
360:
359:
351:
350:
345:
340:
331:
329:
328:capital gains
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
299:
295:
286:
282:
274:
270:
266:
258:
254:
247:
244:
240:
236:
235:
234:
226:
223:
219:
213:
211:
207:
203:
196:
195:Thomas Durant
192:
183:
180:
170:
168:
167:going concern
163:
159:
157:
146:
143:
141:
137:
136:Pacific coast
133:
128:
123:
121:
120:
115:
109:
99:
97:
91:
87:
85:
81:
80:1872 campaign
77:
76:
71:
67:
62:
54:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
4270:Whitecapping
4240:Paramilitary
4213:Other topics
4194:Jim Crow era
4159:
4146:
4133:
4120:
4112:
4099:
4075:
4067:
4049:
4036:
4032:Leon Litwack
4023:
4015:
4002:
3979:
3943:John Burgess
3929:
3916:
3903:
3858:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3731:
3671:Whiskey Ring
3633:
3583:White League
3519:
3511:
3450:
3359:Shoffner Act
3305:
3278:
3239:
3122:Pulaski riot
3071:
3064:
3052:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2628:
2620:
1515:Presidential
1477:John Bingham
1415:White League
1400:Ku Klux Klan
1167:Participants
1118:
1102:
1082:
1058:
1051:
1035:
1026:
1014:
1002:
993:
983:
971:
958:
937:. Retrieved
933:the original
922:
904:
885:
879:
869:
847:. Retrieved
837:
828:
819:
811:the original
806:
774:
756:
751:
726:
718:
698:
677:
651:
643:
638:
630:
625:
620:(1989) p 16.
617:
612:
602:
595:
584:. Retrieved
579:
570:
535:
529:
521:
515:
507:
492:
479:
475:
471:James Brooks
467:
456:Henry Wilson
435:James Harlan
396:
384:
379:
377:
366:
364:
356:
347:
325:
317:market value
306:
302:
283:
280:
271:
267:
264:
255:
251:
232:
221:
218:construction
217:
214:
200:
176:
164:
160:
152:
144:
124:
117:
111:
92:
88:
73:
52:
50:
4063:Steven Hahn
3912:James Bryce
3471:Amnesty Act
2952:Black Codes
1641:U.S. Senate
1388:Politicians
1310:Waite Court
1305:Chase Court
1300:Taney Court
1182:Presidents
444:of Illinois
430:of New York
412:of Delaware
229:Allegations
78:during the
4302:Categories
4189:Gilded Age
4045:Eric Foner
3749:Cattellism
3646:Red Shirts
2761:Key events
1687:U.S. House
1420:Red Shirts
939:2022-04-27
586:2022-04-21
562:References
442:John Logan
355: [
309:Oakes Ames
298:Oakes Ames
173:Opposition
140:land grant
102:Background
96:Gilded Age
3809:Aftermath
3520:Virginius
3456:Modoc War
1507:Elections
1452:Stalwarts
1410:Redeemers
1209:Congress
349:Hari-Kari
344:Uncle Sam
321:dividends
313:par value
222:operating
4287:Category
4255:Suffrage
3190:Timeline
1405:Scalawag
1383:Freedman
1095:(1879).
1007:in JSTOR
914:Archived
556:Grantism
544:See also
480:Senator
454:Senator
440:Senator
433:Senator
426:Senator
387:bankrupt
238:profits.
3880:Aspects
3279:Alabama
2945:Address
2768:Prelude
1724:1876–77
1719:1874–75
1714:1872–73
1709:1870–71
1704:1868–69
1699:1866–67
1694:1864–65
1678:1876–77
1673:1874–75
1668:1872–73
1663:1870–71
1658:1868–69
1653:1866–67
1648:1864–65
1087:. 1905.
1040:excerpt
963:excerpt
961:(2000)
829:The Sun
405:of Iowa
289:Bribery
261:Coverup
134:to the
125:In the
4172:Legacy
4164:(2001)
4151:(1939)
4138:(1915)
4125:(1905)
4117:(1902)
4104:(1876)
4088:Memory
4080:(2019)
4072:(2003)
4054:(1988)
4041:(1979)
4028:(1965)
4020:(1947)
4007:(1963)
3984:(1935)
3934:(1929)
3921:(1888)
3908:(1874)
3863:(1903)
3850:(1898)
3842:(1896)
3834:(1883)
3826:(1883)
3818:(1878)
3522:Affair
3281:Claims
2838:(1862)
2817:(1850)
2811:(1848)
2805:(1839)
2797:(1838)
2789:(1792)
1366:Others
988:online
976:online
892:
782:
739:
706:
537:Archer
277:Extent
243:Durant
2605:1876
2543:1875
2471:1874
2414:1873
2327:1872
2260:1871
2193:1870
2126:1869
2044:1868
1992:1867
1930:1866
1873:1865
1811:1864
1739:1863
3773:1877
3700:1876
3627:1875
3551:1874
3490:1873
3439:1872
3378:1871
3327:1870
3261:1869
3168:1868
3095:1867
3008:1866
2928:1865
2902:1864
2851:1863
2748:1876
2743:1874
2738:1872
2733:1870
2728:1868
2723:1866
2718:1864
2629:Nov.
2621:Apr.
1600:1876
1566:1872
1547:1868
1523:1864
1050:. -
890:ISBN
851:2013
780:ISBN
737:ISBN
704:ISBN
204:and
51:The
2627:CT
2619:CT
1610:RNC
1605:DNC
1576:RNC
1571:DNC
1557:RNC
1552:DNC
1528:DNC
532:FXX
518:AMC
380:Sun
358:sic
82:of
4304::
2700:WV
2695:VT
2690:SC
2685:RI
2680:NC
2675:MO
2670:MI
2665:ME
2660:MA
2655:LA
2650:KS
2645:IN
2640:IL
2635:FL
2614:CO
2609:AL
2597:WI
2592:OH
2587:OH
2582:MN
2577:ME
2572:MD
2567:MA
2562:KY
2557:IA
2552:CT
2547:CA
2535:VT
2530:SC
2525:OR
2520:NV
2515:NJ
2510:MO
2505:MI
2500:ME
2495:MA
2490:KS
2485:DE
2480:CT
2475:AL
2463:WI
2458:VA
2453:TX
2448:OH
2443:MS
2438:MN
2433:ME
2428:MA
2423:IA
2418:CT
2406:WV
2401:VT
2396:SC
2391:RI
2386:PA
2381:NC
2376:MO
2371:MI
2366:ME
2361:MA
2356:LA
2351:IN
2346:IL
2341:FL
2336:CT
2331:AL
2319:WI
2314:RI
2309:OH
2304:NJ
2299:MN
2294:ME
2289:MD
2284:MA
2279:KY
2274:IA
2269:CT
2264:CA
2252:WV
2247:VT
2242:SC
2237:RI
2232:OR
2227:MO
2222:MI
2217:ME
2212:MA
2207:DE
2202:CT
2197:AL
2185:WI
2180:VT
2175:VA
2170:RI
2165:PA
2160:OH
2155:MS
2150:MN
2145:ME
2140:MA
2135:IA
2130:CT
2118:WV
2113:VT
2108:SC
2103:NJ
2098:NC
2093:MO
2088:MI
2083:ME
2078:MA
2073:LA
2068:IN
2063:IL
2058:FL
2053:CT
2048:AL
2036:WI
2031:VT
2026:OH
2021:MN
2016:ME
2011:MD
2006:MA
2001:CT
1996:CA
1984:WV
1979:VT
1974:TX
1969:PA
1964:OR
1959:NC
1954:MI
1949:ME
1944:MA
1939:DE
1934:CT
1922:WI
1917:VT
1912:SC
1907:OH
1902:NJ
1897:MN
1892:MA
1887:LA
1882:FL
1877:CT
1865:WV
1860:VT
1855:NH
1850:MO
1845:MI
1840:MA
1835:MD
1830:LA
1825:IN
1820:IL
1815:CT
1803:WV
1798:WI
1793:VT
1788:VA
1783:PA
1778:OH
1773:NH
1768:MN
1763:MA
1758:KY
1753:CT
1748:CA
1743:AL
1248:45
1243:44
1238:43
1233:42
1228:41
1223:40
1218:39
1213:38
1117:.
1101:.
1081:.
859:^
827:.
805:.
794:^
764:^
735:.
733:93
688:^
676:.
660:^
578:.
540:.
493:A
389:.
122:.
98:.
86:.
1152:e
1145:t
1138:v
1107:.
1065:.
942:.
898:.
853:.
788:.
745:.
712:.
682:.
589:.
525:,
423:)
353:"
55:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
