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527:. The federal district originally comprised land in the form of a square measuring 10 miles (16 km) on each side donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia. The Residence Act also provided for the selection of a three-member board of commissioners, appointed by the president, charged with overseeing the construction of the new capital. Two other incorporated cities that predated the establishment of the district were also included within the new federal territory:
392:
559:– into a single municipality as Washington, D.C., exists today. In the same Organic Act, Congress created a territorial government which consisted of a legislative assembly with an upper-house composed of eleven council members appointed by the president and a 22-member house of delegates elected by the people, as well as an appointed Board of Public Works charged with modernizing the city. In 1873, President
646:
have questioned the legislature's structure noting that with 13 members nearly any piece of legislation can pass with just seven votes, leading to accusations that the council can too easily overreach in its powers. However, this unique governing structure has also allowed the council to operate more efficiently in comparison to some state legislatures with regard to consideration and passage of laws.
194:
574:. One of the three members would be selected to act as President of the Board. This form of government continued for nearly a century. Between 1948 and 1966, six bills were introduced in Congress to provide some form of home rule, but none ever passed. The commissioner form of government was replaced in 1967 by a mayor-commissioner and a nine-member city council appointed by the president.
544:
incorporation allowed for a local municipal government consisting of a mayor appointed by the president and an elected six-member council. The local governments of
Georgetown and Alexandria were also left intact. In 1820, the Congress granted the City of Washington a new charter, which allowed for an elected mayor.
611:. Four at-large members represent the district as a whole. The chairman of the council is likewise elected at an at-large basis. The terms of the at-large members are staggered so that two are elected every two years, and each D.C. resident may vote for two different at-large candidates in each general election.
614:
According to the Home Rule Act, of the chair and the at-large members, a maximum of three may be affiliated with the majority political party. In the council's electoral history, of the elected members who were not affiliated with the majority party, most were elected as at-large members. In 2008 and
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and the 13-member
Council of the District of Columbia. The council has the ability to pass local laws and ordinances. However, pursuant to the Home Rule Act all legislation passed by the D.C. government, including the district's local budget, remains subject to the approval of Congress. After signing
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Due to public pressure and the demands of handling the district's complex day-to-day affairs, Congress eventually agreed to devolve certain powers over the district to an elected local government. However, lawmakers in
Congress during the early 1970s had originally sought to re-institute the post of
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Like other legislatures, the council has several standing committees and a full-time staff, including a council secretary, auditor, and general counsel. Given the limited number of council members, nearly every member of the council has, in effect, the opportunity to chair a committee. Commentators
507:
Under the
Constitution, Congress has the power to legislate for the district "in all cases whatsoever," which has long been interpreted to vest Congress with ultimate authority over the capital. However, the Founding Fathers envisioned that Congress would delegate this authority to local officials.
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To become a candidate for council an individual must be resident of the
District of Columbia for at least one year prior to the general election, a registered voter, and hold no other public office for which compensation beyond expenses is received. Candidates running for a ward position must be a
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officially organized the entire federal territory under the control of
Congress but did not establish an overarching government for the entire district as recommended. In 1802, the original board of commissioners was disbanded, and the City of Washington was officially incorporated. The city's
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The members are nominated by the chairperson of the committee at the start of the council period and are voted on by the existing committee members. If a vacancy of a member occurs, the seat is filled by a vote on a nomination by the chairperson. If a vacancy of a councilperson occurs,
538:
In 1800, Congress created a joint commission to recommend the governance for what was then called the
Territory of Columbia. The joint commission recommended a governorship and a 25-member legislative assembly. This would have been the federal district's first legislature. However, the
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governor and create a 25-member legislative assembly. Local officials opposed this form of government, insisting that the district's status as a municipality be respected. On
December 24, 1973, Congress obliged the demands of local residents and enacted the
567:, to the new post of governor. Shepherd authorized large-scale projects to modernize Washington but overspent three times the approved budget, bankrupting the city. In 1874, Congress abolished the district's local government in favor of a direct rule.
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Committees of the council consider legislation relevant to specific policy matters and are responsible for oversight on relevant local government agencies. Special committees are convened to consider investigations, ethics, and other matters.
1627:
1573:
475:. However, the Constitution vests Congress with ultimate authority over the federal district, and therefore all acts of the council are subject to congressional review. They may be overturned by Congress and the
1046:
As of
December 2018, the eight ward and four at-large council members receive an annual salary of $ 140,161, while the council chairman receives an annual salary of $ 210,000. According to a 2011 article in
1419:
Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, at no time shall there be more than three members (including the
Chairman) serving at large on the Council who are affiliated with the same political
416:
1544:
570:
A three-member Board of Commissioners replaced the territorial government; two members were appointed by the president after approval by the Senate and a third member was selected from the
3027:
535:, founded in 1749. A new "federal city" called the City of Washington was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac, to the east of the established settlement at Georgetown.
551:, which created a new government for the entire District of Columbia. This Act effectively combined the City of Washington, Georgetown, and the unincorporated area then known as
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The council is composed of thirteen members, each elected by district residents to a four-year term. One member is elected from each of the district's eight
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said, "I believe the legislation skillfully balances the local interest and the national interest in the way the District of Columbia is governed."
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The possible paths of bills, emergencies, and temporaries through the power structure of the District of Columbia as dictated by the Home Rule Act
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At various times in the district's history, Congress has devolved some of its authority to district residents and their elected representatives.
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to the Council certain powers that are typically exercised by city councils elsewhere in the country, as well as many powers normally held by
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2018:
1938:
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468:
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479:. Congress also has the power to legislate for the district and even revoke the home rule charter altogether.
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2002:
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1870:
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1696:, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University.
608:
1053:, the DC council were the second-highest-paid local representatives of large cities in the United States.
99:
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on July 16, 1790, they called for a new permanent capital of the United States to be located on the
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This piecemeal governmental structure remained essentially intact until the passage of the
532:
8:
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2413:
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2301:
2174:
1902:
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1049:
1628:"D.C. mayor, council chair and attorney general would get $ 20,000 raises with new bill"
1258:
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511:
2197:
2014:
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1974:
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1516:"Rules Of Organization And Procedure For The Council Of The District Of Columbia"
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520:
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2445:
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1958:
1574:"Brooke Pinto wins Ward 2 D.C. Council race to serve the rest of this year"
1018:
870:
616:
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240:
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2317:
2006:
740:
391:
453:
50:
3288:
1414:
1345:
2862:
1480:
1478:
1654:"D.C. Council Salaries are second-highest among big U.S. cities"
1475:
1180:. Ruth Ann Overbeck Capitol Hill History Project. Archived from
1545:"Brooke Pinto leads the vote count in Ward 2 special election"
193:
1260:
Great cities in America: their problems and their government
1681:
1391:. Council of the District of Columbia. 2008. Archived from
1114:
Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House. p. 87.
1079:
List of members of the Council of the District of Columbia
672:
List of members of the Council of the District of Columbia
1389:"History of Self-Government in the District of Columbia"
555:– the portion south of the Potomac River had been
216:
1348:. Government of the District of Columbia. February 1999
916:
762:
640:
Map of District of Columbia Ward boundaries since 2022
1729:
1060:
288:
United States Attorney for the District of Columbia
3457:Members of the Council of the District of Columbia
1606:District of Columbia Department of Human Resources
1560:Pinto is likely to win November's general election
1111:Centennial History of the City of Washington, D.C.
990:
791:
1292:"Government Reorganized for District of Columbia"
1242:. Washington, D.C.: John Byrne & Co. p.
941:
892:
842:
699:
3433:
965:
1153:. Alexandria Historical Society. Archived from
1015:
867:
813:
563:appointed the board's most influential member,
737:
3274:
2878:
1715:
417:
293:Attorney General for the District of Columbia
1311:"Why does the D.C. Council have 13 members?"
1084:Political party strength in Washington, D.C.
720:
1381:
3281:
3267:
3195:The former District and its subdivisions:
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2871:
1722:
1708:
1239:The government of the District of Columbia
1169:
424:
410:
304:Superior Court of the District of Columbia
192:
31:
1687:District of Columbia City Council Records
1458:"Is D.C. overgoverned? Or undergoverned?"
1286:
16:Legislative branch of the D.C. government
1365:
1363:
1029:Recreation, Libraries and Youth Affairs
598:
510:
1571:
1542:
1455:
1308:
3462:Washington, D.C., government officials
3447:Government of the District of Columbia
3434:
1748:United States House of Representatives
1377:. Associated Press. December 24, 1973.
1340:
1338:
1336:
1256:
557:returned to Virginia in the late 1840s
446:government of the District of Columbia
3262:
2866:
2851:Lists of past U.S. state legislatures
1703:
1651:
1425:
1360:
1211:
1175:
684:
572:United States Army Corps of Engineers
298:District of Columbia Court of Appeals
251:The District of Columbia is a unique
2892:
1346:"District of Columbia Home Rule Act"
1235:
1176:Kulyk, Nathaniel (October 3, 2005).
1107:
3291:Council of the District of Columbia
1523:Council of the District of Columbia
1490:Council of the District of Columbia
1444:Council of the District of Columbia
1333:
751:Executive Administration and Labor
627:changed their party affiliation to
531:, founded in 1751, and the City of
444:) is the legislative branch of the
438:Council of the District of Columbia
25:Council of the District of Columbia
13:
3442:City councils in the United States
1486:"Committees for Council Period 23"
1456:DeBonis, Mike (February 3, 2011).
1309:DeBonis, Mike (February 7, 2011).
1263:. The Macmillan Company. pp.
1216:. Garrett & Massie. p. 8.
802:Business and Economic Development
580:District of Columbia Home Rule Act
452:, the district is not part of any
152:District of Columbia Home Rule Act
14:
3473:
3199:District of Columbia (until 1871)
2971:Mayor of the District of Columbia
1731:Legislatures of the United States
1675:
1151:"History of Alexandria, Virginia"
1089:Neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.
603:The council in session, June 2014
3314:
3239:
1599:"DC Government Employee Listing"
1572:Zauzmer, Julie (June 17, 2020).
1543:Zauzmer, Julie (June 16, 2020).
1371:"Home Rule Bill for D.C. Signed"
1063:
661:the vacancy will be temporarily.
456:and is overseen directly by the
390:
315:Advisory Neighborhood Commission
239:
232:Politics of District of Columbia
98:
1652:Craig, Tim (February 2, 2011).
1645:
1620:
1591:
1565:
1536:
1508:
1449:
1407:
1302:
1280:
1271:
1257:Wilcox, Delos Franklin (1910).
1236:Dodd, Walter Fairleigh (1909).
979:Transportation and Environment
930:Facilities and Family Services
2844:List of U.S. state legislators
1298:. Associated Press. p. 2.
1250:
1229:
1220:
1205:
1196:
1143:
1126:"Georgetown Historic District"
1118:
1101:
594:
499:District of Columbia home rule
1:
1446:. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
1094:
649:
385:Politics of the United States
2997:Congressional representation
2905:Capital of the United States
1214:A Portrait of Old Georgetown
1212:Ecker, Grace Dunlop (1933).
1034:
1031:
1009:
1006:
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883:
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856:Public Works and Operations
836:
833:
807:
804:
785:
782:
756:
753:
731:
728:
343:Congressional representation
7:
3246:Washington, D.C. portal
3160:List of District executives
3155:Inventory of Historic Sites
3145:History of Washington, D.C.
1056:
1041:
1004:Hospital and Health Equity
582:, providing for an elected
503:History of Washington, D.C.
338:Initiatives and referendums
205:1350 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
10:
3478:
669:
665:
631:when running for council.
496:
492:
450:United States Constitution
310:Council (legislative body)
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519:When Congress passed the
488:downtown Washington, D.C.
482:The council meets in the
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106:
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84:
63:
58:
44:
39:
30:
23:
2609:Northern Mariana Islands
1692:August 26, 2021, at the
1433:Organizational Structure
1108:Crew, Harvey W. (1892).
615:2012, Democrats such as
565:Alexander Robey Shepherd
371:Political party strength
3452:Unicameral legislatures
1415:"D.C. Code 1-221(d)(3)"
635:resident of that ward.
484:John A. Wilson Building
202:John A. Wilson Building
3181:Emancipation Day, 1862
1739:United States Congress
604:
516:
465:United States Congress
448:. As permitted in the
3166:Residence Act of 1790
3002:Shadow representation
2652:Legislative elections
1130:National Park Service
602:
514:
348:Shadow representation
3392:Janeese Lewis George
3176:Retrocession of 1847
2579:District of Columbia
1755:United States Senate
1608:. September 30, 2018
1178:"Nelson Rimensnyder"
1071:United States portal
920:Janeese Lewis George
587:the bill, President
533:Alexandria, Virginia
79:since June 13, 2012
3353:Christina Henderson
3186:Organic Act of 1871
3171:Organic Act of 1801
3063:D.C. Superior Court
3043:D.C. National Guard
2948:Tourist attractions
2641:U.S. Virgin Islands
1658:The Washington Post
1632:The Washington Post
1578:The Washington Post
1549:The Washington Post
1462:The Washington Post
1321:on October 15, 2012
1315:The Washington Post
1290:(August 10, 1967).
1050:The Washington Post
766:Christina Henderson
549:Organic Act of 1871
541:Organic Act of 1801
397:Politics portal
3218:City of Washington
3012:Statehood movement
2570:Other legislatures
1766:State legislatures
1438:2011-09-28 at the
688:Committee chaired
605:
517:
473:state legislatures
458:federal government
3429:
3428:
3256:
3255:
3222:Washington County
3209:Alexandria County
3191:COVID-19 pandemic
2938:Metropolitan area
2860:
2859:
1395:on March 31, 2009
1288:Leubsdorf, Carl P
1039:
1038:
553:Washington County
434:
433:
225:
224:
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3318:
3317:
3283:
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3058:Court of Appeals
2894:Washington, D.C.
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2170:
2154:
2138:
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2106:
2090:
2074:
2058:
2042:
2026:
2010:
1994:
1978:
1962:
1946:
1930:
1914:
1898:
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1834:
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1710:
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1682:Official website
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1501:
1492:. Archived from
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1317:. Archived from
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1300:
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1296:Nashua Telegraph
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1233:
1227:
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1200:
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1189:
1184:on July 25, 2011
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1157:on April 4, 2009
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743:
726:
725:
724:
707:
706:
705:
676:
675:
662:
625:Michael A. Brown
621:Elissa Silverman
561:Ulysses S. Grant
463:Since 1975, the
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419:
412:
395:
394:
253:federal district
243:
227:
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221:
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196:
181:November 5, 2024
169:November 8, 2022
136:
119:
108:Political groups
102:
35:
21:
20:
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2374:Rhode Island
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2294:North Dakota
1661:. Retrieved
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1635:. Retrieved
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1610:. Retrieved
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595:Composition
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255:of the U.S.
139:Independent
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1095:References
881:Judiciary
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694:Term ends
650:Committees
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59:Leadership
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2928:Geography
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2047:Louisiana
748:At-large
723:The Whole
710:Chairman
682:Position
477:president
366:Elections
360:Elections
283:Secretary
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1855:Colorado
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1690:Archived
1663:June 29,
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1161:July 31,
1057:See also
1042:Salaries
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1528:May 15,
1500:May 15,
1352:May 27,
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1999:Iowa
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