196:
903:
301:, intervention, or even malicious intent. It can include tangible devastation, such as the destruction of lives or assets, or intangible devastation, such as the loss of an organization's credibility or other reputational damage. The latter outcomes may be the result of management's response to tangible devastation or the result of human error. A crisis usually has significant actual or potential financial impact on a company, and it usually affects multiple constituencies in more than one market.
392:
concerns about their activities that are frequently magnified by special interest groups and NGOs. The role of the PR specialist therefore also consists of issues management, namely the "set of organizational procedures, routines, personnel, and issues". A strategic issue is one that compels a company to deal with it because there is "a conflict between two or more identifiable groups over procedural or substantive matters relating to the distribution of positions or resources".
952:
383:
management and media relations. When executing these types of activities, the PR Specialist must incorporate broader corporate messages to convey the company's strategic positioning. This ensures the PR activities ultimately convey messages that distinguish the company vis-à-vis its competitors and the overall marketplace, while also communicating the company's value to target audiences.
391:
A key role of the PR specialist is to make the company better known for traits and attributes that build the company's perceived distinctiveness and competitiveness with the public. In recent years, PR specialists have become increasingly involved in helping companies manage strategic issues – public
277:
are overall assessments of organizations by their stakeholders. They are aggregate perceptions by stakeholders of an organization's ability to fulfill their expectations, whether these stakeholders are interested in buying the company's products, working for the company, or investing in the company's
259:
Corporate responsibility (CR) constitutes an organization's respect for society's interests, demonstrated by taking ownership of the effects its activities have on key constituencies including customers, employees, shareholders, communities, and the environment, in all parts of their operations. In
353:
The investor relations (IR) function is used by companies which publicly trade shares on a stock exchange. In such companies, the purpose of the IR specialist is to interface with current and potential financial stakeholders-namely retail investors, institutional investors, and financial analysts.
316:
As the extent of communication grows, many companies create an employee relations (ER) function with dedicated staff to manage the numerous media through which senior managers can communicate among themselves and with the rest of the organization. Internal communication in the 21st century is more
382:
The role of the public relations specialist, in many ways, is to communicate with the general public in ways that serve the interests of the company. PR therefore consists of numerous specialty areas that convey information about the company to the public, including sponsorships, events, issues
292:
Crisis communication is sometimes considered a sub-specialty of the public relations profession that is designed to protect and defend an individual, company, or organization facing a public challenge to its reputation. These challenges may come in the form of an investigation from a government
210:
Organizational identity comprises those characteristics of an organization that its members believe are central, distinctive and enduring. That is, organizational identity consists of those attributes that members feel are fundamental to (central) and uniquely descriptive of (distinctive) the
168:
A corporate brand is the perception of a company that unites a group of products or services for the public under a single name, a shared visual identity, and a common set of symbols. The process of corporate branding involves creating favourable associations and positive reputation with both
293:
agency, a criminal allegation, a media inquiry, a shareholders lawsuit, a violation of environmental regulations, or any of a number of other scenarios involving the legal, ethical, or financial standing of the entity. The crisis for organizations can be defined as follows:
34:
on which the company depends. It is the messages issued by a corporate organization, body or institute to its audiences, such as employees, media, channel partners and the general public. Organizations aim to communicate the same message to all its stakeholders, to transmit
400:
To build better relationships with the media, organizations must cultivate positive relations with influential members of the media. This task might be handled by employees within the company's media relations department or handled by a public relations firm.
169:
internal and external stakeholders. The purpose of a corporate branding initiative is to generate a positive halo over the products and businesses of the company, imparting more favourable impressions of those products and businesses.
222:
Projected identity: The self-presentations of the organization's attributes manifested in the implicit and explicit signals which the organization broadcasts to internal and external target audiences through communication and
145:, employee communication, corporate advertising, and community relations. The public is often represented by self-appointed activist non-governmental organizations (NGOs) which identify themselves with a particular issue.
81:
Management communication takes place between management and its internal and external audiences. To support management communication, organizations rely heavily on specialists in marketing communication and organizational
148:
Most companies have specialized groups of professionals for communicating with different audiences, such as internal communication, marketing communication, investor relations, government relations and public relations.
54:, combine its many visions and values into a cohesive message to stakeholders. The concept of corporate communication could be seen as an integrative communication structure linking stakeholders to the organisation.
207:
Corporate identity is the reality and uniqueness of an organization, which is integrally related to its external and internal image and reputation through corporate communication
229:
Applied identity: The signals that an organization broadcasts both consciously and unconsciously through behaviors and initiatives at all levels within the organization.
219:
Perceived identity: The collection of attributes that are seen as typical for the continuity, centrality and uniqueness of the organization in the eyes of its members.
66:
141:
A Conference Board Study of hundreds of the US's largest firms showed that close to 80 percent have corporate communication functions that include media relations,
107:
103:
226:
Desired identity (also called "ideal" identity): The idealized picture that top managers hold of what the organization could evolve into under their leadership.
605:
Krone, K., Jablin, F.M., and Putnam, L.L. (1987) "Communication theory and organizational communication: multiple perspectives", in F.M. Jablin et al (eds),
662:
256:
are some of the terms bandied about the news media and corporate marketing efforts as companies jockey to win the trust and loyalty of constituents.
65:
Three principal clusters of task-planning and communication form the backbone of business and the activity of business organizations. These include
88:
gets the bulk of the budgets in most organizations, and consists of product advertising, direct mail, personal selling, and sponsorship activities.
409:
These "public faces" are considered authorities in their respective sector/field and ensure the company/organization is in the limelight.
321:
on values that drive organizational excellence. ER specialists are generally expected to fulfill one or more of the following four roles:
195:
57:
1. It enables people to exchange necessary information and 2. It helps to set members of the organisation apart from non-members.
655:
172:
In more general terms, research suggests that corporate branding is an appropriate strategy for companies to implement when:
977:
180:" between a company and its clients; customers are much less informed about a company's products than the company itself is
511:
Brown, T.J. and Dacin, P.A. (1997) "The company and the product: corporate associations and consumer product responses",
186:
features of the company behind the brand would be relevant to the product or service a customer is considering purchasing
260:
short, CR prompts a corporation to look beyond its traditional bottom line, to the social implications of its business.
972:
331:
Connectivity: Internal communication is used mainly to clarify the connectivity of the company's people and activities.
919:
813:
738:
446:
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Shared meaning: Internal communication is used to build a shared understanding among employees about corporate goals.
648:
914:
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245:
239:
537:
Pratt, M.G. and
Foreman, P.O. (2000) "Classifiying managerial responses to multiple organizational identities",
485:
Nayyar, P.R. (1990) "Information asymmetries: a source of competitive advantage for diversified service firms",
924:
778:
325:
Efficiency: Internal communication is used primarily to disseminate information about corporate activities.
91:
74:
618:
Dutton, J. and
Ottensmeyer, E. (1987) "Strategic issue management systems: forums, function and context",
883:
873:
441:; Fombrun, Charles J. (2007). Essentials Of Corporate Communication: Abingdon & New York: Routledge.
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798:
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Balmer, J.M.T. and Wilson, A. (1998) "Corporate
Identity: there is more to it than meets the eye",
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Corporate
Identity: Past, Present and Future, International Centre for Corporate Identity Studies
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customers perceive a high degree of risk in purchasing the products or services of the company
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to formulate and execute effective procedures to make decisions on communication matters
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than the memos, publications, and broadcasts that comprise it; it's about building a
51:
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to minimize discrepancies between the company's desired identity and brand features
95:
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A crisis is a major catastrophe that may occur either naturally or as a result of
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and external communications aimed at creating a favourable point of view among
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organization and that persist within the organization over time (enduring)".
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Corporate offices with multiple communications to try to motivate employees.
640:
371:
672:
413:
Managing content of corporate websites and/or other external touch points
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contribute to building and maintaining the company's image and reputation
298:
40:
357:
The role of investor relations is to fulfill three principal functions:
274:
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26:) is a set of activities involved in managing and orchestrating all
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Participation in
American Politics: the Dynamics of Agenda Building
134:
to mobilize internal and external support for corporate objectives
44:
472:"Managing Corporate Communications in a Competitive Climate,"
364:
Create a favorable relationship with key financial audiences
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to promote the profile of the "company behind the brand" (
50:
Corporate communication helps organizations explain their
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Managing corporate publications – for the external world
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Satisfaction: Internal communication is used to improve
190:
372:
Public relations: issues management and media relations
565:
International
Studies of Management & Organization
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575:
573:
459:
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The responsibilities of corporate communication are:
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305:
609:, pp. 18-69, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
526:Managing Corporate Image and Corporate Reputation
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16:Internal and external messages of an organization
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244:Corporate responsibility (often referred to as
137:to coordinate with international business firms
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215:Four types of identity can be distinguished:
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233:
663:
649:
607:Handbook of Organizational Communication
596:, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
594:Realizing Value from the Corporate Image
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281:
263:
203:There are two approaches for identity:
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524:Gray, E.R. and Balmer, J.M.T. (1998)
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191:Corporate and organizational identity
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434:
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498:Aaker, D.A. and Myers, J.G. (1991)
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631:Cobb, B.W. and Elder, C.D. (1972)
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128:to delegate tasks in communication
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240:Corporate social responsibility
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252:, sustainability, and even
94:consists of specialists in
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474:a Conference Board Study
234:Corporate responsibility
67:management communication
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581:Corporate Communication
361:comply with regulations
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86:Marketing communication
71:marketing communication
20:Corporate communication
915:Aspects of occupations
550:Balmer, J.M.T. (1997)
500:Advertising Management
312:Internal communication
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176:there is significant "
108:employee communication
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579:Argenti, P.A. (2009)
270:Reputation management
250:corporate citizenship
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178:information asymmetry
104:corporate advertising
513:Journal of Marketing
419:Managing print media
288:Crisis communication
282:Crisis communication
264:Corporate reputation
254:conscious capitalism
439:Riel, Cees B.M. van
61:Methods and tactics
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349:Investor relations
343:Investor relations
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336:job satisfaction
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462:. August 2021.
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