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waters, so the light would penetrate and support photosynthesis by zooxanthellae algae. However coral reef in West Maui, Hawaii, has a sustained condition of nutrient-rich, lower pH submarine groundwater discharge that lowers the pH of seawater. Also, the corals are exposed to nitrate concentrations 50 times higher than ambient. Rates of coral calcification are substantially decreased, and rates of bioerosion are orders of magnitude higher than in healthy oligotrophic waters. Measurement using heavier nitrogen isotope (ÎŽ15N) values shows that eutrophication of reef seawater by landâbased sources of pollution can magnify the effects of ocean acidification through nutrient-driven-bioerosion. These conditions could contribute to the collapse of coastal coral reef ecosystems sooner than current projections based only on ocean acidification predict.
615:. Studies have highlighted the alarming decline of coral cover in this region. However, a report published in 2021 described the reefs of the Coral Triangle as having shown resilience to large scale bleaching events. The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) reported in 2021, that the East Asian Seas region, which includes the Coral Triangle, was the only region where coral cover was substantially greater in 2019 (36.8%) as compared to 1983 (32.8%), which is the year that the earliest data was collected. This increase in coral cover occurred notwithstanding the reefs were affected by large scale coral bleaching events during the 2010s. The data on the cover of algae in the East Asian Seas shows that the cover of algae has progressively decreased resulting in an average of five times more coral than algae on these reefs.
20:
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611:, which threaten to degrade the important ecosystems. An estimated 120 million people live within the Coral Triangle, of which approximately 2.25 million are fishers who depend on healthy seas to make a living. These threats are putting at risk livelihoods, economies, and future market supplies for species such as
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region (ITF) (input = â10.7 to â18.7 Sv; output= â2.6 Sv to â9.8 Sv) has a significant role in the Coral
Triangle area with its functions such as regulating the global ocean circulation, the climate system, and the ecosystem sustainability, so the region retains maximum marine biodiversity. Including
362:
A joint
IndonesianâU.S. marine survey expedition in 2008 discovered deep-sea biodiversity and underwater active volcanoes at a depth of 3800 meters along the western ridge. Around 40 newly identified deep-sea coral species were found there. Most are whitish in color, because the area is not a habitat
103:
of the marine ecosystem in the Coral
Triangle is roughly $ 1.2 trillion per year and provides food to over 120 million people. According to the Coral Triangle Knowledge Network, the region annually brings in about $ 3 billion in foreign exchange income from fisheries exports, and another $ 3 billion
972:
Weeks, Rebecca; Aliño, Porfirio M.; Atkinson, Scott; Beldia, Pacifico; Binson, Augustine; Campos, Wilfredo L.; Djohani, Rili; Green, Alison L.; Hamilton, Richard; Horigue, Vera; Jumin, Robecca; Kalim, Kay; Kasasiah, Ahsanal; Kereseka, Jimmy; Klein, Carissa; Laroya, Lynette; Magupin, Sikula; Masike,
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three tangible program/actions, specifically (a). capacity building priority program which establishes international M.Sc. subject on Coral
Triangle Ecosystem Governance and special assistance program for Timor-Leste in developing fisheries and marine sciences education; (b). nine research priority
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building-up tangible and collaborative programs and funding support (education, research, and outreach) among
Universities and research institutes that can be developed for supporting regional capacity buildings, research needed, and outreach programs related to the CTI-CFF Regional Plan of Action
583:
in the Coral
Triangle area, damage will come to many sectors, because the coral reef is a fundamental ecosystem in the coastal area. Started by rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, the calcium carbonate decrease then enhances bioerosion and dissolution rate. The CT should have oligotrophic
375:
There are three different theories as to why the Coral
Triangle (East Indies Triangle) has such a high diversity of species, and each theory proposes a different explanatory model. They are usually termed the âcentre of originâ model, the âcentre of overlapâ model, and the âcentre of accumulationâ
90:
of the seas" (by analogy to the Amazon rainforest in South
America), it covers 5.7 million square kilometres (2,200,000 sq mi) of ocean waters. It contains more than 76% of the world's shallow-water reef-building coral species, 37% of its reef fish species, 50% of its razor clam
366:
According to
Indonesia's Minister of Research and Technology / National Research and Innovation Agency (Menristek / Head of BRIN), Bambang Permadi Soemantri Brodjonegoro, Coral Triangle countries are in need of a greater number of taxonomists and oceanographers to address the challenges of
662:
proposed a multilateral partnership to "safeguard the regionâs marine and coastal biological resources" with five other countries geographically located in the CT (Malaysia, Timor-Leste, Papua New Guinea, Solomon
Islands, and the Philippines). The multilateral partnership then named as
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The Nature Conservancy. 2004. Delineating the Coral Triangle, its ecoregions, and functional seascapes. Report on an expert workshop, held at the Southeast Asia Center for Marine Protected Areas, Bali, Indonesia, (April 30 - May 2, 2003), Version 1.1 (June
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The solid-science resources management strength builds with the scientific support of the university and research institute. On 28 February - 1 March 2017, the 1st Meeting of the CTI-CFF University Partnership in Manado was held, aimed at:
1375:
Al-Asif, Abdulla-; Abu Hena, Mustafa Kamal; Hamli, Hadi; Idris, Mohd Hanafi; Gerusu, Geoffery James; Ismail, Johan; Bhuiyan, Md Khurshid Alam; Abualreesh, Muyassar H.; Musa, Najiah; Wahid, Mohd Effendy Abd; Mishra, Manoranjan (20 May 2022).
146:
and 37% of the world's reef fishes, it contains the greatest diversity of coral reef fishes in the world More than 3,000 species of bony fish are distributed over more than 90% of the Coral Triangle. Among the largest of these fish are the
883:
There is considerable overlap between the boundaries of the Coral Triangle that are based primarily on high coral biodiversity (more than 500 species), and the boundaries based on the area of greatest biodiversity for coral reef fishes.
367:
cataloguing the biodiversity in the area. He has said that goal of this research is not only to increase human knowledge, but also to apply that knowledge to the project of protecting coastal and marine biodiversity from extinction.
335:
in the world is also found in the Coral Triangle. These forestsâ large area and extraordinary range of habitats and environmental conditions have played a major role in maintaining the staggering biodiversity of the Coral Triangle.
363:
for colorful algae species, which are generally shallow-living. Hydrothermal vents and coral reefs at a depth of 4000 meters were found to have created a habitat for marine niche shrimps, crabs, barnacles, and sea cucumbers.
1841:
Hoeksema BW. 2007.Delineation of the Indo-Malayan Centre of Maximum Marine Biodiversity: The Coral Triangle. In: W. Renema (ed.) Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and Islands, pp 117-178. Springer,
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considers the region a top priority for marine conservation, and is addressing ecological threats to the region through its Coral Triangle Program, launched in 2007. The center of biodiversity in the Triangle is the
1176:
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Castruccio, F. S.; Curchitser, E. N.; Kleypas, J. A. (19 November 2013). "A model for quantifying oceanic transport and mesoscale variability in the Coral Triangle of the Indonesian/Philippines Archipelago".
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University Partnership Coordinator of CT-CFF is Prof. Dr. Grevo Gerung from Sam Ratulangi University, Indonesia for 2017-2020 and the second Meeting of the CTI-CFF University Partnership will be held in
749:
identifying possible support and mechanism to strengthening capacity and quality of Regional Secretariat, Technical Working Groups and the National Coordination Committee to undertake their functions.
82:: the Indonesian-Philippines Region, and the Far Southwestern Pacific Region. As one of eight major coral reef zones in the world, the Coral Triangle is recognized as a global centre of marine
384:
model posits that the high diversity populations in the area of the archipelago are part of a centrally located ancestral population that later dispersed to various peripheral locations.
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Thirteen percent of the Coral Triangle has been identified as being clustered into hotspots of high marine biodiversity importance, including the southern part of the
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model posits that ancestral populations that were originally scattered among peripheral locations came together in a central location and formed a diverse population.
391:
model posits that species originally in different biogeographic regions came together as a result of population division (vicariance) and later expanded their range.
158:
The Coral Triangle is the epicentre for the biodiversity, not only of corals and fish, but also of many other marine organisms. It contains roughly 950 species of
804:, and mesoscale variability in the region should be defined. The seasonal and interannual variability of mixing suggests the Coral Triangle area is influenced by
201:. The parts of the Coral Triangle that have the highest number of species comprise 6% of the triangle's total area. They include stretches along the coast of the
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Since the marine resources are a principal source of income for the population, the downstream effects of losing these critical coastal ecosystems are enormous.
588:
816:
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Allen, G. R. 2007 Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst.
975:"Developing Marine Protected Area Networks in the Coral Triangle: Good Practices for Expanding the Coral Triangle Marine Protected Area System"
1619:
Peñaflor et al. 2009. Sea-surface temperature and thermal stress in the Coral Triangle over the past two decades. Coral Reefs 28:4. pp 841-850
2131:
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Barbara; Mohan, Candice; Da Silva Pinto, Rui Miguel; Vave-Karamui, Agnetha; Villanoy, Cesar; Welly, Marthen; White, Alan T. (4 March 2014).
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The Coral Triangle is the subject of high-level conservation efforts by the region's governments, nature conservation organizations such as
139:
While it covers only 1.6% of the planet's oceanic area, the region has 76% of all known coral species in the world. As a habitat for 52% of
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Veron, J.E.N. 1995. Corals in space and time: biogeography and evolution of the Scleractinia. UNSW Press, Sydney, Australia: xiii + 321 pp.
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agreeing on CTI-CFF University Partnerships conceptual framework and mechanism, and the election of CTI-University Partnership Coordinator;
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The Nature Conservancy. Coral Triangle Facts, Figures, and Calculations: Part II: Patterns of Biodiversity and Endemism, December 16, 2008
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and a global priority for conservation. Its biological resources make it a global hotspot of marine biodiversity. Known as the "
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1197:
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19:
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The biodiversity and natural productivity of the coral triangle are under threat from poor marine management (primarily from
573:
405:
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1378:"Status, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Services of Seagrass Habitats Within the Coral Triangle in the Western Pacific Ocean"
1853:
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359:) and cover almost 58,550.63 km. While a total of 21 species of seagrass have been found throughout this eco-region.
1630:
2608:
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2405:
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1935:
293:). However, more than half (70%) of the zones in the Coral Triangle are classified as low species richness areas.
1233:
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Impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on coral reef fisheries: an integrated ecologicalâeconomic model
1070:
Asaad, Irawan; Lundquist, Carolyn J.; Erdmann, Mark V.; Hooidonk, Ruben Van; Costello, Mark J. (5 November 2018).
544:), habitat change, over-exploitation of resources, and climate change. Competition, predation, fishing practices,
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Improve the affordability, availability, quality, and safety of food coming from coastal and marine environments
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Regional State of the Coral Triangle - Coral Triangle Marine Resources: Their Status, Economies, and Management
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Regional State of the Coral Triangle - Coral Triangle Marine Resources: Their Status, Economies, and Management
2533:
2260:
1766:"Report of the 1st Meeting of CTI-CFF University Partnership. Manado, Indonesia, 28 February â 1 March 2017"
1629:
Edited by: David Souter, Serge Planes, Jérémy Wicquart, Murray Logan, David Obura and Francis Staub (2021).
2185:
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The sites of highest marine biodiversity importance in the Coral Triangle include: (1) the northern tip of
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108:
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The biodiversity in the coral triangle of Indonesia | Why could develop so many species in Indonesia?
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24:
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Prouty, N. G.; Cohen, A.; Yates, K. K.; Storlazzi, C. D.; Swarzenski, P. W.; White, D. (2017).
1221:
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639:
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100:
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Briggs, J. C. (21 September 2009). "Diversity, endemism and evolution in the Coral Triangle".
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Ecosystem Approach to Management of Fisheries (EAFM) and other marine resources fully applied
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1806:
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1389:
1072:"Designating Spatial Priorities for Marine Biodiversity Conservation in the Coral Triangle"
989:
533:
469:
317:
113:
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its complex geography and circulation features, the variability in transport of passages,
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High species biodiversity (more than 500 coral species, high biodiversity of reef fishes,
757:
the conceptual framework and mechanism of CTI-CFF University Partnerships was established,
8:
2395:
2190:
2165:
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The Coral Triangle lies at a crossroads of rapidly increasing anthropogenic activities, (
456:
441:
278:
120:
1810:
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1393:
993:
2341:
2326:
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2215:
1477:
1332:"Delineating priority areas for marine biodiversity conservation in the Coral Triangle"
1330:
Asaad, Irawan; Lundquist, Carolyn J.; Erdmann, Mark V.; Costello, Mark J. (June 2018).
1103:
952:
942:
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309:
250:
128:
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species, six out of seven of the world's sea turtle species, and the world's largest
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tells the story of Coral Triangle conservation against the backdrop of island life.
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Passages in the Coral Triangle area can be defined in ten locations. These are: (1)
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1979:
1814:
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955:â The largest coral reef on Earth, the northern portion of which lies within the CT
545:
344:
258:
222:
194:
51:
1773:
Coral Triangle Initiative for Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food. Security (CTI-CFF)
2502:
2472:
2321:
2175:
2120:
1921:
1559:"Vulnerability of coral reefs to bioerosion from land-based sources of pollution"
1347:
1002:
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812:
608:
537:
313:
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262:
254:
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143:
92:
55:
1278:
The Coral Triangle and Climate Change: Ecosystems, People, and Societies at Risk
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2004:
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600:
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561:
370:
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124:
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Ocean acidification is a global threat to coral reef ecosystems. Based on the
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1999:
1974:
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1989:
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83:
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The Coral Triangle countries comprised a minimum of 10 to a maximum of 19
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in the Philippines. Coral reef area in the region to have been declared a
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1948:
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Briggs, J. C. 2005a. The marine East Indies: diversity and speciation.
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Speers, A. E., Besedin, E. Y., Palardy, J. E., & Moore, C. (2016).
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599:, high market demand, local disregard for rare and threatened species,
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Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security
909:
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Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security
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http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/coraltriangle/problems/
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Stabilize and/or maintain coral reef ecosystem integrity and services
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43:
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2018:
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1636:(Report). Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). p. 19.
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programs and nine identified topics; (c). outreach priority actions
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47:
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1019:"The 'Coral Triangle' is the largest of its kind, and it's dying"
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Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) established and effectively managed
596:
218:
167:
71:
38:) is a roughly triangular area in the tropical waters around the
851:. The current system of the Coral Triangle is influenced by the
776:
The primary criteria used to delineate the Coral Triangle were:
679:
The plan of action of the CTI-CFF, is to achieve the following:
2305:
2012:
1418:
Joint Expedition Discovers Deep-Sea Biodiversity, New Volcanoes
1133:. Ecological economics, 128, 33-43. Retrieved 26 September 2020
321:
117:
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572:, temperature increase and other issues briefly described in
230:
210:
206:
182:
63:
1877:
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1210:
1173:"ADB to help improve resources management in coral triangle"
371:
Theories behind high species diversity of the Coral Triangle
1795:
805:
612:
325:
62:. This area contains at least 500 species of reef-building
1631:
Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2020 Executive Summary
607:
and rising sea levels). Coral reefs have experienced mass
2088:
1556:
1374:
971:
1715:(Report). Asian Development Bank. 2014. pp. 42â48.
746:(RPOA) goals as to achieved qualified CTI-CFF outcomes;
23:
The Coral Triangle and countries participating in the
1248:""World Heritage Coral Reefs" Exhibit opens in Paris"
1198:"Coral reef destruction spells humanitarian disaster"
683:
Priority seascapes designated and effectively managed
1898:
WWF Coral Triangle Programme - international website
905:
1677:(Report). Asian Development Bank. 2014. p. 33.
1752:"The First CTI-CFF University Partnership Meeting"
595:and destructive fishing), lack of political will,
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
2525:
343:species that belong to four distinct families (
1893:The Nature Conservancy - Coral Triangle Center
1431:"Indonesia Kekurangan Ahli Taksonomi Kelautan"
1274:
1046:
522:White-eyed moray eel (Gymnothorax thyrsoideus)
2132:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
1929:
1854:"Film Review: 'Journey to the South Pacific'"
1851:
702:The longer-term goals of the CTI-CFF are to:
320:in the Philippines, (6) the southern part of
1835:
667:on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security
70:. The Coral Triangle is located between the
1825:
1423:
1943:
1936:
1922:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1903:WWF Coral Triangle Programme - US website
1659:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1582:
1401:
1097:
1087:
1001:
1705:
1613:
1601:
1494:
808:and the AsianâAustralian monsoon system.
78:oceans and encompasses portions of two
18:
1799:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1667:
1563:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1534:"CTI Regional Plan of Action | CTI-CFF"
1495:Hernawan, Udhi Eko (27 November 2018).
1410:
1312:
237:(the northern and southeastern part of
2526:
2211:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
1451:
658:In August 2007, Indonesia's President
2363:Environmental issues with coral reefs
1917:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1354:
1152:
1123:
1114:
574:environmental issues with coral reefs
1888:Coral Triangle Photo Expedition Blog
1883:Coral Triangle Initiative, main site
1610:WWF - Problems in the Coral Triangle
1136:
1037:
1016:
965:
568:(OA), disease, recreational diving,
1852:Chang, Justin (December 13, 2013).
1622:
1262:""Raja Ampat UNESCO Global Geopark"
1215:
1010:
698:Threatened species status improving
674:
13:
2584:Environment of the Solomon Islands
1521:
1497:"Marine biodiversity in Indonesia"
189:, the central to eastern zones of
14:
2625:
1871:
638:, and donor agencies such as the
205:(including the northern coast of
2406:International Coral Reef Society
2246:Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
2027:
1878:Coral Triangle Knowledge Network
1474:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02146.x
1433:. darilaut.id. 19 September 2020
1211:Coral Triangle Knowledge Network
1017:Gray, Alex (13 September 2018).
922:
908:
515:
496:
482:
468:
449:
433:
421:
404:
2579:Environment of Papua New Guinea
2539:Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
2337:Stony coral tissue loss disease
1845:
1744:
1731:www.coraltriangleinitiative.org
1719:
1693:www.coraltriangleinitiative.org
1681:
1550:
1538:www.coraltriangleinitiative.org
1509:from the original on 2021-12-15
1488:
1445:
1268:
1254:
1240:
1226:
1204:
1190:
865:South Equatorial Countercurrent
857:North Equatorial Countercurrent
717:Improve and sustain fish stocks
621:
134:
104:from coastal tourism revenues.
2604:Marine fauna of Southeast Asia
1165:
771:
1:
2589:Environment of Southeast Asia
2569:Ecoregions of the Philippines
2266:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
1727:"CTI Regional Plan of Action"
1689:"CTI Regional Plan of Action"
1043:Veron et al. Unpublished data
959:
753:The results of this meeting:
170:for six of the world's seven
1348:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.03.037
1003:10.1080/08920753.2014.877768
895:Journey to the South Pacific
324:in the Philippines, and (7)
181:, the north-eastern part of
7:
2594:Geography of Southeast Asia
2291:Southeast Asian coral reefs
901:
644:Global Environment Facility
229:(the northeastern coast of
125:Tubbataha Reef Natural Park
10:
2630:
2251:New Caledonia barrier reef
1403:10.1007/s12601-022-00068-w
1275:Hoegh-Guldberg, O (2009).
1222:WWF Coral Triangle Program
892:The 2013 documentary film
877:New Guinea Coastal Current
732:
636:Conservation International
628:World Wide Fund for Nature
527:
109:World Wide Fund for Nature
2614:Regions of Southeast Asia
2574:Environment of East Timor
2465:
2433:
2386:
2355:
2314:
2151:
2143:Spur and groove formation
2074:
2036:
2025:
1955:
1284:. Sydney: WWF Australia.
693:Climate change adaptation
665:Coral Triangle Initiative
25:Coral Triangle Initiative
2564:Ecoregions of New Guinea
2206:East African coral coast
1089:10.3389/fmars.2018.00400
887:
861:South Equatorial Current
853:North Equatorial Current
490:Harlequin ghost pipefish
308:(also Kei Islands), (4)
249:(the Mollucas), and the
166:species. It is also the
127:in the Philippines and
99:(ADB) reported that the
2609:Maritime Southeast Asia
2554:Ecoregions of Indonesia
1454:Journal of Biogeography
1336:Biological Conservation
1160:Journal of Biogeography
802:sea surface temperature
788:) and habitat diversity
461:Spirobranchus giganteus
331:The greatest extent of
2559:Ecoregions of Malaysia
2373:Coral reef restoration
1234:"Verde Island Passage"
1025:. World Economic Forum
797:Indonesian Throughflow
640:Asian Development Bank
632:The Nature Conservancy
396:centre of accumulation
310:Raja Ampat Archipelago
261:(the coastal areas of
251:Raja Ampat Archipelago
193:, the eastern part of
101:gross domestic product
97:Asian Development Bank
27:
2368:Coral reef protection
2332:Skeletal eroding band
2138:Catlin Seaview Survey
2126:Census of Coral Reefs
2104:mesophotic coral reef
1382:Ocean Science Journal
291:Makira-Ulawa Province
275:Louisiade Archipelago
80:biogeographic regions
22:
2534:Central Indo-Pacific
2478:Aquaculture of coral
2261:Non-tropical regions
1819:10.1002/2013JC009196
1584:10.1002/2017JC013264
1416:Normile, D. (2010).
784:, fungi corals, and
508:Amphiprion ocellaris
457:Christmas tree worms
328:in the Philippines.
318:Verde Island Passage
155:and the chimaerans.
114:Verde Island Passage
2396:Coral Reef Alliance
2286:Solomon Archipelago
2191:Belize Barrier Reef
2166:African coral reefs
1811:2013JGRC..118.6123C
1754:. 23 February 2017.
1575:2017JGRC..122.9319P
1466:2009JBiog..36.2008B
1394:2022OSJ....57..147A
994:2014CoasM..42..183W
605:ocean acidification
589:coastal development
566:ocean acidification
542:international trade
442:Nembrotha kubaryana
414:Acropora latistella
279:Bougainville Island
121:World Heritage Site
2549:Ecoregions of Asia
2342:White band disease
2327:Black band disease
2296:Tuvalu Archipelago
2276:Raja Ampat Islands
2216:Great Barrier Reef
1652:has generic name (
982:Coastal Management
953:Great Barrier Reef
943:Coral Triangle Day
930:Marine life portal
129:Raja Ampat Islands
28:
2599:Marine ecoregions
2521:
2520:
2429:
2428:
2347:White pox disease
2196:Coral Sea Islands
1805:(11): 6123â6144.
1569:(12): 9319â9331.
1460:(10): 2008â2010.
1291:978-1-921031-35-9
817:Lifamatola Strait
695:measures achieved
534:population growth
389:centre of overlap
16:Ecoregion of Asia
2621:
2508:Deep-water coral
2483:Coral dermatitis
2384:
2383:
2099:Deep-water coral
2031:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1372:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1327:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1294:. Archived from
1283:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1175:. Archived from
1169:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1091:
1067:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
979:
969:
932:
927:
926:
925:
918:
913:
912:
675:Goals of CTI-CFF
546:marine pollution
519:
500:
486:
472:
453:
437:
425:
408:
382:centre of origin
345:Hydrocharitaceae
259:Papua New Guinea
223:Sulu Archipelago
195:Papua New Guinea
52:Papua New Guinea
2629:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2503:Coralline algae
2473:Artificial reef
2461:
2434:Symbiotic algae
2425:
2382:
2378:Reef resilience
2351:
2322:Coral bleaching
2310:
2176:Andros, Bahamas
2147:
2121:Coral reef fish
2070:
2032:
2023:
1951:
1942:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1794:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1493:
1489:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1373:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1328:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1148:10.1002/aqc.880
1141:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1076:Front. Mar. Sci
1068:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1015:
1011:
977:
970:
966:
962:
928:
923:
921:
914:
907:
904:
890:
837:Karimata Strait
813:Makassar Strait
774:
735:
677:
656:
624:
560:contamination,
538:economic growth
530:
523:
520:
511:
501:
492:
487:
478:
473:
464:
454:
445:
438:
429:
428:Pink soft coral
426:
417:
409:
373:
333:mangrove forest
283:Solomon Islands
263:Madang Province
199:Solomon Islands
137:
95:. In 2014, the
93:mangrove forest
56:Solomon Islands
17:
12:
11:
5:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Precious coral
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2315:Coral diseases
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2301:Virgin Islands
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2201:Coral Triangle
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1872:External links
1870:
1868:
1867:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1785:
1757:
1743:
1718:
1704:
1680:
1666:
1650:|author1=
1621:
1612:
1600:
1549:
1520:
1487:
1444:
1422:
1409:
1388:(2): 147â173.
1362:
1353:
1342:(2): 198â211.
1311:
1290:
1267:
1253:
1239:
1225:
1214:
1203:
1200:. 17 May 2011.
1189:
1164:
1151:
1135:
1122:
1113:
1045:
1036:
1009:
988:(2): 183â205.
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
950:
945:
940:
934:
933:
919:
903:
900:
889:
886:
881:
880:
873:Halmahera Eddy
841:Mindoro Strait
809:
789:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
758:
751:
750:
747:
743:
734:
731:
730:
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711:
710:
709:
700:
699:
696:
690:
687:
684:
676:
673:
655:
652:
623:
620:
601:climate change
570:sea level rise
562:climate change
529:
526:
525:
524:
521:
514:
512:
502:
495:
493:
488:
481:
479:
474:
467:
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446:
439:
432:
430:
427:
420:
418:
410:
403:
400:
399:
392:
385:
372:
369:
312:of Indonesian
253:of Indonesian
247:Maluku Islands
136:
133:
131:in Indonesia.
32:Coral Triangle
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2626:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
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2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:Zooxanthellae
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Project AWARE
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2388:Organizations
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
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2358:
2354:
2348:
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2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2256:Ningaloo Reef
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:List of reefs
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2153:Coral regions
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1855:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1676:
1670:
1662:
1655:
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1616:
1609:
1604:
1595:
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1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1301:on 2017-01-17
1297:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1179:on 2018-03-17
1178:
1174:
1168:
1162:32: 1517-1522
1161:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1109:
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1100:
1095:
1090:
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1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1040:
1024:
1023:Global Agenda
1020:
1013:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
968:
964:
954:
951:
949:
948:List of reefs
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
931:
920:
917:
916:Oceans portal
911:
906:
899:
897:
896:
885:
878:
874:
870:
869:Mindinao Eddy
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:Torres Strait
846:
845:Sibutu Strait
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:Timor Passage
826:
822:
821:Lombok Strait
818:
814:
810:
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:
787:
783:
779:
778:
777:
769:
763:
759:
756:
755:
754:
748:
744:
741:
740:
739:
725:
724:
723:
722:
716:
715:
714:
713:
707:
706:
705:
704:
703:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
680:
672:
670:
666:
661:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
619:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:marine debris
547:
543:
539:
535:
518:
513:
509:
505:
499:
494:
491:
485:
480:
477:
471:
466:
462:
458:
452:
447:
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443:
436:
431:
424:
419:
416:
415:
407:
402:
401:
397:
393:
390:
386:
383:
379:
378:
377:
368:
364:
360:
358:
354:
350:
349:Cymodoceaceae
346:
342:
337:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
172:marine turtle
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
145:
142:
132:
130:
126:
122:
119:
115:
110:
105:
102:
98:
94:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
2454:Symbiodinium
2452:
2445:
2356:Conservation
2271:Pulley Ridge
2200:
2130:
2038:Octocorallia
1957:Hexacorallia
1858:. Retrieved
1847:
1837:
1827:
1802:
1798:
1778:28 September
1776:. Retrieved
1772:
1760:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:
1721:
1707:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:
1683:
1669:
1624:
1615:
1603:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1513:29 September
1511:. Retrieved
1500:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1437:29 September
1435:. Retrieved
1425:
1412:
1385:
1381:
1356:
1339:
1335:
1303:. Retrieved
1296:the original
1277:
1270:
1256:
1242:
1228:
1217:
1206:
1192:
1181:. Retrieved
1177:the original
1167:
1159:
1154:
1138:
1125:
1116:
1079:
1075:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1022:
1012:
985:
981:
967:
893:
891:
882:
833:Luzon Strait
825:Ombai Strait
793:Oceanography
782:foraminifera
775:
768:
752:
736:
701:
678:
657:
625:
622:Conservation
617:
586:
581:biodiversity
578:
531:
507:
460:
440:
412:
411:Table coral
395:
388:
381:
374:
365:
361:
338:
330:
302:Ambon Island
295:
176:
157:
141:Indo-Pacific
138:
135:Biodiversity
106:
84:biodiversity
35:
31:
29:
2544:Coral reefs
2447:Amphidinium
2236:Lakshadweep
2171:Amazon Reef
2076:Coral reefs
1949:coral reefs
1860:10 February
1642:cite report
1029:20 November
847:, and (10)
786:stomatopods
772:Delineation
593:overfishing
504:Anemonefish
353:Zosteraceae
306:Kai Islands
287:Guadalcanal
281:), and the
267:New Britain
203:Philippines
179:Philippines
149:whale shark
144:reef fishes
60:Timor-Leste
40:Philippines
2528:Categories
2513:Fire coral
2498:Coral sand
2421:Reef Check
2401:Green Fins
2116:Microatoll
2056:Organ pipe
1980:Hermatypic
1842:Dordrecht.
1698:2016-03-29
1543:2016-03-30
1305:2016-03-30
1183:2011-05-23
1099:2292/46922
960:References
875:(HE); and
795:side, The
603:(warming,
476:Parrotfish
357:Ruppiaceae
316:, (5) the
221:, and the
164:crustacean
153:coelacanth
2493:Coral rag
2416:Reef Ball
2186:Baa Atoll
1856:. Variety
1594:1912/9534
669:(CTI-CFF)
660:Yudhoyono
609:bleaching
558:sunscreen
271:Milne Bay
243:Banda Sea
235:Indonesia
191:Indonesia
174:species.
68:ecoregion
44:Indonesia
2241:Maldives
2231:Kiribati
2181:Apo Reef
2111:Fringing
2066:Sea pens
2061:Sea fans
2019:Tabulate
2005:Staghorn
1975:Elegance
1507:Archived
1482:85033550
1108:53294894
902:See also
867:(SECC);
859:(NECC);
554:dredging
341:seagrass
298:Sulawesi
239:Sulawesi
227:Malaysia
215:Mindanao
197:and the
187:Malaysia
162:and 458
160:Molluscs
66:in each
48:Malaysia
2281:Red Sea
2226:Jamaica
2000:Elkhorn
1985:Chalice
1910:(engl.)
1807:Bibcode
1736:8 April
1571:Bibcode
1502:YouTube
1462:Bibcode
1390:Bibcode
1082:: 400.
990:Bibcode
879:(NGCC).
871:(ME);
863:(SEC);
855:(NEC);
791:On the
733:Meeting
597:poverty
528:Threats
376:model.
219:Palawan
168:habitat
72:Pacific
54:, the
2306:Yabiji
2046:Bamboo
2013:Rugose
1990:Pillar
1945:Corals
1480:
1288:
1106:
843:, (9)
839:, (8)
835:, (7)
831:, (6)
827:, (5)
823:, (4)
819:, (3)
815:, (2)
642:, the
355:, and
322:Negros
304:, (3)
300:, (2)
277:, and
273:, the
241:, the
151:, the
118:UNESCO
88:Amazon
76:Indian
64:corals
2466:Other
2221:India
2094:Coral
2084:Atoll
1995:Table
1970:Brain
1965:Black
1832:2004)
1769:(PDF)
1634:(PDF)
1478:S2CID
1299:(PDF)
1282:(PDF)
1104:S2CID
978:(PDF)
888:Media
765:2018.
648:USAID
314:Papua
255:Papua
231:Sabah
211:Bohol
207:Luzon
183:Sabah
2051:Blue
1947:and
1862:2014
1780:2020
1738:2024
1661:link
1654:help
1515:2020
1439:2020
1286:ISBN
1031:2020
806:ENSO
646:and
634:and
613:tuna
540:and
394:The
387:The
380:The
326:Cebu
289:and
123:are
107:The
74:and
58:and
30:The
2089:Cay
1815:doi
1803:118
1589:hdl
1579:doi
1567:122
1470:doi
1398:doi
1344:doi
1340:222
1144:doi
1094:hdl
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