2309:, provide perspectives on the breadth of co-operative development nationally and internationally. Benjamin Ward provided a formal treatment to begin an evaluation of "market syndicalism." Jaroslav Vanek wrote a comprehensive work in an attempt to address cooperativism in economic terms and a "labor-managed economy." David Ellerman began by considering legal philosophic aspects of co-operatives, developing the "labor theory of property." In 2007 he used the classical economic premise in formulating his argument deconstructing the myth of capital rights to ownership. Anna Milford has constructed a detailed theoretical examination of co-operatives in controlled buyer markets (
4852:
942:
1640:
may not work at the firm), as well as to improve the economic and social life of workers and all who are involved beyond mere profit and creating products/services, there is much internal debate about what is truly cooperative, democratic, etc. For example, if a firm is 60% owned by private investors and 40% owned by workers, this would generally not be considered a worker cooperative. ESOPs are also not considered cooperatives even if workers own 100% of the firm, because of the usual lack of democratic governance.
51:
5254:
1422:
5304:
5264:
5284:
1829:…cooperatives…use a sense of solidarity and concern for community to promote economic alternatives that create economic growth and sustainability. At the same time, their solidarity and collective action increase productivity and help stabilize their economic circumstances. Moreover, cooperative economics is often viewed as a tool or strategy of a larger movement toward the elimination of economic exploitation and the transition to a new social order.
878:
2331:
5244:
866:
1796:, an economist who works with the United Nations, has emphasized the centrality of cooperative models of economics for the future survival of our species; though he pays little attention to actual cooperative enterprises and their development as more sustainable and humane models of production, he nevertheless contends more broadly that humans must “forge a new era of cooperation on a global scale" in order to survive.
1817:"Dairyland Power Cooperative, based in Wisconsin, has been a national leader in promoting the use of methane gas derived from cow manure as an energy resource. Kauai Island Utility Cooperative, the youngest generation and transmission cooperative in the United States, "is aggressively pursuing diversification of its energy portfolio to include a growing percentage of hydropower, photovoltaic, bio-fuel, and biomass"
1408:
5294:
5274:
1844:
1524:"British industrialist Robert Owen (1771–1858) founded a model factory town around his cotton mill and later established a model socialist community, New Harmony, in Indiana. Some proponents of women's rights, such as Emma Martin (1812–1851) in Britain and Flora Tristan (1801–1844) in France, stirred controversy by promoting socialism as the solution to female oppression."
2299:
worker cooperative businesses. The business model they use includes "extensive integration and solidarity with employees", worker involvement in policy and committees, a "transparent" wage system, and "full practice of democratic control". These two schools of thought are not necessarily in opposition, and hybrids of the two positions are possible.
1560:(USFWC) was founded, which, like the ICA, facilitates worker cooperatives (see "Types and Structures of Cooperatives" below). The ongoing success of cooperative economics in providing more effective alternatives to capitalist firms was so significant by the 21st century that the United Nations Assembly
1568:
Contemporary cooperative economics has gained even further popularity since 2012, with numerous TED talks dedicated to the subject; they demonstrate how cooperative economics is able to solve problems in housing, food, and poverty that modern industrial countries have so far been unable to solve. In
2298:
in Spain are commonly cited by co-operative individualists and a lot of co-operative individualist literature deals with these societies. The
MondragĂłn Cooperative Corporation has drawn so much attention because in 2010 it was the seventh-largest company in Spain. It consists of about 250 different
1639:
The equity structures of cooperatives are therefore various and unlimited. Some implement private/investor equity while others do not. Since the broad purpose of cooperatives is to offer different power structures than ordinary capitalist institutions (which are owned by profit-seekers that may or
2218:, the residents would be both the producers and consumers of its products. However, for co-operative enterprise other than communes, the producers and consumers of its products are two different groups of people, and usually only one of these groups is given the status of members (or co-owners).
1719:(who aimed to abolish all private property), Marx and Marxists were hesitant about supporting the cooperative movement (especially consumer cooperatives) in the 19th century. The value of consumer vs. worker cooperatives continues to be debated by theorists, activists, and scholars (see below).
1519:
Such socialisms arose in response to the negative effects of industrialism, where various clergymen, workers, and industrialists in
England, such as Robert Owen, experimented with various models of collective farming and community housing with varying degrees of success. This movement was often
2829:
1714:
Cooperatives are different from conventional firms in that the purpose of the firm is not to profit shareholders, but to benefit its members (whether workers, consumers, suppliers or purchasers). Because parts of the cooperative movement were anti-capitalist but not as revolutionary as
1528:
While state socialism was growing popular, rising in the early 1900s, followed by collapse in the 20th century, the cooperative movement grew exponentially in all countries affected by socialism and
British colonialism, such as Canada, the U.S., South Africa, and across Europe.
1809:
Forestry and electricity cooperatives are some of the largest in the world, which puts them in a unique position to address the negative effects of climate change. E. G. Nadeau provides some examples of what this means in his popular introduction to cooperative economics,
3966:
Cole, G.D.H., “The
British Co-operative Movement in a Socialist Society: A Report for the Fabian Society”, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1951., and Cole, G.D.H., “A Century of Co-operation”, Oxford: George Allen & Unwin for The Co-operative Union Ltd.,
1548:
The post-WWII era experienced a decline in interest towards cooperatives in the economics profession, with much lower quality and quantity of the discussion on cooperatives in economics text books published after the war compared to those published before the war.
3367:
2403:, view society as one big cooperative, and feel that goods produced by all should be distributed equitably to all members of the society, not necessarily through a market. All the members of a society are considered to be both producers and consumers.
1564:"...declared 2012 as the International Year of Cooperatives, highlighting the contribution of cooperatives to socio-economic development, in particular recognizing their impact on poverty reduction, employment generation and social integration.”
2825:
1689:
The Navy
Federal Credit Union (founded 1933) is the world's largest credit union with 10.8 million members, 345 branches, and $ 147.9 billion in assets, serving the men and women of the Armed Forces, Department of Defense, veterans and their
1652:, ESOP, 503c non-profit, or a distinctive cooperative legal structure (if the state provides for one, such as Massachusetts). ESOPs (Equity Stock Ownership Plans, where workers own shares for retirement; see, for example,
2261:
in the United
Kingdom), and that these co-operative wholesale societies should undertake purchasing farms or factories. They argue that profits (or surpluses) from these co-operative wholesale societies should be paid as
4453:
This analysis is based on a discussion by Gide, Charles; as translated from French by the Co-operative
Reference Library, Dublin, "Consumers' CoOperative Societies", Manchester: The Cooperative Union Limited, 1921, pp.
1994:
3363:
3205:
1942:
3939:
Lambert, Paul; as translated by LĂ©targes, Joseph; and
Flanagan, D.; “Studies in the Social Philosophy of Co-operation”, (originally published March 1959), Manchester: Co-operative Union, Ltd., 1963.
2527:
apparatus. Tom
Winters argues that "as with the free market more generally, it is not free trade itself that creates inequality, it’s how free trade is used, who benefits from it and who does not."
2031:
2198:. In Europe, important contributions came from England and Italy, especially from Will Bartlett, Virginie Perotin, Bruno Jossa, Stefano Zamagni, Carlo Borzaga, Jacques Defourny and Tom Winters.
1989:
1507:
Cooperative economics developed as both a theory and a concrete alternative to industrial capitalism in the late 1700s and early 1800s. As such, it was a form of stateless socialism. The term
1763:"They serve their members by providing goods and services that may be unavailable or too costly to access as individuals. They share costs and carry on their enterprise under principles of:
3880:
Owen, Robert, "A New View of
Society" (originally published in 1813/1814), in Gartrell, V.A. (ed.), "Report to the County of Lanark / A New View of Society", Ringwood: Penguin Books, 1970.
1866:
1593:, in which the consumers of a co-operative's goods and services are defined as its members (including retail food co-operatives, credit unions, mutual insurance companies, etc.) (Example:
1979:
2036:
1921:
1759:
Governments may define cooperative enterprises with a simplified version of the above principles. For example, the Australian government defines a cooperative enterprise as follows:
3957:
Charles, Graeme, and Griffiths, David, “The Co-operative Formation Decision: Discussing the Co-operative Option”, Frankston: Co-operative Federation of Victoria Ltd., 2003 and 2004
1969:
4003:
Altenberg, Lee "Beyond Capitalism: Leland Stanford's Forgotten Vision," Sandstone and Tile, Vol. 14 (1): 8–20, Winter 1990, Stanford Historical Society, Stanford, California.
2046:
1659:
In 1996, New Zealand passed the Cooperative Companies Act. In 2003 the Statute for a European Cooperative Society created a specific legal structure for cooperatives in the EU.
3889:
Gide, Charles; as translated from French by the Co-operative Reference Library, Dublin, "Consumers' Co-Operative Societies", Manchester: The Co-Operative Union Limited, 1921
1570:
2460:
This ideal was widely supported in early-twentieth century U.S. and Canadian leftist circles. This ideal, and the language behind it, were central to the formation of the
1806:
in economics, demonstrated the ability of cooperative enterprises and organizations to effectively manage environmental goods more than strictly political or market means.
2066:
2004:
2457:
principles. Co-operative economists – federalist, individualist, and otherwise – have presented the extension of their economic model to its natural limits as a goal.
4036:
3201:
1686:
92 million Americans turn to 7,500 credit unions (client-owned cooperatives) for financial services; 50,000 American families rely on cooperative day-care facilities.
2221:
The differences in goals, purpose, and power between worker and consumer cooperatives has led to a debate between those who support consumer co-operatives (known as
1984:
2274:
Co-operative individualism is the school of thought favouring workers' co-operatives. The most notable proponents of workers' co-operatives are, in Britain, the
1552:
The University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives was founded in 1962, which was possibly the first organization to collect data on cooperatives. In 2000, the
2476:, where advocacy for a co-operative commonwealth formed the central theme of the party's platform from 1934, until the Minnesota FLP merged with the state
2423:
collectivize neither but define their leftness as inalienable rights to the commons, not collective ownership of it, thus rejecting Lockean homesteading.
4989:
3342:
2419:. Although there is some debate as Bakunin and the collectivists favored market distribution using currency, collectivizing production, not consumption.
2071:
1999:
1959:
1131:
4851:
4153:
Nembhard, J.G. and C. Haynes Jr., “Cooperative Economics- A Community Revitalization Strategy,” Review of Black Political Economics, Summer 1999, 47–71.
941:
2163:
2021:
1931:
4743:
2051:
1781:
Cooperative economics is also distinct enough from capitalist economics in the public square that it has established and maintains its own domain (
1556:
was created out of the University of Maryland, which – among other things – facilitates the creation and development of cooperatives. In 2004 the
2481:
1916:
1557:
5032:
2982:
2159:
2155:
2061:
2009:
1174:
4266:
5039:
3321:
3154:
3044:
2171:
1537:
which looks at how African American communities organized to survive white nationalism, capitalism, and colonialism in the 20th century. The
1453:
1181:
5909:
4069:
Vanek, J. The Participatory Economy: An Evolutionary Hypothesis and a Strategy for Development. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1971.
4496:
908:
840:
3089:
2543:
point of view ("in the economic tradition") is the mutual assistance between egoists. He distinguishes three modes of such cooperation:
3388:
3277:
2233:
Co-operative federalism is the school of thought favouring consumer co-operative societies. Historically, its proponents have included
3948:
Mathews, Race, "Building the society of equals : worker co-operatives and the A.L.P.", Melbourne: Victorian Fabian Society, 1983.
4971:
4959:
1937:
1542:
1113:
1101:
3255:
5848:
2119:
1947:
5339:
5027:
5015:
4713:
2348:
1169:
1157:
5873:
5747:
3237:
5051:
4801:
3924:
1722:
The International Cooperative Alliance provides seven principles of cooperatives, each that contrasts with capitalist firms:
1193:
17:
4983:
3988:
1125:
5925:
4025:
2461:
4007:
2295:
5964:
5435:
3013:
2931:
2900:
2606:
2571:
2449:
In some co-operative economics literature, the aim is the achievement of a co-operative commonwealth, a society based on
1502:
2433:
and that cooperatives should only include those who voluntarily choose to participate in them. Some participants in the
2286:. Where co-operative federalists argue for federations in which consumer co-operators federate and receive the monetary
4598:
4432:
4144:
Rothschild, J., “Worker Cooperatives and Social Enterprise,” American Behavioral Scientist, 52:7, Mar. 2009, 1023–1041.
2225:) and those who favor worker co-operatives (pejoratively labelled 'individualist' co-operativists by the federalists).
2222:
2056:
2026:
1911:
1618:
1538:
4679:
4404:
5552:
4620:
4359:
4334:
2370:
1892:
1446:
1629:, etc.). The surplus is distributed according to how much goods or services the member has supplied the cooperative.
1092:
5426:
5097:
4943:
4726:
For All The People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America
2683:
For All the People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America
2477:
1803:
1247:
1077:
5045:
5021:
4977:
4651:
4639:
3225:
The following statistics come from: International Labor Organization, “Statistics on Cooperatives.” Available at
2215:
1187:
1163:
1119:
901:
4693:
2550:
arbitration (by a mechanical formula or benevolent dictator) about actions on the basis of normative principles;
6000:
5899:
5894:
5817:
5440:
4662:
4657:
3266:
2766:
2352:
2291:
2234:
2103:
3338:
1732:"Member Economic Participation" (in contrast to purely transactional relationships and closed-book management)
5904:
4757:
3176:
2953:"The Housing Revolution: How Housing Co-ops Can Provide a Better Future | Regan Muir | TEDxRexburg"
2557:
These modes are present in every cooperative institution but their virtues are often logically incompatible.
2547:
decentralised behaviour, where the collective outcome results from the strategic decisions of selfish agents;
2465:
2250:
1706:
The most comprehensive data collection on the largest cooperatives comes from the World Cooperative Monitor.
239:
1621:
or a suppliers cooperative, which are owned and organized by producers or suppliers, such as farmers (e.g.,
1607:, which are co-owned and democratically co-managed by workers/contributors. (Example: Home-Care Associates,
501:
5863:
5616:
5576:
5479:
5001:
2473:
1573:, a sister organization that also facilitates the growth, creation, and conversion of worker cooperatives.
1439:
1143:
3898:
Potter, Beatrice, "The Co-operative Movement in Great Britain", London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1891.
3645:"Platform Cooperativism Consortium | A hub that helps you start, grow, or convert to platform co-ops"
5792:
5512:
5401:
5332:
4936:
3110:
2464:
party in 1932, which became Canada's largest left-wing political party, and continues to this day as the
1742:" where workers are "kept in the dark," and information is intentionally funneled through power channels)
1070:
850:
70:
60:
2495:
movement for associative democracy from 1906 right through the 1920s. Guild socialist thinkers included
5392:
4759:
Commons Sense: Co-operative place making and the capturing of land value for 21st century Garden Cities
4094:
4060:
Ward, B., "The Firm in Illyria: Market Syndicalism," The American Economic Review, 48:4, 1958, 566–589.
894:
844:
374:
364:
4705:
1700:
The largest cooperative sector by membership is mutual insurance, with over a quarter million members.
5931:
5642:
5412:
5267:
4794:
3297:
2242:
2111:
1649:
1622:
1590:
254:
4477:
Reeves, Joseph, “A Century of Rochdale Cooperation 1844–1944”, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1944.
4223:
Bartlett, Will (1987). "Capital accumulation and employment in a self-financed worker cooperative".
2972:
2850:
5995:
5943:
5853:
5539:
4251:
3244:
2487:
Co-operative commonwealth ideas were also developed in Great Britain and Ireland from the 1880s by
1874:
1870:
1854:
823:
561:
516:
369:
138:
82:
3318:
3150:
1520:
integrated with other progressive movements of the era such as women's suffrage and abolitionism.
576:
5772:
5277:
5191:
3229:
2891:"How cooperative businesses can answer tough business challenges: Julia Hutchins at TEDxMileHigh"
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2041:
1608:
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334:
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274:
181:
104:
1862:
5557:
5422:
5407:
5325:
5196:
4995:
2258:
2254:
2207:
2087:
1632:
1354:
1137:
696:
541:
279:
219:
176:
123:
4773:
The Economics of Financial Cooperatives: Income Distribution, Political Economy and Regulation
4615:. Princeton, N.J. and Chichester, West Sussex: Princeton University Press. pp. 4, 5, 11.
4488:
2922:"How to stop poverty: Start a worker-owned cooperative | Jim Brown | TEDxTuscaloosa"
5990:
5649:
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3081:
2408:
1694:
1598:
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1374:
1149:
830:
511:
486:
471:
329:
269:
249:
244:
5137:
3274:
1535:
Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice,
1533:
has produced one of the most thorough academic monographs on cooperative economics entitled
1287:
5654:
5590:
5502:
5383:
5307:
4952:
4890:
4787:
4699:
4687:
2734:
Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice
1683:
Coops possess over $ 1 trillion in assets worldwide and over $ 640 billion in annual sales.
1482:
1020:
925:
581:
403:
354:
319:
259:
224:
128:
118:
65:
4740:, by E. G. Nadeau, 2012. A popular and contemporary introduction to cooperative economics.
3713:"The Working World | Non-extractive Finance for Worker CooperativesThe Working World"
1648:
Cooperatives may take on different legal structures depending on jurisdiction, such as an
8:
5742:
5689:
5600:
5572:
5494:
5474:
5461:
5352:
5072:
5057:
4880:
4865:
4836:
3981:
3252:
2716:
Jobs of Our Own: Building a Stakeholder Society: Alternatives to the Market and the State
2581:
2420:
2400:
2396:
2275:
2175:
1964:
1753:
1739:
1680:
Cooperatives electrically power 56% of the United States' landmass and 42 million people.
1604:
1222:
1199:
1010:
995:
968:
807:
616:
438:
379:
304:
294:
264:
191:
99:
5317:
476:
5937:
5822:
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5547:
5397:
5147:
5102:
4392:
4307:
4127:
2566:
2520:
2516:
2469:
2426:
2416:
1656:) that implement democratic governance are colloquially referred to as "ESOPeratives."
1297:
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433:
428:
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299:
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234:
229:
201:
196:
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34:
4565:
Ellerman, D. (2007) "On the Role of Capital in 'Capitalist' and Labor-Managed Firms,"
4236:
4110:
McCain, Roger (1977). "On the optimal financial environment for worker cooperatives".
2871:"Let's create our own cooperative economy | Benoît Molineaux | TEDxLausanne"
5868:
5807:
5659:
5122:
5082:
4885:
4870:
4841:
4616:
4594:
4428:
4355:
4330:
4131:
4090:
Milford, A. (2004) "Coffee, Cooperatives, and Competition." Chr. Michelsen Institute
3920:
3382:
2789:
2306:
2195:
2131:
1974:
1653:
1486:
1272:
1232:
1015:
1000:
973:
726:
701:
611:
491:
448:
384:
349:
339:
171:
133:
89:
4771:
4311:
3177:"Co-operative Companies Act 1996 No 24 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act Contents"
651:
5684:
5637:
5621:
5484:
5297:
5257:
5247:
5201:
4916:
4831:
4396:
4388:
4299:
4232:
4119:
3977:
3406:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 63, 216, 243, 351–2, 434, 440, 482.
3035:"Children's Cooperatives -A way forward | Rita Panicker | TEDxMuscatLive"
2781:
2576:
2496:
2191:
2127:
1748:"Concern for Community" (in contrast to purely product or profit-oriented concerns)
1626:
1359:
1050:
963:
776:
721:
706:
691:
676:
606:
586:
566:
521:
394:
344:
314:
309:
5112:
5077:
4577:
Milford, A. (2004) "Coffee, Cooperatives, Competition: The Impact of Fair Trade,"
2851:"Why the cooperative model is a revolution | Melanie Shellito | TEDxIWU"
2257:
in which all members are co-operators, the best historical example of which being
1726:"Voluntary and Open Membership" (in contrast to coerced/involuntary participation)
1262:
1227:
656:
5787:
5517:
5287:
5221:
5142:
4826:
4683:
4303:
4098:
4011:
3992:
3985:
3325:
3281:
3270:
3259:
3248:
3233:
2492:
2404:
2283:
2135:
2107:
1926:
1426:
1379:
1292:
958:
870:
781:
746:
711:
646:
571:
556:
443:
418:
413:
389:
161:
156:
5117:
2536:
1267:
5797:
5162:
5132:
5092:
5087:
4921:
4004:
3004:"Anu Puusa: The case for co-ops, the invisible giant of the economy | TED"
2540:
2488:
2430:
2302:
2183:
2179:
2151:
2147:
1735:"Autonomy and Independence" (in contrast to state-owned or corporate-ownership)
1312:
1282:
1242:
1237:
1055:
801:
786:
751:
736:
716:
686:
506:
423:
113:
109:
27:
Study of autonomous associations' interactions with production and distribution
3034:
3003:
2952:
2921:
2890:
2870:
2610:
2082:
Notable theoreticians and activists who have contributed to the field include
536:
5984:
5878:
5838:
5157:
5152:
4377:"L'autofinancement des coopératives de travailleurs et la théorie économique"
3916:
2793:
2504:
2407:
tend to favor government administration of the economy, while anarchists and
2279:
2246:
2143:
2139:
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1302:
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671:
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the profits (or surpluses) would be paid as dividends to their workers. The
2201:
50:
5843:
5777:
5469:
5253:
5211:
5127:
5107:
4926:
4674:
4645:
4591:
The Cooperative State: The Case for Employee Ownership on a National Scale.
4426:
The Cooperative State: The Case for Employee Ownership on a National Scale.
4376:
2500:
2238:
2115:
2091:
1745:"Cooperation among Cooperatives" (in contrast to competition amongst firms)
1369:
1277:
1257:
1060:
882:
796:
741:
636:
626:
621:
546:
94:
4752:
The Cooperative State: The Case for Employee Ownership on a National Scale
3136:
People Before Profit: The Inspiring Story of the Founder of Bob's Red Mill
2973:"Growing community through a food co-op: Michelle Lopez-Dohrn at TEDxOjai"
5858:
5348:
5186:
4965:
4931:
4895:
4811:
4768:
That is Shaping the Next Economy, Nathan Schneider, Bold Type Books, 2018
4719:
2785:
2586:
2524:
2450:
2412:
2187:
2123:
2099:
2083:
1788:
1635:, which are owned by organizations that joint-purchase goods or services.
1344:
1107:
1065:
1025:
933:
771:
761:
551:
186:
5283:
1421:
4875:
4123:
3681:"Institute for Christian Socialism – Institute for Christian Socialism"
2355: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2314:
2162:. Additional modern thinkers include Nathan Schneider, John Restakis,
1005:
681:
481:
4400:
4290:
Jossa, Bruno (2012). "Cooperative Firms as a New Mode of Production".
3712:
3680:
2807:
1905:
5812:
5507:
5231:
5176:
4468:
This analysis is based on a discussion by Gide, Charles, pp. 192–203.
3628:"Home Page – Jobs With Justice – Fighting for workers' rights and..."
2454:
2392:
2388:
2310:
2263:
2206:
A major historical debate in co-operative economics has been between
1716:
1612:
1478:
1389:
1334:
531:
462:
42:
4080:
Property and Contract in Economics: The Case for Economic Democracy.
3863:
3573:
2330:
5181:
4710:
A pamphlet from the G.I. Roundtable series by Joseph G. Knapp, 1944
3263:
2287:
1873:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
1586:
There are generally four major types of cooperative organizations:
1339:
5243:
4349:
3591:
1729:"Democratic Member Control" (in contrast to nondemocratic control)
5802:
5695:
5206:
4904:
3791:
3039:
3008:
2977:
2957:
2926:
2895:
2875:
2855:
2434:
2211:
1364:
3761:
3465:
2411:
favor non-governmental coordination, either locally, or through
3912:
3483:
865:
5293:
5273:
4779:
4252:"Worker Cooperatives: Good, Sustainable Jobs in the Community"
3845:
3251:; International Cooperative Alliance, "Facts and Statistics,"
2553:
direct agreement between agents after face-to-face bargaining.
1407:
5969:
5702:
3694:
3538:"NCBA CLUSA | National Cooperative Business Association"
3421:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 214. Cf. 205.
2523:
on a national scale (including worker cooperatives) within a
2468:. They were also important to the economic principles of the
1782:
4493:
Achieving Sustainability: Visions, Principles, and Practices
4327:
Cooperative Enterprise Facing the Challenge of Globalization
4091:
3744:
2767:"The disappearance of cooperatives from economics textbooks"
2249:. Co-operative federalists argue that consumers should form
3827:
3662:
3555:
1752:
An earlier summary of cooperative principles is called the
4732:
Humanizing The Economy: Cooperatives in an Age of Capital,
3846:"Shared Capital Cooperative - Building Economic Democracy"
3726:
3537:
3466:"U.S. Federation of Worker Cooperatives – Work it. Own It"
3293:
2747:
2266:
to the member co-operators, rather than to their workers.
5347:
4613:
Cooperative Microeconomics: a Game-Theoretic Introduction
3980:, May 4, 1887. Special Collection 33a, Box 7, Folder 74,
3644:
3275:
https://www.electric.coop/electric-cooperative-fact-sheet
2202:
Co-operative federalism versus co-operative individualism
1594:
3809:
3773:
3520:"The Co-op Federation – Supporting and Promoting Co-ops"
1738:"Education, Training, and Information" (in contrast to "
4259:
Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity
3627:
3501:
3241:
3226:
2640:. British Columbia: New Society Publishers. p. 31.
1576:
3253:
https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/facts-and-figures
1789:
Cooperatives, and ecological and economic exploitation
1697:
in Spain, which has over 80,000 associates (workers).
1668:
There are about 3 million cooperatives on the planet.
3609:
3519:
1677:
1.5 million Americans live in a housing cooperative.
1671:
12% of global humanity is a member of a cooperative.
1662:
4990:
Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists
4464:
4462:
4460:
1906:
National and international cooperative associations
1132:
Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists
4033:National Academy of Sciences: Biographical Memoirs
3115:General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
2015:
3111:"Chapter 157A: employee cooperative corporations"
1857:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
5982:
4457:
4225:International Journal of Industrial Organization
3610:"GEO Home | Grassroots Economic Organizing"
1995:The Southeast Center for Cooperative Development
3976:Stanford, Leland, 1887. Co-operation of Labor,
3339:"Cooperative identity, values & principles"
3199:
2731:
1917:United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives
1558:United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives
4766:Everything for Everyone: The Radical Tradition
3695:"Southeast Center for Cooperative Development"
3294:"World Cooperative Monitor | ICA Monitor"
5333:
4795:
4762:, edited by Pat Conaty and Martin Large, 2013
2530:
2269:
1447:
902:
4707:Why Co-ops? What Are They? How Do They Work?
4005:http://dynamics.org/Altenberg/PAPERS/BCLSFV/
3699:Southeast Center for Cooperative Development
3560:National Association of Housing Cooperatives
2444:
1953:
1943:National Association of Housing Cooperatives
4350:Carlo Borzaga and Jacques Defourny (2003).
3436:. Madison, Wisconsin: 2012. pp. 83–90.
2670:(4 ed.). Boston: Cengage. p. 496.
5340:
5326:
5040:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union
4802:
4788:
4381:Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics
2383:
2228:
1454:
1440:
1182:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union
909:
895:
5748:ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity
4745:The Commons and Co-operative Commonwealth
4542:General Theory of Labor-Managed Economies
2826:"2012 International Year of Cooperatives"
2698:
2371:Learn how and when to remove this message
2166:, Joerg Rieger, Rosemarie Henkel-Rieger,
1938:National Cooperative Business Association
1893:Learn how and when to remove this message
1833:
1821:Jessica Gordon Nembhard in her monograph
1543:National Cooperative Business Association
4495:. Macmillan Reference USA. Vol. 1.
4374:
4222:
3909:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902)
3069:. New York: Democracy at Work Institute.
2748:"The International Cooperative Alliance"
2635:
1948:National Cooperative Grocers Association
4530:The International Co-operative Movement
4329:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
4324:
4249:
3148:
3133:
2713:
2665:
2650:
2470:Farmer-Labor Party of the United States
2429:feel socialism can be achieved without
14:
5983:
5058:Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation
4972:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation
4960:International Workingmen's Association
4610:
4109:
4026:"Elinor Ostrom: A Biographical Memoir"
3387:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3264:NCBA, https://ncbaclusa.coop/resources
2736:. Pennsylvania University State Press.
2210:and co-operative individualism. In an
2032:Association of Corporate Credit Unions
1200:Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation
1114:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation
1102:International Workingmen's Association
5724:
5363:
5321:
4783:
4567:Review of Radical Political Economics
4289:
4023:
3416:
3401:
3064:
2764:
2510:
1990:The Institute for Christian Socialism
1581:
5926:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
4486:
3484:"Canadian Worker Co-op Federation -"
3448:"International Cooperative Alliance"
3202:"European Cooperative Society (ECS)"
2727:
2725:
2694:
2692:
2680:
2668:Societies, Networks, and Transitions
2653:Societies, Networks, and Transitions
2631:
2629:
2627:
2462:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
2353:adding citations to reliable sources
2324:
1837:
1776:education and care for communities."
1577:Types and structures of cooperatives
5965:History of the cooperative movement
5436:International Co-operative Alliance
4042:from the original on March 26, 2015
3157:from the original on April 30, 2022
2572:History of the cooperative movement
1643:
1503:History of the cooperative movement
1489:toward the study and management of
24:
4984:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
4633:
4393:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1983.tb01869.x
4352:The Emergence of Social Enterprise
3431:
3425:
3404:The Age of Sustainable Development
3149:Staubus, Martin (April 17, 2017).
3086:International Cooperative Alliance
2655:. Boston: Cengage. pp. 1–104.
2057:Cooperative Development Foundation
2027:National Consumer Cooperative Bank
1912:International Cooperative Alliance
1693:The largest worker-cooperative is
1674:1 in 3 Americans are coop members.
1539:International Cooperative Alliance
1126:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
25:
6012:
5364:
4641:Consumers' Co-operative Societies
3649:Platform Cooperativism Consortium
2732:Gordon-Nembhard, Jessica (2014).
2722:
2703:. New York City: Bold Type Books.
2689:
2644:
2624:
2515:Some economists have argued that
2138:, and modern theoretical work by
1980:Platform Cooperativism Consortium
1802:, the first woman to receive the
1663:Facts and figures on cooperatives
5303:
5302:
5292:
5282:
5272:
5263:
5262:
5252:
5242:
4850:
4604:
4583:
4571:
4559:
4555:The Democratic Worker-Owned Firm
4112:Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie
3488:Canadian Worker Co-op Federation
2329:
2320:
2292:co-operative wholesale societies
2282:who put this forth as a path to
2251:co-operative wholesale societies
2126:. Additional theorists include
2077:
1842:
1420:
1406:
940:
876:
864:
49:
5046:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning
5022:Industrial Workers of the World
5016:General Confederation of Labour
4978:Brazilian Workers Confederation
4809:
4547:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4499:from the original on 2019-03-06
4480:
4471:
4447:
4438:
4418:
4407:from the original on 2020-06-10
4368:
4343:
4318:
4283:
4272:from the original on 2017-11-12
4243:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4174:Whyte, WF and KK Whyte, (1988)
4168:
4156:
4147:
4138:
4103:
4084:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4017:
3997:
3970:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3901:
3892:
3883:
3874:
3856:
3838:
3820:
3802:
3784:
3774:"Community Purchasing Alliance"
3766:
3755:
3737:
3719:
3705:
3687:
3673:
3655:
3637:
3620:
3602:
3584:
3566:
3548:
3530:
3512:
3494:
3476:
3458:
3440:
3410:
3395:
3370:from the original on 2022-01-18
3356:
3345:from the original on 2022-05-07
3331:
3311:
3300:from the original on 2022-05-05
3286:
3219:
3208:from the original on 2022-05-03
3193:
3169:
3142:
3127:
3103:
3092:from the original on 2022-10-07
3079:
3073:
3058:
3047:from the original on 2022-04-30
3027:
3016:from the original on 2022-04-30
2996:
2985:from the original on 2022-04-30
2965:
2945:
2934:from the original on 2022-10-07
2914:
2903:from the original on 2022-10-07
2883:
2863:
2843:
2832:from the original on 2017-07-20
2818:
2800:
2758:
2519:could be achieved by combining
2340:needs additional citations for
2037:Cooperative Finance Corporation
2016:Cooperative funding and finance
1922:Canadian Worker Coop Federation
1709:
1188:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning
1164:Industrial Workers of the World
1158:General Confederation of Labour
1120:Brazilian Workers Confederation
151:Concepts, theory and techniques
5818:Socially responsible investing
4728:, PM Press, by John Curl, 2009
4658:Co-operative League of America
2774:Cambridge Journal of Economics
2740:
2707:
2674:
2659:
2599:
1970:Grassroots Economic Organizing
13:
1:
5441:Cooperative wholesale society
4237:10.1016/S0167-7187(87)80010-3
3778:Community Purchasing Alliance
2808:"The Democracy Collaborative"
2592:
2482:Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
2047:Community Purchasing Alliance
2042:Federal Home Loan Bank System
1541:(ICA) was formed in 1895 and
5864:Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen
5617:Health insurance cooperative
5480:Savings and loan association
5002:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund
4734:New Society Publishers, 2010
4304:10.1080/09538259.2012.701915
2472:, particularly in the FLP's
2313:), and the implications for
2214:village of cooperation or a
1569:2013, the USFWC spawned the
1144:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund
7:
4664:The History of Co-operation
4656:, published monthly by The
4292:Review of Political Economy
3911:(1998 paperback ed.).
2812:The Democracy Collaborative
2560:
2305:'s work, and more recently
1571:Democracy at Work Institute
1413:Organized Labour portal
10:
6017:
5725:
4375:Defourny, Jacques (1983).
4250:PĂ©rotin, Virginie (2014).
3850:Shared Capital Cooperative
2699:Schneider, Nathan (2018).
2531:Cooperative microeconomics
2491:, which also inspired the
2270:Co-operative individualism
2067:Shared Capital Cooperative
1500:
1496:
5960:
5932:United Farmers of Alberta
5918:
5887:
5831:
5756:
5735:
5731:
5720:
5677:
5630:
5609:
5571:
5538:
5493:
5460:
5453:
5421:
5381:
5374:
5370:
5359:
5239:
5170:
5066:
4951:
4903:
4859:
4848:
4819:
4325:Zamagni, Stefano (2010).
4188:America Beyond Capitalism
4024:McCay, Bonnie J. (2014).
4014:, accessed June 20, 2016.
3792:"Your Lender and Partner"
3574:"Democracy at Work (d@w)"
2445:Co-operative commonwealth
2441:fall into this category.
2005:The New Economy Coalition
1954:Cooperative organizations
1812:The Cooperative Solution:
1511:, in fact, was coined in
5944:Nepal Co-operative Party
4937:Workers' self-management
4738:The Cooperative Solution
4491:. In Rowe, Debra (ed.).
4162:Rosen, C. et al. (2005)
3868:www.transformfinance.org
3434:The Cooperative Solution
3138:. Rose Ranch Publishing.
3082:"What is a Cooperative?"
2765:Kalmi, P. (2006-11-08).
2255:co-operative federations
2223:co-operative federalists
1609:The Driver's Cooperative
1513:The Cooperative Magazine
1071:Workers' self-management
139:JEL classification codes
5192:Criticism of capitalism
5052:National Workers' Union
4695:Problems Of Cooperation
4579:Chr Michelsen Institute
4210:Schweickart, D. (2011)
3796:Capital Impact Partners
3578:Democracy at Work (d@w)
3417:Sachs, Jeffrey (2021).
3402:Sachs, Jeffrey (2015).
3181:New Zealand Legislation
3065:Wolff, Richard (2013).
2701:Everything for Everyone
2666:Lockard, Craig (2021).
2651:Lockard, Craig (2020).
2636:Restakis, John (2010).
2607:"Cooperative Economics"
2439:intentional communities
2384:Socialism and anarchism
2296:MondragĂłn Co-operatives
2278:and later writers like
2229:Co-operative federalism
2208:co-operative federalism
2168:Jessica Gordon Nembhard
1633:Purchasing cooperatives
1619:Producer's cooperatives
1591:Consumers' cooperatives
1554:Democracy Collaborative
1531:Jessica Gordon Nembhard
1350:Criticism of capitalism
1194:National Workers' Union
325:Industrial organization
182:Computational economics
5773:Cooperative federalism
5768:Co-operative economics
5197:Criticism of copyright
4912:Co-operative economics
4776:, by Amr Khafagy, 2019
4754:, by Tom Winters, 2018
4653:Co-operation 1921–1947
4611:Moulin, Hervé (1995).
3134:Koopman, Ken (2021) .
2714:Mathews, Race (2009).
2638:Humanizing the Economy
2409:libertarian socialists
2088:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
1834:Relevant organizations
1831:
1819:
1779:
1566:
1526:
1355:Criticism of copyright
1047:Co-operative economics
177:Experimental economics
6001:Cooperative economics
5586:Community wind energy
5382:Primary cooperative (
5217:Libertarian socialism
5008:Solidarity Federation
4669:George Jacob Holyoake
4518:Cooperative Democracy
4354:. London: Routledge.
3731:New Economy Coalition
3592:"Cooperation Jackson"
3419:Ages of Globalization
3240:(2020). Available at
3200:European Commission.
2718:. Distributist Press.
2539:, cooperation from a
1827:
1815:
1761:
1695:Mondragon Corporation
1599:federal credit unions
1562:
1522:
1375:Libertarian socialism
1150:Solidarity Federation
18:Cooperative economics
5353:mutual organizations
4700:James Peter Warbasse
4688:James Peter Warbasse
4589:Winters, Tom (2018)
4553:Ellerman, D. (1989)
4528:Birchall, J. (1997)
4516:Warbasse, J. (1936)
4424:Winters, Tom (2018)
4078:Ellerman, D. (1992)
3745:"Zebras Unite Co-Op"
3242:https://www.nceo.org
3227:https://www.ilo.org/
2814:. November 10, 2022.
2685:. Oakland: PM Press.
2466:New Democratic Party
2401:anarcho-syndicalists
2349:improve this article
2276:Christian socialists
1863:improve this article
404:Social choice theory
5743:Rochdale Principles
5690:Agent-owned company
5475:Mutual savings bank
4996:Free Workers' Union
4932:Labour unionisation
4837:Revolutions of 1848
4715:Law of Cooperatives
4487:Dunn, John (2014).
3982:Stanford University
3864:"Transform Finance"
3733:. November 9, 2020.
3596:Cooperation Jackson
2681:Curl, John (2012).
2582:Rochdale Principles
2474:Minnesota affiliate
2437:movement and other
2417:worker cooperatives
2307:Johnston Birchall's
2176:William Foote Whyte
1965:Cooperation Jackson
1875:footnote references
1754:Rochdale Principles
1740:mushroom management
1605:Worker cooperatives
1483:cooperative studies
1427:Politics portal
1138:Free Workers' Union
1066:Labour unionisation
969:Revolutions of 1848
871:Business portal
192:Operations research
172:National accounting
5938:Co-operative Party
5823:Solidarity economy
5783:Economic democracy
5548:Collective farming
4682:2014-10-20 at the
4198:Melman, S. (2001)
4124:10.1007/BF01291379
4097:2020-10-03 at the
4010:2016-03-04 at the
3991:2022-10-07 at the
3749:Zebras Unite Co-Op
3502:"Co-operatives UK"
3454:. 4 November 2023.
3324:2022-01-22 at the
3280:2022-05-06 at the
3269:2022-10-07 at the
3258:2020-08-03 at the
3247:2022-05-02 at the
3232:2008-07-25 at the
2828:. United Nations.
2786:10.1093/cje/bem005
2754:. 4 November 2023.
2567:Economic democracy
2521:employee ownership
2517:economic democracy
2511:Employee ownership
2427:Utopian socialists
2397:anarcho-communists
1823:Collective Courage
1767:non-discrimination
1582:General structures
1481:that incorporates
202:Industrial complex
197:Middle income trap
5978:
5977:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5919:Political parties
5874:Rochdale Pioneers
5869:David Schweickart
5808:Social enterprise
5760:economic theories
5716:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5673:
5672:
5449:
5448:
5315:
5314:
5010:(SF–IWA, Britain)
5004:(NSF–IAA, Norway)
4871:Council communism
4842:Utopian socialism
4748:, Pat Conaty 2013
4676:Cooperative Peace
4540:Vanek, J. (1970)
4506:– via GALE.
3926:978-0-900384-36-3
3780:. March 23, 2023.
3651:. August 4, 2023.
3631:Jobs With Justice
3470:www.usworker.coop
3151:"The ESOPerative"
3067:Democracy at Work
2421:Left libertarians
2381:
2380:
2373:
2196:David Schweickart
2132:Laurence Gronlund
2072:Transform Finance
2000:The Working World
1975:Jobs With Justice
1960:Democracy at Work
1903:
1902:
1895:
1545:founded in 1916.
1487:political economy
1464:
1463:
1152:(SF–IWA, Britain)
1146:(NSF–IAA, Norway)
1001:Council communism
974:Utopian socialism
919:
918:
16:(Redirected from
6008:
5733:
5732:
5722:
5721:
5685:Friendly society
5622:Mutual insurance
5485:Building society
5458:
5457:
5379:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5361:
5360:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5306:
5305:
5298:Socialism portal
5296:
5286:
5278:Organized Labour
5276:
5268:Labour economics
5266:
5265:
5258:Communism portal
5256:
5248:Anarchism portal
5246:
5202:Critique of work
5033:IWW-South Africa
4986:(CNT–AIT, Spain)
4917:Labour economics
4854:
4832:Orthodox Marxism
4814:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4718:, by Legal Firm
4627:
4626:
4608:
4602:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4436:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4256:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4220:
4214:
4212:After Capitalism
4208:
4202:
4200:After Capitalism
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4176:Making Mondragon
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4118:(3–4): 355–384.
4107:
4101:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4041:
4035:. pp. 1–9.
4030:
4021:
4015:
4001:
3995:
3978:New York Tribune
3974:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3940:
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3824:
3818:
3817:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3770:
3764:
3762:Community Wealth
3759:
3753:
3752:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3691:
3685:
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3671:
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3659:
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3635:
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3564:
3563:
3552:
3546:
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3534:
3528:
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2656:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2609:. Archived from
2603:
2577:Market socialism
2497:Bertrand Russell
2478:Democratic Party
2405:State socialists
2376:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2333:
2325:
2192:Richard D. Wolff
2164:Joyce Rothschild
2128:John Stuart Mill
2022:Community Wealth
1932:Co-Op Federation
1898:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1644:Legal structures
1456:
1449:
1442:
1425:
1424:
1411:
1410:
1360:Critique of work
1327:Related subjects
1175:IWW-South Africa
1128:(CNT–AIT, Spain)
1051:Labour economics
964:Orthodox Marxism
944:
921:
920:
911:
904:
897:
883:Money portal
881:
880:
879:
869:
868:
365:Natural resource
157:Economic systems
53:
30:
29:
21:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6005:
5996:Business models
5981:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5948:
5914:
5883:
5849:David Griffiths
5827:
5788:Guild socialism
5761:
5759:
5752:
5727:
5708:
5669:
5665:Social services
5626:
5605:
5567:
5534:
5518:Housing society
5513:Student housing
5489:
5445:
5417:
5366:
5355:
5346:
5316:
5311:
5288:Politics portal
5235:
5222:Post-capitalism
5166:
5062:
5054:(UON, Portugal)
4968:and affiliates
4947:
4899:
4855:
4846:
4827:Guild socialism
4815:
4810:
4808:
4684:Wayback Machine
4636:
4634:Further reading
4631:
4630:
4623:
4609:
4605:
4588:
4584:
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4254:
4248:
4244:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4186:Alperovitz, G.
4185:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4108:
4104:
4099:Wayback Machine
4089:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4012:Wayback Machine
4002:
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3993:Wayback Machine
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3441:
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3426:
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3400:
3396:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3364:"Archived copy"
3362:
3361:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3326:Wayback Machine
3316:
3312:
3303:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3282:Wayback Machine
3271:Wayback Machine
3260:Wayback Machine
3249:Wayback Machine
3234:Wayback Machine
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3194:
3185:
3183:
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2848:
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2746:
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2730:
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2712:
2708:
2697:
2690:
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2645:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2563:
2533:
2513:
2493:guild socialist
2447:
2386:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2346:
2334:
2323:
2284:state socialism
2272:
2231:
2204:
2136:Leland Stanford
2120:David Griffiths
2108:Peter Kropotkin
2104:J.T.W. Mitchell
2080:
2018:
1956:
1927:Cooperatives UK
1908:
1899:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1860:
1851:This section's
1847:
1843:
1836:
1825:concludes that:
1791:
1712:
1665:
1646:
1584:
1579:
1505:
1499:
1460:
1419:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1380:Post-capitalism
1328:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1196:(UON, Portugal)
1110:and affiliates
1095:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
989:
981:
980:
979:
978:
959:Guild socialism
952:
915:
877:
875:
863:
856:
855:
826:
816:
815:
814:
813:
577:von Böhm-Bawerk
465:
454:
453:
215:
207:
206:
162:Economic growth
152:
144:
143:
85:
83:classifications
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6014:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5905:United Kingdom
5902:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5798:Neo-capitalism
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5762:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
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5603:
5598:
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5588:
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5482:
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5472:
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5455:
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5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5376:
5368:
5367:
5357:
5356:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5300:
5290:
5280:
5270:
5260:
5250:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5172:
5171:Related topics
5168:
5167:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:(SAC, Sweden)
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4998:(FAU, Germany)
4993:
4992:(CRAS, Russia)
4987:
4981:
4975:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4922:General strike
4914:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4769:
4763:
4755:
4749:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4711:
4703:
4691:
4672:
4660:
4649:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4603:
4599:978-1726628839
4582:
4570:
4558:
4546:
4533:
4521:
4509:
4489:"Cooperatives"
4479:
4470:
4456:
4446:
4444:Lewis, p. 244.
4437:
4433:978-1726628839
4417:
4387:(2): 201–224.
4367:
4360:
4342:
4335:
4317:
4298:(3): 399–416.
4282:
4242:
4231:(3): 257–349.
4215:
4203:
4191:
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4137:
4102:
4083:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4016:
3996:
3969:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3925:
3900:
3891:
3882:
3873:
3855:
3837:
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3801:
3783:
3765:
3754:
3736:
3718:
3704:
3686:
3672:
3654:
3636:
3619:
3601:
3583:
3565:
3547:
3529:
3511:
3493:
3475:
3457:
3439:
3424:
3409:
3394:
3355:
3330:
3317:(see the 2021
3310:
3285:
3273: ; NRECA
3218:
3192:
3168:
3141:
3126:
3102:
3072:
3057:
3026:
2995:
2964:
2944:
2913:
2882:
2862:
2842:
2817:
2799:
2780:(4): 625–647.
2757:
2739:
2721:
2706:
2688:
2673:
2658:
2643:
2623:
2597:
2596:
2594:
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2574:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2541:game-theoretic
2532:
2529:
2512:
2509:
2489:William Morris
2446:
2443:
2431:class struggle
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2337:
2335:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2303:James Warbasse
2271:
2268:
2230:
2227:
2203:
2200:
2184:Seymour Melman
2180:Gar Alperovitz
2152:David Ellerman
2148:Jaroslav Vanek
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2052:Capital Impact
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1855:external links
1850:
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1654:Bob's Red Mill
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1056:General strike
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214:By application
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5910:United States
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5892:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5879:Beatrice Webb
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5839:G. D. H. Cole
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:Key theorists
5830:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5758:Political and
5755:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5719:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5553:Reforestation
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5380:
5377:
5375:By governance
5373:
5369:
5365:Organizations
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5309:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5048:(FS, Denmark)
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4953:Organisations
4950:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4927:Labour rights
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4805:
4800:
4798:
4793:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4624:
4622:0-691-03481-8
4618:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4474:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4450:
4441:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4361:9780415339216
4357:
4353:
4346:
4338:
4336:9781848449749
4332:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4066:
4057:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3963:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3928:
3922:
3918:
3917:Freedom Press
3914:
3910:
3904:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3714:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3682:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3632:
3629:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3061:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2613:on 2018-02-19
2612:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2535:According to
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2505:G. D. H. Cole
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2375:
2372:
2364:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2338:This section
2336:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2321:Other schools
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:, rather, in
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:Joseph Reeves
2277:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:Beatrice Webb
2244:
2241:, as well as
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:Benjamin Ward
2141:
2140:Elinor Ostrom
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:Major figures
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1897:
1894:
1886:
1876:
1872:
1871:inappropriate
1868:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:Elinor Ostrom
1797:
1795:
1794:Jeffrey Sachs
1786:
1784:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1574:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1202:(SAC, Sweden)
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:(FS, Denmark)
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:Organisations
1089:
1088:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:Labour rights
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
985:
984:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
948:
947:
943:
939:
938:
935:
932:
931:
927:
923:
922:
912:
907:
905:
900:
898:
893:
892:
890:
889:
884:
874:
872:
867:
862:
861:
860:
859:
852:
849:
846:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
825:
820:
819:
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:de Mandeville
470:
469:
464:
458:
457:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
401:
400:Public choice
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Participation
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:Institutional
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Expeditionary
283:
281:
278:
276:
275:Environmental
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
211:
210:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
148:
147:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
106:
105:International
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:Branches and
78:
77:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5991:Cooperatives
5854:William King
5844:Charles Gide
5778:Distributism
5767:
5701:
5694:
5540:Agricultural
5470:Credit union
5349:Cooperatives
5212:Labour power
5018:(CGT, Spain)
4911:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4714:
4706:
4694:
4675:
4663:
4652:
4646:Charles Gide
4640:
4612:
4606:
4590:
4585:
4578:
4573:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4517:
4512:
4501:. Retrieved
4492:
4482:
4473:
4449:
4440:
4425:
4420:
4409:. Retrieved
4384:
4380:
4370:
4351:
4345:
4326:
4320:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4274:. Retrieved
4265:(2): 34–47.
4262:
4258:
4245:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4199:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4175:
4170:
4163:
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2534:
2514:
2501:R. H. Tawney
2486:
2480:to form the
2459:
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2413:labor unions
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2347:Please help
2342:verification
2339:
2317:strategies.
2301:
2273:
2243:Paul Lambert
2239:Charles Gide
2235:JTW Mitchell
2232:
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2160:Roger McCain
2156:Anna Milford
2116:Race Mathews
2112:Paul Lambert
2092:Charles Gide
2081:
2062:Seed Commons
2010:Zebras Unite
1889:
1880:
1865:by removing
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1370:Labour power
1160:(CGT, Spain)
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806:
429:Sociological
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4962:(1864–1876)
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4891:Nationalist
4812:Syndicalism
4720:Stoel Rives
3506:www.uk.coop
3432:Nadeau, E.
3319:report here
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2525:free market
2451:cooperative
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2172:Corey Rosen
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2100:Sydney Webb
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330:Information
270:Engineering
250:Development
245:Demographic
187:Game theory
129:Methodology
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5563:Wheat pool
5558:Winemaking
5454:By product
5423:Federation
5408:Purchasing
5148:Pelloutier
5123:Lagardelle
5098:Fitzgerald
4944:Mutual aid
4876:De Leonism
4820:Precursors
4503:2019-03-03
4411:2019-12-12
4401:2268/90539
4276:2017-11-11
3984:Archives.
3828:"Homepage"
3542:NCBA CLUSA
3374:2022-05-05
3349:2022-05-02
3304:2022-05-05
3212:2022-05-03
3186:2023-08-28
3120:2023-08-28
3096:2022-04-30
3051:2022-04-30
3020:2022-04-30
2989:2022-04-30
2938:2022-04-30
2907:2022-04-30
2836:2022-04-30
2617:2017-06-17
2593:References
2395:, such as
2393:anarchists
2389:Socialists
2315:fair trade
1623:OceanSpray
1501:See also:
1298:Pelloutier
1273:Lagardelle
1248:Fitzgerald
1078:Mutual aid
1006:De Leonism
951:Precursors
836:Economists
707:Schumacher
612:Schumpeter
582:von Wieser
502:von ThĂĽnen
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439:Statistics
434:Solidarity
355:Managerial
320:Humanistic
315:Historical
260:Ecological
225:Behavioral
119:Mainstream
5888:By region
5813:Socialism
5793:Mutualism
5650:Recycling
5610:Insurance
5601:Broadband
5596:Telephone
5508:Cohousing
5232:Socialism
5177:Communism
5093:Delesalle
5083:De Ambris
5028:IWW-Chile
4905:Economics
4866:Anarchist
4722:, Seattle
4132:154195618
3161:April 30,
2794:0309-166X
2484:in 1944.
2455:socialist
2361:July 2023
2311:monopsony
2288:dividends
2264:dividends
1867:excessive
1770:democracy
1690:families.
1509:socialism
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1475:economics
1390:Socialism
1335:Communism
1243:Delesalle
1233:De Ambris
1170:IWW-Chile
1040:Economics
996:Anarchist
752:Greenspan
717:Samuelson
697:Galbraith
667:Tinbergen
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602:Heckscher
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340:Knowledge
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265:Education
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134:Political
100:Heterodox
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5928:(Canada)
5736:Identity
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5591:Electric
5503:Building
5413:Retailer
5393:Consumer
5182:Copyleft
5143:Panunzio
4860:Variants
4680:Archived
4497:Archived
4454:192–203.
4405:Archived
4312:55140236
4267:Archived
4095:Archived
4092:(at FLO)
4037:Archived
4008:Archived
3989:Archived
3919:. 1987.
3614:geo.coop
3524:fed.coop
3383:cite web
3368:Archived
3343:Archived
3322:Archived
3298:Archived
3278:Archived
3267:Archived
3256:Archived
3245:Archived
3230:Archived
3206:Archived
3155:Archived
3090:Archived
3045:Archived
3014:Archived
2983:Archived
2932:Archived
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2830:Archived
2561:See also
2174:et al.,
2096:Beatrice
1627:Sunsweet
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1340:Copyleft
1293:Panunzio
988:Variants
926:a series
924:Part of
845:journals
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782:Stiglitz
747:Rothbard
727:Buchanan
712:Friedman
702:Koopmans
692:Leontief
672:Robinson
557:Marshall
461:Notable
409:Regional
385:Planning
360:Monetary
290:Feminist
235:Cultural
230:Business
35:a series
33:Part of
5900:Ukraine
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5573:Utility
5528:commune
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4881:Fascist
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4164:Equity.
3814:Cdfcoop
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3009:YouTube
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5895:Canada
5726:Topics
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767:Ostrom
762:Becker
757:Sowell
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642:Myrdal
637:Sraffa
632:Frisch
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617:Keynes
592:Fisher
587:Veblen
572:Pareto
552:Menger
547:George
542:Jevons
537:Walras
527:Gossen
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390:Policy
345:Labour
310:Health
167:Market
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5078:Berth
4980:(COB)
4886:Green
4698:, by
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4308:S2CID
4270:(PDF)
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3967:1944.
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2770:(PDF)
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1228:Berth
1122:(COB)
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777:Lucas
742:Solow
732:Arrow
722:Simon
687:Lange
682:Hicks
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647:Hayek
597:Pigou
567:Clark
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444:Urban
424:Socio
414:Rural
114:Macro
110:Micro
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5577:list
5427:list
5402:list
5384:list
5351:and
5073:Bain
4617:ISBN
4595:ISBN
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