Music of Indonesia

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expected to participate. These performances are important in that they bring people in the community and adjacent regions together, helping unify communities that otherwise may not have interacted with one another. Traditionally, when performers play kulintang music, their participation is voluntary. Musicians see performances as an opportunity to receive recognition, prestige and respect from the community and nothing more. Kulintang music differs in many aspects from gamelan music, primarily in the way the latter constructs melodies within a framework of skeletal tones and prescribed time interval of entry for each instruments. The framework of kulintang music is more flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for such things as improvisations to be more prevalent.

1287: 1581:, which means 'flute'. Made from bamboo, Indonesian flutes are always end blown and vary in size. The fingering position changes the wavelength of sound resonance inside the suling's body. Depending on the distance of nearest hole to the suling's head, different notes can be produced. The airflow speed also can modify the tone's frequency. A note with twice frequency can be produced mostly by blowing the air into suling's head's hole with twice speed. Generally, the shorter the suling the higher the pitch. This simple suling produces tunes or melodies that have traditionally been interpreted as the sound of joyful learning. There are many regions in Indonesia that use suling as a traditional instrument and have different local names for it. In 2155: 1498: 1052: 3562: 1444: 1735: 1970: 34: 2772: 1390: 1025:, gong chime is a generic term for a set of small, high-pitched bossed pot gongs. The gongs are ordinarily placed in order of pitch, with the boss upward on cords held in a low wooden frame. The frames can be rectangular or circular (the latter are sometimes called "gong circles"), and may have one or two rows of gongs. They are played by one to four musicians, each using two padded sticks to strike them. They are an important instrument in many Indonesian musical ensembles, such as 2465: 2297: 5427: 3424: 838: 1140: 5437: 1817: 470: 956: 1328: 1479:. The instrument consist of a row/set of 5 to 9 graduated pot gongs, horizontally laid upon a frame arranged in order of pitch with the lowest gong found on the players' left. The gongs are laid in the instrument face side up atop two cords/strings running parallel to the entire length of the frame, with bamboo/wooden sticks/bars resting perpendicular across the frame, creating an entire kulintang set called a "pasangan". 2780: 1624: 2637:. De Schouwburg van Batavia (today Gedung Kesenian Jakarta) was designed as a concert hall in the 19th century. Classical music has been restricted to the refined, wealthy and educated high-class citizen, and never penetrated the rest of the population during the East Indies colonial era. The type of western-derived music that transcended the social barrier at that time was Kroncong, known as lower-class music. 1949: 1520:. It is made out of bamboo tubes attached to a bamboo frame. The tubes are carved so that they have a distinctive resonant pitch when being vibrated. Each angklung only plays one note. This musical instrument made of bamboo is played by shaking it. The sound of the Angklung is generated from the impact of bamboo tubes. It has a distinctive sound that vibrates in a composition of 2, 3, to 4 notes in each size. 1566: 1882: 2052: 1762:, the kendang has one side larger than the other, with the larger, lower-pitched side usually placed to the right, and are usually placed on stands horizontally and hit with the hands on either side while seated on the floor. Amongst groups like the Balinese both sides are of equal size, and are played on either one or both sides using a combination of hands and/or sticks. Among the 2649:

1950, a merger of the Cosmopolitan Orchestra under Joel Cleber and the Jakarta Studio Orchestra under Sutedjo and Iskandar appeared as the Djakarta Radio Orchestra under Henkie Strake for classical repertoires, and the Jakarta Studio Orchestra led by Syaiful Bachri specialised in Indonesian pieces. In 2010 Jakarta Symphony Orchestra staged a comeback after a fairly long absence.

3410: 2664:. In the 1990s the group of professional symphony orchestra start to take form, notably The Twilite Orchestra led by Adie MS, was founded in June 1991, initially an ensemble with 20 musicians. The ensemble has developed since then into a full symphonic orchestra with 70 musicians, a 63-member Twilite Chorus, and a repertoire that ranges from 1940:. Sape' are carved from a single bole of wood, with many modern instruments reaching over a metre in length. Technically, the sape is a relatively simple instrument, with one string carrying the melody and the accompanying strings as rhythmic drones. In practice, the music is quite complex, with many ornamentations and thematic variations. 888:, and its music is also very diverse, coming in hundreds of different forms and styles. Every region has its own culture and art, and as a result traditional music from area to area also uniquely differs from one another. For example, each traditional type of music is often accompanied by its very own 1960:

The diverse world of Indonesian music genres was the result of the musical creativity of its people, and also the subsequent cultural encounters with foreign musical influences into the archipelago. Next to distinctive native form of musics, several genres can traces its origin to foreign influences;

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In recent years, gospel music has also become increasingly popular among Indonesian people, especially Christians. Gospel music concerts held in Indonesia are always packed with gospel music fans from various circles, especially Christian revival meetings. Apart from that, Indonesian gospel music is

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emerged into the mainstream, providing soundtracks for film and subsequent tours in overseas territories. Upon entering the new decade (2010s), indie music broke into mainstream culture with its far greater appeal amongst adolescents due to its minimalist, melancholic sounds and age-related lyrics.

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The contemporary music of Indonesia is diverse and vibrant. Throughout its history, Indonesian musicians were open to foreign influences of various music genres of the world. American jazz was heavily marketed in Asia, and foxtrots, tangos, rumbas, blues and Hawaiian guitar styles were all imitated

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In the Central Java, gamelan is intricate and meticulously laid out. The central melody is played on a metallophone in the centre of the orchestra, while the front elaboration and ornamentation on the melody, and, at the back, the gongs slowly punctuate the music. There are two tuning systems. Each

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that has spread throughout Southeast Asia, became the dominant pop style in the mid-1970s. Famous for its throbbing beat and the slightly moralistic lyrics that appeal to youth, dangdut stars dominate the modern pop scene. However dangdut—especially performed by female singers—also often featuring

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orchestra when the radio broadcasting station Nederlandsch-Indische Radio Omroep Maatschappij was born in 1912. Today it is known as Jakarta Symphony Orchestra that has existed in the country's musical world for almost a century through its changing formats to suit prevailing trends and needs. In

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After World War II and during Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949) and afterwards, kroncong was associated with patriotism, since many of Indonesian poets and patriotic songs authors uses kroncong and somewhat jazz fusion as the genre of their works. The patriotic theme and romantic wartime

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The types of bamboo that are commonly used as musical instruments are black bamboo (awi wulung) and ater bamboo (awi temen), which when dry are whitish yellow. Each note (barrel) is produced from the sound of the bamboo tube in the form of a blade (wilahan) for each bamboo segment from small to

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is one of the most popular music genres developed by musicians in Indonesia. Both musicians who already have big reputations and newcomers present their own musical colors which are enough to help introduce R&B more widely so that it can be accepted by various groups of Indonesian society.

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skin drum-head. The wood is selected from woods which is hard yet light. In a Gendang beleq performance, the drummers carry and play gendang and dance a dramatic and confrontational duet. The drummers play interlocking tune with their large drums. Aside from able to play their instruments, the

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The main purpose for kulintang music in the community is to function as social entertainment at a professional, folk level. This music is unique in that it is considered a public music in the sense everyone is allowed to participate. Not only do the players play, but audience members are also

2238:), and in some places it is seen as typifying Indonesian music. Gesang himself remains the most renowned exponent of the style, which although it is seen now as a somewhat starchy and "dated" form is still popular among large segments of the population, particularly the older generation. 2230:, Java's longest and most important river) became widely popular among the Javanese, and then later nationally when recordings were broadcast over the local radio stations. The song also became quite popular with the Japanese soldiers, and when they returned to 1412:

instrument in the gamelan device. Talempongs can be made of brass, but some are made of wood and stone. Talempongs are played by being hit using a wooden rod or a stick. Talempong is usually used to accompany dance or welcoming performances, such as the typical

2703:(born 1968), with many orchestral works, chamber and instrumental. His most celebrated works are a series of virtuosic Rapsodia Nusantara for piano solo, with musical motifs based on Indonesian folktunes. He has written works for musicians such as from the 2194:

instruments. By the early 1900s, it was considered a low-class urban music. This changed in the 1930s, when the rising Indonesian film industry began incorporating kroncong. And then even more so in the mid- to late 1940s, it became associated with the

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In general, traditional music and songs of Indonesia compromises a strong beat and harmony with strong influence from Indian, Java, Arabic, Chinese and Malay classical music. The influence is strongly visible in the popular traditional music genre of

1421:, Tari Alang, Tari Suntiang Pangulu and Tari Gelombang. Talempong is usually performed with an accordion accompaniment, a type of organ supported and played with the right hand played by the player. In addition to the accordion, instruments such as 1597:, in Toraja, it is called Lembang flute, in Halmahera, it is called bangsil, and in West Nusa Tenggara it is called silu. Suling is an Indonesian bamboo ring flute which is used in various traditional musical ensemble performances, including 1531:", namely the Goddess of Rice or the Goddess of Fertility to be given blessings to the plants she planted and also to prosper in life. Not only that, during the Sundanese kingdom, Angklung was also used as a trigger for the spirit of war. 2127:. Qasidah modern were derived from Islamic pop, adding local dialects and lyrics that address Indonesian contemporary issues. Though popular among Arabs in Indonesia, it has gained little popularity elsewhere. One of the oldest 2122:

word for religious poetry accompanied by chanting and percussion. Qasidah modern adapts this for pop audiences. It is used to denote a type of orchestra and the music it plays, believed to be introduced by Muslim settlers from

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of western Java. The rhythm is liable to change seemingly randomly, making dancing difficult for most listeners. Its instruments are entirely Sundanese, completely without imported instruments. It was invented by artists like

2605:. However, the overwhelming popularity of Indonesian music in Malaysia had alarmed the Malaysian music industry. In 2008 Malaysian music industry demanded the restriction of Indonesian songs on Malaysian radio broadcasts. 3123:. Currently, many churches in Indonesia use gospel music as a means of their worship. Apart from that, there are also many famous Indonesian gospel musicians who release songs for Indonesian congregations as a means of 1071: 1527:(12th to 16th centuries), Angklung became a musical instrument that was always used in various events or celebrations, especially traditional events in farming. At that time, Angklung was played as worship of " 5392: 2572:

in orchestra style. In 2007 the film was remade again with a new soundtrack that still features same songs performed by younger generation artist. Another popular Indonesian coming of age teen movie

919:) and other islands have been well documented and recorded, and further research by Indonesian and international scholars is also ongoing. The music in Indonesia predates historical records, various 3237:

In the 80s, when young people still loved rock music, Iwa-K started to get involved with rap music, a music genre that places more emphasis on chattering techniques than using musical instruments.

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at the end of the war re-recordings of it (by Japanese artists) became best-sellers. Over the years it has been re-released many times by notable artists, mainly within Asia but also beyond (like

1375:") is begun, the audience will know that the event is nearly finished and will begin to leave. Certain pieces are also believed to possess magic powers, and can be used to ward off evil spirits. 5402: 1343:

Gamelan's role in rituals is so important that there is a Javanese saying, "It is not official until the gong is hung". Some performances are associated with royalty, such as visits by the

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is considered one of the pioneers of Indonesian pop and rock and roll music in the 1960s and 1970s. The American and British music influences were obvious in the music of Koes Bersaudara,

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are no strangers to orchestral music, with their own symphony groups. Jakarta, for instance, has its Nusantara Symphony Orchestra, the Twilite Orchestra and the Jakarta Chamber Orchestra.

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Gamelan from eastern Java is less well-known than central or western parts of the island. Perhaps most distinctive of the area is the extremely large gamyak drum. In West Java, formerly

3929: 2254:", "Sepasang Mata Bola", "Keroncong Serenata" and "Juwita Malam". These patriotic songs can be sung in hymn or even in orchestra, but most often was sung in kroncong style known as 4016: 3613: 1308:

puppet performances, or rituals and ceremonies. Typically players in the gamelan will be familiar with dance moves and poetry, while dancers are able to play in the ensemble. In

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were known to be the main influences of this band. Several Indonesian musician were survived through decades and become Indonesian music legends, such as pop and ballad singers

2935:", due to their perceived similarities to the Japanese genre. The Japanese city pop itself gained popularity among youngsters and amateur musicians in the late 2010s via the 2672:. The orchestra has played a role in promoting Indonesian music, especially in the preservation of national songs by Indonesian composers and traditional songs. Aided by the 1654:. The rhythmic strains of the kecapi are slow in tempo, produced by strings that blend into soft music when combined with the melody of the suling or melismatic vocals. The 2980:

Just like pop music, Indonesian rock scene also was heavily influenced by the development of rock music in America. The most influential Indonesian rock bands was probably

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that was popular in the 1970s and 1980s. In the late 1980s to mid-1990s several female rock singers popularly known as "Lady Rockers" were famous in Indonesia, such as

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suggestive dance movements and naughty lyrics to appeal the larger audience. This development was strongly opposed by the conservative older generation dangdut artist.

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is a popular traditional music genre of Indonesia which is partly derived of Indian, Arab, and Malay music. It consists of melodious and harmonical music with the main

2107:, is the Middle-Eastern-derived Islamic vocal and instrumental music. These traditions began to be incorporated throughout many areas of Indonesia by the 16th century. 2741:

Indonesia also has many patriotic songs that are used, played, and memorized by the population, some of these national songs are used during the colonial era of the

1073: 2660:) through their programs. During these decades, the classical orchestra mainly developed in universities as an extracurricular activity for students which included 1160:

gamelan is tuned to itself, and the intervals between notes on the scale vary between ensembles. The metallophones cover four octaves, and include types like the

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culture migrated to the Indonesian archipelago in the 2nd-3rd century BC. Traditional musics of Indonesian tribes often uses percussion instruments, especially

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Kalanduyan, Danongan S. "Maguindanaon Kulintang Music: Instruments, Repertoire, Performance, Contexts, and Social Functions." Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 3-18.

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as early as the 18th century, but it was enjoyed only by a handful of wealthy Dutch plantation owners and officers in elite social clubs and ballrooms such as

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by Indonesian musicians. As the result, various genres were developed within Indonesian music frame: Indonesian pop, rock, gospel, jazz, R&B, and hip hop.

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Indonesian pop music today, known simply as "pop Indonesia" sometimes influenced by trends and recordings from West music,. Although influences ranging from

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who started her career in as a pop-rock singer in Indonesia before moving to France and pursue her international career. Other notable rock bands include

3196: 363: 1324:" style, or for radio broadcasts – and concerts presentation are common in national arts conservatories founded in the middle of the 20th century. 3267: 4449: 3191:, the bands from West Java, the traditional Sundanese kacapi suling and gamelan orchestra is performed alongside drum set, keyboard and guitars. The 343: 4096:

Heaton, Jenny and Steptoe, Simon. "A Storm of Bronze". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.),

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such as gambus and qasidah from Middle Eastern Islamic music, keroncong from Portuguese influences, and dangdut with notable Hindi music influence.

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are obvious, the Indonesian pop phenomena is not completely derivative; it expresses the sentiments and styles of contemporary Indonesian life.

1793:", as the performance is about a group of musicians playing, dancing and marching with their traditional instruments, centered on two big drum ( 3259: 2511: 868: 4386: 378: 1992:

and a mix of western and regional style music and instruments. Indonesian folk music is quite diverse, and today embraces pop, rock, house,

4257: 3263: 2846:. One of the most influential Indonesian singers in pop music scene, especially during early 2000, is Agnes Monica, who had later known as 2835: 2746: 2008:(regional traditional songs) of each regional cultures, the musician might also create some new compositions in their own native language. 1766:, the Ganrang drums have much more importance, with it considered the most sacred of all musical instruments, comparable to gongs in Java. 896:. Contemporary music scene have also been heavily shaped by various foreign influences, such as America, Britain, Japan, Korea, and India. 530: 434: 3781:

Otto, Steven W.. "Repertorial Nomenclature in Muranao Kolintang Music." Asian Music Vol. 27, No. 2. (Spring – Summer, 1996), pp. 123-130.

1320:(puppeteer) must have a thorough knowledge of gamelan, as he gives the cues for the music. Gamelan can be performed by itself – in " 4013: 3641: 4188: 4459: 3271: 2652:

In the 1960s to 1980s classical music in Indonesia aired mainly by the national radio broadcasting service Radio Republik Indonesia (

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and other genres, as well as distinct Indonesian forms. There are several kinds of "ethnic" pop music, generally grouped together as

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was developed to record the music. Music and dance at the time were divided into several styles based on the main courts in the area—

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is used in that country as an official language and as a language of instruction for worship, which has similar languages such as

3119:. The entry of gospel music into Indonesia was not much sought after by music lovers in Indonesia, but it brought many changes to 5341: 5066: 4339: 4317: 2753:. Many of these songs have been recorded using orchestral recordings on different albums such as 'Simfoni Negeriku' conducted by 1290:

Gamelan Sekaten Kanjeng Kiai Guntur Madu (One of Some Javanese Sacred Gamelan) is usually beaten every day for a week during the

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Bass, Colin. "No Risk -- No Fun!". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.),

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Today the Indonesian music industry enjoys nationwide popularity. Thanks to common culture and intelligible languages between

4391: 4267: 4242: 4105: 4091: 2564:(1977) were also produced successful soundtrack hit with same title in the same year, the soundtrack was remade in 1999 with 1286: 540: 515: 3587: 3068:

scene has developed in Indonesia, with many acts combining traditional Indonesian vocal techniques and instrumentation with

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The Indonesian composer who is considered most prominent and well known worldwide in the classical / contemporary music is

2023:. It was first known as an aristocratic art; one cianjuran composer was R.A.A. Kusumahningrat (Dalem Pancaniti), ruler of 5009: 4618: 4344: 4201: 3497: 4227: 4049: 3234:. Then, other hip-hop musicians also introduced hip-hop music to the public, such as Iwa-K and other hip-hop musicians. 1609:. This flute is made of a long, thin-walled bamboo tube called tamiang and a thin rattan band encircles the mouthpiece. 500: 4722: 861: 2019:, also called "seni mamaos cianjuran", or just cianjuran, is a form of sung poetry which arose in the colonial-era of 5316: 4963: 4946: 4535: 4361: 3844: 3686: 1371:. Certain pieces are designated for starting and ending performances or ceremonies. When an "ending" piece (such as " 3103:

also has a big influence in Indonesia. Gospel music began to enter Indonesia in the 1980s when it was brought in by

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music. Notable Indonesian jazz musicians include Jack Lesmana, Benny Likumahuwa, Benny Mustafa, Maryono, Bubi Chen

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The most recent foreign influences on Indonesian pop music are influenced from Japanese pop. Several bands such as

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tribes often incorporate chants and songs accompanied with musical instruments in their rituals. The contemporary

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One of the best known variations of the Kendang is the Gendang beleq. Gendang beleq is a traditional music from

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cylinder surrounded by several wedges where the strings are stretched, surrounded by a bag-like fan of dried

1497: 854: 606: 560: 545: 2004:, Pop Minang, Pop Batak, Pop Melayu, Pop Ambon, Pop Minahasa and others. Other than featuring the legacy of 4929: 4821: 4506: 4371: 4232: 3457: 822: 505: 3661: 1367:, almost all religious rituals include gamelan performance. Gamelan is also used in the ceremonies of the 5461: 5059: 4628: 4413: 4327: 4277: 2138:

The contemporary form of Islamic Middle Eastern-influenced music in Indonesia is exemplified by the band

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and discipleship. Apart from that, there are also many well-known Indonesian gospel musicians such as

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as the percussion beat especially in the classical dangdut versions. It was originally an Indonesian

817: 715: 683: 656: 3614:"Get Fascinated by these 5 Unique Traditional Indonesian Musical Instruments While You Stay at Home" 5356: 5261: 5083: 4901: 4836: 4623: 4588: 4117: 3437: 3111:). Gospel music itself experienced its peak of popularity in Indonesia in the 1991s, at which time 2653: 2546:

Indonesian music also plays a vital role in the Indonesian creative pop culture, especially as the

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players must have the agility and stamina to perform the dance and marching with their instrument.

1368: 666: 270: 89: 3930:"From religious rituals to festive attractions: Indonesians prepare to celebrate Chinese New Year" 4973: 4869: 4791: 4786: 4501: 3380: 1429:, serunai and other traditional Minangkabau instruments are also commonly played with talempong. 760: 726: 593: 1443: 5366: 5052: 4881: 4854: 4801: 4638: 4550: 4481: 4464: 4454: 4300: 3041: 2866: 2219: 1989: 1747: 1271:

minority in eastern Java are known for social music for weddings and other celebrations called

622: 601: 583: 3147:. Gospel music in Indonesia has now expanded into a whole genre of Christian spiritual music. 5311: 5276: 5231: 4939: 4934: 4891: 4886: 4781: 4776: 4669: 4598: 4432: 4282: 4222: 3638: 2909: 2303:, a music performed on melodic percussions and brass, is native of the Indonesian capital of 1925: 1734: 1086: 678: 673: 643: 626: 555: 495: 220: 200: 5201: 5196: 5091: 5002: 4968: 4831: 4704: 4694: 4633: 4576: 4529: 4523: 4471: 4408: 4366: 4322: 4209: 4146: 3472: 3368: 2574: 2207: 1841: 1448: 1344: 1209: 916: 480: 460: 8: 5381: 5321: 5296: 5211: 5191: 5141: 5111: 5101: 4864: 4811: 4751: 4684: 4608: 3160: 3140: 3112: 2586: 2578:(2002) also produced successful soundtrack hits with most songs written and performed by 2551: 2374: 2247: 2227: 2211: 1578: 765: 210: 1969: 5407: 5286: 5281: 5018: 4896: 4826: 4766: 4761: 4746: 4717: 4674: 4401: 4396: 3907: 3760: 3502: 3341: 3221: 3065: 2901:, all of which tour regularly in Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia and was featured on 1993: 1981: 1829: 1763: 1739: 1635: 1574: 1401: 1336: 1295: 1229: 889: 776: 755: 747: 737: 651: 633: 611: 451: 94: 33: 2039:

compositions. The lyrics are typically sung in free verse, but a more modern version,

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Listening to Balinese Gamelan: A Beginners' Guide from Connexions accessed 20/01/2012

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has achieved international success with these fusions. Labels such as Yes No Wave in

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Indonesian pop music from the 1980s and 1980 are commonly referred to as "Indonesian

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World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific

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World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific

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MyIndo KC Ismail: Muzik Indonesia lebih progresif dari muzik Malaysia (in Malay)

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or Campursari version of the Sundanese was born and developed from traditional

2392:(music). Other than Jakarta, tanjidor musical ensamble is also can be found in 2346: 2312: 2243: 2166: 2128: 2027:(1834–1862). The instruments of Cianjuran are kacapi indung, kacapi rincik and 1782: 1699: 1472: 1468: 1355: 1268: 1256: 710: 310: 185: 5455: 5430: 5251: 5216: 5171: 5166: 5075: 3532: 3487: 3482: 3357: 3310: 3300: 3283: 3227: 3104: 3081: 2874: 2579: 2507: 2495: 2342: 2335: 2320: 2079: 2071: 2016: 1921: 1859: 1729: 1651: 1618: 1586: 1524: 1264: 1252: 1245: 1169: 348: 338: 280: 255: 225: 215: 79: 74: 4140: 4134: 3825:

Gaerlan, Barbara. Philippine Muslim Kulintang: Music of Modernization. 1991.

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Cadar, Usopay Hamdag. "Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America."

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have been at the forefront of promoting the Indonesian experimental scene.

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and wooden percussion instrument native to eastern Indonesia and also The

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Early in the 20th century, kroncong was used in a type of theatre called

2296: 1863: 1825: 1460: 1414: 1225: 1152: 995: 119: 4161: 4733: 3507: 3188: 3128: 3124: 3089: 3040:. Punk music scene also had steady underground success, with band like 3037: 2947: 2894: 2723: 2689: 2547: 2499: 2427: 2409: 2370: 2358: 2258:(struggle kroncong). The kroncong divas; Waldjinah, Sundari Sukoco and 2132: 1973: 1523:

Angklung existed before the Hindu era in Indonesia. In the days of the

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music performance, featuring traditional Sundanese music instruments.

1816: 1774: 1639: 1517: 1438: 1393: 1384: 1347:. Certain gamelans are associated with specific rituals, such as the 1233: 1217: 1117: 1113: 1064: 1034: 1030: 968: 960: 959:

Musicians performing musical ensemble, The 8th century bas-relief of

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Cadar, Usopay H.. "The Role of Kolintang Music in Maranao Society."

1593:, this instrument is commonly called suling, in Minang it is called 3442: 3376: 3326: 3295: 3152: 2936: 2932: 2902: 2847: 2788: 2766: 2754: 2727: 2677: 2594: 2555: 2503: 2366: 2341:

of Jakarta. The instruments used are almost the same as a military

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The musical identity of Indonesia as we know it today began as the

928: 250: 165: 129: 109: 2692:, as well as other Indonesian popular national songs in the album 2315:; adapted for this purpose, the music was called gambang kromong. 1327: 4517: 4004: 3390: 3336: 3316: 3085: 2981: 2943: 2858: 2839: 2831: 2823: 2779: 2719: 2715: 2634: 2626: 2565: 2475: 2468: 2459: 2447: 2443: 2415: 2362: 2304: 2279: 2115: 2075: 2024: 2020: 1953: 1871: 1811: 1788: 1725: 1705: 1669: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1560: 1422: 1316: 1291: 1144: 1082: 1081:

The most popular and famous form of Indonesian music is probably

1056: 1046: 1026: 1007: 991: 983: 944: 904: 893: 290: 235: 190: 99: 43: 5044: 1948: 1623: 3372: 3371:, Eurasians originally from Indonesia who gained popularity in 3331: 3077: 3053: 3049: 3005: 2997: 2951: 2602: 2191: 2143: 2104: 2090: 2028: 1833: 1770: 1709: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1643: 1602: 1565: 1556: 1536: 1509: 1456: 1409: 1310: 1304: 1213: 1205: 1197: 1189: 1185: 1165: 1133: 1106: 936: 912: 295: 180: 175: 3897: 3728:. National Commission For Culture and the Arts. Archived from 3226:

In Indonesia, hip-hop music was generally first introduced by

3163:

so it is closely related and in part mutually understandable.

1980:

Indonesian regional folk pop musics reflects the diversity of

1192:. The front section of the orchestra is diverse, and includes 1180:. Other gongs are tuned to each note of the scale and include 927:

today is also popular amongst neighbouring countries, such as

3001: 2963: 2959: 2925: 2916:) and popular in the late 2000s. The pop Malay bands include 2898: 2890: 2886: 2854: 2804: 2735: 2731: 2661: 2645: 2479: 2231: 2124: 2032: 1928:

community who live in the longhouses that line the rivers of

1895: 1881: 1875: 1746:

Kendang or Gendang is a two-headed drum used by peoples from

1683: 1476: 1201: 1193: 1181: 1109: 84: 3245:

By the end of the 2000s decade, several indie bands such as

3143:

as well as church praise and worship team musicians such as

2051: 4151: 4141:

BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Java, Jakarta to Solo.

4118:

Music of Indonesia Series of 20 CDs by Smithsonian Folkways

3851:

Angklung has become a veritable symbol of Sundanese culture

3172: 3151:

also popular in churches in neighboring countries, such as

2882: 2657: 2656:) and the national TV station Televisi Republik Indonesia ( 2354: 2203: 2100: 1917: 1867: 1798: 1590: 1582: 1545:

Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

1364: 1280: 1129: 1125: 1098: 1094: 1015: 1011: 987: 979: 908: 900: 39: 4032:

Malaysian music industry wants Indonesian songs restricted

3199:

reflected with many Jazz Festivals being held every year.

3187:

traditions of their hometown. In the case of Krakatau and

3171:

Some of Indonesian musicians and bands were exploring the

1447:

Replica of a kulintang musical instrument, similar to the

3554: 2414:

A musical fusion style of traditional Javanese music and

2095: 1279:, played by young amateur boys, which is very similar to 4135:

BBC TV channel 3 Audio (60 minutes): Music of Bali.

3864:"Unesco to Declare Indonesia's Angklung World Heritage" 2644:

was established in Dutch colonial times. It became the

2490:

Dangdut is based around the singers, and stars include

2262:, was instrumental in reviving the style in the 1980s. 1638:

that is highly improvisational and popular in parts of

3837:

Gamelan: The Traditional Sounds of Indonesia, Volume 1

2908:

Some of Indonesian pop bands are rekindled with their

3606: 3258:

The commercial breakthrough for its genre was led by

3179:. Various other groups fuse contemporary westernised 2853:

In late 90s through 2000s, the popular bands include

3816:

Vol. 27, No. 2. (Spring – Summer, 1996), pp. 80-103.

3405: 2912:

roots and revived a genre called "Band Pop Melayu" (

2711:etc., and his works are widely performed worldwide 3953: 3951: 3580: 3052:rose to mainstream. Notable act from ska music is 2384:(playing music outdoors), subsequently adopted in 1844:), functioned as the resonator of the instrument. 1463:. In Indonesia it is particularly associated with 3195:is performed annually. The latest development of 1824:Sasando is a plucked string instrument native of 5453: 2065:is a very complex rhythmic dance music from the 1697: 4157:Various Types Of Indonesian Musical Instruments 4100:, pp 117–130. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. 4086:, pp 131–142. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. 3986:"Grup Tanjidor yang Diperkuat Para Pemain Muda" 3948: 3884:Lombok pulau perawan: sejarah dan masa depannya 3719: 3713: 3453:List of Indonesian musicians and musical groups 3289: 1681: 1535:large. Each bamboo size has a different pitch. 1302:In Indonesia, gamelan often accompanies dance, 3379:, after the colonial term used for Eurasians: 2373:and drums. The term tanjidor was derived from 1224:vocalists are common. With the arrival of the 5060: 4182: 3656:For a discussion of dance in Central Java in 2186:) has been evolving since the arrival of the 1667: 1400:Talempong is a traditional instrument of the 1112:. Similar ensembles are prevalent throughout 862: 428: 4126:Audio clips: Traditional music of Indonesia. 3922: 3560: 2950:are also spreading among boy bands, such as 2775:JKT48 performs at Jakarta–Japan Matsuri 2012 2680:re-recorded the Indonesian national anthem, 1689: 1666:musical instrument derived from the Chinese 3797: 2146:approach on music to spread their message. 1797:). The drum is made from a wood frame with 5067: 5053: 4189: 4175: 2688:in its original orchestral arrangement by 1858:Musical performance from Tapanuli area of 869: 855: 468: 435: 421: 3958:Media, Kompas Cyber (11 September 2009). 3902:[Nasida Ria group still exists]. 2434:, Perhaps its greatest current artist is 4014:National Geographic Indonesian Pop Music 3193:Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival 2778: 2770: 2463: 2295: 2153: 2050: 2043:, is metrical. It is usually the drums. 1968: 1947: 1880: 1815: 1733: 1622: 1564: 1496: 1442: 1388: 1326: 1285: 1138: 1069: 1050: 954: 3834: 3819: 3750: 2558:(Indonesian TV drama). Indonesian film 2270:There is a style of kroncong native to 2082:and other western genres in the 1960s. 14: 5454: 4196: 3806: 3784: 3697: 3695: 3008:. Metal bands also exist, such as the 2165:in a kroncong performance at the 55th 1408:. The shape is almost the same as the 950: 42:(gong ageng, gong suwukan, kempul) of 5048: 4170: 3957: 3900:"Grup Kasidah Nasida Ria Tetap Eksis" 3880: 3251:White Shoes & the Couples Company 3059: 2962:which is an offshoot of the Japanese 2537: 1738:Gendang beleg performance in Lombok, 1124:, however gamelan is originated from 3775: 2242:romance was obvious in the works of 1006:, and the complex and sophisticated 3744: 3692: 3498:Indonesian popular music recordings 2568:as the main singer and rendered by 2438:. In the western part of Java, the 1228:colonisers, a number system called 24: 4248:French and British era (1806–1816) 4147:The traditional music of Indonesia 4050:Jakarta Symphony Orchestra returns 3681:. London: The Rough Guides, 1994. 2924:, Hijau Daun, Armada, Angkasa and 2642:Bataviasche Philharmonic Orchestra 2285: 1353:, which is used in celebration of 521:French and British era (1806–1816) 25: 5473: 5074: 4111: 3720:Canave-Dioquino, Corazon (2007). 2498:(the King and Queen of Dangdut), 2110: 1847: 1650:(bamboo flute). It is related to 884:is a country with many different 5435: 5426: 5425: 3992:(in Indonesian). 13 October 2019 3898:Nursanti, Ida (20 August 2004). 3468:List of Indonesian pop musicians 3422: 3408: 2810:Koes Bersaudara later formed as 2674:Victorian Philharmonic Orchestra 2617:reached Indonesia in the era of 2278:, which fuses kroncong with the 2011: 1612: 1255:, has several types of gamelan. 836: 32: 4268:Liberal democracy era (1950–59) 4054: 4043: 4025: 3978: 3906:(in Indonesian). Archived from 3891: 3874: 3856: 3828: 3704: 3677:Broughton, Simon, et al., eds. 2265: 2131:musical groups in Indonesia is 1335:in Balinese term) accompanying 541:Liberal democracy era (1950–59) 18:Contemporary music of Indonesia 5393:British Indian Ocean Territory 4536:People's Consultative Assembly 4129:Musée d'ethnographie de Genève 3757:Kulintang and the Maguindanaos 3726:Articles on Culture & Arts 3722:"Philippine Music Instruments" 3671: 3650: 3632: 3620:(in Indonesian). 13 April 2020 3543: 3525: 3240: 3166: 2946:emulate Japanese pop culture. 2000:(regional pop). These include 1862:. Tapanuli ogong is a form of 1674:, and similar to the Japanese 1642:that employs two instruments, 1149:Museo Nacional de las Culturas 13: 1: 4278:Transitional period (1965–66) 4263:National Revolution (1945–49) 4258:Japanese occupation (1942–45) 4253:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 3518: 3463:List of Indonesian rock bands 2403: 2218:musician. Written during the 1964: 1889: 1832:. The parts of sasando are a 1630:men playing the Kecapi suling 1512:musical instrument native to 1471:, however it also popular in 1267:are three primary types. The 607:National costume of Indonesia 551:Transitional period (1965–66) 536:National Revolution (1945–49) 531:Japanese occupation (1942–45) 526:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 4131:. Accessed 25 November 2010. 3679:World Music: The Rough Guide 3662:Dancing at the Mangkunegara' 3458:List of Indonesian composers 3290:Notable contemporary artists 2608: 2222:occupation of the island in 2046: 1952:Javanese women singing with 1455:Kolintang or kulintang is a 1432: 1378: 1369:Catholic church in Indonesia 7: 4644:Water supply and sanitation 3960:"Mayor Jantje dan Tanjidor" 3401: 3183:music with the traditional 2326: 2149: 1690: 1682: 1668: 1634:Kacapi suling is a type of 1486: 10: 5478: 4273:Guided Democracy (1959–65) 4238:Portuguese era (1512–1605) 4143:Accessed 25 November 2010. 4137:Accessed 25 November 2010. 4076: 3660:, see Ganug Nugroho Adi, ' 3592:guidetotheworldofmusic.com 3219: 3215: 3202: 3155:, which is common because 2973: 2764: 2457: 2453: 2407: 2289: 2206:in the kroncong style is " 2172: 1893: 1851: 1809: 1805: 1723: 1719: 1616: 1554: 1490: 1436: 1382: 1061:Asian Civilisations Museum 1044: 1040: 546:Guided Democracy (1959–65) 511:Portuguese era (1512–1605) 5421: 5380: 5340: 5082: 4996: 4910: 4845: 4703: 4665: 4656: 4584: 4575: 4440: 4431: 4387:Provincial highest points 4308: 4299: 4208: 3887:. Kuning Mas. p. 85. 3839:. ABC-CLIO. p. 140. 3117:Christian spiritual songs 3095: 2714:Today, major cities like 2705:Boston Symphony Orchestra 2676:with the Twilite Chorus, 2534:from younger generation. 2446:music with a distinctive 2197:struggle for independence 2103:or 12-string pear-shaped 2099:, referring to a type of 2085: 1943: 1577:for seruling the word of 1550: 1021:Indonesia is the home of 716:Architecture of Indonesia 5142:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4445:Administrative divisions 4037:24 December 2009 at the 3881:Salam, Solichin (1992). 3751:Butocan, Aga M. (2006). 3644:4 September 2011 at the 3438:Anugerah Musik Indonesia 3375:. Their style is called 3177:Maliq & D'Essentials 3084:. The experimental band 2640:An amateur group called 2422:cultural sphere, mainly 2202:Perhaps the most famous 886:tribes and ethnic groups 5403:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3835:Spiller, Henry (2004). 3533:"Indonesia - Geography" 2969: 2783:Peterpan performing in 2182:(alternative spelling: 1085:, an ensemble of tuned 1077:Gamelan xylophone solo. 4619:Science and technology 4460:Regencies & Cities 4066:4 October 2011 at the 4019:4 January 2011 at the 2792: 2776: 2760: 2472: 2353:, usually consists of 2319:is quite prevalent in 2308: 2226:, the song (about the 2220:Japanese Imperial Army 2210:", written in 1940 by 2170: 2059: 1977: 1957: 1886: 1866:played with a type of 1821: 1748:Indonesian archipelago 1743: 1698: 1631: 1570: 1505: 1452: 1397: 1340: 1299: 1156: 1087:percussion instruments 1078: 1067: 971: 602:Etiquette in Indonesia 4228:Hinduism-Buddhism era 3588:"The Indonesia Music" 3107:evangelical figures ( 2782: 2774: 2467: 2299: 2169:at The Hague in 2013. 2157: 2054: 2031:or bamboo flute, and 1972: 1951: 1884: 1819: 1737: 1626: 1568: 1547:on 18 November 2010. 1500: 1446: 1392: 1331:Gamelan ensemble (or 1330: 1289: 1143:The Sundanese Degung 1142: 1076: 1054: 994:string instrument of 958: 501:Hinduism-Buddhism era 5317:United Arab Emirates 4362:Environmental issues 3910:on 24 September 2015 3563:"Music of Indonesia" 3473:Culture of Indonesia 3369:The Tielman Brothers 3109:Evangelical Movement 2575:Ada Apa Dengan Cinta 2380:(playing music) and 2351:drum and bugle corps 2323:culture of Jakarta. 1986:Indonesian ethnicity 1842:Borassus flabellifer 1345:sultan of Yogyakarta 917:Lesser Sunda Islands 843:Indonesia portal 793:World Heritage Sites 461:Culture of Indonesia 5344:limited recognition 4283:New Order (1966–98) 4243:VOC era (1603–1800) 2747:Japanese Occupation 2631:Societeit Concordia 2561:Badai Pasti Berlalu 2256:kroncong perjuangan 2248:Rayuan Pulau Kelapa 2228:Bengawan Solo River 2212:Gesang Martohartono 1916:) is a traditional 1840:or palmyra leaves ( 1820:Man playing sasando 1785:term, which means " 1294:celebration at the 951:Musical instruments 556:New Order (1966–98) 516:VOC era (1603–1800) 5462:Music of Indonesia 4629:Telecommunications 4340:Biosphere reserves 3794:27(1996): 131-146. 3763:on 18 January 2008 3732:on 17 January 2006 3561:Philip Yampolsky. 3503:Indonesian hip hop 3342:Guruh Sukarnoputra 3222:Indonesian hip hop 3066:experimental music 3060:Experimental music 2793: 2777: 2623:Societeit Harmonie 2550:or theme songs of 2538:Contemporary music 2473: 2418:that prevalent in 2309: 2282:seven-note scale. 2171: 2060: 1982:Indonesian culture 1978: 1958: 1887: 1830:East Nusa Tenggara 1822: 1744: 1740:West Nusa Tenggara 1636:instrumental music 1632: 1571: 1569:Boy playing suling 1506: 1453: 1398: 1341: 1300: 1296:Keraton Yogyakarta 1157: 1079: 1068: 972: 925:music of Indonesia 612:Dance in Indonesia 56:Music of Indonesia 5449: 5448: 5386:other territories 5042: 5041: 4992: 4991: 4680:Human trafficking 4652: 4651: 4571: 4570: 4562:Wawasan Nusantara 4546:Political parties 4487:Foreign relations 4427: 4426: 4152:Indonesian Fusion 4106:978-1-85828-636-5 4092:978-1-85828-636-5 3936:. 24 January 2020 3870:. 8 October 2018. 3868:The Jakarta Globe 3197:Jazz in Indonesia 3014:Killing Me Inside 2803:, and also Asian 2743:Dutch East Indies 2619:Dutch East Indies 2552:Indonesian cinema 2440:Sundanese Dangdut 2334:is a traditional 2260:Hetty Koes Endang 2142:, that feature a 2058:dance performance 1696:, the Vietnamese 1658:is a traditional 1525:Sundanese kingdom 1363:'s birthday). In 1212:. Male choruses ( 1074: 921:Native Indonesian 879: 878: 445: 444: 326: 320: 16:(Redirected from 5469: 5439: 5429: 5428: 5398:Christmas Island 5084:Sovereign states 5069: 5062: 5055: 5046: 5045: 5012: 5005: 4663: 4662: 4582: 4581: 4524:National capital 4438: 4437: 4306: 4305: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4124: 4070: 4058: 4052: 4047: 4041: 4029: 4023: 4011: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3955: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3934:The Jakarta Post 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3759:. 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4345:National parks 4342: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4328:Climate change 4320: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4120: 4113: 4112:External links 4110: 4109: 4108: 4094: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4053: 4042: 4024: 4003: 3990:Pontianak Post 3977: 3947: 3921: 3890: 3873: 3855: 3845: 3827: 3818: 3805: 3796: 3783: 3774: 3743: 3712: 3703: 3701:Broughton, 420 3691: 3670: 3668:, 30 May 2012. 3649: 3631: 3605: 3579: 3553: 3542: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3478:Music of Sunda 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3419: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3366: 3361: 3358:Nicole Zefanya 3355: 3350: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3311:Brian Immanuel 3308: 3303: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3242: 3239: 3220:Main article: 3217: 3214: 3204: 3201: 3168: 3165: 3097: 3094: 3064:A significant 3061: 3058: 2974:Main article: 2971: 2968: 2914:Pop Malay Band 2826:; rock legend 2765:Main article: 2762: 2759: 2682:Indonesia Raya 2610: 2607: 2539: 2536: 2524:Inul Daratista 2458:Main article: 2455: 2452: 2408:Main article: 2405: 2402: 2347:corps of drums 2328: 2325: 2313:Komedi Stambul 2290:Main article: 2287: 2284: 2267: 2264: 2244:Ismail Marzuki 2236:Anneke Grönloh 2190:, who brought 2173:Main article: 2167:Tong Tong Fair 2151: 2148: 2129:qasidah modern 2118:is an ancient 2112: 2111:Qasidah modern 2109: 2087: 2084: 2048: 2045: 2013: 2010: 1966: 1963: 1945: 1942: 1894:Main article: 1891: 1888: 1854:Tapanuli ogong 1852:Main article: 1849: 1848:Tapanuli ogong 1846: 1810:Main article: 1807: 1804: 1787:big drum (big 1783:Sasak language 1721: 1718: 1617:Main article: 1614: 1611: 1575:Sundanese word 1573:Suling is the 1552: 1549: 1508:Angklung is a 1491:Main article: 1488: 1485: 1469:North Sulawesi 1437:Main article: 1434: 1431: 1383:Main article: 1380: 1377: 1356:Mawlid an-Nabi 1269:Osing Javanese 1257:Gamelan Degung 1216:) and female ( 1045:Main article: 1042: 1039: 952: 949: 877: 876: 874: 873: 866: 859: 851: 848: 847: 846: 845: 830: 829: 826: 825: 820: 815: 809: 805: 804: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 789: 785: 784: 783: 780: 779: 773: 772: 769: 768: 763: 758: 752: 746: 745: 744: 741: 740: 730: 729: 723: 722: 719: 718: 713: 711:Indonesian art 707: 701: 700: 699: 696: 695: 692: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 670: 669: 664: 654: 648: 642: 641: 640: 637: 636: 630: 629: 619: 618: 615: 614: 609: 604: 598: 592: 591: 590: 587: 586: 580: 579: 573: 572: 567: 566: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 487: 486: 485: 479: 478: 477: 474: 473: 465: 464: 456: 455: 443: 442: 440: 439: 432: 425: 417: 414: 413: 412: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 333: 332: 331:Regional music 328: 327: 322: 321: 316: 315: 314: 313: 311:Tifa totobuang 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 160: 159: 158:Specific forms 155: 154: 153: 152: 150:Tapanuli ogong 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 64: 63: 59: 58: 52: 51: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5474: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5432: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:South Ossetia 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 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4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4008: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3952: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3909: 3905: 3904:Suara Merdeka 3901: 3894: 3886: 3885: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3852: 3848: 3846:9781851095063 3842: 3838: 3831: 3822: 3815: 3809: 3800: 3793: 3787: 3778: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3696: 3688: 3687:1-85828-017-6 3684: 3680: 3674: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3635: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3568: 3567:Cambridge.org 3564: 3557: 3551: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3488:Music of Bali 3486: 3484: 3483:Music of Java 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3420: 3417: 3406: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3381:Indo-European 3378: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349:(1950s–1970s) 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3301:Benyamin Sueb 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3284:Fiersa Besari 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3228:Benyamin Sueb 3223: 3213: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133:Sidney Mohede 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3115:created many 3114: 3110: 3106: 3105:United States 3102: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2958:, as well as 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2773: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2580:Melly Goeslaw 2577: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516:Cici Paramida 2514:; along with 2513: 2509: 2508:Camelia Malik 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496:Elvy Sukaesih 2493: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2343:marching band 2340: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208:Bengawan Solo 2205: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2083: 2081: 2080:rock and roll 2077: 2073: 2072:Gugum Gumbira 2068: 2064: 2057: 2053: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2017:Tembang sunda 2012:Tembang Sunda 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988:, mostly use 1987: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:North Sumatra 1855: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1818: 1813: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1784: 1780: 1779:gendang beleq 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1730:Gendang beleq 1727: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1693: 1688:, the Korean 1686: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652:tembang sunda 1649: 1646:(zither) and 1645: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1619:Kacapi suling 1613:Kacapi suling 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1275:, as well as 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:tembang sunda 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1246:Mangkunegaran 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170:saron panerus 1167: 1163: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1103:spike fiddles 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091:metallophones 1089:that include 1088: 1084: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1010:orchestra of 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 970: 966: 962: 957: 948: 946: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 899:The music of 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 872: 867: 865: 860: 858: 853: 852: 850: 849: 844: 834: 833: 832: 831: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 802: 801: 794: 791: 790: 782: 781: 778: 775: 774: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 749: 743: 742: 739: 735: 732: 731: 728: 725: 724: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 704: 698: 697: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 668: 667:Protestantism 665: 663: 660: 659: 658: 655: 653: 650: 649: 645: 639: 638: 635: 632: 631: 628: 624: 621: 620: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 599: 595: 589: 588: 585: 582: 581: 578: 575: 574: 565: 563: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 482: 476: 475: 471: 467: 466: 462: 458: 457: 453: 449: 448: 438: 433: 431: 426: 424: 419: 418: 416: 415: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 335: 334: 330: 329: 324: 323: 318: 317: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 281:Gendang beleq 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 256:Kurung-kurung 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 221:Joged bumbung 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 201:Gender Wayang 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 162: 161: 157: 156: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 80:Tembang sunda 78: 76: 75:Kecapi suling 73: 71: 68: 67: 66: 65: 61: 60: 57: 54: 53: 49: 45: 41: 35: 31: 30: 27: 19: 5382:Dependencies 5312:Turkmenistan 5277:Saudi Arabia 5161: 4877:Homelessness 4847:Demographics 4796: 4787:Martial arts 4732: 4713:Architecture 4690:Prostitution 4560: 4528: 4492:Human rights 4477:Constitution 4335:Conservation 4291:(since 1998) 4288: 4097: 4083: 4056: 4045: 4027: 3994:. Retrieved 3989: 3980: 3968:. Retrieved 3963: 3938:. Retrieved 3933: 3924: 3912:. Retrieved 3908:the original 3903: 3893: 3883: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3850: 3836: 3830: 3821: 3813: 3808: 3799: 3791: 3786: 3777: 3765:. Retrieved 3761:the original 3756: 3746: 3734:. Retrieved 3730:the original 3725: 3715: 3706: 3678: 3673: 3665: 3652: 3634: 3624:13 September 3622:. Retrieved 3617: 3608: 3598:13 September 3596:. Retrieved 3591: 3582: 3572:13 September 3570:. Retrieved 3566: 3556: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3416:Music portal 3364:Titiek Puspa 3347:Harry Roesli 3322:Ebiet G. Ade 3313:(Rich Brian) 3260:Payung Teduh 3244: 3236: 3232:Farid Hardja 3225: 3206: 3185:ethnic music 3170: 3149: 3145:JPCC Worship 3121:church music 3101:Gospel music 3099: 3063: 3030:Groove Metal 2994:Nike Ardilla 2990:Nicky Astria 2979: 2941: 2930: 2907: 2852: 2809: 2797:American pop 2794: 2785:Kuala Lumpur 2749:, and today 2740: 2713: 2707:, violinist 2698: 2693: 2686:WR Supratman 2651: 2641: 2639: 2630: 2622: 2612: 2584: 2573: 2570:Erwin Gutawa 2559: 2545: 2541: 2532:Dewi Perssik 2512:Fahmy Shahab 2489: 2474: 2439: 2424:Central Java 2413: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2330: 2310: 2276:langgam jawa 2269: 2266:Langgam Jawa 2255: 2240: 2224:World War II 2201: 2178: 2137: 2114: 2094: 2089: 2061: 2015: 2005: 1997: 1979: 1959: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1857: 1837: 1823: 1794: 1786: 1778: 1768: 1750:. Among the 1745: 1714:bamboo flute 1675: 1633: 1572: 1540: 1533: 1522: 1507: 1481: 1454: 1406:West Sumatra 1399: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1250: 1158: 1080: 1020: 973: 965:Central Java 941: 924: 898: 880: 818:Coat of arms 733: 684:Confucianism 657:Christianity 564:(since 1998) 561: 115:Langgam jawa 55: 26: 5441:Asia portal 5342:States with 5262:Philippines 5202:South Korea 5197:North Korea 5092:Afghanistan 4957:Subdivision 4940:Subdivision 4902:LGBT rights 4837:Video games 4589:Agriculture 4507:Enforcement 4357:Earthquakes 4223:Prehistoric 4123:(in French) 3914:22 December 3814:Asian Music 3792:Asian Music 3767:22 February 3736:22 February 3710:Lindsay, 45 3306:Bing Slamet 3276:Banda Neira 3241:Indie scene 3207:Currently, 3181:jazz fusion 3167:Jazz fusion 3018:Death Metal 2956:Cherrybelle 2948:Girl groups 2918:Kangen Band 2871:Sheila on 7 2844:Rhoma Irama 2816:The Beatles 2801:British pop 2709:Midori Goto 2670:The Beatles 2548:soundtracks 2528:Julia Perez 2520:Evie Tamala 2492:Rhoma Irama 2484:dance music 2471:performance 2436:Didi Kempot 2246:, such as " 2078:prohibited 2006:Lagu Daerah 1864:dance music 1777:. 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4409:Regions 4372:Islands 4367:Geology 4323:Climate 4313:Borders 4210:History 4077:Sources 3996:13 July 3970:13 July 3940:13 July 3391:Rainych 3337:Gombloh 3317:Chrisye 3272:Danilla 3216:Hip hop 3209:R&B 3203:R&B 3086:Senyawa 3082:ambient 2982:Panbers 2944:J-Rocks 2895:D'Masiv 2859:Dewa 19 2840:dangdut 2836:D'Lloyd 2832:Panbers 2824:Chrisye 2720:Bandung 2716:Jakarta 2635:Bandung 2627:Batavia 2566:Chrisye 2476:Dangdut 2469:Dangdut 2460:Dangdut 2454:Dangdut 2444:Jaipong 2416:dangdut 2363:trumpet 2345:and/or 2305:Jakarta 2280:gamelan 2274:called 2116:Qasidah 2076:Sukarno 2025:Cianjur 2021:Cianjur 1994:hip hop 1954:Sindhen 1920:of the 1872:trumpet 1812:Sasando 1806:Sasando 1795:gendang 1789:gendang 1726:Kendang 1720:Kendang 1706:jetigen 1670:guzheng 1607:dangdut 1599:gamelan 1595:saluang 1561:Saluang 1449:Gambang 1427:gandang 1423:saluang 1292:Sekaten 1210:gambang 1145:gamelan 1083:gamelan 1057:Gamelan 1047:Gamelan 1041:Gamelan 1027:gamelan 1008:gamelan 992:sasando 984:gendang 945:Dangdut 905:Sumatra 894:theatre 806:Symbols 689:Judaism 634:Cuisine 481:History 369:Sumatra 291:Saluang 236:Kendang 196:Gambang 191:Gamelan 100:Dangdut 95:Hip hop 44:Gamelan 5372:Taiwan 5307:Turkey 5272:Russia 5207:Kuwait 5187:Jordan 5177:Israel 5137:Cyprus 5122:Brunei 5117:Bhutan 5024:Portal 4930:Emblem 4920:Anthem 4865:Health 4752:Cinema 4685:Piracy 4609:Energy 4541:Police 4414:Rivers 4318:Cities 4200: 4104: 4090: 3843: 3685: 3373:Europe 3360:(Niki) 3332:Gesang 3282:, and 3253:, and 3096:Gospel 3078:gabber 3054:Tipe-X 3050:Netral 3048:, and 3006:Jamrud 2998:Anggun 2996:, and 2952:7icons 2875:Jamrud 2834:, and 2603:Brunei 2378:tanger 2336:Betawi 2321:Betawi 2144:sufism 2120:Arabic 2105:guitar 2091:Gambus 2086:Gambus 2074:after 2029:suling 1944:Genres 1922:Kenyah 1910:sampeʼ 1906:sampek 1838:lontar 1834:bamboo 1771:Lombok 1710:suling 1708:, and 1660:zither 1656:kacapi 1648:suling 1644:kacapi 1605:, and 1603:gambus 1589:, and 1557:Suling 1551:Suling 1537:UNESCO 1510:bamboo 1473:Maluku 1457:bronze 1410:bonang 1337:barong 1317:dalang 1314:, the 1311:wayang 1305:wayang 1214:gerong 1206:bonang 1198:suling 1190:kempul 1186:kenong 1166:demung 1155:group. 1134:Lombok 1132:, and 1110:flutes 1107:bamboo 1033:, and 937:Brunei 913:Flores 766:Cinema 577:People 454:on the 394:Dayaks 389:Bataks 344:Borneo 296:Suling 226:Melayu 186:Degung 181:Gambus 176:Calung 62:Genres 5413:Macau 5332:Yemen 5292:Syria 5267:Qatar 5247:Nepal 5182:Japan 5157:India 5147:Egypt 5132:China 5034:Atlas 5010:Index 4984:Songs 4969:Motto 4897:Women 4827:Sport 4797:Music 4792:Media 4767:Dance 4747:Batik 4718:Candi 4675:Crime 4604:Banks 4402:Flora 4397:Fauna 4377:Lakes 3247:Mocca 3070:metal 3036:band 3026:Jasad 3024:band 3012:band 3002:Slank 2964:AKB48 2960:JKT48 2926:ST 12 2910:Malay 2899:Nidji 2891:Letto 2887:Radja 2855:Slank 2805:J-pop 2736:Batam 2732:Medan 2684:, by 2662:choir 2646:NIROM 2591:Malay 2480:Tabla 2390:tanji 2232:Japan 2125:Yemen 2033:rebab 1956:style 1926:Kayan 1914:sapek 1902:sapeʼ 1896:Sapeh 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