686:
initialize data members to zero or other same values, or it may do nothing at all. In Java, a "default constructor" refer to a nullary constructor that is automatically generated by the compiler if no constructors have been defined for the class or in the absence of any programmer-defined constructors (e.g. in Java, the default constructor implicitly calls the superclass's nullary constructor, then executes an empty body). All fields are left at their initial value of 0 (integer types), 0.0 (floating-point types), false (boolean type), or null (reference types)...
786:
class (the parameter may be a reference to an object). It is used to create a copy of an existing object of the same class. Even though both classes are the same, it counts as a conversion constructor. While copy constructors are usually abbreviated copy ctor or cctor, they have nothing to do with class constructors used in
1078:. If it is not provided explicitly, the compiler uses the copy constructor for each member variable or simply copies values in case of primitive types. The default implementation is not efficient if the class has dynamically allocated members (or handles to other resources), because it can lead to double calls to
432:
the constructor in that there can be more than one constructor for a class, with differing parameters. Some languages take consideration of some special types of constructors. Constructors, which concretely use a single class to create objects and return a new instance of the class, are abstracted by
785:
Like C++, Java also supports "Copy
Constructor". But, unlike C++, Java doesn't create a default copy constructor if you don't write your own. Copy constructors define the actions performed by the compiler when copying class objects. A Copy constructor has one formal parameter that is the type of the
454:
Constructors that can take at least one argument are termed as parameterized constructors. When an object is declared in a parameterized constructor, the initial values have to be passed as arguments to the constructor function. The normal way of object declaration may not work. The constructors can
1292:
C++ implicitly generates a default copy constructor which will call the copy constructors for all base classes and all member variables unless the programmer provides one, explicitly deletes the copy constructor (to prevent cloning) or one of the base classes or member variables copy constructor is
1054:
C++ allows more than one constructor. The other constructors must have different parameters. Additionally constructors which contain parameters which are given default values, must adhere to the restriction that not all parameters are given a default value. This is a situation which only matters if
1050:
or reference type data members, or members that do not have parameterless constructor logic. Assignments occur according to the order in which data members are declared (even if the order in the initializer list is different). The second part is the body, which is a normal method body enclosed in
798:
Conversion constructors provide a means for a compiler to implicitly create an object belonging to one class based on an object of a different type. These constructors are usually invoked implicitly to convert arguments or operands to an appropriate type, but they may also be called explicitly.
1001:
In C++, objects are created on the stack when the constructor is invoked without the new operator, and created on the heap when the constructor is invoked with the new operator. Stack objects are deleted implicitly when they go out of scope, while heap objects must be deleted implicitly by a
685:
into your code on your behalf. This constructor is known as default constructor. You would not find it in your source code (the java file) as it would be inserted into the code during compilation and exists in .class file. The behavior of the default constructor is language dependent. It may
1045:
and before the method body. It starts with a colon and entries are comma-separated. The initializer list is not required, but offers the opportunity to provide values for data members and avoid separate assignment statements. The initializer list is required if you have
1550:
Static constructors allow complex static variable initialization. Static constructors are called implicitly when the class is first accessed. Any call to a class (static or constructor call), triggers the static constructor execution. Static constructors are
3730:, that is, methods that create and return the object, concretely meaning create and return a blessed reference. A typical object is a reference to a hash, though rarely references to other types are used too. By convention the only constructor is named
3713:
In PHP, a class is only allowed to declare a maximum of one constructor method. Static methods, factory classes or optional constructor arguments are some ways to facilitate multiple ways to create objects of a PHP class.
3587:
automatically calls after creating the object. It is usually used to automatically perform initializations such as property initializations. Constructors can also accept arguments, in which case, when the
3430:, there is one constructor. Parameters are defined right after the class name. They can be used to initialize instance variables and are accessible throughout the class. An anonymous hidden method called
4675:
for new instances of themselves, that is, a class is a callable object (like a function), with the call being the constructor, and calling the class returns an instance of that class. However the
182:
1059:(or base classes) can also be called by a derived class. Constructor functions are not inherited and their addresses cannot be referenced. When memory allocation is required, the
1034:. Constructor functions are usually declared in the public section, but can also be declared in the protected and private sections, if the user wants to restrict access to them.
4699:
method is inherited, attributes can be specified, and whether they can be set, reset, or are required. In addition, any extra constructor functionality can be included in a
337:
113:
143:
93:
4054:
is created, attributes can be specified, and whether they can be set, reset, or are required. In addition, any extra constructor functionality can be included in a
177:
170:
123:
48:
138:
5416:
The Eiffel standard requires fields to be initialized on first access, so it is not necessary to perform default field initialization during object creation.
165:
330:
310:
998:
operator to create value type objects, but these value type objects are created on the stack regardless of whether the operator is used or not.
192:
133:
323:
43:
305:
118:
3734:, though it is allowed to name it otherwise, or to have multiple constructors. For example, a Person class may have a constructor named
811:
take an Rvalue reference to an object of the class, and are used to implement ownership transfer of the parameter object's resources.
5691:
394:
250:
71:
148:
1563:
class, static constructors are called at every new generic instantiation one per type. Static variables are instantiated as well.
1285:
On returning objects from functions or passing objects by value, the objects copy constructor will be called implicitly, unless
153:
5686:
5464:
5341:
5489:
4672:
437:, which also create objects but can do so in various ways, using multiple classes or different allocation schemes such as an
434:
158:
5061:
And should you have set up variables with names identical to the named parameters, you can use a shortcut that will use the
916:
method is responsible for allocating memory for the instance, and receives the class as an argument (conventionally called "
98:
455:
be called explicitly or implicitly. The method of calling the constructor implicitly is also called the shorthand method.
53:
202:
88:
33:
22:
4679:
method is permitted to return something other than an instance of the class for specialised purposes. In that case, the
230:
5578:
38:
5536:
5357:
1314:
285:
924:
method (often called "the initialiser") is passed the newly created instance as an argument (conventionally called "
986:
In Java, C#, and VB .NET, the constructor creates reference type objects in a special memory structure called the "
375:
265:
5407:
Because the inherited class invariant must be satisfied, there is no mandatory call to the parents' constructors.
367:
280:
197:
2299:
1532:
1326:
828:
397:
and it usually has different rules for scope modifiers. Constructors often have the same name as the declaring
300:
128:
846:
have a naming convention in which constructors have the same name as the class with which they are associated.
4418:
2888:
1942:
1031:
901:
386:
3410:// allocates an instance of TPerson and then calls TPerson.Create with the parameter AName = 'Peter'
1030:, the name of the constructor is the name of the class. It returns nothing. It can have parameters like any
212:
207:
5615:
1976:
Although object creation involves some subtleties, the creation of an attribute with a typical declaration
1042:
295:
275:
108:
2029:
introduces a list of procedures which can be used to initialize instances. In this case the list includes
1972:
Creation procedures must leave the newly initialized object in a state that satisfies the class invariant.
76:
5452:
5138:
4692:
2675:
820:
355:
5604:
255:
5627:
1687:
991:
402:
290:
1969:
Every effective (i.e., concrete or non-abstract) class must designate at least one creation procedure.
1286:
414:
83:
5669:
270:
260:
5557:
808:
780:
681:
If the programmer does not supply a constructor for an instantiable class, Java compiler inserts a
398:
5505:
4429:
methods. A new instance is created by calling the class as if it were a function, which calls the
3038:
A constructor taking zero number of arguments is called a "no-arguments" or "no-arg" constructor.
351:
66:
4437:
methods. If a constructor method is not defined in the class, the next one found in the class's
103:
4062:
method can be specified to handle constructor arguments not in hashref / key => value form.
4058:
method which the Moose generated constructor will call, after it has checked the arguments. A
3133:
The equivalent of this before ES6, was creating a function that instantiates an object as such
2173:
is created as the origin (0.0, 0.0). Because no creation procedure is specified, the procedure
871:, constructors are, by convention, named "new" and have to do a fair amount of object creation.
5593:
5526:
990:". Value types (such as int, double, etc.) are created in a sequential structure called the "
987:
5465:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1242830/constructor-initialization-list-evaluation-order
1827:
Since ColdFusion 10, CFML has also supported specifying the name of the constructor method:
61:
1963:
Creation procedures are designated by name as creation procedures in the text of the class.
1015:
413:, failing if the invariant is invalid. A properly written constructor leaves the resulting
3592:
statement is written, you also need to send the constructor arguments for the parameters.
853:. For backwards compatibility, a method with the same name as the class will be called if
8:
4707:
method can be specified to post-process any attributes already (implicitly) initialized.
1560:
682:
225:
4193:# to be passed to be constructor. Also creates a 'has_age' method which returns
3050:
has direct constructors like many other programming languages. They are written as such
5440:
5362:
5352:
4824:# This method is used only inside the class so it's declared as "private"
1298:
429:
4190:# age (Integer) can be modified after construction ('rw'), and is not required
2185:. Only procedures named as creation procedures can be used in an instruction with the
5658:
5574:
5532:
5485:
5218:
1556:
890:
857:
method can not be found. Since PHP 5.3.3, this works only for non-namespaced classes.
4438:
1038:
864:. Methods with the same name as the class will trigger an E_DEPRECATED level error.
422:
5366:
5347:
4985:
3215:. Creating an instance of a class works like calling a static method of a class:
410:
379:
371:
3817:# Initialize attributes as a combination of default values and arguments passed.
1966:
Creation procedures can be explicitly invoked to re-initialize existing objects.
4788:# Create a 'full-name' method which returns the person's full name.
3727:
3192:
961:
method setting aside (allocating) memory for an instance of the class, and the
5647:
4448:
method need be defined. (The most common exception is for immutable objects.)
3434:
allows to evaluate an expression immediately after the object has been built.
5680:
3188:
2197:'s coordinates. The third instruction makes an ordinary instance call to the
965:
method handling the bulk of initializing the instance. A call to the method "
931:
4088:# first name ( a string) can only be set at construction time ('ro')
2700:
Call the default constructor of the superclass if no constructor is defined.
5398:. Procedures never have a return type. Functions always have a return type.
4821:# Create a 'has-age' method which returns true if age has been set.
4139:# last name ( a string) can only be set at construction time ('ro')
832:
2318:
statements execute code. Additional constructors can be defined using the
1552:
1293:
deleted or not accessible (private). Most cases calling for a customized
946:
438:
406:
390:
4047:
3883:"Mandatory attribute missing in Person->new(): first_name"
3047:
2710:
Java permit users to call one constructor in another constructor using
1056:
875:
3928:"Mandatory attribute missing in Person->new(): last_name"
2696:
Java constructors perform the following tasks in the following order:
1302:
4703:
method which will get called to allow for custom initialization. A
3994:"Invalid attribute value in Person->new(): age < 18"
1953:
Creation procedures have no explicit return type (by definition of
1539:
is a static data initializer. Static constructors are also called
3195:. The only syntactic difference to regular methods is the keyword
2033:, a procedure with an empty implementation inherited from class
843:
4760:# construction time (a ! would mean "private").
1070:
A copy constructor has a parameter of the same type passed as
4695:, even more boilerplate can be omitted, given that a default
4050:
for Perl, most of this boilerplate can be omitted, a default
3760:# In Perl constructors are named 'new' by convention.
3427:
1027:
882:) are automatically created and are extended by specifying a
824:
4003:# Perl makes an object belong to a class by 'bless'.
5145:. This method is executed to initialize each new instance.
3723:
1659:// The variable static constructor is executed and _A is 32
868:
787:
3583:(notice that it's a double underscore), which the keyword
3207:). It can have any name, though the convention is to have
938:" and can have user-defined names (but are mostly called "
389:, but it differs from a method in that it has no explicit
4507:# Call the superclass constructor to create the instance.
3576:
837:
5306:' instantiating an object with the above constructor
4988:
can be specified using the colon-pair syntax in Perl 6:
5221:, constructors use a method declaration with the name "
5141:, constructors are created by defining a method called
4339:
In both cases the Person class is instiated like this:
3579:
version 5 and above, the constructor is a method named
2598:// instantiating an object with additional constructors
2565:// instantiating an object with the primary constructor
1945:, the routines which initialize new objects are called
949:, the constructor method is split across two methods, "
2685:
Constructors cannot be directly invoked (the keyword ā
374:. It prepares the new object for use, often accepting
4738:# construction time (the . means "public").
3844:# Check for required arguments, class invariant, etc.
3772:# Class name is implicitly passed in as 0th argument.
3009:// Instantiating an object with the above constructor
1653:// Instantiating an object with the constructor above
1491:// Instantiating an object with the constructor above
1055:
there is a default constructor. The constructor of a
2703:
Initialize member variables to the specified values.
2150:
In the second snippet, a class which is a client to
1682:
860:
In PHP 7, you should always name the constructor as
2201:procedure to reinitialize the instance attached to
1082:(or double release of resources) upon destruction.
4782:# construction ('rw'), and is not required
2692:Constructors should not have non-access modifiers.
2678:, constructors differ from other methods in that:
2002:Attach the newly initialized object to the entity
849:In PHP 5, a recommended name for a constructor is
5436:
5434:
5432:
1949:. Creation procedures have the following traits:
1543:. Since the actual method generated has the name
5678:
4791:# This method can be accessed outside the class.
3746:which uses another Person object as a template.
2682:Constructors never have an explicit return type.
311:Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET
5598:
1138:// Constructor, parameters with default values.
5429:
3742:which reads a file for Person attributes, and
904:, the constructor is split over two methods, "
4421:, constructors are defined by one or both of
1984:consists of the following sequence of steps:
449:
331:
5207:=> #<ExampleClass:0x007fb3f4299118>
4893:The Person class is instantiated like this:
3790:# Default attribute values, if you have any.
3179:This is instantiated the same way as above.
2189:keyword. Next is a creation instruction for
1037:The constructor has two parts. First is the
994:". VB .NET and C# also allow the use of the
934:constructors are signified by the keyword "
16:Special function called to create an object
5475:
5473:
4735:# First name (a string) can only be set at
1305:of pointers) also require customizing the
1014:Constructors are implemented in different
793:
378:that the constructor uses to set required
338:
324:
271:ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages
261:ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages
5628:"Providing Constructors for Your Classes"
5065:of the variable for the named parameter:
4779:# Age (an integer) can be modified after
4757:# Last name (a string) can only be set at
2181:is used. This line could have been coded
4076:# enable Moose-style object construction
3726:version 5, by default, constructors are
1526:
5470:
2984:// Declaration of instance variable(s).
1980:as expressed in a creation instruction
676:
281:Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi
5679:
5605:Eiffel ISO/ECMA specification document
5342:Resource acquisition is initialization
4827:# by prepending its name with a !
2664:// "new" keyword is optional
1313:. This is commonly referred to as the
1002:destructor or explicitly by using the
981:
425:must be initialized in a constructor.
306:Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET
2706:Executes the body of the constructor.
2314:statements define private fields and
1988:Create a new direct instance of type
1547:they are often also called "cctors".
251:Comparison of Java and .NET platforms
5562:
5479:
5212:
4594:"Initialising instance..."
4498:"Creating new instance..."
4041:
3550:(*Hello there, I am Alonzo Church.*)
802:
774:
2465:"Integer parameter given"
2193:, providing initial values for the
1009:
13:
5455:, from Python online documentation
4785:# during the object instantiation.
3191:, the constructor is similar to a
2516:"String parameter given"
2041:procedure coded within the class.
2010:In the first snippet below, class
14:
5703:
5568:
5358:Destructor (computer programming)
3199:in front of the name (instead of
3102:This can be instantiated as such
2912:// Definition of the constructor.
1683:ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML)
1656:// right before the instantiation
1067:operators are called implicitly.
286:Comparison of Object Pascal and C
5692:Programming language comparisons
5558:Static Constructor in C# on MSDN
3182:
2738:// Non-parameterized constructor
2302:, a constructor can include any
2183:create my_point_1.default_create
977:methods, for the class instance.
256:ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60
5663:
5652:
5641:
5620:
5609:
5506:"Fabulous Adventures in Coding"
5443:, from PHP online documentation
5410:
5401:
5380:
5365:in C++, and its C counterpart,
4319:"No under-18 Persons"
2310:statements defined in a class.
1995:Execute the creation procedure
1625:// Standard default constructor
5616:Details on Constructor in java
5587:
5551:
5519:
5498:
5458:
5446:
4887:"No person under 18"
4444:In the typical case, only the
3490:"Hello there, I am "
2552:"No parameter given"
1999:to the newly created instance.
1960:Creation procedures are named.
878:for Perl, constructors (named
266:Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++
231:List of "Hello World" programs
1:
5687:Method (computer programming)
5423:
3041:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1799:Create instance of a cheese.
1076:Vector(const Vector& rhs)
893:, the constructor is called "
790:using the same abbreviation.
505:// Parameterized constructor.
5528:Expert .NET 2.0 IL Assembler
5441:Constructors and Destructors
2942:// Overloading a constructor
2887:Java provides access to the
2801:// Parameterized constructor
1690:(CFML) uses a method named '
1409:// Overloading a constructor
1018:in various ways, including:
198:Ternary conditional operator
188:Object-oriented constructors
7:
5335:
4850:# Check custom requirements
4247:# Check custom requirements
2018:is coded after the keyword
1694:' as a constructor method.
385:A constructor resembles an
356:object-oriented programming
183:Object-oriented programming
10:
5708:
5630:. Oracle Corporation. 2013
5508:. Eric Lippert. 2013-02-06
4196:# true if age has been set
2718:must be first statement.
2417:// Additional constructors
2408:"a = %i, b = %s"
2014:is defined. The procedure
1688:ColdFusion Markup Language
1198:// <- Normal assignment
778:
450:Parameterized constructors
296:Comparison of Java and C++
291:Comparison of Pascal and C
276:Compatibility of C and C++
5303:' code somewhere else
4979:# OUTPUT: Ā«Grace Hopperā¤Ā»
4412:
3717:
2756:// Calling of constructor
1936:
1287:return value optimization
1168:// <- Initializer list
814:
301:Comparison of C# and Java
208:Safe navigation operators
203:Null coalescing operators
5373:
5300:
5227:
5147:
5067:
4990:
4895:
4709:
4671:Classes normally act as
4642:Initialising instance...
4639:Creating new instance...
4450:
4341:
4064:
3748:
3594:
3436:
3421:
3221:
3135:
3104:
3052:
3003:
2978:// This is an assignment
2897:
2891:constructor through the
2720:
2559:
2324:
2207:
2043:
1829:
1801:
1701:
1647:
1565:
1485:
1331:
1311:copy assignment operator
1235:
1084:
688:
617:
457:
444:
409:and of establishing the
401:. They have the task of
243:Comparison of individual
5174:"Hello there"
5132:
4686:
4439:Method Resolution Order
3217:TPerson.Create('Peter')
2669:
2205:with different values.
1074:reference, for example
794:Conversion constructors
748:// Default constructor.
393:, it is not implicitly
366:) is a special type of
114:Functional instructions
109:Conditional expressions
5531:. APress. 2006-01-01.
3570:
3211:as prefix, such as in
3006:// Code somewhere else
2825:"1-arg-cons"
2777:"0-arg-cons"
2369:// Primary constructor
1859:"cheeseName"
1722:"cheeseName"
1021:
781:Copy constructor (C++)
411:invariant of the class
144:Higher-order functions
2293:
2177:inherited from class
1595:// Normal constructor
1527:C# static constructor
1320:
1233:Example invocations:
1016:programming languages
428:Most languages allow
25:programming languages
5192:irb(main):006:0>
5183:irb(main):005:1>
5177:irb(main):004:2>
5168:irb(main):003:2>
5159:irb(main):002:1>
5150:irb(main):001:0>
4889:; } } }
3738:, and a constructor
3213:CreateWithFormatting
2169:In procedural code,
677:Default constructors
94:Algebraic data types
5482:C# 10 in a Nutshell
4984:Alternatively, the
4048:Moose object system
2154:has a declarations
1947:creation procedures
1561:generic programming
982:Memory organization
969:" invokes both the
876:Moose object system
683:default constructor
226:Evaluation strategy
104:Anonymous functions
5480:Albahari, Joseph.
5369:function attribute
5363:Global constructor
5353:Creational pattern
3544:"Church"
3541:"Alonzo"
2643:"string"
2592:"string"
1841:"Cheese"
1541:class constructors
1537:static constructor
1518:"string"
1397:"string"
1299:reference counting
1041:which follows the
178:List comprehension
124:Associative arrays
84:Exception handling
49:Basic instructions
34:General comparison
5491:978-1-098-12195-2
5248:' Constructor
5219:Visual Basic .NET
5213:Visual Basic .NET
4241:'has_age'
4042:Perl 5 with Moose
2562:// Code somewhere
1819:'Cheddar'
1650:// Code somewhere
1559:. When used in a
1557:singleton pattern
1488:// Code somewhere
891:Visual Basic .NET
809:move constructors
803:Move constructors
775:Copy constructors
671:// Implicit call.
647:// Explicit call.
423:Immutable objects
348:
347:
134:String operations
5699:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5624:
5618:
5613:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5566:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5477:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5399:
5384:
5331:
5328:
5327:".NET"
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5224:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5144:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5088:"Ashe"
5085:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4986:named parameters
4980:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4964:'hopper'
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4683:is not invoked.
4682:
4678:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
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4499:
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4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4447:
4441:will be called.
4436:
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4424:
4408:
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4396:
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3333:
3330:
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3300:
3297:
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3019:
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2733:
2730:
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2724:
2717:
2713:
2689:ā invokes them).
2688:
2665:
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2659:
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2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
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2309:
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2268:
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2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
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2214:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2157:
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2146:
2143:
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2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
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2119:
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2110:
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2101:
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2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
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1878:
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1693:
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1644:
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1638:
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1632:
1629:
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1623:
1620:
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1614:
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1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1555:and implement a
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1482:
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1476:
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1434:
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1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1295:copy constructor
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1051:curly brackets.
1039:initializer list
1010:Language details
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
941:
937:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
896:
863:
856:
852:
841:
770:
767:
764:
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749:
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743:
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737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
694:<iostream>
692:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
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584:
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500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
380:member variables
372:create an object
340:
333:
326:
213:Modulo operators
139:String functions
89:Enumerated types
19:
18:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5668:
5664:
5657:
5653:
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5621:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5599:
5592:
5588:
5581:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5552:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5511:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5478:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5451:
5447:
5439:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5367:((constructor))
5348:Allocation site
5338:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
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5232:
5229:
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5215:
5210:
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5200:
5197:
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5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
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5149:
5142:
5135:
5130:
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5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5077:"Sam"
5076:
5072:
5069:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4956:'grace'
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4891:
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4886:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
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4852:
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4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4823:
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4816:
4812:
4808:
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4800:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4777:;
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
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4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4689:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4654:exampleInstance
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4621:exampleInstance
4620:
4617:
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4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
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4497:
4494:
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4364:
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4165:
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4159:
4156:
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4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3811:"bar"
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3744:new_from_person
3728:factory methods
3720:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
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3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3401:'Peter'
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
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3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
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3292:
3289:
3286:
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3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3216:
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3208:
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3200:
3196:
3185:
3177:
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3170:
3167:
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3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
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2800:
2797:
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2776:
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2764:
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2567:
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2503:
2500:
2497:
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2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
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2329:
2326:
2319:
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2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
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2239:
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2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2142:-- Y coordinate
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:-- X coordinate
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
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2102:
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1939:
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1471:
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1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
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1402:
1399:
1396:
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1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1323:
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1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
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1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1032:member function
1024:
1012:
984:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
939:
935:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
894:
861:
854:
850:
836:
817:
805:
796:
783:
777:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
679:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
452:
447:
387:instance method
362:(abbreviation:
344:
315:
247:
246:
244:
239:
171:Dependent types
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5705:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5674:
5673:
5662:
5651:
5640:
5619:
5608:
5597:
5586:
5580:978-1617294532
5579:
5561:
5550:
5537:
5518:
5497:
5490:
5469:
5457:
5445:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5409:
5400:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5337:
5334:
5301:
5228:
5214:
5211:
5148:
5134:
5131:
5068:
5055:<Hopper>
4991:
4925:'Ashe'
4896:
4710:
4688:
4685:
4451:
4414:
4411:
4392:'Ashe'
4342:
4313:# no under 18s
4065:
4043:
4040:
3749:
3719:
3716:
3595:
3572:
3569:
3437:
3423:
3420:
3222:
3193:factory method
3184:
3181:
3136:
3105:
3053:
3043:
3040:
3004:
2898:
2721:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2683:
2671:
2668:
2560:
2325:
2295:
2292:
2208:
2175:default_create
2055:default_create
2044:
2031:default_create
2008:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1938:
1935:
1865:// constructor
1830:
1802:
1728:// constructor
1702:
1684:
1681:
1648:
1566:
1528:
1525:
1486:
1370:// Constructor
1332:
1322:
1319:
1236:
1085:
1043:parameter list
1023:
1020:
1011:
1008:
983:
980:
979:
978:
943:
929:
898:
887:
872:
865:
858:
847:
816:
813:
804:
801:
795:
792:
776:
773:
689:
678:
675:
618:
458:
451:
448:
446:
443:
346:
345:
343:
342:
335:
328:
320:
317:
316:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
242:
241:
240:
236:
235:
234:
233:
228:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
210:
205:
200:
190:
185:
180:
175:
174:
173:
163:
162:
161:
156:
151:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
80:
79:
74:
69:
64:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5704:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5671:
5666:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5644:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5590:
5582:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5559:
5554:
5540:
5538:9781430202233
5534:
5530:
5529:
5522:
5507:
5501:
5493:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5474:
5466:
5461:
5454:
5449:
5442:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5428:
5413:
5404:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5379:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5226:
5220:
5146:
5140:
5066:
5064:
5048:<Grace>
4989:
4987:
4917:'Sam'
4894:
4881:# No under 18
4809:" "
4801:$ !first-name
4725:$ .first-name
4708:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4674:
4645:>>>
4618:>>>
4453:>>>
4449:
4442:
4440:
4420:
4380:'Sam'
4340:
4229:'Int'
4172:'Str'
4121:'Str'
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:new_from_file
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3593:
3581:__construct()
3578:
3562:get_last_name
3553:print_endline
3511:get_last_name
3502:"."
3484:print_endline
3472:" "
3435:
3429:
3220:
3194:
3190:
3189:Object Pascal
3183:Object Pascal
3180:
3134:
3103:
3051:
3049:
3039:
2896:
2890:
2719:
2714:keyword. But
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2323:
2301:
2206:
2167:
2042:
2023:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:create x.make
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1847:// properties
1828:
1800:
1710:// properties
1700:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1330:
1329:constructor:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1315:Rule of three
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1234:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
989:
948:
944:
933:
932:Object Pascal
930:
903:
899:
892:
888:
885:
881:
877:
873:
870:
866:
859:
848:
845:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
818:
812:
810:
800:
791:
789:
782:
687:
684:
456:
442:
440:
436:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:the object's
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
341:
336:
334:
329:
327:
322:
321:
319:
318:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
238:
237:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
221:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
78:
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2378:=
2375:a
2363:=
2360:)
2354::
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2348:_
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2267:.
2261:)
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2249:(
2243:.
2222::
2213::
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2133:y
2124::
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2109:y
2100:x
2094:)
2088::
2082:;
2076::
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2058:,
2006:.
2004:x
1992:.
1990:T
1931:}
1928:}
1925:;
1916:;
1910:.
1904:=
1898:.
1892:{
1889:)
1877:(
1862:;
1856:=
1844:{
1838:=
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1807:=
1794:}
1791:}
1788:;
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1773:.
1767:=
1761:.
1755:{
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1740:(
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1719:=
1707:{
1668:=
1665:c
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1637:{
1622:}
1619:;
1613:=
1607:{
1592:;
1577:{
1515:,
1509:(
1500:=
1497:c
1481:}
1478:}
1475:;
1472:b
1469:=
1466:b
1463:.
1457:;
1454:a
1451:=
1448:a
1445:.
1439:{
1436:)
1433:b
1427:,
1424:a
1418:(
1406:}
1403:{
1400:)
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1388:(
1382::
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1364:b
1355:;
1352:a
1343:{
1277:4
1274:/
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1250:(
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1216:;
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1201:}
1189:(
1183:*
1180:r
1177:=
1171:{
1159:(
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1129:=
1120:,
1114:=
1111:r
1105:(
1099::
1093:{
840:4
766:;
763:b
757:;
754:a
742:0
739:=
736:b
730:,
727:0
724:=
721:a
715:(
709::
703:{
662:,
659:0
656:(
638:,
635:0
632:(
626:=
623:e
610:)
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586::
583:)
580:y
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571:x
565:(
553:;
547:=
529:;
520:;
511::
499:b
493:,
490:a
484:(
472::
466:{
339:e
332:t
325:v
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