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Constructor (object-oriented programming)

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initialize data members to zero or other same values, or it may do nothing at all. In Java, a "default constructor" refer to a nullary constructor that is automatically generated by the compiler if no constructors have been defined for the class or in the absence of any programmer-defined constructors (e.g. in Java, the default constructor implicitly calls the superclass's nullary constructor, then executes an empty body). All fields are left at their initial value of 0 (integer types), 0.0 (floating-point types), false (boolean type), or null (reference types)...
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class (the parameter may be a reference to an object). It is used to create a copy of an existing object of the same class. Even though both classes are the same, it counts as a conversion constructor. While copy constructors are usually abbreviated copy ctor or cctor, they have nothing to do with class constructors used in
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the constructor in that there can be more than one constructor for a class, with differing parameters. Some languages take consideration of some special types of constructors. Constructors, which concretely use a single class to create objects and return a new instance of the class, are abstracted by
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Like C++, Java also supports "Copy Constructor". But, unlike C++, Java doesn't create a default copy constructor if you don't write your own. Copy constructors define the actions performed by the compiler when copying class objects. A Copy constructor has one formal parameter that is the type of the
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Constructors that can take at least one argument are termed as parameterized constructors. When an object is declared in a parameterized constructor, the initial values have to be passed as arguments to the constructor function. The normal way of object declaration may not work. The constructors can
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C++ implicitly generates a default copy constructor which will call the copy constructors for all base classes and all member variables unless the programmer provides one, explicitly deletes the copy constructor (to prevent cloning) or one of the base classes or member variables copy constructor is
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C++ allows more than one constructor. The other constructors must have different parameters. Additionally constructors which contain parameters which are given default values, must adhere to the restriction that not all parameters are given a default value. This is a situation which only matters if
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or reference type data members, or members that do not have parameterless constructor logic. Assignments occur according to the order in which data members are declared (even if the order in the initializer list is different). The second part is the body, which is a normal method body enclosed in
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Conversion constructors provide a means for a compiler to implicitly create an object belonging to one class based on an object of a different type. These constructors are usually invoked implicitly to convert arguments or operands to an appropriate type, but they may also be called explicitly.
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In C++, objects are created on the stack when the constructor is invoked without the new operator, and created on the heap when the constructor is invoked with the new operator. Stack objects are deleted implicitly when they go out of scope, while heap objects must be deleted implicitly by a
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into your code on your behalf. This constructor is known as default constructor. You would not find it in your source code (the java file) as it would be inserted into the code during compilation and exists in .class file. The behavior of the default constructor is language dependent. It may
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and before the method body. It starts with a colon and entries are comma-separated. The initializer list is not required, but offers the opportunity to provide values for data members and avoid separate assignment statements. The initializer list is required if you have
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Static constructors allow complex static variable initialization. Static constructors are called implicitly when the class is first accessed. Any call to a class (static or constructor call), triggers the static constructor execution. Static constructors are
3730:, that is, methods that create and return the object, concretely meaning create and return a blessed reference. A typical object is a reference to a hash, though rarely references to other types are used too. By convention the only constructor is named 3713:
In PHP, a class is only allowed to declare a maximum of one constructor method. Static methods, factory classes or optional constructor arguments are some ways to facilitate multiple ways to create objects of a PHP class.
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automatically calls after creating the object. It is usually used to automatically perform initializations such as property initializations. Constructors can also accept arguments, in which case, when the
3430:, there is one constructor. Parameters are defined right after the class name. They can be used to initialize instance variables and are accessible throughout the class. An anonymous hidden method called 4675:
for new instances of themselves, that is, a class is a callable object (like a function), with the call being the constructor, and calling the class returns an instance of that class. However the
182: 1059:(or base classes) can also be called by a derived class. Constructor functions are not inherited and their addresses cannot be referenced. When memory allocation is required, the 1034:. Constructor functions are usually declared in the public section, but can also be declared in the protected and private sections, if the user wants to restrict access to them. 4699:
method is inherited, attributes can be specified, and whether they can be set, reset, or are required. In addition, any extra constructor functionality can be included in a
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is created, attributes can be specified, and whether they can be set, reset, or are required. In addition, any extra constructor functionality can be included in a
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The Eiffel standard requires fields to be initialized on first access, so it is not necessary to perform default field initialization during object creation.
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operator to create value type objects, but these value type objects are created on the stack regardless of whether the operator is used or not.
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take an Rvalue reference to an object of the class, and are used to implement ownership transfer of the parameter object's resources.
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class, static constructors are called at every new generic instantiation one per type. Static variables are instantiated as well.
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On returning objects from functions or passing objects by value, the objects copy constructor will be called implicitly, unless
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And should you have set up variables with names identical to the named parameters, you can use a shortcut that will use the
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method is responsible for allocating memory for the instance, and receives the class as an argument (conventionally called "
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be called explicitly or implicitly. The method of calling the constructor implicitly is also called the shorthand method.
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method is permitted to return something other than an instance of the class for specialised purposes. In that case, the
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method (often called "the initialiser") is passed the newly created instance as an argument (conventionally called "
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In Java, C#, and VB .NET, the constructor creates reference type objects in a special memory structure called the "
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Because the inherited class invariant must be satisfied, there is no mandatory call to the parents' constructors.
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and it usually has different rules for scope modifiers. Constructors often have the same name as the declaring
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have a naming convention in which constructors have the same name as the class with which they are associated.
4418: 2888: 1942: 1031: 901: 386: 3410:// allocates an instance of TPerson and then calls TPerson.Create with the parameter AName = 'Peter' 1030:, the name of the constructor is the name of the class. It returns nothing. It can have parameters like any 212: 207: 5615: 1976:
Although object creation involves some subtleties, the creation of an attribute with a typical declaration
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introduces a list of procedures which can be used to initialize instances. In this case the list includes
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Creation procedures must leave the newly initialized object in a state that satisfies the class invariant.
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Every effective (i.e., concrete or non-abstract) class must designate at least one creation procedure.
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If the programmer does not supply a constructor for an instantiable class, Java compiler inserts a
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methods. A new instance is created by calling the class as if it were a function, which calls the
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A constructor taking zero number of arguments is called a "no-arguments" or "no-arg" constructor.
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methods. If a constructor method is not defined in the class, the next one found in the class's
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method can be specified to handle constructor arguments not in hashref / key => value form.
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method which the Moose generated constructor will call, after it has checked the arguments. A
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The equivalent of this before ES6, was creating a function that instantiates an object as such
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is created as the origin (0.0, 0.0). Because no creation procedure is specified, the procedure
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1242830/constructor-initialization-list-evaluation-order
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Since ColdFusion 10, CFML has also supported specifying the name of the constructor method:
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Creation procedures are designated by name as creation procedures in the text of the class.
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statement is written, you also need to send the constructor arguments for the parameters.
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method can be specified to post-process any attributes already (implicitly) initialized.
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has direct constructors like many other programming languages. They are written as such
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method can not be found. Since PHP 5.3.3, this works only for non-namespaced classes.
4438: 1038: 864:. Methods with the same name as the class will trigger an E_DEPRECATED level error. 422: 5366: 5347: 4985: 3215:. Creating an instance of a class works like calling a static method of a class: 410: 379: 371: 3817:# Initialize attributes as a combination of default values and arguments passed. 1966:
Creation procedures can be explicitly invoked to re-initialize existing objects.
4788:# Create a 'full-name' method which returns the person's full name. 3727: 3192: 961:
method setting aside (allocating) memory for an instance of the class, and the
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method need be defined. (The most common exception is for immutable objects.)
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allows to evaluate an expression immediately after the object has been built.
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method handling the bulk of initializing the instance. A call to the method "
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Call the default constructor of the superclass if no constructor is defined.
5398:. Procedures never have a return type. Functions always have a return type. 4821:# Create a 'has-age' method which returns true if age has been set. 4139:# last name ( a string) can only be set at construction time ('ro') 832: 2318:
statements execute code. Additional constructors can be defined using the
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deleted or not accessible (private). Most cases calling for a customized
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Java permit users to call one constructor in another constructor using
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Java constructors perform the following tasks in the following order:
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method which will get called to allow for custom initialization. A
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Creation procedures have no explicit return type (by definition of
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is a static data initializer. Static constructors are also called
3195:. The only syntactic difference to regular methods is the keyword 2033:, a procedure with an empty implementation inherited from class 843: 4760:# construction time (a ! would mean "private"). 1070:
A copy constructor has a parameter of the same type passed as
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for Perl, most of this boilerplate can be omitted, a default
3760:# In Perl constructors are named 'new' by convention. 3427: 1027: 882:) are automatically created and are extended by specifying a 824: 4003:# Perl makes an object belong to a class by 'bless'. 5145:. This method is executed to initialize each new instance. 3723: 1659:// The variable static constructor is executed and _A is 32 868: 787: 3583:(notice that it's a double underscore), which the keyword 3207:). It can have any name, though the convention is to have 938:" and can have user-defined names (but are mostly called " 389:, but it differs from a method in that it has no explicit 4507:# Call the superclass constructor to create the instance. 3576: 837: 5306:' instantiating an object with the above constructor 4988:
can be specified using the colon-pair syntax in Perl 6:
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In both cases the Person class is instiated like this:
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version 5 and above, the constructor is a method named
2598:// instantiating an object with additional constructors 2565:// instantiating an object with the primary constructor 1945:, the routines which initialize new objects are called 949:, the constructor method is split across two methods, " 2685:
Constructors cannot be directly invoked (the keyword ā€œ
374:. It prepares the new object for use, often accepting 4738:# construction time (the . means "public"). 3844:# Check for required arguments, class invariant, etc. 3772:# Class name is implicitly passed in as 0th argument. 3009:// Instantiating an object with the above constructor 1653:// Instantiating an object with the constructor above 1491:// Instantiating an object with the constructor above 1055:
there is a default constructor. The constructor of a
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Initialize member variables to the specified values.
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In the second snippet, a class which is a client to
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In PHP 7, you should always name the constructor as
2201:procedure to reinitialize the instance attached to 1082:(or double release of resources) upon destruction. 4782:# construction ('rw'), and is not required 2692:Constructors should not have non-access modifiers. 2678:, constructors differ from other methods in that: 2002:Attach the newly initialized object to the entity 849:In PHP 5, a recommended name for a constructor is 5436: 5434: 5432: 1949:. Creation procedures have the following traits: 1543:. Since the actual method generated has the name 5678: 4791:# This method can be accessed outside the class. 3746:which uses another Person object as a template. 2682:Constructors never have an explicit return type. 311:Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET 5598: 1138:// Constructor, parameters with default values. 5429: 3742:which reads a file for Person attributes, and 904:, the constructor is split over two methods, " 4421:, constructors are defined by one or both of 1984:consists of the following sequence of steps: 449: 331: 5207:=> #<ExampleClass:0x007fb3f4299118> 4893:The Person class is instantiated like this: 3790:# Default attribute values, if you have any. 3179:This is instantiated the same way as above. 2189:keyword. Next is a creation instruction for 1037:The constructor has two parts. First is the 994:". VB .NET and C# also allow the use of the 934:constructors are signified by the keyword " 16:Special function called to create an object 5475: 5473: 4735:# First name (a string) can only be set at 1305:of pointers) also require customizing the 1014:Constructors are implemented in different 793: 378:that the constructor uses to set required 338: 324: 271:ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages 261:ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages 5628:"Providing Constructors for Your Classes" 5065:of the variable for the named parameter: 4779:# Age (an integer) can be modified after 4757:# Last name (a string) can only be set at 2181:is used. This line could have been coded 4076:# enable Moose-style object construction 3726:version 5, by default, constructors are 1526: 5470: 2984:// Declaration of instance variable(s). 1980:as expressed in a creation instruction 676: 281:Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi 5679: 5605:Eiffel ISO/ECMA specification document 5342:Resource acquisition is initialization 4827:# by prepending its name with a ! 2664:// "new" keyword is optional 1313:. This is commonly referred to as the 1002:destructor or explicitly by using the 981: 425:must be initialized in a constructor. 306:Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET 2706:Executes the body of the constructor. 2314:statements define private fields and 1988:Create a new direct instance of type 1547:they are often also called "cctors". 251:Comparison of Java and .NET platforms 5562: 5479: 5212: 4594:"Initialising instance..." 4498:"Creating new instance..." 4041: 3550:(*Hello there, I am Alonzo Church.*) 802: 774: 2465:"Integer parameter given" 2193:, providing initial values for the 1009: 13: 5455:, from Python online documentation 4785:# during the object instantiation. 3191:, the constructor is similar to a 2516:"String parameter given" 2041:procedure coded within the class. 2010:In the first snippet below, class 14: 5703: 5568: 5358:Destructor (computer programming) 3199:in front of the name (instead of 3102:This can be instantiated as such 2912:// Definition of the constructor. 1683:ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML) 1656:// right before the instantiation 1067:operators are called implicitly. 286:Comparison of Object Pascal and C 5692:Programming language comparisons 5558:Static Constructor in C# on MSDN 3182: 2738:// Non-parameterized constructor 2302:, a constructor can include any 2183:create my_point_1.default_create 977:methods, for the class instance. 256:ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60 5663: 5652: 5641: 5620: 5609: 5506:"Fabulous Adventures in Coding" 5443:, from PHP online documentation 5410: 5401: 5380: 5365:in C++, and its C counterpart, 4319:"No under-18 Persons" 2310:statements defined in a class. 1995:Execute the creation procedure 1625:// Standard default constructor 5616:Details on Constructor in java 5587: 5551: 5519: 5498: 5458: 5446: 4887:"No person under 18" 4444:In the typical case, only the 3490:"Hello there, I am " 2552:"No parameter given" 1999:to the newly created instance. 1960:Creation procedures are named. 878:for Perl, constructors (named 266:Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++ 231:List of "Hello World" programs 1: 5687:Method (computer programming) 5423: 3041: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1799:Create instance of a cheese. 1076:Vector(const Vector& rhs) 893:, the constructor is called " 790:using the same abbreviation. 505:// Parameterized constructor. 5528:Expert .NET 2.0 IL Assembler 5441:Constructors and Destructors 2942:// Overloading a constructor 2887:Java provides access to the 2801:// Parameterized constructor 1690:(CFML) uses a method named ' 1409:// Overloading a constructor 1018:in various ways, including: 198:Ternary conditional operator 188:Object-oriented constructors 7: 5335: 4850:# Check custom requirements 4247:# Check custom requirements 2018:is coded after the keyword 1694:' as a constructor method. 385:A constructor resembles an 356:object-oriented programming 183:Object-oriented programming 10: 5708: 5630:. Oracle Corporation. 2013 5508:. Eric Lippert. 2013-02-06 4196:# true if age has been set 2718:must be first statement. 2417:// Additional constructors 2408:"a = %i, b = %s" 2014:is defined. The procedure 1688:ColdFusion Markup Language 1198:// <- Normal assignment 778: 450:Parameterized constructors 296:Comparison of Java and C++ 291:Comparison of Pascal and C 276:Compatibility of C and C++ 5303:' code somewhere else 4979:# OUTPUT: Ā«Grace Hopperā¤Ā» 4412: 3717: 2756:// Calling of constructor 1936: 1287:return value optimization 1168:// <- Initializer list 814: 301:Comparison of C# and Java 208:Safe navigation operators 203:Null coalescing operators 5373: 5300: 5227: 5147: 5067: 4990: 4895: 4709: 4671:Classes normally act as 4642:Initialising instance... 4639:Creating new instance... 4450: 4341: 4064: 3748: 3594: 3436: 3421: 3221: 3135: 3104: 3052: 3003: 2978:// This is an assignment 2897: 2891:constructor through the 2720: 2559: 2324: 2207: 2043: 1829: 1801: 1701: 1647: 1565: 1485: 1331: 1311:copy assignment operator 1235: 1084: 688: 617: 457: 444: 409:and of establishing the 401:. They have the task of 243:Comparison of individual 5174:"Hello there" 5132: 4686: 4439:Method Resolution Order 3217:TPerson.Create('Peter') 2669: 2205:with different values. 1074:reference, for example 794:Conversion constructors 748:// Default constructor. 393:, it is not implicitly 366:) is a special type of 114:Functional instructions 109:Conditional expressions 5531:. APress. 2006-01-01. 3570: 3211:as prefix, such as in 3006:// Code somewhere else 2825:"1-arg-cons" 2777:"0-arg-cons" 2369:// Primary constructor 1859:"cheeseName" 1722:"cheeseName" 1021: 781:Copy constructor (C++) 411:invariant of the class 144:Higher-order functions 2293: 2177:inherited from class 1595:// Normal constructor 1527:C# static constructor 1320: 1233:Example invocations: 1016:programming languages 428:Most languages allow 25:programming languages 5192:irb(main):006:0> 5183:irb(main):005:1> 5177:irb(main):004:2> 5168:irb(main):003:2> 5159:irb(main):002:1> 5150:irb(main):001:0> 4889:; } } } 3738:, and a constructor 3213:CreateWithFormatting 2169:In procedural code, 677:Default constructors 94:Algebraic data types 5482:C# 10 in a Nutshell 4984:Alternatively, the 4048:Moose object system 2154:has a declarations 1947:creation procedures 1561:generic programming 982:Memory organization 969:" invokes both the 876:Moose object system 683:default constructor 226:Evaluation strategy 104:Anonymous functions 5480:Albahari, Joseph. 5369:function attribute 5363:Global constructor 5353:Creational pattern 3544:"Church" 3541:"Alonzo" 2643:"string" 2592:"string" 1841:"Cheese" 1541:class constructors 1537:static constructor 1518:"string" 1397:"string" 1299:reference counting 1041:which follows the 178:List comprehension 124:Associative arrays 84:Exception handling 49:Basic instructions 34:General comparison 5491:978-1-098-12195-2 5248:' Constructor 5219:Visual Basic .NET 5213:Visual Basic .NET 4241:'has_age' 4042:Perl 5 with Moose 2562:// Code somewhere 1819:'Cheddar' 1650:// Code somewhere 1559:. When used in a 1557:singleton pattern 1488:// Code somewhere 891:Visual Basic .NET 809:move constructors 803:Move constructors 775:Copy constructors 671:// Implicit call. 647:// Explicit call. 423:Immutable objects 348: 347: 134:String operations 5699: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5624: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5566: 5560: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5477: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5384: 5331: 5328: 5327:".NET" 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5224: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5144: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5088:"Ashe" 5085: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4986:named parameters 4980: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4964:'hopper' 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4683:is not invoked. 4682: 4678: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4447: 4441:will be called. 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3433: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2894: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2717: 2713: 2689:ā€ invokes them). 2688: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2005: 1998: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1693: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1555:and implement a 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1295:copy constructor 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1051:curly brackets. 1039:initializer list 1010:Language details 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 941: 937: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 896: 863: 856: 852: 841: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 694:<iostream> 692: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 380:member variables 372:create an object 340: 333: 326: 213:Modulo operators 139:String functions 89:Enumerated types 19: 18: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5642: 5633: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5610: 5603: 5599: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5552: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5478: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5439: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5367:((constructor)) 5348:Allocation site 5338: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5077:"Sam" 5076: 5072: 5069: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4956:'grace' 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4777:; 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4689: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4654:exampleInstance 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4621:exampleInstance 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4445: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3811:"bar" 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3744:new_from_person 3728:factory methods 3720: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3401:'Peter' 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3185: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3044: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2715: 2711: 2686: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2142:-- Y coordinate 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2130:-- X coordinate 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1691: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1323: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1032:member function 1024: 1012: 984: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 939: 935: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 894: 861: 854: 850: 836: 817: 805: 796: 783: 777: 772: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 679: 674: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 452: 447: 387:instance method 362:(abbreviation: 344: 315: 247: 246: 244: 239: 171:Dependent types 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5705: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5674: 5673: 5662: 5651: 5640: 5619: 5608: 5597: 5586: 5580:978-1617294532 5579: 5561: 5550: 5537: 5518: 5497: 5490: 5469: 5457: 5445: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5337: 5334: 5301: 5228: 5214: 5211: 5148: 5134: 5131: 5068: 5055:<Hopper> 4991: 4925:'Ashe' 4896: 4710: 4688: 4685: 4451: 4414: 4411: 4392:'Ashe' 4342: 4313:# no under 18s 4065: 4043: 4040: 3749: 3719: 3716: 3595: 3572: 3569: 3437: 3423: 3420: 3222: 3193:factory method 3184: 3181: 3136: 3105: 3053: 3043: 3040: 3004: 2898: 2721: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2683: 2671: 2668: 2560: 2325: 2295: 2292: 2208: 2175:default_create 2055:default_create 2044: 2031:default_create 2008: 2007: 2000: 1993: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1938: 1935: 1865:// constructor 1830: 1802: 1728:// constructor 1702: 1684: 1681: 1648: 1566: 1528: 1525: 1486: 1370:// Constructor 1332: 1322: 1319: 1236: 1085: 1043:parameter list 1023: 1020: 1011: 1008: 983: 980: 979: 978: 943: 929: 898: 887: 872: 865: 858: 847: 816: 813: 804: 801: 795: 792: 776: 773: 689: 678: 675: 618: 458: 451: 448: 446: 443: 346: 345: 343: 342: 335: 328: 320: 317: 316: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 242: 241: 240: 236: 235: 234: 233: 228: 220: 219: 218: 217: 216: 215: 210: 205: 200: 190: 185: 180: 175: 174: 173: 163: 162: 161: 156: 151: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 80: 79: 74: 69: 64: 56: 51: 46: 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3189:Object Pascal 3183:Object Pascal 3180: 3134: 3103: 3051: 3049: 3039: 2896: 2890: 2719: 2714:keyword. 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Manning. 5571:C# in Depth 5467:Constructor 5390:are either 5204:Hello there 5122:$ last-name 5084:$ last-name 5011:<Sam> 4871:&& 3624:__construct 3481:initializer 3432:initializer 3314:constructor 3284:constructor 3197:constructor 3125:'7' 3064:constructor 3046:As of ES6, 1553:thread safe 957:" with the 947:Objective-C 936:constructor 862:__construct 855:__construct 851:__construct 439:object pool 430:overloading 391:return type 360:constructor 352:class-based 67:While loops 5681:Categories 5670:Data model 5659:Data model 5634:2013-12-20 5544:2014-04-05 5512:2014-04-05 5453:Data model 5424:References 5392:procedures 5165:initialize 5143:initialize 5045:first-name 5008:first-name 4952:first-name 4913:first-name 4858:{ 4374:first_name 4289:&& 4094:first_name 3868:first_name 3565:(*Church*) 3466:first_name 3445:first_name 3227:OopProgram 3048:JavaScript 3042:JavaScript 2264:my_point_2 2240:my_point_2 2234:my_point_1 2219:my_point_2 2210:my_point_1 2203:my_point_2 2195:my_point_2 2191:my_point_2 2171:my_point_1 2160:my_point_2 2156:my_point_1 2037:, and the 1913:cheeseName 1901:cheeseName 1886:cheeseName 1835:initmethod 1776:cheeseName 1764:cheeseName 1749:cheeseName 1698:Cheese.cfc 1307:destructor 1057:base class 1006:operator. 779:See also: 370:called to 99:Generators 39:Assignment 5396:functions 5284:someParam 5266:someParam 5189:=> nil 5052:last-name 5015:last-name 4975:full-name 4960:last-name 4921:last-name 4797:full-name 4673:factories 4386:last_name 4235:predicate 4145:last_name 4060:BUILDARGS 3913:last_name 3832:%defaults 3796:%defaults 3517:last_name 3496:full_name 3478:last_name 3460:full_name 3448:last_name 3201:procedure 2895:keyword. 2322:keyword. 2115:a_y_value 2106:a_x_value 2085:a_y_value 2073:a_x_value 1955:procedure 1907:arguments 1895:variables 1832:component 1770:arguments 1758:variables 1704:component 1303:deep copy 1289:applies. 435:factories 395:inherited 376:arguments 245:languages 193:Operators 72:For loops 5388:routines 5336:See also 5124:, : 5120:, : 5116:( : 5050:, : 5043:( : 5020:, : 5013:, : 5006:( : 4753:required 4731:required 4681:__init__ 4567:__init__ 4558:instance 4513:instance 4446:__init__ 4435:__init__ 4427:__init__ 4178:required 4127:required 3672:function 3621:function 3263:property 3205:function 3138:function 2162:of type 1880:required 1868:function 1850:property 1804:myCheese 1743:required 1731:function 1713:property 1325:Example 1309:and the 973:and the 922:__init__ 920:"). 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2076:: 2070:( 2058:, 2006:. 2004:x 1992:. 1990:T 1931:} 1928:} 1925:; 1916:; 1910:. 1904:= 1898:. 1892:{ 1889:) 1877:( 1862:; 1856:= 1844:{ 1838:= 1816:( 1807:= 1794:} 1791:} 1788:; 1779:; 1773:. 1767:= 1761:. 1755:{ 1752:) 1740:( 1725:; 1719:= 1707:{ 1668:= 1665:c 1643:} 1640:} 1637:{ 1622:} 1619:; 1613:= 1607:{ 1592:; 1577:{ 1515:, 1509:( 1500:= 1497:c 1481:} 1478:} 1475:; 1472:b 1469:= 1466:b 1463:. 1457:; 1454:a 1451:= 1448:a 1445:. 1439:{ 1436:) 1433:b 1427:, 1424:a 1418:( 1406:} 1403:{ 1400:) 1394:, 1388:( 1382:: 1367:; 1364:b 1355:; 1352:a 1343:{ 1277:4 1274:/ 1268:, 1265:5 1262:( 1259:c 1253:3 1250:( 1247:b 1244:, 1241:a 1225:; 1216:; 1207:: 1201:} 1189:( 1183:* 1180:r 1177:= 1171:{ 1159:( 1153:* 1150:r 1147:( 1141:: 1135:) 1129:= 1120:, 1114:= 1111:r 1105:( 1099:: 1093:{ 840:4 766:; 763:b 757:; 754:a 742:0 739:= 736:b 730:, 727:0 724:= 721:a 715:( 709:: 703:{ 662:, 659:0 656:( 638:, 635:0 632:( 626:= 623:e 610:) 607:y 604:( 595:x 592:( 586:: 583:) 580:y 574:, 571:x 565:( 553:; 547:= 529:; 520:; 511:: 499:b 493:, 490:a 484:( 472:: 466:{ 339:e 332:t 325:v

Index

Comparison of
programming languages

General comparison
Assignment
Basic syntax
Basic instructions
Comments
Foreach loops
While loops
For loops
Do-while
Exception handling
Enumerated types
Algebraic data types
Generators
Anonymous functions
Conditional expressions
Functional instructions
Arrays
Associative arrays
Scope
String operations
String functions
Higher-order functions
Filter
Fold
Map
Type systems
Dependent types
List comprehension
Object-oriented programming

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