285:, and that the individual mandate exceeded Congress's power under the Interstate Commerce Clause. Kessler rejected as "pure semantics" plaintiffs' argument that failing to acquire insurance was the regulation of inactivity, noting that "those who choose not to purchase health insurance will ultimately get a 'free ride' on the backs of those Americans who have made responsible choices to provide for the illness we all must face at some point in our lives." Kessler ruled that individual mandate was a valid exercise of Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce.
257:. He also declared the employer mandate constitutional. He rejected two other arguments that government lawyers have made in cases across the country in defending the new law: first, that no one has legal standing to bring challenges at this point to the 2014 mandates, and second that any such challenge is premature. He rejected the challengers' basic argument that Congress had no authority to order someone to give up their own desire not to buy a commercial product and force them into a market they do not want to enter. He said:
79:
amend their constitutions to nullify portions of the health care reform law. Thirteen state statutes have been introduced to prohibit portions of the law; two states have already enacted statutory bans. Six legislatures had attempts to enact bans, but the measures were unsuccessful. In August 2010, a ballot initiative passed overwhelmingly in
Missouri that would exempt the state from some provisions of the bill. Many Missouri legal analysts expect that the measure will be struck down if challenged in Federal court.
414:. The suit also sought clarification from the District Court as to what extent lower courts were legally bound by the conclusion of Chief Justice Roberts and the four dissenting justices that the Act did not pass constitutional scrutiny by way of the Commerce and Necessary & Proper Clauses. On June 28, 2013, the District Court dismissed the plaintiff's suit, holding (1) that the Commerce Clause challenge to the ACA was foreclosed by the Supreme Court decision in
54:
418:, (2) that the Origination Clause challenge failed, as the bill enacting the individual mandate was not a bill for raising revenue, and (3) that even if the bill enacting the individual mandate were a bill for raising revenue, the Origination Clause challenge failed because the bill was an amendment to a bill that had originated in the House of Representatives. On July 29, 2014, that decision was affirmed by the United States Court of Appeals for the
69:. In a press release, the Attorneys General for several states indicated their primary basis for the challenge was a violation of state sovereignty. Their release repeated the claim challenging the federal requirement under threat of penalty, that all citizens and legal residents have qualifying health care coverage. It also claimed that the law puts an unfair financial burden on state governments. The lawsuit states the following legal rationale:
262:
are making an economic decision to try to pay for health care services later, out of pocket, rather than now, through the purchase of insurance ... As
Congress found, the total incidence of these economic decisions has a substantial impact on the national market for health care by collectively shifting billions of dollars on to other market participants and driving up the prices of insurance policies.
442:. According to the Goldwater Institute, the board "will be able to dictate how much doctors can charge for medical care, how insurance companies will pay for it, and when patients can get access to cutting-edge treatments." The litigants argued that because these decisions could not be reviewed by Congress or the courts, the health care legislation violated the
31:(ACA), there have been numerous actions in federal courts to challenge the constitutionality of the legislation. They include challenges by states against the ACA, reactions from legal experts with respect to its constitutionality, several federal court rulings on the ACA's constitutionality, the final ruling on the constitutionality of the legislation by the
381:, the Court declared that the legislatively-declared "penalty" was constitutional as a valid exercise of the Congressional power to tax, thus upholding the individual mandate. The Court also limited the expansion of Medicaid initially proposed under the ACA. All provisions of the ACA continue to be in effect, with some limits on the Medicaid expansion.
225:, which granted a request from both parties for an expedited process. On February 3, 2011, Cuccinelli announced that he intended to file an appeal directly with the Supreme Court, bypassing the Court of Appeals; this request was denied by the Supreme Court on April 25. Hearings were held on May 10, 2011, and May 13, 2011, in Richmond.
423:
that, therefore, there was no reason for the Court to determine whether the bill originated in the House of
Representatives. The Court also rejected Sissel's contention that the law violated the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, stating that the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in 2012 in the case of
209:
the lawsuit, arguing that states cannot escape federal law simply by passing state laws that contravene federal ones. Cuccinelli filed a counter-motion on June 7, rebutting federal claims and asserting that health insurance was not commerce as intended by the
Constitution, and, thus, was not subject
78:
Other states were either expected to join the multi-state lawsuit or are considering filing additional independent suits. Members of several state legislatures are attempting to counteract and prevent elements of the bill within their states. Legislators in 29 states have introduced measures to
461:
finalized a rule that would allow the federal government to punish 'large employers' including local government with millions of dollars of tax penalties in states without health care exchanges, which is not allowed under the health care law." AG Pruitt contends that the law as passed allowed these
261:
Regardless of whether one relies on an insurance policy, one's savings, or the backstop of free or reduced-cost emergency room services, one has made a choice regarding the method of payment for the health care services one expects to receive. Far from "inactivity", by choosing to forgo insurance,
73:
Regulation of non-economic activity under the
Commerce Clause is possible only through the Necessary and Proper Clause. The Necessary and Proper Clause confers supplemental authority only when the means adopted to accomplish an enumerated power are 'appropriate', are 'plainly adapted to that end',
422:
Circuit. However, the Court of
Appeals concluded that section 5000A of the Internal Revenue Code (sometimes called the "individual mandate") was not a "Bill for raising Revenue", and thus was not subject to the restriction in the Origination Clause of the Constitution. The Court of Appeals stated
343:
precluded the court from hearing the case until after the individual mandate took effect. It was reported that the
Supreme Court might attempt to follow Kavanaugh's opinion had they wished to hold off on deciding the issue. The Supreme Court indeed heard oral arguments regarding the Tax
314:
On June 29, 2011, a divided three-judge panel of the Sixth
Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the decision. Judge Jeffrey Sutton, a member of the three judge panel appointed by George W. Bush, was the first Republican-appointed judge to rule that the law is constitutional.
236:. The state law that was the basis of Cuccinelli's lawsuit was deemed invalid because Virginia lacks the authority to supersede or override federal law. Simply creating a law to use as a smokescreen for the guise of challenging a federal law did not constitute standing.
149:
On August 12, 2011, a divided three-judge panel of the 11th
Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed Judge Vinson's decision in part: the court agreed that the mandate was unconstitutional, but held that it could be severed, allowing the rest of the ACA to remain.
49:
Some organizations and lawmakers who opposed the passage of the ACA took legal action following its passage. Several court challenges involved attempts to invalidate key provisions of the ACA. As of July 2013, none of these challenges had succeeded.
462:
federal penalties to be assessed in states with state insurance exchanges, but did not allow for the same fines to be assessed in states which chose not to set up a state exchange, and thus would be operating under the federal insurance exchanges.
17:
2269:
2118:
924:
2238:
2007:
1611:
217:
that the individual mandate portion of the health care bill was unconstitutional. However, Hudson did not block implementation of the law while the case continued working its way through the court system.
74:
and are 'consistent with the letter and spirit of the constitution.' Requiring citizen-to-citizen subsidy or redistribution is contrary to the foundational assumptions of the constitutional compact.
1014:
518:
ruled against the imposition of a federal tax on states as a condition of continuing to receive
Medicaid funds, ruling that while the tax was lawful, the regulation implementing it violated the
103:. Bolton said that prior to the ruling, it was widely felt that the Supreme Court would uphold the law by a comfortable margin, but now legal scholars generally feel it would be a 5–4 decision.
99:
62:
214:
2185:
2031:
1761:
472:
2149:
1969:
1938:
1668:
1423:
842:
788:
583:
370:
253:
134:
1798:
1691:
1469:
2212:
2261:
1307:
920:
664:
2230:
2056:
1603:
443:
1888:
607:
187:
1225:
1143:
1726:
737:
493:
364:
353:
37:
1580:
687:
1638:
327:
on November 8, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld the constitutionality of the law. The decision was written by Senior Judge
1850:
222:
1049:
897:
471:(previously Burwell) was filed in late 2014 concerning the cost-sharing program and implementation of the law. The case was eventually settled before the
1004:
157:
review by the 11th Circuit, and instead asked the U.S. Supreme Court to hear the case. On November 14, 2011, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.
1258:
955:
1368:
768:
403:
277:
377:
Although the Supreme Court declared that the law could not have been upheld under an argument based on the regulatory power of Congress under the
865:
577:
467:
398:
2175:
1448:
111:
said, "There's been a big change in the conventional wisdom ... the temperature of law professors has changed considerably," and described the
2028:
1757:
239:
On September 30, 2011, Virginia requested that the Supreme Court issue certiorari to hear the case. The petition was denied on June 29, 2012.
311:, deciding that Congress had the power to pass the law because it affected interstate commerce and was part of a broader regulatory scheme.
1540:
526:. As the Trump administration refused to appeal the decision, a coalition of states led by California led the appeal to this ruling to the
523:
2141:
2078:
1961:
1930:
1660:
1415:
838:
785:
1796:
1072:
1701:
1480:
1572:
816:
303:
wrote that in his view the ACA, including the individual mandate, was constitutional. He rejected a private suit filed by Michigan's
2210:
449:
In August 2013, a U.S. District Court denied the federal government's motion for complete dismissal of a state of Oklahoma lawsuit,
1912:
491:, filed a lawsuit against the federal government alleging the ACA is now unconstitutional because the individual mandate tax which
1343:
978:
142:
to purchase insurance exceeds the authority of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. Vinson further ruled the clause was not
1314:
660:
180:
2048:
1284:
41:, and notable subsequent lawsuits challenging the ACA. The Supreme Court upheld ACA for a third time in a June 2021 decision.
2301:
344:
Anti-Injunction Act, ultimately unanimously ruling (though with differing rationales) that it did not apply to this case.
1880:
1217:
629:
603:
1166:
1133:
123:
439:
213:
A hearing was held on July 2, 2010, where similar arguments were put forth by both sides. On December 13, 2010, Hudson
1734:
729:
160:
1506:
550:
288:
282:
281:
by five individuals who argued, among other things, that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act violated the
166:
1634:
700:
453:, challenging some tax aspects of the ACA, and allowed the lawsuit to proceed. Republican Oklahoma Attorney General
190:. Cuccinelli's lawsuit was separate from the states participating in Florida's lawsuit. The case was heard by Judge
104:
1858:
1041:
893:
299:
1389:
165:
Almost immediately after the passage of the ACA, the Virginia state legislature passed a law that purported to
530:, which upheld it in parts. Both parties sought review by the Supreme Court, which ruled on June 17, 2021 in
519:
498:
406:
arguing that the ACA was still unconstitutional, even in light of the "saving construction" given the law in
541:
In September 2022, the same district court judge, Reed O'Connor, ruled that the legal requirements to cover
2296:
2102:
1991:
1248:
947:
173:
66:
1795:
Andrew Zajac, "Obamacare Challenge Over Origins of Law Tossed by U.S.," July 29, 2014, Bloomberg News, at
1365:
233:
515:
485:
374:. The Court heard oral arguments March 26–28, 2012 and decided the consolidated case on June 28, 2012.
2085:
1445:
688:"Otter is the first governor to sign a law saying the state will defy a requirement to buy insurance"
124:
District Court for the Northern District of Florida and the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
228:
On September 8, 2011, the appellate court reversed Hudson's decision, in a decision issued by Judge
511:
458:
393:
161:
District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia and the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
139:
362:
to the United States Appeals Court for the Eleventh Circuit to consider appeals to its rulings in
289:
District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan and the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
138:
declared the law unconstitutional in an action brought by 26 states, on the grounds that the
1532:
1253:
1194:
340:
1561:
Thomas More Law Ctr. v. Obama, 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 13265, 2011 WL 2556039 (6th Cir. Mich. 2011)
1696:
478:
304:
294:
1105:
1082:
206:
275:
of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, rejected a challenge to the law in
1909:
870:
797:
419:
202:
89:
1479:. U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. March 20, 2010. Archived from
115:
decision as "extremely deep in its discussion of principles and constitutional doctrine".
8:
1884:
1171:
1138:
546:
505:
431:
28:
411:
359:
328:
229:
32:
2114:
2003:
1339:
1919:(December 19, 2012) United States District Court, D. Arizona. No. CV-10-1714-PHX-GMS.
183:
2231:"Religious employers need not cover PrEP in their health plans, federal judge rules"
637:
2145:
2110:
2103:"Court Strikes Parts Of Medicaid Managed Care Regulation Over Health Insurance Tax"
1999:
1604:"D.C. Court of Appeals Upholds Constitutionality of Obamacare, Stuns Conservatives"
1280:
1110:
570:
332:
921:"Florida Judge Rules Against ObamaCare, Calls Individual Mandate Unconstitutional"
410:, on the ground that the enactment of the essential coverage mandate violated the
2216:
2035:
1916:
1802:
1452:
1372:
792:
695:
563:
378:
336:
308:
191:
1134:"Virginia attorney general urges judge to let suit over health-care law proceed"
1840:, case no. 13-5202, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
1827:, case no. 13-5202, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
1009:
535:
457:
said: "Oklahoma challenged implementation of the Affordable Care Act after the
272:
251:, who sits in Virginia, also declared the individual mandate constitutional in
248:
195:
176:
118:
2262:"Obamacare is under attack by Republican judges again. Here's what's at stake"
1661:"Analysis: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds the Affordable Care Act: Roberts Rules?"
446:
doctrine. The last claims in the lawsuit were dismissed on December 19, 2012.
2290:
1814:
Case no. 13-5202, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
604:"State Legislation and Actions Challenging Certain Health Reforms, 2011-2012"
527:
389:
As of August 2013, scores of lawsuits were still targeting parts of the ACA.
108:
1786:, case no. 10-1263 (BAH), U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.
1077:
488:
454:
143:
129:
94:
18:
Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
2171:
318:
1456:
1376:
1045:
501:. In December 2018, he declared the entire law to be unconstitutional.
481:
153:
In September 2011, the Department of Justice decided not to ask for an
53:
1393:
358:
On November 14, 2011, the Supreme Court of the United States issued a
242:
100:
Florida et al v. United States Department of Health and Human Services
1005:"Obama Administration Asks Supreme Court to Hear Health Care Lawsuit"
1851:"Goldwater Institute Moves Forward With Challenge To Healthcare Law"
1838:
Matt Sissel v. United States Department of Health and Human Services
1825:
Matt Sissel v. United States Department of Health and Human Services
812:
769:"Attorneys general in 14 states sue to block healthcare reform law"
170:
93:
that consensus among legal experts largely changed following Judge
1784:
Matthew Sissel v. United States Dep't of Health and Human Services
510:
In March 2018, in a suit brought by Texas and other states, Judge
61:
Twenty-eight states filed joint or individual lawsuits (including
154:
584:
Efforts to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
371:
Florida v. United States Department of Health and Human Services
135:
Florida v. United States Department of Health and Human Services
1758:"If ObamaCare Is a Tax, Did It Violate the Origination Clause?"
2229:
Klibanoff, Eleanor; Harper, Karen Brooks (September 7, 2022).
2176:"Affordable Care Act survives Supreme Court challenge (again)"
1733:. Pacific Legal Foundation. September 12, 2012. Archived from
1167:"Va. begins courtroom assault on federal health-care overhaul"
813:"State Legislation Opposing Certain Health Reforms, 2009–2010"
266:
2180:
2029:
20 states file lawsuit alleging ObamaCare is unconstitutional
866:"Lawmakers press Supreme Court for verdict on healthcare law"
636:. Healthcare Financial Management Association. Archived from
538:
to challenge the individual mandate provision to begin with.
331:, a prominent conservative judge, and joined by Senior Judge
1416:"Third Federal Judge Upholds Health Care Law; Score Now 3–2"
1216:
Helderman, Rosalind S.; Goldstein, Amy (December 13, 2010).
119:
Lower federal courts (prior to the Supreme Court's decision)
1218:"Federal judge in Va. strikes down part of health-care law"
1195:"Virginia judge rules health care mandate unconstitutional"
1026:
758:
Case 3:10-cv-00188-HEH, Document 1. Page March 5, 23, 2010.
545:-prevention drugs, as prescribed by section 1001(5) of the
1962:"Oklahoma's challenge to Obama health-care law to proceed"
1931:"Oklahoma's Challenge to Obama Health-Care Law to Proceed"
427:"necessarily disposes of Sissel's Commerce Clause claim."
542:
188:
U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
146:, which had the effect of striking down the entire law.
57:
States (in red) challenging the constitutionality of ACA
2142:"Supreme Court dismisses challenge to Obama health law"
534:
that Texas and the other plaintiff states did not have
425:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
365:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
354:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
38:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1507:"Michigan Judge Upholds Provisions in Health Care Law"
661:"Obamacare Wins For The 3rd Time At The Supreme Court"
232:. The Fourth Circuit panel ruled that Virginia lacked
1392:. United States Department of Justice. Archived from
786:"AG Bruning says health reform violates Constitution"
319:
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
223:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
169:
the individual mandate provision of the federal Act.
730:"13 attorneys general sue over health care overhaul"
468:
United States House of Representatives v. Price
1992:"Settlement In Cost-Sharing Reduction Payment Case"
1692:"Obamacare May Be Headed Back to the Supreme Court"
979:"Govt. won't seek appeal in Atlanta on health care"
778:
727:
243:
District Court for the Western District of Virginia
1727:"PLF takes the next step in challenging Obamacare"
1573:"Appeals court declares health law constitutional"
1472:Thomas More Law Center et al v. Barack Obama et al
1305:
1215:
221:The Obama administration appealed the case to the
1881:"Coons v. Geithner (federal health care lawsuit)"
1106:"Feds Ask Va. Health Reform Lawsuit Be Dismissed"
2288:
1626:
404:U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia
399:Sissel v. U.S. Dept. Health & Human Services
307:and several state residents that focused on the
247:On November 30, 2010, U.S. District Court Judge
2228:
2049:"Federal judge in Texas strikes down ObamaCare"
1667:. von Briesen & Roper, S.C. June 29, 2012.
1073:"Va. AG sues over federal health care overhaul"
578:United States House of Representatives v. Price
82:
1246:
1042:"Court sets 5 1/2-hour hearing on health care"
1033:
293:On October 8, 2010, U.S. District Court Judge
1903:
1857:. AZ Big Media. June 28, 2012. Archived from
1635:"Appeals court upholds Obama health care law"
1595:
1281:"Appeals Court Expedites Health Care Lawsuit"
1158:
723:
721:
685:
630:"Legal Challenges to the Affordable Care Act"
606:. National Conference of State Legislatures.
335:, who also filed a concurring opinion. Judge
2207:Braidwood Management, Inc. v. Xavier Becerra
1571:Levey, Noam; Savage, David (June 30, 2011).
918:
679:
87:In February 2011, Alexander Bolton wrote in
1922:
1570:
810:
634:Healthcare Financial Management Association
267:District Court for the District of Columbia
1533:"Judge Rules Health Law Is Constitutional"
894:"Judge strikes down healthcare reform law"
718:
2259:
1408:
1164:
1131:
1039:
836:
817:National Conference of State Legislatures
658:
1873:
1504:
1306:Diana Gribbon Motz (September 8, 2011).
1003:Cutter, Stephanie (September 28, 2011).
52:
2139:
1632:
1614:from the original on September 17, 2016
1382:
1070:
945:
384:
44:
14:
2289:
2272:from the original on November 16, 2022
2241:from the original on September 8, 2022
2059:from the original on December 15, 2018
1959:
1928:
1721:
1719:
1543:from the original on September 3, 2011
1426:from the original on February 24, 2011
1340:"Supreme Court Cases 11-1057, 11-1058"
1146:from the original on November 11, 2012
1071:Sampson, Zinie Chen (March 23, 2010).
1002:
864:Bolton, Alexander (February 2, 2011).
863:
857:
728:Farrington, Brendan (March 23, 2010).
601:
181:Secretary of Health and Human Services
2188:from the original on November 6, 2021
2170:
2152:from the original on October 15, 2021
1764:from the original on February 6, 2013
1755:
1689:
1683:
1601:
1366:"Second ruling upholds health clause"
1287:from the original on January 12, 2012
1261:from the original on January 18, 2016
1228:from the original on January 23, 2011
1103:
1040:Denniston, Lyle (November 14, 2011).
1017:from the original on February 8, 2017
900:from the original on January 17, 2016
891:
667:from the original on February 3, 2022
347:
2260:Millhiser, Ian (September 7, 2022).
2121:from the original on August 10, 2024
2010:from the original on August 10, 2024
1972:from the original on August 16, 2013
1941:from the original on August 16, 2013
1836:See p. 10, slip op., July 29, 2014,
1823:See p. 11, slip op., July 29, 2014,
1756:Ellis, Ashton (September 20, 2012).
1749:
1530:
1364:Denniston, Lyle (December 1, 2010).
1346:from the original on August 10, 2024
1308:"Fourth Circuit of Appeals Decision"
1165:Helderman, Rosalind (July 2, 2010).
1132:Helderman, Rosalind (June 7, 2010).
976:
958:from the original on October 6, 2016
477:In February 2018, 20 states, led by
194:, who was appointed to the bench by
1843:
1782:Memorandum Opinion, June 28, 2013,
1716:
1633:Pickler, Nedra (November 8, 2011).
1444:Denniston, Lyle (October 7, 2010).
1390:"Defending the Affordable Care Act"
1249:"Health Foes Try Divergent Tactics"
1247:Kendall, Brent (February 4, 2011).
939:
927:from the original on August 5, 2011
740:from the original on March 26, 2010
63:26 states engaged in a joint action
24:
1960:Harris, Andrew (August 12, 2013).
1929:Harris, Andrew (August 12, 2013).
1891:from the original on March 6, 2012
1583:from the original on June 19, 2012
1052:from the original on June 26, 2012
948:"Health Overhaul Is Dealt Setback"
946:Kendall, Brent (August 13, 2011).
845:from the original on March 7, 2017
837:Messenger, Tony (August 4, 2010).
610:from the original on June 30, 2012
440:Independent Payment Advisory Board
25:
2313:
2115:10.1377/forefront.20180313.321472
2004:10.1377/forefront.20171215.665944
1760:. Center for Individual Freedom.
1671:from the original on July 2, 2012
1641:from the original on May 27, 2012
1637:. Yahoo! News. Associated Press.
1505:Crawford, Jan (October 7, 2010).
1446:"Health insurance mandate upheld"
1192:
977:Yost, Pete (September 27, 2011).
767:Richey, Warren (March 23, 2010),
659:Totenberg, Nina (June 17, 2021).
602:Cauchi, Richard (June 28, 2012).
551:Constitution of the United States
283:Religious Freedom Restoration Act
1602:Ungar, Rick (November 8, 2011).
686:Murphy, Brian (March 18, 2010).
105:Georgetown University Law Center
2253:
2222:
2200:
2164:
2140:Sherman, Mark (June 17, 2021).
2133:
2095:
2071:
2041:
2022:
1984:
1953:
1830:
1817:
1808:
1789:
1776:
1653:
1564:
1555:
1531:Sack, Kevin (October 7, 2010).
1524:
1498:
1462:
1438:
1358:
1332:
1299:
1273:
1240:
1209:
1186:
1125:
1097:
1064:
996:
970:
919:David Whelan (April 18, 2012).
912:
892:Brown, Tom (January 31, 2011).
885:
830:
300:Thomas More Law Center v. Obama
1690:Stohr, Greg (August 1, 2013).
839:"Prop C passes overwhelmingly"
804:
761:
752:
652:
622:
595:
497:rested on was repealed by the
254:Liberty University v. Geithner
13:
1:
2219:(N.D. Tex.) September 7, 2022
784:Funk, Josh (March 22, 2010).
773:The Christian Science Monitor
589:
499:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
2302:United States case law lists
524:Administrative Procedure Act
339:dissented, stating that the
271:On February 22, 2011, Judge
83:Reactions from legal experts
67:the ACA's individual mandate
7:
1371:September 14, 2012, at the
1283:. NBC29. January 26, 2011.
1104:Lewis, Bob (May 24, 2010).
791:September 17, 2011, at the
556:
234:subject-matter jurisdiction
210:to regulation by Congress.
128:On January 31, 2011, Judge
10:
2318:
2215:November 16, 2022, at the
775:, Retrieved March 24, 2010
516:Northern District of Texas
503:
486:Wisconsin Attorney General
351:
27:Since the passage of the
2107:Health Affairs Forefront
2034:August 26, 2023, at the
1996:Health Affairs Forefront
1915:August 10, 2024, at the
663:. National Public Rado.
473:Court of Appeals in D.C.
394:Pacific Legal Foundation
2209:, No. 4:20-cv-00283-O,
2079:"Texas, et al. v. U.S."
1801:August 2, 2014, at the
1665:The National Law Review
1254:The Wall Street Journal
952:The Wall Street Journal
801:. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
341:Tax Anti-Injunction Act
1697:Bloomberg Businessweek
1451:June 20, 2012, at the
520:nondelegation doctrine
479:Texas Attorney General
434:challenged the ACA in
305:Thomas More Law Center
264:
76:
58:
1737:on September 30, 2012
396:initiated a lawsuit,
259:
201:On May 24, 2010, the
71:
56:
1855:AZ Business Magazine
1731:Pacific Liberty Blog
1486:on February 16, 2012
923:. Blogs.forbes.com.
798:Lincoln Journal Star
736:. Associated Press.
706:on December 30, 2011
444:separation of powers
420:District of Columbia
385:Follow-up litigation
203:Obama administration
45:Challenges by states
2297:Affordable Care Act
1885:Goldwater Institute
1704:on December 2, 2013
1320:on January 11, 2012
1222:The Washington Post
1172:The Washington Post
1139:The Washington Post
640:on January 12, 2013
547:Affordable Care Act
532:California v. Texas
506:California v. Texas
465:A lawsuit entitled
432:Goldwater Institute
325:Seven-Sky v. Holder
29:Affordable Care Act
2091:on April 16, 2018.
1537:The New York Times
983:Worcester Telegram
451:Pruitt v. Sebelius
412:Origination Clause
360:writ of certiorari
348:U.S. Supreme Court
329:Laurence Silberman
295:George Caram Steeh
230:Diana Gribbon Motz
140:individual mandate
59:
33:U.S. Supreme Court
2174:(June 17, 2021).
1910:Coons v. Geithner
1577:Los Angeles Times
1396:on April 12, 2014
1085:on March 27, 2010
1027:National Archives
811:Cauchi, Richard.
438:by targeting the
436:Coons v. Geithner
207:motion to dismiss
184:Kathleen Sebelius
65:) to strike down
16:(Redirected from
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571:Zubik v. Burwell
494:NFIB v. Sebelius
416:NFIB v. Sebelius
408:NFIB v. Sebelius
333:Harry T. Edwards
174:Attorney General
21:
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379:Commerce Clause
356:
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337:Brett Kavanaugh
321:
309:Commerce Clause
291:
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192:Henry E. Hudson
163:
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97:'s decision in
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504:Main article:
386:
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352:Main article:
349:
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320:
317:
290:
287:
278:Mead v. Holder
273:Gladys Kessler
268:
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249:Norman K. Moon
244:
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196:George W. Bush
177:Ken Cuccinelli
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2276:September 8,
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2190:. Retrieved
2179:
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2166:
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2086:the original
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2063:December 15,
2061:. Retrieved
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1995:
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1974:. Retrieved
1965:
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1943:. Retrieved
1934:
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1895:September 8,
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1875:
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1859:the original
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1735:the original
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1481:the original
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1430:February 24,
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1394:the original
1384:
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1334:
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1315:the original
1301:
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1275:
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1232:December 13,
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1170:
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1137:
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1115:. Retrieved
1109:
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1089:December 20,
1087:. Retrieved
1083:the original
1078:Businessweek
1076:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1035:
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1019:. Retrieved
1008:
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806:
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654:
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638:the original
633:
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612:. Retrieved
597:
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489:Brad Schimel
476:
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1768:February 9,
1547:October 13,
1516:October 13,
1490:October 14,
1291:January 27,
1265:February 6,
2291:Categories
2038:(The Hill)
1976:August 20,
1945:August 20,
1865:October 2,
1741:October 1,
1708:August 13,
1618:August 26,
1457:SCOTUSblog
1377:SCOTUSblog
1046:SCOTUSblog
988:August 10,
962:August 19,
849:August 19,
590:References
482:Ken Paxton
179:then sued
107:professor
2125:March 29,
2014:March 29,
822:March 23,
734:USA Today
710:March 22,
402:, in the
144:severable
2270:Archived
2239:Archived
2213:Archived
2192:June 17,
2186:Archived
2156:June 17,
2150:Archived
2119:Archived
2109:. 2018.
2057:Archived
2053:The Hill
2032:Archived
2008:Archived
1998:. 2017.
1970:Archived
1939:Archived
1913:Archived
1889:Archived
1799:Archived
1762:Archived
1669:Archived
1645:April 1,
1639:Archived
1612:Archived
1587:June 30,
1581:Archived
1541:Archived
1511:CBS News
1449:Archived
1424:Archived
1420:ABC News
1369:Archived
1350:July 17,
1344:Archived
1285:Archived
1259:Archived
1226:Archived
1144:Archived
1056:June 30,
1050:Archived
1021:April 1,
1015:Archived
956:Archived
931:June 29,
925:Archived
904:June 29,
898:Archived
877:July 17,
871:The Hill
843:Archived
789:Archived
738:Archived
671:June 17,
665:Archived
644:June 30,
614:June 30,
608:Archived
557:See also
536:standing
522:and the
205:filed a
171:Virginia
90:The Hill
1675:July 2,
744:May 14,
514:of the
186:in the
167:nullify
155:en banc
113:Florida
1608:Forbes
2181:MSNBC
2089:(PDF)
2082:(PDF)
1484:(PDF)
1477:(PDF)
1318:(PDF)
1311:(PDF)
1197:. CNN
704:(PDF)
691:(PDF)
215:ruled
2278:2022
2247:2022
2194:2021
2158:2021
2127:2022
2065:2018
2016:2022
1978:2013
1947:2013
1897:2010
1867:2012
1770:2013
1743:2012
1710:2013
1677:2012
1647:2012
1620:2017
1589:2012
1549:2010
1518:2010
1492:2010
1432:2011
1402:2011
1352:2012
1326:2011
1293:2011
1267:2011
1234:2010
1203:2010
1180:2010
1152:2010
1119:2010
1091:2010
1058:2012
1023:2012
990:2024
964:2016
933:2012
906:2012
879:2011
851:2016
824:2010
746:2010
712:2010
673:2021
646:2012
616:2012
484:and
430:The
392:The
368:and
2266:Vox
2111:doi
2000:doi
543:HIV
459:IRS
323:In
297:in
132:in
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2264:.
2237:.
2233:.
2184:.
2178:.
2148:.
2144:.
2117:.
2105:.
2055:.
2051:.
2006:.
1994:.
1968:.
1964:.
1937:.
1933:.
1887:.
1883:.
1853:.
1729:.
1718:^
1694:.
1663:.
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1509:.
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