812:("that's good") gesture. Interpretation of this figure varies; while some suggest that he express his interest and support for the Constitution, which he sees as a promise of further reforms that will improve the situation of the Jews—the Constitution had not addressed them in any significant way—others put him, or both of the Jews, among the opponents of the Constitution, describing them as frowning and disturbed, gleefully anticipating the end of the Commonwealth, or at least concerned with the liberal reforms. The latter interpretation can be also supported by the fact that Matejko tended to portray Jews in his paintings in negative roles.
428:. attribute this to Matejko's exploration of new techniques, but note that contemporary critiques saw this departure from his old style as the weakening form of the dying master, and did not applaud the changes. They also note that Matejko usually dedicated two years to paintings of that size; this one was completed in less than a year, during a period in which Matejko was working on other projects and suffering from stress and depression. Matejko himself was not fond of the 18th century and the
464:
208:
44:
602:, a supporter of the townsfolk and peasant causes, and of the Constitution. The artist here alludes to Suchorzewski's unsuccessful attempt to prevent the king from signing the Constitution, during which he threatening to kill his own son to save him from the "slavery of the Constitution". A deck of cards has fallen out of Suchorzewski's pocket, a reference to the manner in which he was bribed by the anti-Constitution Russian ambassador
684:(19), the king's mistress and mother of his children. Bowing at the church doors is the former mayor of Warsaw, Jan Dekert (20). He is accompanied by his daughter Marianna (in a yellow dress, facing away from the viewer) taking a prominent position near the king (38). Dekert's inclusion in the painting is another example of Matejko taking liberties with history, as he died in October 1790; he was an important
664:(17) is ascending. Matejko was not very fond of Poniatowski, and he portrayed him in a rather pompous posture, with his hand extended to be kissed, and in the company of numerous pretty ladies, supporting his reputation as a "lady's man". Poniatowski's inclusion in the procession is one of Matejko's artistic liberties, as he had arrived at the church before the procession. A woman hands him a
504:
While the procession was an actual historic event, Matejko took many artistic liberties, such as including persons who were not in fact present or had died earlier. He did so because he intended the painting to be a synthesis of the final years of the
Commonwealth. He also felt that there was no real
1101:
The painting has no single dominant title, in either Polish or
English. It is referred to variously, using different renderings of the name of the Constitution of 3 May 1791 (e.g., "Constitution of the 3rd May", "Third of May Constitution", and "Constitution of 3 May 1791"); and more elaborately,
420:
The painting is one of
Matejko's best known works and today it is commonly seen as one of his masterpieces, an "education in national history." However, it was less well received by his contemporaries, with turn-of-the-century reviews criticizing it for being "too crowded" and with unclear
797:. At the time of the passing of the Constitution, he was the commander of the Warsaw garrison, and is shown keeping an eye on the procession, with his soldiers lined up and guarding the street. To his right, partially obscured by Poniatowski's horse's head, is
628:(11) is the most prominent, gesturing in disdain at Suchorzewski. Several other figures in the vicinity are described in sources, but their precise location is unclear, or the sources contradict one another. The priest holding the Bible (12) is probably
342:
Matejko began work on the painting in mid–January 1891, to coincide with the
Constitution's centenary. Although the painting was not finished until October, by 3 May it was sufficiently advanced to be shown at the anniversary exhibition in
613:; Suchorzewski suddenly started winning large sums of money in games, despite his poor skills as a gambler. Branicki (10) can be seen standing between the king and Suchorzewski, dressed in a Russian uniform, foreshadowing the rank of
432:, remarking that he "would rather prefer to paint any other century". He felt compelled, however, by the anniversary of the Constitution to create an artwork commemorating the event, which he recognized as historically significant.
520:(1), who is wearing a white, French-inspired costume. Małachowski holds the marshal staff in his left hand and in his right hand, he triumphantly raises the text of the Constitution. Although the historical document was titled
313:, broke its alliance, and the Commonwealth was defeated. In the end, the Constitution of May 3 remained in force for little more than one year. Despite the Commonwealth's defeat in the Polish–Russian War and the ensuing
524:(Government Ordinance), Matejko chose to make the title page of the document as portrayed in his painting more explicit—and at the same time put the name of the painting right in its center. He is carried by deputies
782:(32), Lithuanian official and reformer. To the right of Zamoyski is an unnamed peasant (33). His passive attitude is seen as a representation of the unconcerned attitude of Polish peasantry towards the reforms.
175:
The picture was painted between
January and October 1891 to commemorate the Constitution's centenary. It was one of the last works by Matejko, who died in November 1893. The painting was displayed in
808:
are on the edge of the scene; the younger (36) one is usually described as enthralled by the events, watching them with hope, but most analysis focuses on the older man (37), whose hand is making a
1060:
317:
which eliminated the
Commonwealth, the May 3 Constitution remained for more than 123 years a beacon in the struggle to restore Polish sovereignty. In the words of two of its co-authors,
1047:
Several more figures have been identified by historians as likely present in the painting, but their exact location is unknown, and they are also not present on the guide picture:
1078:
820:
Historians have positively identified a number of characters. This is the list of characters portrayed on the painting and indicated with numbers on the associated guide picture:
1057:, castellan of Kraków, supporter of the Constitution and of the townsfolk cause - his location on the picture was described by Wrona et al. as unknown; probably near Małachowski
172:. Some twenty individuals have been identified by modern historians; another ten or so who had been reported in older sources as being present, await definitive identification.
703:(22). An anonymous black-clad French royalist (23) is shown looking terrified at the scene, seeing another revolution in the making. He raises his hand over the king's head.
575:(5), marshal of the Lithuanian confederation and the second Sejm marshal. He is dressed in more traditional Polish clothing. Between Małachowski and Sapieha, the head of
864:
580:
995:
879:(or Jan Kublicki), deputy of Inflanty, an active supporter of the Constitution and of the causes of townsfolk and peasants (sources vary with regards to his name)
747:
633:
876:
595:
17:
448:
922:
830:
793:
and riding a grey horse. The uniform is another instance of foreshadowing; Poniatowski became the commander-in-chief of the Duchy's army and died during the
649:
525:
958:
700:
952:
696:
440:
1066:
1905:
644:(14) (although some sources identify Czartoryski elsewhere in the painting, in the vicinity of Kościuszko). Surrounding Kołłątaj are likely the priest
250:, had increasingly corrupted the Commonwealth's politics. The Constitution sought to supplant the existing anarchy fostered by some of the country's
2303:
894:
629:
2425:
594:
and an opponent of the
Constitution, has fallen to the ground, holding his young son with one arm; his other hand, holding a knife, is held by
2430:
505:
historic moment or location that fully captured the spirit of the
Constitution, and so he, the artist, needed to create such a moment.
305:, a coalition of Polish magnates and landless nobility who opposed reforms that might weaken their influence. The Commonwealth's ally
699:(21), another opponent of the Constitution, known for being on a Russian payroll. Below him is another opponent of the Constitution,
1906:
Państwowy
Instytut Sztuki (Poland); Politechnika Warszawska. Zakład Architektury Polskiej; Stowarzyszenie Historyków Sztuki (1985).
141:
Like many
Matejko works, the picture presents a grand scene populated with numerous historic figures, including Poland's last King,
763:
603:
289:
The adoption of the 3 May Constitution met with hostile political and military responses from the Commonwealth's neighbors. In the
2271:
242:
It was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth's system of "
624:
Notable figures in the center of the painting, to the left of Małachowski, include other supporters of the Constitution. Priest
439:. Consequently, some characters in the painting have not been identified. A partial legend was written by Matejko's secretary,
2435:
2223:
2165:
2131:
2097:
2023:
1986:
1949:
1855:
1749:
1694:
1666:
1638:
1566:
1550:
1422:
1390:
1349:
1315:
1278:
1238:
1133:
903:(1750–1809), Grand Marshal of Lithuania, co-author of the Constitution (location indicated on the picture could be incorrect)
579:(6), a well-known writer, is visible. He appears to be carrying Sapieha. The other figure carrying Sapieha, to his right, is
1102:
e.g., Reddaway's "King Stanislaw Augustus entering Warsaw Cathedral after the passing of the reformed Constitution of 1791".
1301:
397:
2084:
The Polish biographical dictionary: profiles of nearly 900 Poles who have made lasting contributions to world civilization
560:
in 1794, three years after the event depicted in the painting. To the left of Kościuszko, is a figure identified by Wrona
484:
424:
Matejko's technique in this painting was subtly but noticeably different compared to his other paintings; authors Wrede
236:
131:
2415:
2370:
2311:
1173:
621:. In reality Suchorzewski, like most of those opposed to the Constitution, refused to participate in the procession.
540:(3) (on his left). Their significance is that Kraków and Poznań are principal cities of two major regions of Poland:
435:
Matejko commonly identified the characters in his paintings with a written legend, but he did not create one for the
389:
335:
1082:
706:
In the group of people gathered below the king, in another acknowledgement of the burghers' importance, is burgher
1211:
310:
239:. It has been called "the first constitution of its type in Europe" and the world's second oldest constitution.
928:
661:
354:
142:
548:, respectively. Under Małachowski's right hand there is a figure with a bandaged head holding a flag; this is
447:. write that his "chaotic description" is not very helpful. Modern analysis has been done by Polish historians
290:
421:
composition; supporters of Matejko's previous works were much more guarded in their praise of this painting.
404:, and occasionally displayed in the Sejm building. Since 1984 the painting has been in the collection of the
1054:
2319:
710:(24), one of the leaders of the Kościuszko Uprising. To his right, at the edge of the crowd, is the priest
1013:
771:
408:, where Matejko himself declared he would like the painting to be shown. The painting is displayed in the
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906:
824:
641:
565:
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222:
216:
153:
127:
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501:), surrounded by enthusiastic Warsaw residents and visitors. The deputies are protected by soldiers.
401:
2343:
848:
572:
412:
of the Chamber of Senators, where the Constitution was adopted. The painting was restored in 2007.
157:
1716:
1034:
798:
2410:
854:
576:
471:
The painting, set in the late afternoon of 3 May 1791, shows the procession of deputies from the
452:
377:
302:
255:
931:(1732–1798), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1764–1795, co-author of the Constitution
586:
In the lower center of the painting, Matejko shows a scene that took place in the Royal Castle.
2263:
2255:
977:
711:
294:
2247:
2155:
2089:
1596:
1063:, king's secretary - like Jabłonkowski, his exact location is unknown, likely near Małachowski
937:(Dorothea Biron), Courland princess (also identified as Róża z Martynkowskich, wife of Dekert)
557:
293:(sometimes called the "War in Defense of the Constitution"), the Commonwealth was attacked by
2195:
2121:
1339:
1305:
1165:
1123:
775:
689:
553:
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940:
888:
842:
743:
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549:
322:
169:
161:
2209:
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750:(28), is visible in the crowd. Beneath Staszic and Zamoyski, with an outstretched hand, is
685:
599:
472:
429:
405:
314:
196:
135:
90:
1528:
1028:
983:
786:
731:
8:
2420:
2015:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1978:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1270:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1230:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1072:
913:, supporter of the Constitution (the location of this figure is disputed by some sources)
882:
610:
358:
146:
282:, which at one time had put the Sejm at the mercy of any deputy who might choose, or be
2335:
2054:
934:
673:
2279:
2161:
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2019:
1982:
1945:
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1745:
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1345:
1311:
1274:
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1169:
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751:
680:. Behind her (leftmost in the group of two women, with only her face showing) stands
645:
533:
116:
1158:
1019:
989:
870:
827:(1736–1809), Crown Marshal of the Grand Sejm, holding the Constitution in his handl
779:
767:
735:
587:
126:. It is a large piece, and one of Matejko's best known. It memorializes the Polish
2009:
1972:
1570:
1264:
1224:
801:(35), deputy, general, and future leader of the Kościuszko Uprising in Lithuania.
2388:
2056:
2013:
1976:
1939:
1907:
1268:
1228:
790:
755:
370:
362:
298:
108:
971:
707:
636:. The figures to the right of Kołłątaj represents the Grand Lithuanian Marshal,
900:
759:
739:
637:
545:
318:
286:
by an interest or foreign power, to undo the legislation adopted by that Sejm.
276:. The Constitution abolished pernicious parliamentary institutions such as the
243:
165:
742:, an earlier attempt to reform the state. To the left of Staszic, the head of
2404:
665:
541:
1718:
Obalanie mitów i stereotypów. Od Jana III Sobieskiego do Tadeusza Kościuszki
272:
under the protection of the government, thus mitigating the worst abuses of
2157:
Polish Cities: Travels in Cracow and the South, Gdansk, Malbork, and Warsaw
2055:Żydowski Instytut Historyczny—Instytut Naukowo-Badawczy (January 1, 2007).
618:
514:
463:
393:
373:). The painting was one of the last by Matejko, who died in November 1893.
278:
188:
119:
72:
82:
247 cm × 446 cm (97 in × 176 in)
2232:
2080:
Stanley S. Sokol; Sharon F. Mrotek Kissane; Alfred L. Abramowicz (1992).
409:
385:
259:
123:
54:
1845:
1739:
1684:
1656:
1628:
1540:
1412:
1380:
999:
891:(1750–1812), Underchancellor of the Crown, co-author of the Constitution
1069:, king's secretary, his exact location uncertain, likely near Gorzeński
946:
885:(ca. 1730–1819), Grand Hetman of the Crown, opposed to the Constitution
805:
766:, an ax- and hammer-like weapon, in his hand. Above them is an unnamed
677:
676:(Dorothea Biron) or Róża z Martynkowskich, wife of former Warsaw mayor
480:
349:
150:
919:, priest, secretary of king Poniatowski, supporter of the Constitution
369:, and it was displayed in the Sejm building (now the main building of
1531:. Interklasa: polski portal edukacyjny. Last accessed on 23 May 2012.
715:
571:
Another figure, to the right of Małachowski, is being carried; he is
207:
43:
1714:
537:
529:
381:
344:
184:
1307:
Democratic government in Poland: constitutional politics since 1989
719:
669:
264:
247:
1037:, deputy, general, leader of the Kościuszko Uprising in Lithuania
614:
493:
306:
283:
273:
269:
251:
180:
325:, it was "the last will and testament of the expiring Country."
955:(1748–1794), Castellan of Przemyśl, opposed to the Constitution
607:
591:
192:
94:
2201:
353:. On 7 April 1892, Matejko transferred the painting to Prince
2119:
443:, and even though it provides a list of 39 characters, Wrede
1188:
Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,
778:, a less progressive figure. This line of figures ends with
1206:
Juliusz Bardach, Bogusław Leśnodorski and Michał Pietrzak,
497:
will be sung. The procession moves down St. John's Street (
366:
231:
176:
695:
Behind the king, holding his hands to his head, is Prince
384:, where from 1923 it was displayed in the building of the
974:(1760–1819), shoemaker, member of the Warsaw City Council
873:(d. 1809), Wojski of Wschowa, opposed to the Constitution
714:(25), who ran an orphanage and a school in Warsaw and is
1594:
1192:
Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, p. 297–298
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
598:(9), standing to his right. Kublicki was a deputy from
479:), where the Constitution has just been adopted by the
1846:
Marek Wrede; Hanna Małachowicz; Paweł Sadlej (2007).
1740:
Marek Wrede; Hanna Małachowicz; Paweł Sadlej (2007).
1685:
Marek Wrede; Hanna Małachowicz; Paweł Sadlej (2007).
1657:
Marek Wrede; Hanna Małachowicz; Paweł Sadlej (2007).
1629:
Marek Wrede; Hanna Małachowicz; Paweł Sadlej (2007).
1541:
Marek Wrede; Hanna Małachowicz; Paweł Sadlej (2007).
1413:
Marek Wrede; Hanna Małachowicz; Paweł Sadlej (2007).
1381:
Marek Wrede; Hanna Małachowicz; Paweł Sadlej (2007).
1259:
1257:
833:, deputy of Kraków, and supporter of the Constitution
2039:
949:(1738–1790), former City President (Mayor) of Warsaw
925:(Matusiewicz), deputy, supporter of the Constitution
867:, deputy of Inflanty, general of the Lithuanian Army
770:
priest (30); the figure on his right (31) is either
400:. After the war the painting was transferred to the
2113:
1121:
2081:
1529:Z Matejką przez polskie dzieje: Konstytucja 3 maja
1254:
1217:
1157:
1016:, Catholic priest, pioneer of agricultural reforms
415:
246:", which conferred disproportionate rights on the
789:(34), in the uniform of the light cavalry of the
333:A sketch of the work was presented in the cycle,
2402:
2304:Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God
2073:
1848:Konstytucja 3 Maja. Historia. Obraz. Konserwacja
1742:Konstytucja 3 Maja. Historia. Obraz. Konserwacja
1687:Konstytucja 3 Maja. Historia. Obraz. Konserwacja
1659:Konstytucja 3 Maja. Historia. Obraz. Konserwacja
1631:Konstytucja 3 Maja. Historia. Obraz. Konserwacja
1543:Konstytucja 3 Maja. Historia. Obraz. Konserwacja
1415:Konstytucja 3 Maja. Historia. Obraz. Konserwacja
1383:Konstytucja 3 Maja. Historia. Obraz. Konserwacja
1202:
1200:
1198:
692:, which was incorporated into the Constitution.
168:; and other major contemporary figures such as
1850:. Zamek Królewski w Warszawie. pp. 26–31.
1661:. Zamek Królewski w Warszawie. pp. 40–41.
1590:
1588:
1331:
1210:(History of the Polish State and Law), Warsaw,
1300:
568:, although this is disputed by other sources.
552:(4), and his head wound is a reference to the
2217:
2120:Mark Salter; Jonathan Bousfield (July 2002).
2008:
1971:
1601:. CUP Archive. p. 546. GGKEY:2G7C1LPZ3RN
1263:
1223:
1195:
1182:
839:(1745–1802), City President (Mayor) of Warsaw
202:
1585:
1337:
785:To their right is the king's nephew, prince
467:Identified individuals (see text for legend)
2153:
1937:
1744:. Zamek Królewski w Warszawie. p. 24.
1721:. Bellona. pp. 137–. GGKEY:Y8EFTRG2LL1
1689:. Zamek Królewski w Warszawie. p. 23.
1652:
1650:
1633:. Zamek Królewski w Warszawie. p. 25.
1559:
1545:. Zamek Królewski w Warszawie. p. 49.
1417:. Zamek Królewski w Warszawie. p. 21.
1385:. Zamek Królewski w Warszawie. p. 22.
986:(1755–1826), scientist and political writer
258:. It introduced political equality between
225:was adopted as a "Government Act" (Polish:
2224:
2210:
1715:Sławomir Suchodolski, Dariusz Ostapowicz.
1569:(in Polish). poland.gov.pl. Archived from
992:(1716–1792), Grand Chancellor of the Crown
851:(1754–1798), Lithuanian Artillery General
754:(29), Kołłątaj's secretary and one of the
42:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1841:
1839:
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1833:
1831:
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1801:
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1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
953:Antoni Stanisław Czetwertyński-Światopełk
697:Antoni Stanisław Czetwertyński-Światopełk
668:(18); sources have identified her as the
160:; co-authors of the Constitution such as
2147:
2088:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p.
1901:
1899:
1897:
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1344:. Kluwer Law International. p. 20.
734:(26) and, with his hand around Staszic,
462:
206:
2272:Blind Veit Stoss with his granddaughter
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
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1867:
617:he received several years later in the
14:
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1924:
1710:
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1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1310:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 11–12.
1294:
1155:
1128:. Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 15.
1081:, treasury official and member of the
1007:(1769–1805), Hugo Kołłątaj's secretary
774:, pioneer of agricultural reforms, or
18:Constitution of May 3, 1791 (painting)
2426:Paintings in the Royal Castle, Warsaw
2205:
1941:Matejko: obrazy olejne : katalog
1758:
1733:
1675:
1613:
1534:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1399:
1365:
815:
804:At the very bottom right corner, two
730:To the right of Sapieha are reformer
2431:Cultural depictions of Polish people
1864:
1095:
130:, a milestone in the history of the
2160:. Pelican Publishing. p. 118.
2002:
1703:
1164:. Oxford University Press. p.
1022:, Lithuanian official and reformer.
183:) until 1920, when it was moved to
24:
1965:
1431:
1208:Historia państwa i prawa polskiego
1190:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego
1051:Marianna Dekert, Dekert's daughter
980:(1751–1820), Redemptorist (priest)
660:On the stairs of the church, King
378:after Poland regained independence
25:
2447:
2371:History of Civilization in Poland
2184:
1595:William Fiddian Reddaway (1971).
1338:Machnikowski (December 1, 2010).
1149:
1115:
1075:, Foreign Minister and Chancellor
491:, now an archcathedral), where a
388:. The painting was hidden by the
336:History of Civilization in Poland
1083:Commission of National Education
909:(1734–1832), Prefect General of
632:, although some identify him as
513:The painting is centered on the
2231:
2018:. EJJ Books. pp. 177–178.
1598:The Cambridge History of Poland
1273:. EJJ Books. pp. 188–189.
1233:. EJJ Books. pp. 184–185.
861:, supporter of the Constitution
845:(1746–1817), Crown Army General
416:Significance and historiography
122:on canvas by the Polish artist
2352:The Constitution of 3 May 1791
2154:Philip Ward (September 1989).
965:, opponent of the Constitution
556:, which took place during the
237:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
132:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
104:The Constitution of 3 May 1791
36:The Constitution of 3 May 1791
13:
1:
1212:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
1109:
2436:Cultural depictions of kings
2126:. Rough Guides. p. 91.
2061:. Instytut. pp. 191–192
1122:Albert P. Blaustein (1993).
943:(1748–1810), king's mistress
929:Stanisław August Poniatowski
662:Stanisław August Poniatowski
485:St. John's Collegiate Church
380:, the painting was moved to
355:Eustachy Stanisław Sanguszko
195:, where it now hangs in the
143:Stanisław August Poniatowski
113:Konstytucja 3 Maja 1791 roku
27:1891 painting by Jan Matejko
7:
2312:Zawieszenie dzwonu Zygmunta
688:figure associated with the
604:Otto Magnus von Stackelberg
10:
2452:
2264:The Sermon of Piotr Skarga
1981:. EJJ Books. p. 193.
1125:Constitutions of the world
1055:Antoni Barnaba Jabłonowski
1031:(1763–1813), General-Major
1010:An unnamed Orthodox priest
968:An unnamed French royalist
907:Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski
642:Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski
566:Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski
458:
328:
291:Polish–Russian War of 1792
223:Constitution of 3 May 1791
217:Constitution of 3 May 1791
214:
203:Constitution of 3 May 1791
128:Constitution of 3 May 1791
2381:
2362:
2239:
2058:Kwartalnik historii żydów
1079:Antoni Józef Lanckoroński
1014:Paweł Ksawery Brzostowski
772:Paweł Ksawery Brzostowski
508:
402:National Museum in Warsaw
86:
78:
68:
60:
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41:
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2416:Paintings by Jan Matejko
2344:The Baptism of Lithuania
2296:Stephen Báthory at Pskov
1909:Biuletyn historii sztuki
1088:
849:Kazimierz Nestor Sapieha
762:flower in his hat and a
725:
573:Kazimierz Nestor Sapieha
158:Kazimierz Nestor Sapieha
134:and a high point of the
2196:TRZECI MAJ À LA MATEJKO
1156:Davies, Norman (1996).
855:Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
758:; Konopka has a French
655:
577:Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
532:(2) (on his right) and
453:Emanuel M. Rostworowski
398:occupied by the Germans
303:Targowica Confederation
256:constitutional monarchy
254:with a more democratic
187:. It was hidden during
2256:Poland - The Year 1863
1341:Contract Law in Poland
978:Clemens Maria Hofbauer
712:Clemens Maria Hofbauer
468:
406:Royal Castle in Warsaw
229:) on that date by the
212:
112:
2123:Rough guide to Poland
1035:Stanisław Mokronowski
825:Stanisław Małachowski
799:Stanisław Mokronowski
690:Free Royal Cities Act
652:or Matusiewicz (16).
554:battle of Maciejowice
518:Stanisław Małachowski
466:
210:
154:Stanisław Małachowski
1938:Jan Matejko (1993).
1040:An unnamed young Jew
738:(27), author of the
430:Polish Enlightenment
311:Frederick William II
235:(parliament) of the
136:Polish Enlightenment
2193:Jarosław Krawczyk,
1073:Joachim Chreptowicz
996:Tymoteusz Gorzeński
923:Tadeusz Matuszewicz
883:Franciszek Branicki
831:Aleksander Linowski
748:Tymoteusz Gorzeński
650:Tadeusz Matuszewicz
634:Tymoteusz Gorzeński
558:Kościuszko Uprising
526:Aleksander Linowski
376:In 1920, two years
295:Catherine the Great
191:and later moved to
2336:The Babin Republic
2320:Battle of Grunwald
1214:, 1987, pp. 304–8.
1043:An unnamed old Jew
1025:An unnamed peasant
941:Elżbieta Grabowska
935:Dorothea von Medem
897:, bishop of Kraków
877:Stanisław Kublicki
843:Tadeusz Kościuszko
816:List of characters
744:bishop of Smoleńsk
718:as a saint in the
682:Elżbieta Grabowska
674:Dorothea von Medem
640:(13), and perhaps
596:Stanisław Kublicki
550:Tadeusz Kościuszko
499:ulica Świętojańska
469:
396:, when Poland was
213:
170:Tadeusz Kościuszko
2398:
2397:
2167:978-0-88289-739-4
2133:978-1-85828-849-9
2099:978-0-86516-245-7
2025:978-0-7818-0637-4
1988:978-0-7818-0637-4
1951:978-83-213-3652-7
1857:978-83-7022-172-0
1751:978-83-7022-172-0
1696:978-83-7022-172-0
1668:978-83-7022-172-0
1640:978-83-7022-172-0
1552:978-83-7022-172-0
1424:978-83-7022-172-0
1392:978-83-7022-172-0
1351:978-90-411-3396-0
1317:978-0-333-77475-5
1280:978-0-7818-0637-4
1240:978-0-7818-0637-4
1160:Europe: A History
1135:978-0-8377-0362-6
1029:Józef Poniatowski
1005:Kazimierz Konopka
984:Stanisław Staszic
917:Scipione Piattoli
837:Ignacy Zakrzewski
795:Battle of Leipzig
787:Józef Poniatowski
752:Kazimierz Konopka
732:Stanisław Staszic
646:Scipione Piattoli
590:(8), deputy from
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449:Jarosław Krawczyk
441:Marian Gorzkowski
390:Polish resistance
268:) and placed the
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990:Andrzej Zamoyski
959:Antoni Złotnicki
871:Jan Suchorzewski
780:Antoni Tyzenhauz
776:Józef Stępkowski
768:Eastern Orthodox
736:Andrzej Zamoyski
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1571:the original
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972:Jan Kiliński
961:, deputy of
857:, deputy of
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809:
803:
784:
729:
708:Jan Kiliński
705:
694:
659:
623:
619:Russian Army
585:
570:
564:. as Prince
561:
521:
515:Sejm marshal
512:
503:
498:
492:
488:
476:
473:Royal Castle
470:
444:
437:Constitution
436:
434:
425:
423:
419:
394:World War II
375:
348:
341:
334:
332:
288:
279:liberum veto
277:
263:
241:
230:
226:
220:
197:Royal Castle
189:World War II
174:
140:
120:oil painting
103:
102:
101:
91:Royal Castle
35:
29:
2374:(1888–1889)
2331:(1879–1882)
2233:Jan Matejko
2191:(in Polish)
1525:(in Polish)
806:Polish Jews
386:Polish Sejm
260:townspeople
179:(now Lviv,
124:Jan Matejko
55:Jan Matejko
2421:Polish art
2405:Categories
2173:August 14,
2139:August 14,
2105:August 14,
1957:August 14,
1944:. Arkady.
1916:August 14,
1725:August 14,
1605:August 14,
1110:References
947:Jan Dekert
678:Jan Dekert
481:Great Sejm
477:background
350:Sukiennice
315:partitions
151:Great Sejm
79:Dimensions
2240:Paintings
2031:13 August
1994:13 August
1286:13 August
1246:13 August
716:canonized
672:princess
648:(15) and
2248:Stańczyk
2065:April 8,
2012:(1998).
1975:(1998).
1577:April 9,
1357:July 12,
1304:(2002).
1267:(1998).
1227:(1998).
1000:Smoleńsk
859:Inflanty
722:church.
720:Catholic
686:burghers
670:Courland
611:Branicki
600:Inflanty
410:anteroom
309:, under
270:peasants
265:szlachta
252:magnates
248:nobility
147:Marshals
117:Romantic
87:Location
2382:Related
1323:July 5,
1141:May 30,
963:Podolia
911:Podolia
810:Sy, git
615:general
494:Te Deum
459:Content
392:during
361:of the
359:marshal
329:History
307:Prussia
274:serfdom
181:Ukraine
149:of the
2355:(1891)
2347:(1888)
2339:(1881)
2323:(1878)
2315:(1874)
2307:(1873)
2299:(1872)
2291:(1869)
2283:(1866)
2280:Rejtan
2275:(1865)
2267:(1864)
2259:(1864)
2251:(1862)
2164:
2130:
2096:
2022:
1985:
1948:
1854:
1748:
1693:
1665:
1637:
1549:
1421:
1389:
1348:
1314:
1277:
1237:
1172:
1132:
764:czekan
608:hetman
592:Kalisz
538:Poznań
530:Kraków
509:Center
382:Kraków
345:Kraków
284:bribed
193:Warsaw
185:Kraków
109:Polish
95:Warsaw
69:Medium
51:Artist
1089:Notes
726:Right
583:(7).
562:et al
483:, to
445:et al
426:et al
2175:2011
2162:ISBN
2141:2011
2128:ISBN
2107:2011
2094:ISBN
2067:2012
2033:2011
2020:ISBN
1996:2011
1983:ISBN
1959:2011
1946:ISBN
1918:2011
1852:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1727:2011
1691:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1607:2011
1579:2012
1547:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1359:2011
1346:ISBN
1325:2011
1312:ISBN
1288:2011
1275:ISBN
1248:2011
1235:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1143:2011
1130:ISBN
656:Left
606:and
544:and
489:left
451:and
367:Lwów
321:and
232:Sejm
221:The
177:Lwów
164:and
156:and
64:1891
61:Year
2090:251
1166:699
536:of
528:of
365:in
347:'s
297:'s
2407::
2092:.
2041:^
1926:^
1866:^
1760:^
1705:^
1677:^
1649:^
1615:^
1587:^
1433:^
1401:^
1367:^
1256:^
1197:^
1168:.
746:,
455:.
357:,
339:.
199:.
145:;
138:.
111::
93:,
2225:e
2218:t
2211:v
2177:.
2143:.
2109:.
2069:.
2035:.
1998:.
1961:.
1920:.
1860:.
1754:.
1729:.
1699:.
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1643:.
1609:.
1581:.
1555:.
1427:.
1395:.
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1327:.
1290:.
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1178:.
1145:.
487:(
475:(
107:(
20:)
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