8322:
8847:
8827:
8798:
8756:
8720:
8691:
8662:
8626:
8584:
8548:
8519:
8490:
8454:
8432:
8396:
8367:
8338:
558:
318:
4549:
637:) are typically consonants. Such syllables may be abbreviated CV, V, and CVC, where C stands for consonant and V stands for vowel. This can be argued to be the only pattern found in most of the world's languages, and perhaps the primary pattern in all of them. However, the distinction between consonant and vowel is not always clear cut: there are syllabic consonants and non-syllabic vowels in many of the world's languages.
4583:
8879:
7891:
7050:
3447:
2597:
989:
is how long the obstruction of a consonant lasts. This feature is borderline distinctive in
English, as in "wholly" vs. "holy" , but cases are limited to morpheme boundaries. Unrelated roots are differentiated in various languages such as Italian, Japanese, and Finnish, with two length levels,
832:. Ladefoged and Maddieson call these "fricative vowels" and say that "they can usually be thought of as syllabic fricatives that are allophones of vowels". That is, phonetically they are consonants, but phonemically they behave as vowels.
4105:
The remaining seventeen are consonants: b, g, d, z, th, k, l, m, n, x, p, r, s, t, ph, ch, ps. They are called 'sounded with' because they do not have a sound on their own, but, when arranged with vowels, they produce a
4127:
Of these, eight are half-sounded: z, x, ps, l, m, n, r, s. They are called 'half-sounded' because, though a little weaker than the vowels, they are still harmonious in their moaning and hissing.
5392:
847:, it is difficult to know what the nucleus of a syllable is, or if all syllables even have nuclei. If the concept of 'syllable' applies in Nuxalk, there are syllabic consonants in words like
5428:
4539:
4148:
Nine are unsounded: b, g, d, k, p, t, th, ph, ch. They are called 'unsounded' because, more than the others, they are discordant , just as we call the ill-sounding tragedist 'unsounded'.
4100:σύμφωνα δὲ τὰ λοιπὰ ἑπτακαίδεκα· β γ δ ζ θ κ λ μ ν ξ π ρ σ τ φ χ ψ. σύμφωνα δὲ +λέγονται+, ὅτι αὐτὰ μὲν καθ᾽ ἑαυτὰ φωνὴν οὐκ ἔχει, συντασσόμενα δὲ μετὰ τῶν φωνηέντων φωνὴν ἀποτελεῖ.
4537:
1007:
The articulatory force is how much muscular energy is involved. This has been proposed many times, but no distinction relying exclusively on force has ever been demonstrated.
769:
The other problematic area is that of syllabic consonants, segments articulated as consonants but occupying the nucleus of a syllable. This may be the case for words such as
5402:
5412:
1002:
have three phonemic lengths: short, geminate, and long geminate, although the distinction between the geminate and overlong geminate includes suprasegmental features.
5397:
1011:
All
English consonants can be classified by a combination of these features, such as "voiceless alveolar stop" . In this case, the airstream mechanism is omitted.
4538:
4000:—which have no dorsal consonants whatsoever—nearly all other languages have at least one velar consonant: most of the few languages that do not have a simple
5382:
99:; and , pronounced with the back of the tongue; , pronounced throughout the vocal tract; , , and , pronounced by forcing air through a narrow channel (
4122:τούτων ἡμίφωνα μέν ἐστιν ὀκτώ· ζ ξ ψ λ μ ν ρ σ. ἡμίφωνα δὲ λέγεται, ὅτι παρ᾽ ὅσον ἧττον τῶν φωνηέντων εὔφωνα καθέστηκεν ἔν τε τοῖς μυγμοῖς καὶ σιγμοῖς.
67:
5359:
5349:
477:, the letters H, R, W, Y and the digraph GH are used for both consonants and vowels. For instance, the letter Y stands for the consonant/semi-vowel
4143:ἄφωνα δέ ἐστιν ἐννέα· β γ δ κ π τ θ φ χ. ἄφωνα δὲ λέγεται, ὅτι μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων ἐστὶν κακόφωνα, ὥσπερ ἄφωνον λέγομεν τὸν τραγωιδὸν τὸν κακόφωνον.
5344:
8251:
6297:
6043:
4625:
1844:
1590:
4598:
4418:
4593:
6311:
6304:
6050:
1858:
1851:
1597:
3809:, plus some 30 vowels and tone. The types of consonants used in various languages are by no means universal. For instance, nearly all
6525:
6283:
6029:
2072:
1830:
1576:
170:
are used to extend the alphabet, though some letters and digraphs represent more than one consonant. For example, the sound spelled
5294:
3872:
The most universal consonants around the world (that is, the ones appearing in nearly all languages) are the three voiceless stops
8040:
6318:
6015:
3603:
1865:
1562:
4288:
91:, except for the h sound, which is pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Examples are and , pronounced with the
8213:
8143:
8079:
8002:
6290:
6036:
4354:
3777:
3706:
3642:
3565:
1837:
1583:
4004:(that is, a sound that is generally pronounced ) have a consonant that is very similar. For instance, an areal feature of the
8888:
8423:
8208:
8086:
7983:
7900:
7059:
6820:
6727:
5308:
3772:
3649:
3546:
3456:
2606:
2367:
2274:
8163:
8100:
7905:
6910:
6802:
6709:
6022:
4299:
3726:
3663:
3461:
2457:
2349:
2256:
1569:
909:(tongue against soft palate). In addition, there may be a simultaneous narrowing at another place of articulation, such as
4225:
897:
is where in the vocal tract the obstruction of the consonant occurs, and which speech organs are involved. Places include
8439:
8256:
8107:
8053:
8009:
7439:
7394:
6897:
6834:
6741:
6192:
5948:
4322:
3670:
3616:
3572:
2995:
2950:
2444:
2381:
2288:
1739:
1495:
8461:
8236:
8021:
7990:
7405:
7357:
7343:
7285:
7271:
6919:
6827:
6734:
5339:
3956:, lack both of the nasals and altogether, except in special speech registers such as baby-talk. The 'click language'
3584:
3553:
2961:
2913:
2899:
2841:
2827:
2466:
2374:
2281:
8510:
8185:
8170:
7950:
7419:
6937:
6848:
6809:
6755:
6716:
6473:
4618:
4510:
4364:
3748:
3733:
3513:
2975:
2484:
2395:
2356:
2302:
2263:
2020:
597:
365:
347:
111:, using air pressure from the lungs to generate a sound. Very few natural languages are non-pulmonic, making use of
8682:
7936:
7412:
7064:
6991:
6928:
6841:
6748:
6255:
6199:
6164:
5955:
5920:
3825:
as phonemes, though they may appear phonetically. Most languages, however, do include one or more fricatives, with
3499:
2968:
2611:
2538:
2475:
2388:
2295:
1802:
1746:
1711:
1502:
1467:
813:
254:'sounded with') because in Greek they can only be pronounced with a vowel. He divides them into two subcategories:
8747:
8526:
8481:
8046:
8028:
6973:
6241:
5997:
5303:
4875:
4649:
3609:
3591:
3475:
2639:
2520:
1788:
1544:
1039:
139:
130:
Since the number of speech sounds in the world's languages is much greater than the number of letters in any one
49:
8698:
8653:
8539:
7956:
7895:
7890:
7322:
7250:
7054:
7049:
6855:
6762:
6408:
6367:
6103:
5770:
4848:
4270:, originally ©1988 The H.W. Wilson Company; Edinburgh, reprinted 2001: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd., p. 210.
4053:
3519:
3451:
3446:
2878:
2806:
2601:
2596:
2402:
2309:
1955:
1914:
1650:
1317:
579:
343:
8711:
8497:
8358:
7964:
7846:
7706:
7674:
6998:
6262:
6178:
6171:
5934:
5927:
5756:
4843:
4205:
is often said to have no , but as in other dialects of
Hawaiian it has a consonant that varies between and .
4025:
3527:
3402:
3262:
3230:
2545:
1809:
1725:
1718:
1481:
1474:
1303:
774:
4486:
Common West
Caucasian: the reconstruction of its phonological system and parts of its lexicon and morphology
777:
dialects of
English, although phoneticians differ in whether they consider this to be a syllabic consonant,
742:. However, there is a (perhaps allophonic) difference in articulation between these segments, with the in
8818:
8669:
8555:
8246:
7942:
7837:
7826:
7738:
7350:
7278:
6980:
6438:
6248:
6227:
6150:
6004:
5983:
5906:
5387:
5287:
4855:
4838:
4830:
4611:
3505:
3393:
3382:
3294:
2906:
2834:
2527:
1985:
1795:
1774:
1697:
1551:
1530:
1453:
4189:
4168:
4160:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4001:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3941:
3937:
3929:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
864:
860:
852:
848:
825:
802:
798:
790:
786:
782:
778:
739:
731:
723:
715:
707:
699:
691:
679:
512:
501:
489:
478:
63:
59:
8727:
8374:
8329:
8059:
7853:
7336:
7315:
7264:
7007:
6425:
6381:
6374:
6325:
6117:
6110:
6061:
5806:
5777:
5626:
5455:
4870:
4865:
4587:
4460:
4242:
3892:. However, even these common five are not completely universal. Several languages in the vicinity of the
3849:, lack even these. This last language has the smallest number of consonants in the world, with just six.
3622:
3409:
2892:
2871:
2820:
2554:
1972:
1928:
1921:
1872:
1664:
1657:
1608:
1353:
1324:
1173:
17:
8883:
8878:
8789:
8387:
7970:
7867:
7789:
6667:
6560:
6447:
6353:
6269:
6185:
6089:
5941:
5788:
5763:
5742:
5135:
4860:
4334:
4311:
4237:
4188:
pronounce them as and except in formal speech. However, Samoan does have another alveolar consonant,
3533:
3423:
3345:
2214:
2107:
1994:
1900:
1816:
1732:
1636:
1488:
1335:
1310:
1289:
910:
575:
339:
8838:
8575:
8345:
8241:
7860:
7780:
7769:
7371:
7329:
7299:
7257:
6631:
6339:
6234:
6157:
6075:
5990:
5913:
5820:
5671:
5642:
4782:
4727:
4573:
4405:
3416:
3336:
3325:
2927:
2885:
2855:
2813:
2178:
1886:
1781:
1704:
1622:
1537:
1460:
1367:
1218:
1189:
31:
8805:
8617:
8403:
7918:
7796:
7364:
7292:
7016:
6613:
6587:
6536:
6456:
6388:
6332:
6068:
5848:
5813:
5653:
5633:
5612:
4893:
4712:
4645:
4068:
3479:
3352:
2920:
2848:
2563:
2160:
2134:
2083:
2003:
1935:
1879:
1615:
1395:
1360:
1200:
1180:
1159:
918:
328:
8854:
8767:
8591:
7810:
7206:
6674:
6507:
6498:
6481:
6360:
6276:
6096:
5834:
5795:
5749:
5685:
5280:
5096:
5091:
5002:
3366:
2762:
2221:
2054:
2045:
2028:
1907:
1823:
1643:
1381:
1342:
1296:
1232:
670:
that behave like consonants in forming onsets, but are articulated very much like vowels, as the
614:: The most sonorous part of the syllable (that is, the part that is easiest to sing), called the
568:
332:
8633:
7803:
7567:
7505:
7197:
7186:
7131:
6653:
6638:
6518:
6346:
6082:
5827:
5713:
5678:
5569:
5554:
5538:
5113:
4923:
4722:
4697:
4641:
4058:
3359:
3123:
3061:
2753:
2742:
2687:
2200:
2185:
2065:
1893:
1629:
1374:
1260:
1225:
1116:
1101:
1085:
952:
881:
211:
76:
45:
4426:
3865:
is less common in non-rhotic accents.) The most frequent consonant in many other languages is
7629:
7556:
7536:
7494:
7474:
7213:
7110:
6620:
6594:
6569:
6543:
5855:
5699:
5660:
5619:
5549:
5510:
5354:
4702:
4679:
4657:
3185:
3112:
3092:
3050:
3030:
2769:
2666:
2167:
2141:
2116:
2090:
1402:
1246:
1207:
1166:
1096:
1057:
934:
vibrate during the articulation. When the vocal cords vibrate fully, the consonant is called
894:
151:
8092:
7618:
7598:
7576:
7514:
7227:
7166:
6489:
5841:
5692:
5594:
5140:
5103:
4815:
4569:
4073:
4041:
3810:
3655:
3174:
3154:
3132:
3070:
2783:
2722:
2036:
1388:
1239:
1141:
840:
654:. On one side, there are vowel-like segments that are not in themselves syllabic, but form
538:
5272:
964:
is how the air moving through the vocal tract is powered. Most languages have exclusively
8:
8933:
8893:
8156:
7760:
7647:
7638:
7547:
7485:
7234:
7220:
7138:
6660:
5720:
5574:
5531:
5211:
5081:
5058:
4807:
4760:
4732:
3945:
3719:
3316:
3203:
3194:
3103:
3041:
2790:
2776:
2694:
2207:
1267:
1121:
1078:
961:
872:
474:
116:
8179:
7609:
7175:
7124:
7103:
5862:
5706:
5564:
5544:
5498:
5076:
4909:
4717:
4674:
4554:
4063:
3989:
3813:
lack fricatives; a large percentage of the world's languages lack voiced stops such as
3742:
3165:
2731:
2680:
2659:
2643:
1409:
1253:
1111:
1091:
1043:
965:
902:
898:
290:
112:
108:
844:
297:), and the modern concept of "consonant" does not require co-occurrence with a vowel.
8604:
8135:
7530:
7381:
7145:
7072:
6686:
5599:
5579:
5521:
5407:
5198:
5155:
5032:
4997:
4820:
4787:
4755:
4689:
4506:
4360:
4202:
4164:
4005:
3997:
3802:
3698:
3086:
2937:
2701:
2619:
2233:
1146:
1126:
1068:
995:
914:
383:
283:
8414:
7468:
7159:
7117:
5589:
5559:
5526:
5516:
5223:
5216:
5071:
5027:
5022:
4885:
4797:
4774:
4750:
4707:
4666:
4009:
3993:
3917:
3846:
3830:
3024:
2715:
2673:
1136:
1106:
1073:
1063:
1023:
948:
836:
821:
808:
Other languages use fricative and often trilled segments as syllabic nuclei, as in
620:
147:
35:
3957:
8738:
8472:
7929:
7459:
7152:
6581:
5584:
5450:
5188:
5086:
5066:
5007:
4975:
4792:
4346:
4284:
4247:
4092:
3985:
3965:
3905:
3897:
3842:
3806:
3492:
3015:
2708:
2128:
1131:
973:
906:
856:
754:
having more constriction and a more definite place of articulation than the in
294:
239:
120:
104:
8644:
5160:
4033:
3977:
3953:
3794:
999:
809:
627:
150:
has fewer consonant letters than the
English language has consonant sounds, so
4008:
coast is that historical *k has become palatalized in many languages, so that
8927:
8303:
7820:
7662:
7076:
5246:
5206:
5183:
5150:
5123:
4461:"The World Atlas of Language Structures Online: Absence of Common Consonants"
4350:
4330:
4307:
4233:
3925:
3893:
3376:
3218:
2623:
633:
8149:
5871:
5256:
5175:
5165:
5145:
3798:
3712:
1418:
544:
This article is concerned with consonant sounds, however they are written.
84:
888:(vowel-like) sound is made. Manners include stops, fricatives, and nasals.
8901:
8315:
8298:
8072:
7592:
6396:
5465:
5443:
5261:
5251:
5241:
5128:
4985:
3949:
3635:
3148:
1943:
931:
917:. Consonants with two simultaneous places of articulation are said to be
885:
667:
135:
88:
4557:
was created from a revision of this article dated 20 July 2005
8780:
8308:
5606:
5460:
5044:
1153:
986:
582: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
267:
27:
Speech sound articulated by closing the vocal tract fully or partially
3857:
In rhotic
American English, the consonants spoken most frequently are
1033:
Consonants are scheduled by their features in a number of IPA charts:
8566:
8068:
7309:
7242:
6128:
5884:
5233:
5039:
4990:
4950:
4945:
4932:
3933:
3631:
2865:
2798:
1675:
1431:
1027:
977:
939:
927:
655:
642:
100:
4392:
Naumann, Christfied (2008). "The
Consonantal System of West !Xoon".
557:
317:
8872:
8203:
8125:
8119:
7884:
7043:
5881:
4967:
4955:
3921:
3767:
3688:
3682:
3440:
2590:
1428:
991:
969:
678:. Some phonologists model these as both being the underlying vowel
611:
131:
55:
625:
is typically a vowel, while the less sonorous margins (called the
7976:
7180:
5736:
5438:
4940:
3841:
is also widespread, and virtually all languages have one or more
3539:
2736:
1283:
687:
4394:
4603:
4582:
935:
870:
Each spoken consonant can be distinguished by several phonetic
829:
289:
This description does not apply to some languages, such as the
207:
143:
96:
4464:
884:
is how air escapes from the vocal tract when the consonant or
178:
sound in "thin". (In the IPA, these are and , respectively.)
8279:
5433:
4980:
4323:
4300:
4226:
4141:
4120:
4098:
817:
277:
271:
261:
255:
249:
243:
231:
225:
219:
214:
191:
124:
4171:, but it actually has a consonant that varies between and .
87:
that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the
5302:
522:, and forms several digraphs for other diphthongs, such as
92:
839:
allow the trill and the lateral as syllabic nuclei (see
537:. Similarly, R commonly indicates or modifies a vowel in
300:
610:
Consonants and vowels correspond to distinct parts of a
3992:
languages. But with a few striking exceptions, such as
3932:
on a phonemic level, but do use it phonetically, as an
382:
may be used ambiguously for both speech sounds and the
103:); and and , which have air flowing through the nose (
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
7081:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
4381:
Le verbe oubykh: études descriptives et comparatives
3845:, though a very few, such as the Central dialect of
2628:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
54:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
968:consonants, which use the lungs and diaphragm, but
824:. In Mandarin, they are historically allophones of
4345:
386:used to write them. In English, these letters are
293:, in which plosives may occur without vowels (see
8925:
640:One blurry area is in segments variously called
68:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
4446:Ian Maddieson and Sandra Ferrari Disner, 1984,
4599:Consonants (Journal of West African Languages)
3904:. Several languages of North America, such as
3797:had only 2 or 3 vowels but 84 consonants; the
8252:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
5288:
4619:
951:(VOT) indicates the timing of the phonation.
4594:Interactive manner and place of articulation
174:in "this" is a different consonant from the
4743:
801:or ; others see these as a single phoneme,
547:
346:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
201:
195:
5295:
5281:
4626:
4612:
95:; and , pronounced with the front of the
5350:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
3924:and some West African languages, such as
938:; when they do not vibrate at all, it is
598:Learn how and when to remove this message
366:Learn how and when to remove this message
142:(IPA) to assign a unique and unambiguous
4565:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
4548:
4406:The most common sounds in spoken English
4379:Georges Dumézil and Tevfik Esenç, 1975,
658:as part of the syllable nucleus, as the
4488:, p. 192. Research School CNWS: Leiden.
4280:
4278:
4276:
14:
8926:
5520:
4180:Samoan words written with the letters
1067:
34:. For the alternative rock group, see
8277:
7759:
7458:
7174:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5530:
5525:
5515:
5486:
5321:
5276:
4607:
4419:"World Language Statistics and Facts"
4287:. τέχνη γραμματική (Art of Grammar),
3315:
3014:
2730:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1077:
1072:
1062:
8288:
8229:
7922:
7132:
7093:
5502:
4505:, Cambridge University Press, 1984.
4273:
4268:The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
3471:
2688:
2635:
1035:
905:(tongue against the gum ridge), and
580:adding citations to reliable sources
551:
344:adding citations to reliable sources
311:
58:. For the distinction between ,
8257:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
7111:
7071:Symbols to the right in a cell are
4356:The Sounds of the World's Languages
4339:
4289:ς´ περὶ στοιχείου (6. On the Sound)
3984:in native words, as do the related
3976:. Despite the 80-odd consonants of
2667:
2618:Symbols to the right in a cell are
24:
7167:
5340:International Phonetic Association
4535:
4024:; similarly, historical *k in the
2723:
1030:rather than phonetic distinction.
785:: Some distinguish an approximant
282:'unsounded'), which correspond to
123:. Contrasting with consonants are
25:
8945:
8853:
8837:
8817:
8804:
8788:
8766:
8746:
8726:
8710:
8697:
8681:
8668:
8652:
8632:
8616:
8603:
8590:
8574:
8554:
8538:
8525:
8509:
8496:
8480:
8460:
8438:
8422:
8402:
8386:
8373:
8357:
8344:
8328:
8184:
8169:
8162:
8142:
8118:
8106:
8099:
8085:
8078:
8052:
8039:
8027:
8020:
8008:
8001:
7989:
7982:
7963:
7949:
7935:
7866:
7859:
7852:
7845:
7836:
7825:
7809:
7802:
7795:
7788:
7779:
7768:
7737:
7705:
7673:
7646:
7637:
7628:
7617:
7608:
7597:
7575:
7566:
7555:
7546:
7535:
7513:
7504:
7493:
7484:
7473:
7438:
7418:
7411:
7404:
7393:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7249:
7233:
7226:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7196:
7185:
7139:
7015:
7006:
6997:
6990:
6979:
6972:
6936:
6927:
6918:
6909:
6896:
6854:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6808:
6801:
6761:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6715:
6708:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6637:
6630:
6619:
6612:
6593:
6586:
6568:
6559:
6542:
6535:
6524:
6517:
6506:
6497:
6488:
6472:
6455:
6446:
6437:
6424:
6407:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5870:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5794:
5787:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5659:
5652:
5641:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5595:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
4516:
3837:the most common. The approximant
3747:
3732:
3725:
3705:
3681:
3669:
3662:
3648:
3641:
3615:
3602:
3590:
3583:
3571:
3564:
3552:
3545:
3526:
3512:
3498:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3392:
3381:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3335:
3324:
3293:
3261:
3229:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3173:
3164:
3153:
3131:
3122:
3111:
3102:
3091:
3069:
3060:
3049:
3040:
3029:
2994:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2949:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2752:
2741:
2695:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2537:
2526:
2519:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2443:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2355:
2348:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2262:
2255:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2184:
2177:
2166:
2159:
2140:
2133:
2115:
2106:
2089:
2082:
2071:
2064:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2019:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1971:
1954:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1417:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1341:
1334:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1206:
1199:
1188:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1142:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
138:have devised systems such as the
8877:
8845:
8825:
8796:
8754:
8718:
8689:
8660:
8624:
8582:
8546:
8517:
8488:
8452:
8430:
8394:
8365:
8336:
8320:
7889:
7125:
7104:
7048:
5393:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
4633:
4581:
4547:
4264:Chambers Dictionary of Etymology
3944:in Wichita). A few languages on
3445:
2681:
2660:
2595:
814:Democratic Republic of the Congo
556:
316:
146:to each attested consonant. The
7146:
5304:International Phonetic Alphabet
4650:International Phonetic Alphabet
4478:
4453:
4440:
4411:
4399:
4386:
4373:
4195:
4174:
4153:
2702:
567:needs additional citations for
266:'half-sounded'), which are the
140:International Phonetic Alphabet
50:International Phonetic Alphabet
8237:Nasal labial–velar approximant
7160:
7118:
5487:
5413:IPA chart for English dialects
5322:
4484:Viacheslav A. Chirikba, 1996,
4316:
4293:
4252:
4219:
4201:The Niʻihau–Kauaʻi dialect of
4132:
4111:
4086:
4054:IPA consonant chart with audio
3852:
2716:
2674:
1014:Some pairs of consonants like
13:
1:
7153:
4212:
4026:Northwest Caucasian languages
3829:being the most common, and a
2709:
30:For the musical concept, see
8247:Voiceless bidental fricative
5355:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
4383:. Adrien Maisonneuve: Paris.
789:that corresponds to a vowel
272:
256:
244:
226:
220:
181:
7:
5456:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
4047:
3980:, it lacks the plain velar
3940:in the case of Ijo, and of
3908:, lack both of the labials
3788:
682:, so that the English word
10:
8950:
8278:
4450:Cambridge University Press
4324:
4301:
4266:, Previously published as
4227:
4142:
4121:
4099:
930:of a consonant is how the
859:in Japan is similar, with
828:, and spelled that way in
666:. On the other, there are
278:
262:
250:
232:
215:
29:
8779:
8737:
8643:
8565:
8471:
8413:
8314:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8286:
8273:
8242:Nasal palatal approximant
7919:Co-articulated consonants
7819:
7764:
7727:
7695:
7660:
7591:
7529:
7467:
7428:
7380:
7308:
7241:
7179:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7130:
7123:
7116:
7109:
7102:
7100:
6952:
6874:
6781:
6685:
6580:
6480:
6395:
6222:
6126:
5978:
5880:
5735:
5605:
5537:
5509:
5495:
5482:
5421:
5375:
5332:
5328:
5317:
5232:
5197:
5174:
5112:
5057:
5018:
4966:
4931:
4922:
4902:
4884:
4829:
4806:
4773:
4688:
4665:
4656:
4639:
3936:of another consonant (of
3375:
3320:
3283:
3251:
3216:
3147:
3085:
3023:
2984:
2936:
2864:
2797:
2735:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2499:
2421:
2328:
2232:
2127:
2027:
1942:
1769:
1673:
1525:
1427:
1282:
1152:
1084:
1056:
980:use different mechanisms.
812:and several languages in
32:Consonance and dissonance
4079:
4069:List of phonetics topics
3801:has 87 consonants under
548:Consonants versus vowels
7091:Non-pulmonic consonants
6223:Non-sibilant fricative
5979:Non-sibilant affricate
5345:History of the alphabet
4243:A Greek–English Lexicon
1770:Non-sibilant fricative
1526:Non-sibilant affricate
384:letters of the alphabet
206:'sounding-together', a
107:). Most consonants are
46:phonetic transcriptions
5403:Sinological extensions
4642:Articulatory phonetics
4543:
4523:Listen to this article
4167:is often said to lack
4059:Articulatory phonetics
4028:became palatalized to
3968:lacks both alveolars,
882:manner of articulation
706:would be phonemically
202:
196:
77:articulatory phonetics
43:This article contains
4816:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
4542:
4359:. Oxford: Blackwell.
4234:Liddell, Henry George
3928:, lack the consonant
3884:, and the two nasals
3793:The recently extinct
1022:are sometimes called
895:place of articulation
843:). In languages like
781:, or a rhotic vowel,
6875:Lateral approximant
5141:Labio-palatalization
4590:at Wikimedia Commons
4574:More spoken articles
4258:Robert K. Barnhart,
4074:Words without vowels
3811:Australian languages
2422:Lateral approximant
955:is a feature of VOT.
841:Words without vowels
576:improve this article
340:improve this section
5499:Pulmonic consonants
4831:Double articulation
4448:Patterns of Sounds.
4408:The Language Nerds.
3946:Bougainville Island
962:airstream mechanism
475:English orthography
7429:Lateral fricative
7075:, to the left are
6782:Lateral fricative
5570:Postalveolar
5555:Linguolabial
5398:Naming conventions
5361:Journal of the IPA
4544:
4503:Patterns of Sounds
4064:List of consonants
2985:Lateral fricative
2622:, to the left are
2329:Lateral fricative
1117:Postalveolar
1102:Linguolabial
966:pulmonic egressive
539:non-rhotic accents
291:Salishan languages
176:⟨th⟩
172:⟨th⟩
168:⟨ng⟩
164:⟨th⟩
160:⟨sh⟩
156:⟨ch⟩
8921:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8912:
8911:
8864:
8863:
8269:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8222:
8221:
8047:Uvular–epiglottal
7914:
7913:
7876:
7875:
7087:
7086:
7035:
7034:
6953:Lateral tap/flap
5550:Labiodental
5478:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5408:World Orthography
5270:
5269:
5156:Pharyngealization
5053:
5052:
4918:
4917:
4876:Uvular–epiglottal
4769:
4768:
4586:Media related to
4540:
4423:www.vistawide.com
4138:Dionysius Thrax:
4117:Dionysius Thrax:
4006:Pacific Northwest
3964:, and colloquial
3786:
3785:
3610:Uvular–epiglottal
3470:
3469:
3432:
3431:
2634:
2633:
2582:
2581:
2500:Lateral tap/flap
1097:Labiodental
915:pharyngealisation
608:
607:
600:
376:
375:
368:
242:calls consonants
16:(Redirected from
8941:
8905:
8881:
8858:
8857:
8849:
8848:
8842:
8841:
8829:
8828:
8822:
8821:
8809:
8808:
8800:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8771:
8770:
8758:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8731:
8730:
8722:
8721:
8715:
8714:
8702:
8701:
8693:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8673:
8672:
8664:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8637:
8636:
8628:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8608:
8607:
8595:
8594:
8586:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8559:
8558:
8550:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8530:
8529:
8521:
8520:
8514:
8513:
8501:
8500:
8492:
8491:
8485:
8484:
8465:
8464:
8456:
8455:
8443:
8442:
8434:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8407:
8406:
8398:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8378:
8377:
8369:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8349:
8348:
8340:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8324:
8323:
8293:
8292:
8289:
8275:
8274:
8227:
8226:
8188:
8173:
8166:
8146:
8122:
8110:
8103:
8089:
8082:
8056:
8043:
8031:
8024:
8015:Labial–retroflex
8012:
8005:
7993:
7986:
7967:
7957:Labial–retroflex
7953:
7939:
7923:
7893:
7870:
7863:
7856:
7849:
7840:
7829:
7813:
7806:
7799:
7792:
7783:
7772:
7743:
7711:
7679:
7650:
7643:
7634:
7623:
7614:
7603:
7581:
7572:
7561:
7552:
7541:
7519:
7510:
7499:
7490:
7479:
7465:bottom: uvular)
7442:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7397:
7374:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7325:
7318:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7237:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7200:
7189:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7082:
7052:
7019:
7010:
7001:
6994:
6983:
6976:
6940:
6931:
6922:
6913:
6900:
6858:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6812:
6805:
6765:
6758:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6730:
6719:
6712:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6641:
6634:
6623:
6616:
6597:
6590:
6572:
6563:
6546:
6539:
6528:
6521:
6510:
6501:
6492:
6476:
6459:
6450:
6441:
6428:
6411:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5874:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5798:
5791:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5663:
5656:
5645:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5484:
5483:
5330:
5329:
5319:
5318:
5312:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5274:
5273:
5224:Voice onset time
4929:
4928:
4849:Labial–retroflex
4741:
4740:
4663:
4662:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4585:
4564:
4562:
4551:
4550:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4524:
4489:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4463:. Archived from
4457:
4451:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4425:. Archived from
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4390:
4384:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4347:Ladefoged, Peter
4343:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4304:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4282:
4271:
4256:
4250:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4206:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4115:
4109:
4102:
4101:
4090:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4012:for example has
4003:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3918:Wichita language
3915:
3911:
3903:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3840:
3836:
3831:liquid consonant
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3751:
3736:
3729:
3709:
3685:
3673:
3666:
3652:
3645:
3619:
3606:
3594:
3587:
3578:Labial–retroflex
3575:
3568:
3556:
3549:
3530:
3520:Labial–retroflex
3516:
3502:
3472:
3449:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3385:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3339:
3328:
3299:
3267:
3235:
3206:
3199:
3190:
3179:
3170:
3159:
3137:
3128:
3117:
3108:
3097:
3075:
3066:
3055:
3046:
3035:
3021:bottom: uvular)
2998:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2953:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2745:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2636:
2629:
2599:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2541:
2530:
2523:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2447:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2359:
2352:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2266:
2259:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2188:
2181:
2170:
2163:
2144:
2137:
2119:
2110:
2093:
2086:
2075:
2068:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2023:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1975:
1958:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1421:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1345:
1338:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1210:
1203:
1192:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1054:
1053:
1036:
1026:, but this is a
1024:fortis and lenis
949:voice onset time
866:
862:
854:
850:
837:Slavic languages
827:
822:Mandarin Chinese
804:
800:
792:
788:
784:
780:
741:
733:
725:
717:
709:
701:
693:
681:
603:
596:
592:
589:
583:
560:
552:
514:
511:, the diphthong
503:
491:
480:
371:
364:
360:
357:
351:
320:
312:
281:
280:
275:
265:
264:
259:
253:
252:
247:
235:
234:
229:
223:
218:
217:
205:
199:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
148:English alphabet
65:
61:
36:Consonant (band)
21:
8949:
8948:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8913:
8903:
8902:unrounded
8898:
8860:
8859:
8852:
8850:
8846:
8843:
8836:
8831:
8830:
8826:
8823:
8816:
8811:
8810:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8794:
8787:
8773:
8772:
8765:
8760:
8759:
8755:
8752:
8745:
8733:
8732:
8725:
8723:
8719:
8716:
8709:
8704:
8703:
8696:
8694:
8690:
8687:
8680:
8675:
8674:
8667:
8665:
8661:
8658:
8651:
8639:
8638:
8631:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8615:
8610:
8609:
8602:
8597:
8596:
8589:
8587:
8583:
8580:
8573:
8561:
8560:
8553:
8551:
8547:
8544:
8537:
8532:
8531:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8515:
8508:
8503:
8502:
8495:
8493:
8489:
8486:
8479:
8467:
8466:
8459:
8457:
8453:
8445:
8444:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8428:
8421:
8409:
8408:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8392:
8385:
8380:
8379:
8372:
8370:
8366:
8363:
8356:
8351:
8350:
8343:
8341:
8337:
8334:
8327:
8321:
8282:
8261:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8218:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8191:Labial–alveolar
8189:
8182:
8177:
8174:
8167:
8159:
8154:
8153:
8147:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8123:
8115:
8114:
8111:
8104:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8083:
8075:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8057:
8049:
8044:
8036:
8035:
8032:
8025:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8006:
7998:
7997:
7996:Labial–alveolar
7994:
7987:
7979:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7960:
7959:
7954:
7946:
7945:
7943:Labial–alveolar
7940:
7932:
7915:
7910:
7740:
7708:
7696:Voiced lateral
7676:
7651:
7640:
7631:
7620:
7611:
7600:
7578:
7569:
7558:
7549:
7538:
7516:
7507:
7496:
7487:
7476:
7464:
7462:
7080:
7069:
5575:Retroflex
5491:
5470:
5429:ASCII encodings
5417:
5371:
5324:
5313:
5306:
5301:
5271:
5266:
5228:
5193:
5170:
5115:
5108:
5049:
5014:
4962:
4914:
4898:
4880:
4844:Labial–alveolar
4825:
4802:
4783:Alveolo-palatal
4765:
4739:
4728:Palato-alveolar
4684:
4652:
4646:Co-articulation
4635:
4632:
4578:
4577:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4555:This audio file
4552:
4545:
4536:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4501:Ian Maddieson,
4493:
4492:
4483:
4479:
4470:
4468:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4445:
4441:
4432:
4430:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4391:
4387:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4344:
4340:
4321:
4317:
4298:
4294:
4285:Dionysius Thrax
4283:
4274:
4257:
4253:
4248:Perseus Project
4224:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4200:
4196:
4179:
4175:
4158:
4154:
4137:
4133:
4116:
4112:
4093:Dionysius Thrax
4091:
4087:
4082:
4050:
3855:
3791:
3782:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3754:Labial–alveolar
3752:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3686:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3559:Labial–alveolar
3557:
3550:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3506:Labial–alveolar
3503:
3495:
3466:
3296:
3264:
3252:Voiced lateral
3232:
3207:
3196:
3187:
3176:
3167:
3156:
3134:
3125:
3114:
3105:
3094:
3072:
3063:
3052:
3043:
3032:
3020:
3018:
2627:
2616:
1122:Retroflex
863:'to build' and
855:?) 'seal fat'.
604:
593:
587:
584:
573:
561:
550:
372:
361:
355:
352:
337:
321:
310:
240:Dionysius Thrax
184:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
73:
72:
71:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8947:
8937:
8936:
8919:
8918:
8915:
8914:
8910:
8909:
8897:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8875:
8869:
8866:
8865:
8862:
8861:
8851:
8844:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8824:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8802:
8795:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8753:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8735:
8734:
8724:
8717:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8695:
8688:
8679:
8678:
8676:
8666:
8659:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8641:
8640:
8630:
8623:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8588:
8581:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8563:
8562:
8552:
8545:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8523:
8516:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8494:
8487:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8458:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8436:
8429:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8411:
8410:
8400:
8393:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8371:
8364:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8342:
8335:
8326:
8325:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8271:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8233:
8231:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8190:
8183:
8178:
8175:
8168:
8161:
8160:
8155:
8148:
8141:
8140:
8134:
8124:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8105:
8098:
8097:
8093:Labial–palatal
8091:
8084:
8077:
8076:
8067:
8066:
8058:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8038:
8037:
8033:
8026:
8019:
8018:
8014:
8007:
8000:
7999:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7969:
7962:
7961:
7955:
7948:
7947:
7941:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7927:
7926:
7916:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7887:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7864:
7857:
7850:
7843:
7841:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7823:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7786:
7784:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7766:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7728:Nasal lateral
7725:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7703:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7644:
7635:
7626:
7624:
7615:
7606:
7604:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7573:
7564:
7562:
7553:
7544:
7542:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7511:
7502:
7500:
7491:
7482:
7480:
7471:
7466:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7416:
7409:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7368:
7361:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7231:
7224:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7201:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7183:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7115:
7108:
7101:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7046:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7013:
7011:
7004:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6934:
6932:
6925:
6923:
6916:
6914:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6759:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6566:
6564:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6522:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6504:
6502:
6495:
6493:
6486:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6453:
6451:
6444:
6442:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5868:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5639:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5545:Bilabial
5542:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5376:Special topics
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5336:
5334:
5326:
5325:
5315:
5314:
5300:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5277:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5203:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5161:Glottalization
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5136:Palatalization
5133:
5132:
5131:
5120:
5118:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5005:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4894:Velopharyngeal
4890:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4856:Labial–palatal
4853:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4839:Labial–coronal
4835:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4720:
4715:
4713:Denti-alveolar
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4567:
4553:
4546:
4534:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:External links
4515:
4514:
4513:
4498:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4477:
4452:
4439:
4410:
4398:
4385:
4372:
4365:
4351:Maddieson, Ian
4338:
4315:
4292:
4272:
4251:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4194:
4173:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4049:
4046:
3854:
3851:
3795:Ubykh language
3790:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3687:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3660:
3656:Labial–palatal
3654:
3647:
3640:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3480:Co-articulated
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3397:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3284:Nasal lateral
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3162:
3160:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3098:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2649:
2632:
2631:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:Bilabial
1089:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1050:
1049:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:Sami languages
990:"single" and "
982:
981:
957:
956:
944:
943:
923:
922:
911:palatalisation
890:
889:
648:semiconsonants
606:
605:
564:
562:
555:
549:
546:
374:
373:
324:
322:
315:
309:
305:and consonant
299:
183:
180:
66:⟩, see
42:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8946:
8935:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8908:
8907:
8906: rounded
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8880:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8867:
8856:
8840:
8833:
8820:
8813:
8807:
8791:
8784:
8782:
8778:
8775:
8769:
8762:
8749:
8742:
8740:
8736:
8729:
8713:
8706:
8700:
8684:
8677:
8671:
8655:
8648:
8646:
8642:
8635:
8619:
8612:
8606:
8599:
8593:
8577:
8570:
8568:
8564:
8557:
8541:
8534:
8528:
8512:
8505:
8499:
8483:
8476:
8474:
8470:
8463:
8449:
8447:
8441:
8425:
8418:
8416:
8412:
8405:
8389:
8382:
8376:
8360:
8353:
8347:
8331:
8319:
8317:
8313:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8281:
8276:
8272:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8228:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8187:
8181:
8172:
8165:
8158:
8151:
8145:
8137:
8130:
8128:
8121:
8109:
8102:
8094:
8088:
8081:
8074:
8070:
8061:
8060:Labial–uvular
8055:
8048:
8042:
8030:
8023:
8011:
8004:
7992:
7985:
7978:
7972:
7966:
7958:
7952:
7944:
7938:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7892:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7872:
7869:
7865:
7862:
7858:
7855:
7851:
7848:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7824:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7812:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7767:
7762:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7698:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7636:
7633:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7616:
7613:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7574:
7571:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7554:
7551:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7512:
7509:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7492:
7489:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7472:
7470:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7355:
7352:
7348:
7345:
7341:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7327:
7324:
7320:
7317:
7313:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7246:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7208:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7182:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7121:
7114:
7107:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7083:
7078:
7074:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7051:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6825:
6822:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6618:
6615:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6246:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5388:Case variants
5386:
5384:
5383:Cursive forms
5381:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5305:
5298:
5293:
5291:
5286:
5284:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:Uvularization
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5124:Labialization
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:Coronal–velar
4869:
4867:
4866:Labial–uvular
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4556:
4512:
4511:0-521-26536-3
4508:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4481:
4467:on 2009-06-01
4466:
4462:
4456:
4449:
4443:
4429:on 2019-01-14
4428:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4389:
4382:
4376:
4368:
4366:0-631-19815-6
4362:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4296:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4238:Scott, Robert
4235:
4231:
4222:
4218:
4204:
4198:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4166:
4156:
4147:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4126:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4020:but no plain
4011:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3979:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3894:Sahara Desert
3870:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3833:or two, with
3832:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3750:
3744:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3708:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3684:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3633:
3624:
3623:Labial–uvular
3618:
3611:
3605:
3593:
3586:
3574:
3567:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3521:
3515:
3507:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
984:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:
920:
919:coarticulated
916:
912:
908:
904:
901:(both lips),
900:
896:
892:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:
877:
875:
874:
868:
858:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
796:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:and the of
749:
745:
737:
729:
721:
713:
705:
697:
689:
685:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:
638:
636:
635:
630:
629:
624:
622:
617:
616:syllabic peak
613:
602:
599:
591:
581:
577:
571:
570:
565:This section
563:
559:
554:
553:
545:
542:
540:
536:
535:
531:
527:
521:
520:
510:
509:
499:
497:
487:
485:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
370:
367:
359:
349:
345:
341:
335:
334:
330:
325:This section
323:
319:
314:
313:
308:
304:
298:
296:
292:
287:
285:
274:
269:
258:
246:
241:
237:
228:
222:
213:
209:
204:
198:
194:oblique stem
193:
189:
179:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
69:
57:
53:
51:
47:
37:
33:
19:
8899:
8176:Labial–velar
8126:
8113:Labial–velar
8034:Labial–velar
7971:Labial–velar
7917:
7463:(top: velar;
7090:
7070:
5497:
5488:
5364:
5360:
5176:Tongue shape
5166:Nasalization
5146:Velarization
5116:articulation
4886:Pathological
4861:Labial–velar
4744:Active place
4723:Postalveolar
4698:Linguolabial
4634:Articulation
4502:
4485:
4480:
4469:. Retrieved
4465:the original
4455:
4447:
4442:
4431:. Retrieved
4427:the original
4422:
4413:
4401:
4393:
4388:
4380:
4375:
4355:
4341:
4318:
4295:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4241:
4221:
4197:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4155:
4134:
4113:
4088:
3896:, including
3871:
3856:
3805:, 164 under
3803:one analysis
3799:Taa language
3792:
3739:Labial–velar
3689:
3676:Labial–velar
3597:Labial–velar
3534:Labial–velar
3482:
3019:(top: velar;
2646:
2617:
1046:
1032:
1028:phonological
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
871:
869:
834:
820:, including
807:
794:
770:
768:
763:
762:or the of
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
735:
727:
719:
711:
710:. Likewise,
703:
695:
688:phonemically
683:
675:
671:
668:approximants
663:
659:
651:
647:
641:
639:
632:
626:
619:
615:
609:
594:
585:
574:Please help
569:verification
566:
543:
533:
529:
525:
523:
518:
516:
507:
505:
500:, the vowel
495:
493:
488:, the vowel
483:
482:
472:
379:
377:
362:
353:
338:Please help
326:
306:
302:
288:
238:
187:
185:
129:
85:speech sound
80:
74:
62:and ⟨
44:
8138:approximant
8073:approximant
6397:Approximant
5466:IPA Braille
5444:Kirshenbaum
4986:Approximant
4703:Interdental
4680:Labiodental
4396:. Riezlern.
4032:in extinct
3950:Puget Sound
3948:and around
3853:Most common
3701:approximant
3636:approximant
1944:Approximant
932:vocal cords
886:approximant
867:'to pull'.
674:in English
662:in English
268:continuants
190:comes from
89:vocal tract
18:Consonantal
8934:Consonants
8889:full chart
8415:Near-close
8209:full chart
8131:(variable)
7901:full chart
7384:affricate
7060:full chart
6689:affricate
5489:Consonants
5461:IPA number
5323:IPA topics
5114:Secondary
5104:Percussive
5072:Ingressive
5045:Continuant
4588:Consonants
4570:Audio help
4561:2005-07-20
4471:2008-10-28
4433:2019-01-13
4213:References
4044:dialects.
4042:Circassian
3952:, such as
3773:full chart
3694:(variable)
3483:consonants
3457:full chart
2940:affricate
2647:consonants
2607:full chart
2236:affricate
1047:consonants
978:implosives
953:Aspiration
656:diphthongs
643:semivowels
454:and often
301:Consonant
197:cōnsonant-
117:implosives
101:fricatives
8739:Near-open
8473:Close-mid
8157:Implosive
8150:Velarized
8069:Fricative
7821:Voiceless
7761:Implosive
7310:Fricative
7243:Affricate
7077:voiceless
6129:fricative
6127:Sibilant
5885:affricate
5532:Laryngeal
5422:Encodings
5234:Phonation
5212:Aspirated
5207:Voiceless
5082:Implosive
5067:Egressive
5059:Airstream
5040:Occlusive
4991:Semivowel
4951:Fricative
4946:Affricate
4933:Obstruent
4808:Laryngeal
4761:Subapical
4733:Retroflex
4329: in
4306: in
4163:instead.
3990:Kabardian
3934:allophone
3720:Implosive
3713:Velarized
3632:Fricative
3377:Voiceless
3317:Implosive
2866:Fricative
2799:Affricate
2624:voiceless
1676:fricative
1674:Sibilant
1432:affricate
1079:Laryngeal
998:and some
970:ejectives
940:voiceless
928:phonation
779:/ˈtʃɹ̩tʃ/
738:would be
730:would be
722:would be
714:would be
708:/i̯ii̯ld/
698:would be
588:July 2021
380:consonant
378:The word
356:July 2021
327:does not
257:hēmíphōna
221:sýmphōnon
203:cōnsonāns
188:consonant
186:The word
182:Etymology
136:linguists
113:ejectives
81:consonant
8928:Category
8900:Legend:
8894:template
8873:IPA help
8645:Open-mid
8214:template
8204:IPA help
8180:Ejective
8152:alveolar
7906:template
7885:IPA help
7176:Ejective
7065:template
7044:IPA help
6482:Tap/flap
5882:Sibilant
5565:Alveolar
5129:Rounding
5097:Ejective
5092:Pulmonic
5077:Ejective
5003:Tap/flap
4968:Sonorant
4956:Sibilant
4910:Bidental
4718:Alveolar
4675:Bilabial
4572: ·
4353:(1996).
4302:ἡμίφωνος
4228:σύμφωνος
4203:Hawaiian
4165:Hawaiian
4159:Nǀu has
4048:See also
4040:in most
3998:Tahitian
3922:Oklahoma
3789:Examples
3778:template
3768:IPA help
3743:Ejective
3715:alveolar
3462:template
3441:IPA help
2732:Ejective
2644:pulmonic
2612:template
2591:IPA help
2029:Tap/flap
1429:Sibilant
1112:Alveolar
1044:Pulmonic
996:Estonian
992:geminate
903:alveolar
899:bilabial
873:features
865:/ps̩ks̩/
783:/ˈtʃɝtʃ/
740:/u̯uu̯d/
612:syllable
284:plosives
245:sýmphōna
227:sýmphōna
224:(plural
216:σύμφωνον
152:digraphs
132:alphabet
109:pulmonic
60:/ /
56:Help:IPA
8904:•
8304:Central
8136:Lateral
7977:Plosive
7765:Voiced
7663:lateral
7661:Tenuis
7652:
7382:Lateral
6687:Lateral
5737:Plosive
5600:Glottal
5580:Palatal
5522:Coronal
5439:X-SAMPA
5247:Breathy
5033:Lateral
4998:Vibrant
4941:Plosive
4821:Glottal
4788:Palatal
4756:Laminal
4690:Coronal
4559: (
4530:minutes
4496:Sources
4331:Liddell
4308:Liddell
4246:at the
4036:and to
4010:Saanich
3994:Xavante
3900:, lack
3859:/n,ɹ,t/
3847:Rotokas
3807:another
3699:Lateral
3540:Plosive
3321:Voiced
3219:lateral
3217:Tenuis
3208:
2938:Lateral
2234:Lateral
1284:Plosive
1147:Glottal
1127:Palatal
1069:Coronal
861:/f̩ks̩/
853:/s̩xs̩/
803:/ˈɹɹ̩l/
724:/fuu̯d/
700:/bii̯t/
621:nucleus
348:removed
333:sources
307:letters
263:ἡμίφωνα
251:σύμφωνα
233:σύμφωνα
200:, from
48:in the
8882:
8280:Vowels
8129:-sound
7894:
7531:Voiced
7469:Tenuis
7073:voiced
7053:
6044:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
5590:Uvular
5560:Dental
5539:Manner
5527:Dorsal
5517:Labial
5257:Creaky
5217:Tenuis
5184:Sulcal
5028:Rhotic
5023:Liquid
4924:Manner
4798:Uvular
4775:Dorsal
4751:Apical
4708:Dental
4667:Labial
4509:
4363:
4325:ἄφωνος
4106:sound.
3986:Adyghe
3966:Samoan
3960:lacks
3916:. The
3906:Mohawk
3898:Arabic
3843:nasals
3692:-sound
3450:
3087:Voiced
3025:Tenuis
2642:: Non-
2620:voiced
2600:
1591:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
1137:Uvular
1107:Dental
1086:Manner
1074:Dorsal
1064:Labial
987:length
976:, and
974:clicks
936:voiced
857:Miyako
849:/sx̩s/
845:Nuxalk
830:Pinyin
816:, and
799:/ˈɹɝl/
793:, for
775:rhotic
771:church
734:, and
732:/u̯ud/
702:, and
686:would
652:glides
303:sounds
295:Nuxalk
279:ἄφωνος
273:áphōna
270:, and
208:calque
166:, and
144:symbol
125:vowels
121:clicks
119:, and
105:nasals
97:tongue
64:
8884:audio
8316:Close
8299:Front
8230:Other
8164:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
7930:Nasal
7896:audio
7593:Nasal
7460:Click
7055:audio
6582:Trill
6051:d̠ɹ̠˔
5607:Nasal
5585:Velar
5511:Place
5434:SAMPA
5309:chart
5262:Stiff
5252:Slack
5242:Modal
5199:Voice
5189:Domed
5087:Click
5008:Trill
4981:Vowel
4976:Nasal
4903:Other
4793:Velar
4658:Place
4335:Scott
4312:Scott
4080:Notes
4034:Ubykh
3978:Ubykh
3954:Makah
3727:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
3493:Nasal
3452:audio
3149:Nasal
3016:Click
2602:audio
2129:Trill
1598:d̠ɹ̠˔
1154:Nasal
1132:Velar
1058:Place
907:velar
835:Many
818:China
810:Czech
795:rural
752:wooed
748:yield
746:and
736:wooed
716:/fut/
704:yield
692:/bit/
650:, or
628:onset
212:Greek
192:Latin
154:like
83:is a
52:(IPA)
8781:Open
8309:Back
8186:t͡pʼ
7420:q𝼄ʼ
7413:k𝼄ʼ
7406:c𝼆ʼ
7272:t̠ʃʼ
7258:t̪θʼ
7251:p̪fʼ
7181:Stop
6632:ɽ̊r̥
6298:ɹ̠̊˔
6030:tɹ̝̊
5451:TIPA
5365:JIPA
4507:ISBN
4361:ISBN
4333:and
4310:and
4184:and
4161:/ts/
4038:/tʃ/
4030:/kʲ/
4018:/kʷ/
4016:and
4014:/tʃ/
3996:and
3988:and
3972:and
3958:Nǁng
3912:and
3749:t͡pʼ
2976:q𝼄ʼ
2969:k𝼄ʼ
2962:c𝼆ʼ
2828:t̠ʃʼ
2814:t̪θʼ
2807:p̪fʼ
2737:Stop
2179:ɽ̊r̥
1845:ɹ̠̊˔
1577:tɹ̝̊
1020:t::d
1016:p::b
985:The
960:The
947:The
926:The
893:The
880:The
764:foot
758:or
756:boil
728:wood
720:food
712:foot
696:beet
664:boil
634:coda
631:and
532:, ke
528:, bo
513:/aɪ/
506:funn
331:any
329:cite
93:lips
79:, a
8567:Mid
8171:ɠ͡ɓ
8054:q͡p
8041:q͡ʡ
8029:ɡ͡b
8022:k͡p
8010:ɖ͡b
8003:ʈ͡p
7991:d͡b
7984:t͡p
7965:ŋ͡m
7951:ɳ͡m
7937:n͡m
7632:ɴ𝼊
7630:ŋ𝼊
7570:ɢ𝼊
7568:ɡ𝼊
7508:q𝼊
7506:k𝼊
7395:tɬʼ
7300:qχʼ
7293:kxʼ
7286:tɕʼ
7279:tʂʼ
7265:tsʼ
6992:𝼈̥
6763:ɡʟ̝
6756:k𝼄
6749:ɟʎ̝
6742:c𝼆
6735:d𝼅
6312:ɻ̊˔
6305:ɹ̠˔
6037:dɹ̝
6023:d̪ð
6016:t̪θ
6005:b̪v
5998:p̪f
5928:d̠ʒ
5921:t̠ʃ
5333:IPA
4260:ed.
4190:/l/
4169:/t/
4022:/k/
4002:/k/
3982:/k/
3974:/n/
3970:/t/
3962:/t/
3942:/ɾ/
3938:/l/
3930:/n/
3926:Ijo
3920:of
3914:/m/
3910:/p/
3902:/p/
3890:/n/
3886:/m/
3882:/k/
3878:/t/
3874:/p/
3867:/p/
3863:/ɹ/
3861:. (
3839:/w/
3835:/l/
3827:/s/
3823:/ɡ/
3819:/d/
3815:/b/
3734:ɠ͡ɓ
3617:q͡p
3604:q͡ʡ
3592:ɡ͡b
3585:k͡p
3573:ɖ͡b
3566:ʈ͡p
3554:d͡b
3547:t͡p
3528:ŋ͡m
3514:ɳ͡m
3500:n͡m
3476:IPA
3188:ɴ𝼊
3186:ŋ𝼊
3126:ɢ𝼊
3124:ɡ𝼊
3064:q𝼊
3062:k𝼊
2951:tɬʼ
2856:qχʼ
2849:kxʼ
2842:tɕʼ
2835:tʂʼ
2821:tsʼ
2640:IPA
2539:𝼈̥
2310:ɡʟ̝
2303:k𝼄
2296:ɟʎ̝
2289:c𝼆
2282:d𝼅
1859:ɻ̊˔
1852:ɹ̠˔
1584:dɹ̝
1570:d̪ð
1563:t̪θ
1552:b̪v
1545:p̪f
1475:d̠ʒ
1468:t̠ʃ
1040:IPA
994:".
913:or
826:/i/
797:as
791:/ɝ/
787:/ɹ/
773:in
760:bit
744:yes
690:be
684:bit
680:/i/
676:yes
618:or
578:by
515:in
504:in
502:/i/
492:in
490:/ɪ/
486:oke
481:in
479:/j/
473:In
342:by
236:).
210:of
75:In
8930::
8634:o̞
8618:ɤ̞
8592:ø̞
8576:e̞
8127:Sj
8080:ɥ̊
7868:ʛ̥
7861:ɠ̊
7854:ʄ̊
7847:ᶑ̊
7838:ɗ̥
7827:ɓ̥
7741:ɴǁ
7739:ŋǁ
7709:ɢǁ
7707:ɡǁ
7677:qǁ
7675:kǁ
7641:ɴǂ
7639:ŋǂ
7621:ɴǃ
7619:ŋǃ
7612:ɴǀ
7610:ŋǀ
7601:ɴʘ
7599:ŋʘ
7579:ɢǂ
7577:ɡǂ
7559:ɢǃ
7557:ɡǃ
7550:ɢǀ
7548:ɡǀ
7539:ɢʘ
7537:ɡʘ
7517:qǂ
7515:kǂ
7497:qǃ
7495:kǃ
7488:qǀ
7486:kǀ
7477:qʘ
7475:kʘ
7440:ɬʼ
7372:χʼ
7365:xʼ
7358:ɕʼ
7351:ʂʼ
7344:ʃʼ
7337:sʼ
7330:θʼ
7323:fʼ
7316:ɸʼ
7235:ʡʼ
7228:qʼ
7221:kʼ
7214:cʼ
7207:ʈʼ
7198:tʼ
7187:pʼ
7168:EG
7140:RF
7133:PA
7112:LD
7105:BL
7079:.
7017:ʟ̆
7008:ʎ̆
6999:𝼈
6974:ɺ̥
6938:ʟ̠
6856:ʟ̝
6849:𝼄
6842:ʎ̝
6835:𝼆
6828:𝼅
6728:tꞎ
6717:dɮ
6710:tɬ
6654:ʀ̥
6639:ɽr
6614:r̥
6588:ʙ̥
6570:ʡ̆
6561:ɢ̆
6537:ɽ̊
6519:ɾ̥
6508:ɾ̼
6490:ⱱ̟
6474:ʔ̞
6319:ɻ˔
6291:ð̠
6284:θ̠
6263:ð̼
6256:θ̼
6118:ʔh
6111:ʡʢ
6104:ʡʜ
6097:ɢʁ
6090:qχ
6083:ɡɣ
6076:kx
6069:ɟʝ
6062:cç
5991:bβ
5984:pɸ
5956:dʑ
5949:tɕ
5942:dʐ
5935:tʂ
5914:dz
5907:ts
5778:d̼
5771:t̼
5764:b̪
5757:p̪
5714:ɴ̥
5700:ŋ̊
5686:ɲ̊
5672:ɳ̊
5654:n̥
5643:n̼
5627:ɱ̊
5613:m̥
5541:↓
5513:→
4648:–
4644:–
4421:.
4349:;
4275:^
4262:,
4240:;
4236:;
4232:.
4095::
3888:,
3880:,
3876:,
3869:.
3821:,
3817:,
3690:Sj
3643:ɥ̊
3478::
3424:ʛ̥
3417:ɠ̊
3410:ʄ̊
3403:ᶑ̊
3394:ɗ̥
3383:ɓ̥
3297:ɴǁ
3295:ŋǁ
3265:ɢǁ
3263:ɡǁ
3233:qǁ
3231:kǁ
3197:ɴǂ
3195:ŋǂ
3177:ɴǃ
3175:ŋǃ
3168:ɴǀ
3166:ŋǀ
3157:ɴʘ
3155:ŋʘ
3135:ɢǂ
3133:ɡǂ
3115:ɢǃ
3113:ɡǃ
3106:ɢǀ
3104:ɡǀ
3095:ɢʘ
3093:ɡʘ
3073:qǂ
3071:kǂ
3053:qǃ
3051:kǃ
3044:qǀ
3042:kǀ
3033:qʘ
3031:kʘ
2996:ɬʼ
2928:χʼ
2921:xʼ
2914:ɕʼ
2907:ʂʼ
2900:ʃʼ
2893:sʼ
2886:θʼ
2879:fʼ
2872:ɸʼ
2791:ʡʼ
2784:qʼ
2777:kʼ
2770:cʼ
2763:ʈʼ
2754:tʼ
2743:pʼ
2724:EG
2696:RF
2689:PA
2668:LD
2661:BL
2626:.
2564:ʟ̆
2555:ʎ̆
2546:𝼈
2521:ɺ̥
2485:ʟ̠
2403:ʟ̝
2396:𝼄
2389:ʎ̝
2382:𝼆
2375:𝼅
2275:tꞎ
2264:dɮ
2257:tɬ
2201:ʀ̥
2186:ɽr
2161:r̥
2135:ʙ̥
2117:ʡ̆
2108:ɢ̆
2084:ɽ̊
2066:ɾ̥
2055:ɾ̼
2037:ⱱ̟
2021:ʔ̞
1866:ɻ˔
1838:ð̠
1831:θ̠
1810:ð̼
1803:θ̼
1665:ʔh
1658:ʡʢ
1651:ʡʜ
1644:ɢʁ
1637:qχ
1630:ɡɣ
1623:kx
1616:ɟʝ
1609:cç
1538:bβ
1531:pɸ
1503:dʑ
1496:tɕ
1489:dʐ
1482:tʂ
1461:dz
1454:ts
1325:d̼
1318:t̼
1311:b̪
1304:p̪
1261:ɴ̥
1247:ŋ̊
1233:ɲ̊
1219:ɳ̊
1201:n̥
1190:n̼
1174:ɱ̊
1160:m̥
1088:↓
1060:→
1042::
1018:,
972:,
876::
805:.
766:.
726:,
718:,
694:,
646:,
541:.
524:sa
517:sk
498:th
470:.
466:,
462:,
458:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
426:,
422:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
402:,
398:,
394:,
390:,
286:.
230:,
162:,
158:,
134:,
127:.
115:,
8855:ɒ
8839:ɑ
8819:ä
8806:ɶ
8790:a
8768:ɐ
8748:æ
8728:ɔ
8712:ʌ
8699:ɞ
8683:ɜ
8670:œ
8654:ɛ
8605:ə
8556:o
8540:ɤ
8527:ɵ
8511:ɘ
8498:ø
8482:e
8462:ʊ
8440:ʏ
8424:ɪ
8404:u
8388:ɯ
8375:ʉ
8359:ɨ
8346:y
8330:i
8144:ɫ
8120:ɧ
8108:w
8101:ʍ
8087:ɥ
8071:/
7811:ʛ
7804:ɠ
7797:ʄ
7790:ᶑ
7781:ɗ
7770:ɓ
7648:ʞ
7161:U
7154:V
7147:P
7126:A
7119:D
6981:ɺ
6929:ʟ
6920:ʎ
6911:ɭ
6898:l
6821:ꞎ
6810:ɮ
6803:ɬ
6675:ʢ
6668:ʜ
6661:ʀ
6621:r
6595:ʙ
6544:ɽ
6526:ɾ
6499:ⱱ
6457:ɰ
6448:j
6439:ɻ
6426:ɹ
6409:ʋ
6389:ɦ
6382:h
6375:ʕ
6368:ħ
6361:ʁ
6354:χ
6347:ɣ
6340:x
6333:ʝ
6326:ç
6277:ð
6270:θ
6249:v
6242:f
6235:β
6228:ɸ
6200:ʑ
6193:ɕ
6186:ʐ
6179:ʂ
6172:ʒ
6165:ʃ
6158:z
6151:s
5872:ʔ
5863:ʡ
5856:ɢ
5849:q
5842:ɡ
5835:k
5828:ɟ
5821:c
5814:ɖ
5807:ʈ
5796:d
5789:t
5750:b
5743:p
5721:ɴ
5707:ŋ
5693:ɲ
5679:ɳ
5661:n
5634:ɱ
5620:m
5367:)
5363:(
5311:)
5307:(
5296:e
5289:t
5282:v
4627:e
4620:t
4613:v
4576:)
4568:(
4563:)
4532:)
4528:5
4525:(
4474:.
4436:.
4369:.
4192:.
4186:n
4182:t
3707:ɫ
3683:ɧ
3671:w
3664:ʍ
3650:ɥ
3634:/
3367:ʛ
3360:ɠ
3353:ʄ
3346:ᶑ
3337:ɗ
3326:ɓ
3204:ʞ
2717:U
2710:V
2703:P
2682:A
2675:D
2528:ɺ
2476:ʟ
2467:ʎ
2458:ɭ
2445:l
2368:ꞎ
2357:ɮ
2350:ɬ
2222:ʢ
2215:ʜ
2208:ʀ
2168:r
2142:ʙ
2091:ɽ
2073:ɾ
2046:ⱱ
2004:ɰ
1995:j
1986:ɻ
1973:ɹ
1956:ʋ
1936:ɦ
1929:h
1922:ʕ
1915:ħ
1908:ʁ
1901:χ
1894:ɣ
1887:x
1880:ʝ
1873:ç
1824:ð
1817:θ
1796:v
1789:f
1782:β
1775:ɸ
1747:ʑ
1740:ɕ
1733:ʐ
1726:ʂ
1719:ʒ
1712:ʃ
1705:z
1698:s
1419:ʔ
1410:ʡ
1403:ɢ
1396:q
1389:ɡ
1382:k
1375:ɟ
1368:c
1361:ɖ
1354:ʈ
1343:d
1336:t
1297:b
1290:p
1268:ɴ
1254:ŋ
1240:ɲ
1226:ɳ
1208:n
1181:ɱ
1167:m
942:.
921:.
851:(
672:y
660:i
623:,
601:)
595:(
590:)
586:(
572:.
534:y
530:y
526:y
519:y
508:y
496:y
494:m
484:y
468:Y
464:W
460:R
456:H
452:Z
448:X
444:V
440:T
436:S
432:Q
428:P
424:N
420:M
416:L
412:K
408:J
404:G
400:F
396:D
392:C
388:B
369:)
363:(
358:)
354:(
350:.
336:.
276:(
260:(
248:(
70:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.