2333:
1209:, built during the 5th century. Though Pavia was no longer the seat of imperial administration in Italy since the Ottonian dynasty, the palace had been perceived as a symbol of imperial authority in Italy and its mere presence within the city walls had been deemed intolerable. Pavia had—thanks to its strategic location on the trade routes from Italy to Burgundy and France—become an important commercial centre. The local merchants and aristocrats demanded the greatest possible autonomy from imperial control. Schutz notes that Pavia disliked the financial burden they had to bear whenever the monarchs came to the citadel. The bishops protested the separatist movement though, as they fared better under imperial protection than under local princes.
1544:
2154:
574:
2145:. Oldřich himself was imprisoned in Bavaria, but in 1034 was pardoned and allowed to return to Bohemia. Oldřich deposed and blinded Jaromír, reclaimed the Bohemian throne, and exiled his son Bretislaus. While the reason for the conflict between father and son has been lost, it is assumed Bretislaus had supported Jaromír over his father. However, Oldřich died suddenly on 9 November 1034, allowing Bretislaus to return from exile. Though Jaromír was offered the throne, he declined in favour of his nephew. Bretislaus was then confirmed as the new Duke of Bohemia by Conrad II.
1312:
2541:
1614:, Germany's co-king and Conrad's designated successor, join the assembly before a decision was made. Henry refused to depose Adalbero, citing an earlier agreement with Adelbero to be his ally in negotiating a settlement between him and his father. Conrad resorted to exhortations, pleas and threats to convince Henry to support Adalbero's deposition. Henry's support was soon followed by that of the other dukes. Conrad then ordered Adalbero to be removed as Duke and sentenced him and his son to
5111:
5758:
1744:
1638:, centralizing the Emperor's authority over the Empire at the expense of the regional dukes. Conrad broke with Ottonian tradition, however, in favouring a more strict means of controlling rebellious vassals. Whereas the Ottonians followed a policy of informal public submission and subsequent reconciliation, Conrad used treason trials to declare rebels as "public enemies" to legitimize his subsequent harsh treatment, as he had done with
1675:(military service). Under royal service, the bishops and abbots were required to provide hospitality and accommodations to the Emperor and his court when he arrived. It also required the Church officials to act as quasi-bureaucracy for the Empire. Under military service, the Church was required to supply soldiers for the Emperor's army or to act as diplomats at his direction. Conrad energetically continued this tradition.
935:
58:
1123:
1599:. Under Emperor Henry II, who was the brother-in-law to Stephen, relations between the Empire and Hungary had been friendly. Upon Henry's death in 1024, Stephen I adopted a more aggressive policy, prompting border raids into the Empire from Hungary. The raids particularly affected Adalbero's domain of Carinthia, which shared a long, eastern border with Hungary.
512:. While the emperor was not anti-monastic, he immediately abandoned the favouritism that had been shown to men of the Church under Henry II. In Italy, he initially relied on the bishops (mostly of German origin) to maintain imperial power. Beginning with his second Italian expedition in 1036, he changed his strategy and managed to win the support of the
1223:("Edict on the Benefices of the Italian Kingdom") of 1038 he would determine his regulations of the feudal contracts in Italy. Conrad also declared that the Ostrogothic palace was property of the Empire and therefore the king had the right to punish those responsible for its destruction. The Pavian embassy returned to Italy in opposition to
1782:, that settled the permanent coexistence of the Empire and Poland as Bolesław recognized Henry II as his nominal feudal lord. In return, Henry II generously invested Bolesław with territories on the Empire's eastern border. In order to reinforce his dynastic bonds with the German nobility, Bolesław, a widower, married
2283:. Upon Mieszko's surrender, Conrad marched his army to Burgundy during the winter of 1032/1033. Conrad's rival to the Burgundian throne, Count Odo II of Blois had already invaded the kingdom to secure his rule and controlled large sections of the kingdom's western territories. On 2 February 1033, Conrad arrived at
1470:, rebelled against his stepfather when he was elected king of Germany. By 1026, Conrad had defeated the resistance and Ernest submitted to his reign. Due to the intervention of his mother Gisela, Ernest was allowed to accompany Conrad on his expedition to Italy in 1026. During the expedition, the rebellion led by
1454:(money and property she had inherited from her deceased husband Emperor Henry II) belonged to him. These dubious claims to property and the excessive promotion of imperial authority over ducal and clerical affairs throughout Bavaria caused, unsurprisingly, new tension between him and the German aristocracy.
957:, near his ancestral home of Worms. Construction began in 1030. Archbishop Aribo, as archbishop of Mainz, was already the chancellor of Germany. Conrad wanted to reward the archbishop for his electoral support, so he made Aribo chancellor of Italy as well, making Aribo the second most powerful man in the
1666:
and thus demanded loyalty from the Church officials. In return, the various bishoprics and abbeys of the Empire were granted extensive landholdings and secular authority, providing immunity from the jurisdiction of the secular nobles. As such, the Church officials reported exclusively to the
Emperor,
2219:
recorded that the
Bavarians incited skirmishes along the common Imperial-Hungarian border in 1029, causing a rapid deterioration in relations between the two countries. In 1030, open conflict erupted. Conrad launched an invasion into Hungary but was forced to retreat when the Hungarians successfully
1833:
The rebels sought the support of
Mieszko, which the Polish king granted, promising to take military action against Conrad. Conrad returned to Germany in mid-1027, putting an end to the rebellion before Mieszko could deploy his forces. In preparation for his own invasion of Poland, Conrad developed a
918:
favoured the younger Conrad. A majority of the assembled princes favoured the elder Conrad, as the father of a seven-year-old son implied a more stable dynastic future for the kingdom. As president of the assembly, Archbishop Aribo cast the first vote and supported the elder Conrad. He was joined by
2046:
The regulation was short-lived as in 1033 Otto was killed by one of his own men, and
Mieszko II took over his domains. Shortly after, Mieszko expelled Detric and reunited the whole country. Though Mieszko regained his territory, he still was opposed by the nobility and his own subjects. Mieszko did
1817:
Conrad considered the assumption of the title "king" by
Mieszko an act of war and a disregard of his imperial authority, but had to address domestic issues before dealing with Mieszko. In 1026 Conrad II marched into Italy to consolidate imperial authority south of the Alps and to claim the imperial
1513:
was crowned in Aachen as King of
Germany, Gisela again intervened on Ernest's behalf. Conrad pardoned Ernest and released him from prison in 1028, but Gisela retained regency over Swabia. Ernest served as duke in name only. On Easter 1030, Conrad offered to restore to Ernest his full powers as Duke
964:
Aribo refused to crown Conrad's wife Gisela as queen as their marriage violated canon law. Conrad refused to accept
Archbishop Aribo's position. Archbishop Pilgrim of Cologne saw the situation as an opportunity to restore his relationship with the king, after refusing to support Conrad's election,
780:
and Herman. After the death of Ernest I in 1015, Emperor Henry II named Ernest II as Duke of Swabia. As Gisela's new husband, Conrad hoped to serve as regent for his minor stepson in the administration of the duchy, seeing it as an opportunity to increase his own rank and subsequently make a claim
2506:, he ordered Pandulf to restore stolen property to Monte Cassino. Pandulf sent his wife and son to ask for peace, offering 300 lb (140 kg) of gold and two of his children as hostages. The Emperor accepted Pandulf's offer, but the hostages escaped as Pandulf hid in his outlying castle of
1440:
The young prince assumed
Bavarian rule on 24 June 1027. Following Henry's appointment, Conrad held court at Regensburg and decreed that all imperial property in the duchy must be documented. This required the various counts and bishops to report all imperial property in their domains, castles and
2306:
on the Meuse. Both monarchs had Odo for an enemy, since he had supported the claims of Henry I's younger brother to the French crown. Conrad might therefore have been given a free hand by his ally to invade Odo's French fiefs. In two large-scale military summer campaigns in 1033 and 1034, Conrad
1903:
to reintegrate them into the Empire, Otto III's death ended the friendly relationship between Poland and the Empire. Instead, Bolesław competed with Otto III's successor, Emperor Henry II, for dominion over the Lutici, causing Henry II to ally the Empire with the Lutici against Poland. Under the
1417:
had been a loyal supporter of
Emperor Henry II, who had appointed him patriarch in 1020. Conrad's action placed the patriarchate at Grado under Poppo's authority, securing Poppo's loyalty by making him the Emperor's top official in northern Italy. The synod also limited the political autonomy of
1216:
travelled north to meet Conrad and asked for severance from the Empire. The emissaries justified the actions of their fellow citizens by claiming that Pavia had always been loyal to the
Italian king, as long as the king was alive and present, and that the revolt had taken place when the Italian
1113:
engaged in an argument, that, although not entirely clear, was related to the younger Conrad's demands of yet-unpaid compensation that Conrad II had promised him for withdrawing from the 1024 election. The lack of conflict between them after September 1027 suggests that they reconciled by then.
1927:. However, faced with a potential invasion by Hungary and the failure of the Lutici to provide their promised contingent of troops, Conrad retreated. In 1030, Poland secured an alliance with Hungary, with Stephen I invading Bavaria while Mieszko invaded Saxony. Conrad responded by allying with
693:
serving as regent. Theophanu sought to reconcile the imperial house with Henry I, restoring him as Duke of Carinthia in 985, with Otto of Worms allowed to regain his ancestral position as Count of Worms. However, Otto was allowed to style himself "Duke of Worms" and his original territory was
2043:, Conrad divided Poland among Mieszko, Otto and Detric, another half-brother. Mieszko was allowed to retain the title of Duke and nominal authority over all of Poland. Now that the Empire had a strong central leader, the treaty significantly increased the Empire's influence over Poland.
1217:
throne was vacant. Conrad rejected the argument, that just as a ship remains devoted to its captain after his death, the Empire remains imperial property after the death of an emperor. The kingdom of Italy, according to Conrad, belonged to the empire as a matter of legal right. In his
1085:
claimed authority over the Abbey, including the right to invest and anoint the abbey's nuns. Though Otto III had once eased tensions among the warring parties by declaring that both bishops would be entitled to anoint the Abbess and her sisters, the conflict still lingered. Archbishop
2112:, who assumed the Bohemian throne for himself. Following the resumption of hostilities between the Empire and Poland in 1028, Oldřich went on the offensive against Poland, reconquering Moravia by 1029, which helped to stabilize his duchy. The war ended in 1031 when the Polish king
1587:
in September 1027, Conrad attempted to resolve the decades-long "Gandersheim Conflict". Adalbero accompanied the Emperor and acted as his sword-bearer during the proceeding, indicating Conrad's trust in him. From 1028 on, Adalbero governed his duchy as an independent state.
1630:
as the new duke. With the appointment, the three southern German duchies of Swabia, Bavaria and Carinthia were all under the control of Emperor Conrad through his family members (his stepson Herman in Swabia, his son Henry in Bavaria, and his cousin Conrad in Carinthia).
2323:
as the kingdom's future ruler. Crucially, the conquest of Burgundy augmented the influence and dignity of the Emperor to the benefit of the Empire. With Burgundy secured, Conrad controlled the western Alpine passes into Italy and could easily block foreign invasions.
706:. When Emperor Otto III died in 1002, both Otto of Worms, Conrad's grandfather, and Henry IV became eligible for Kingship of Germany. In a compromise, Otto withdrew and in return received the Duchy of Carinthia from the newly elected king Henry IV, who ruled as
2136:
with punishing the recalcitrant Bohemian. At age 17, Henry's march on Bohemia was his first independent military command. The expedition was a complete success, as Henry deposed Oldřich and restored his brother Jaromír to the Bohemian throne. Oldřich's son
1690:
which was converted from a fortress to a monastery in 1025. The Ottonians established at least eight in their hundred-year reign. Additionally, the Ottonians were active in the establishment of Church affairs, but Conrad was uninterested, only calling five
2276:, mediated between the two parties. An agreement was reached that allowed Conrad II to succeed to the Burgundian throne upon Rudolph's death under the same conditions as Henry II. In return, Rudolph was allowed to retain independent rule over his kingdom.
1514:
of Swabia if he would crack down on the Emperor's enemies there. Ernest's refusal, especially against his friend Count Werner of Kyburg, resulted in his final downfall. Conrad stripped his stepson of his title, declared him a public enemy, and had him
1174:
threats to be obsolete. The Italian throne was now viewed as vacant and not Conrad's as a matter of right. The Lombard cities wanted to elect a king from the ranks of their own magnates, and when this motion failed, they tried to invite a prince from
2131:
which restored Mieszko to the Polish throne. Conrad summoned Oldřich to appear at the assembly, but Oldřich refused. His absence raised the ire of the Emperor; Conrad, busy with securing his succession to the Burgundian throne, charged his son Duke
1866:
tribes had settled and represented the majority of the population since the 10th century after centuries of steady immigration. Slavs had long been the targets of imperial military campaigns, particularly for the punishment and subjugation of
1790:. The Empire and Poland enjoyed peace for the remainder of Henry's reign. However, Bolesław then seized the opportunity presented by Henry's death in 1024 and the subsequent interregnum to consolidate his own power, crowning himself King on
1506:. Gisela supported Conrad against her son but did not want Ernest to be entirely humiliated. As a result of his mother's intervention, Conrad allowed Ernest to retain his title while imprisoned, with Gisela serving as regent over the duchy.
2418:. (Most of the former Kingdom of Burgundy/Arles was incorporated into France piecemeal over the next centuries, but "King of Burgundy" remained one of the Holy Roman Emperor's subsidiary titles until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806.)
1534:
as a new Swabian prince. As Herman was still an infant, the Bishop of Constance was assigned his regent. Eight years later in 1038, Herman died and Conrad installed his own son Henry as duke, securing imperial control over the duchy.
1494:, the counts refused, stating that while they had sworn loyalty to Ernest, they would not rebel against their Emperor. Without the support of the Swabian counts, Ernest, Conrad of Carinthia and Count Welf surrendered to Conrad at
630:, one of Otto's daughters, in 947 and rose to become one of the king's closest allies. The relationship, however, deteriorated, when Otto refused to honour a peace treaty that Conrad, as Otto's representative, had negotiated with
2264:, was his nephew and closest living male relative. However, Henry predeceased Rudolph in 1024. Soon, Henry's successor Conrad II claimed to have acquired Henry's rights to the Burgundian succession, which Rudolph disputed. Count
2318:
Though Burgundy had been brought under full imperial control, the kingdom was allowed a remarkable degree of autonomy. Conrad rarely intervened in its affairs following his coronation, returning only in 1038 to announce his son
516:(lesser nobles) and the military elite, who challenged the power of the bishops. His reign marked a high point of medieval imperial rule during a relatively peaceful period for the empire. Upon the death of the childless King
1658:—a policy of using the German Church as a vehicle for imperial control. Beginning in the 950s, the Ottonians had favoured Church officials over secular nobles for appointment to the Empire's most important offices. Claiming "
3365:
2177:, furthering the friendly relationship between the Empire and Hungary. Under Conrad II, however, relations quickly turned hostile as Conrad pursued a more aggressive policy regarding eastern Europe. Conrad II expelled the
1282:, but quartering his soldiers among the Ravennese population caused tensions in the city. Conrad then marched north to mitigate the risk the summer heat might pose to his army. In autumn Conrad left his summer camp in the
973:
Conrad inherited a kingdom troubled by problems. The dukes of Saxony and Lorraine and his cousin Conrad of Carinthia opposed his rule. In order to strengthen his position, Conrad and Gisela embarked on a royal tour. At
1355:
and around 70 senior clerics, including the Archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, Trier, Magdeburg, Salzburg, Milan and Ravenna. Rudolph of Burgundy's attendance suggested surprisingly good relations between Burgundy and the
1482:
regent of Germany while he marched south to Italy. When Bruno was defeated by the rebels, Conrad sent Ernest back to Germany in September 1026 to end the revolt. When Ernest returned, however, he joined the rebels.
2551:
On the return to Germany, a severe epidemic decimated the ranks of Conrad's troops; Conrad's daughter-in-law and stepson also died. Conrad himself returned home safely and held court on important occasions in
826:, marriage was forbidden among relatives from the first to the seventh generation. Though Conrad's marriage differed little from the usual practice of the time, strict canonists frowned upon the marriage and
1030:, officially recognized him as sovereign. He in turn had vowed to respect and honour the ancient Saxon customs and laws. Conrad and Gisela would remain in Saxony until March 1025, when they moved on to the
2011:
to Conrad, officially renouncing the title "king" in favour of the traditional title "duke" and accepting the overlordship of the Empire over Poland. The royal regalia were delivered by Mieszko II's wife,
1490:, calling upon the rebels to surrender. Ernest, trusting in the number and fidelity of his vassals, rejected the peace offer and appealed to his Swabian counts to join him in the rebellion. According to
2116:
surrendered to Conrad. During the following civil war, Mieszko was forced to flee Poland for Bohemia, where Oldřich had him imprisoned and castrated in revenge for the torture Mieszko's father,
1610:
for his actions regarding Hungary. In the presence of the German dukes, Conrad demanded that Adalbero be stripped of all his titles and lands. The dukes demurred and demanded that Conrad's son
1360:. During the festivities, a power struggle between the archbishops of Milan and Ravenna ensued and was settled in favour of Milan. Subsequently, Conrad left Rome and toured south to receive
642:
in rebellion against Otto. The rebellion was crushed and Conrad was stripped of his ducal title. Conrad and Otto eventually reconciled. Conrad fought alongside Otto and fell in the decisive
552:
2410:
from the 12th century, corresponded to most of the southeastern quarter of modern France and included western Switzerland, the Franche-Comté and Dauphiné. It did not include the smaller
524:, conquered it with German and Italian troops, and incorporated it into the empire. The three kingdoms (Germany, Italy and Burgundy) formed the basis of the empire as the "royal triad" (
1058:, where after ten months they ended their tour. Conrad then entered Burgundy in order to renew the royal claim, that, in 1016, Emperor Henry II had forced the childless Burgundian King
2215:. The bishop presented himself as a pilgrim, but Stephen, who had been informed of his actual purpose, refused to let him enter the country in the autumn of 1027. Conrad's biographer
1838:
of England and Denmark (whose kingdom lay beyond the Empire's northern border). Cnut accompanied Conrad at his imperial coronation in 1027, and Conrad granted Cnut authority over the
1102:
to end the dispute, but a conclusion could not be reached. He called another synod in September 1028, which also failed. Only a third synod in 1030 solved the conflict when Bishop
1916:. Mieszko's 1028 invasion ended the peace. The Lutici sent ambassadors to seek Conrad's protection against Mieszko, which Conrad granted and renewed the German-Lutician alliance.
1947:
to Hungarian control. Freed from the threat of Hungarian attack, the Emperor was able to focus his attention on Poland. Marching on Mieszko in autumn 1031, Conrad again besieged
1154:. However, the situation in Italy had become increasingly unstable after the death of Henry II. Amidst occasional riots, many Italian aristocrats demanded the secession of the
894:, attended the meeting and documented the event. Archbishop Aribo presided over the assembly. Conrad presented himself as a candidate for election, as did his younger cousin
2599:. During a major excavation in 1900 his sarcophagus was relocated from his original resting place in front of the altar to the crypt, where it is still visible today.
2458:"), thus effectively elevating the traditional Frankish kingship to Imperial authority. This was the exclusive method for claiming the office of Holy Roman Emperor.
1294:. By the end of winter, the Italian aristocrats voluntarily ended their opposition to Conrad's reign. Pavia, however, remained in revolt until early 1027 when Abbot
818:
through both her mother and father. The marriage was opposed by many because of the familial relationship shared by Gisela and Conrad. Both were descendants of King
2387:. This was an arrangement that Conrad had made many years prior when he gave Canute parts of northern Germany to administer. Henry, who would later become Emperor
4611:
2820:
6535:
2092:
and guaranteed protection against Polish aggression. Jaromír ruled only a small territory, however, as Poland had occupied the traditional Czech territories of
1579:
had been appointed as duke in 1012 under Emperor Henry II and remained loyal to imperial authority, supporting Conrad's election as German king in 1024. At a
1238:. Conrad's army moved south and a contingent besieged Pavia and blocked all trade in the area, as he continued his campaign. By March 1026, Conrad arrived in
2619:
1642:
and Adalbero. The nobles saw the use of these treason trials not as mere power shifts in favour of the Emperor, but as a cruel breach of German tradition.
1518:. Even his mother Gisela did not come to his rescue. Within a few months, both Ernest and Werner, who had retreated to Falkenstein Castle, south of modern
2398:
died on 2 February 1032, Conrad claimed the kingship on the basis of an inheritance that Henry II had extorted from Rudolph in 1006, after Henry invaded
2039:, interceded on Mieszko's behalf and requested he be freed from imprisonment in Bohemia and allowed to regain the Polish throne. Under the terms of the
1887:, the Lutici rebelled against the Empire. In the ensuing war (983–995), the Lutici succeeded in reclaiming their independence and gained control of the
2047:
not adopt Bezprym's renunciation of the Polish crown and continued to style himself as King. Mieszko II died soon after in 1034, and upon his death, a
4486:. Europa im Mittelalter. Abhandlungen und Beiträge zur historischen Komparatistik (in German). Vol. 5. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. pp. 91–110.
990:. Both men were brothers of former emperor Henry II and Conrad appointed them to high office at his court. After visiting Cologne Conrad stopped at
910:, son of Liutgarde, one of Otto's daughters. Although further members of the Ottonian dynasty existed, none were seriously considered eligible. The
477:
during childhood after his father had died around the year 990. He extended his influence beyond his inherited lands, as he came into favour of the
5720:
830:
relied on this violation of canon law when he forced Conrad into temporary exile. During this exile, Gisela bore Conrad a son, the future emperor
1626:, where he remained until his death in 1039. The ducal seat of Carinthia remained unoccupied until 2 February 1035, when Conrad named his cousin
1230:
In February 1026, Conrad assembled a large army of armoured knights for an expedition into Italy, including troops commanded by both Archbishop
5147:
4856:
2232:, leaving matters in Hungary to his son Henry. Henry settled the conflict by 1031 by bestowing titles to eastern Bavarian lands between the
1379:
After his coronation, Conrad issued decrees reorganising the monasteries and dioceses of Italy, with the explicit objective of bringing the
965:
and he crowned Gisela queen on 21 September 1024. The political reorientation of Pilgrim also weakened the opposition towards the new king.
781:
for his own duchy. Emperor Henry II blocked this attempt by placing the guardianship of Ernest II, and regency over Swabia, in the hands of
1794:, 25 April 1025. Bolesław was thus the first Polish king, as his predecessors only held the ducal title of the political entity, called
6520:
1274:
in Italy. With Conrad's assistance, Aribert rose to the highest-ranking religious office in Italy and oversaw the expansion of the
2332:
1730:. Though Conrad favoured Wazo to lead the German Church as Archbishop and Primate, Gisela convinced him to appoint Bardo instead.
1667:
acting as his personal vassals. As the Emperor's vassals, the Church officials were subject to the provision of two services: the
1316:
729:
due to Conrad the Younger's infancy. Conrad the Younger was taken care of by his cousin Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor the Elder.
6490:
3074:
1094:, counted on Conrad, who was indebted to Aribo for his support during the royal election. In January 1027, the king summoned a
678:
3697:
Die Slawen in Deutschland: Geschichte und Kultur der slawischen Stämme westlich von Oder und Neisse vom 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert
2240:
rivers to the Hungarian nobility. Hungary and the Empire remained at peace from 1031 to Henry's own reign as Emperor in 1040.
1806:, succeeded him as King, crowned on Christmas, 1025. Upon assuming the Polish throne, Mieszko expelled his older half-brother
4683:
4641:
4429:
4403:
4396:
Die Slawen in Deutschland: Geschichte und Kultur der slawischen Stämme westlich von Oder und Neiße vom 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert
4289:
4226:
4163:
3914:
3887:
3807:
3448:
3421:
3261:
3148:
2889:
2853:
2077:
1138:
In Bavaria, Conrad came into contact with members of the Italian ruling elite for the first time. In June 1025, bishops from
6530:
6282:
5713:
1939:, on Poland's eastern border. In 1031, Conrad concluded a peace treaty with Hungary by ceding the lands between the rivers
1155:
89:
1686:
had little interest in the founding of new monasteries. Through their hundred-year dynasty, the Salians only founded one:
3824:
2127:
Poland did not stabilize in the wake of Mieszko's exile, forcing Conrad to convene an assembly in July 1033 to issue the
1775:
1418:
Venice. In so doing, Conrad broke with the policies of his predecessors and revoked Venice's privileged trading status.
4326:
3550:
2576:
1596:
2268:, who had strong family ties with Rudolph, also claimed the succession. Conrad II met Rudolph III in August 1027 near
919:
the other clerics in support of him. The secular dukes then cast their votes for the elder Conrad as well. Archbishop
6458:
5510:
5490:
5470:
5140:
5056:
5036:
5016:
4849:
4662:
4578:
4554:
4535:
4513:
4491:
4472:
4448:
4381:
4346:
3671:
3637:
3599:
3231:
2804:
1007:
3100:
2402:
to enforce his claim in 1016. Despite some opposition, the Burgundian and Provençal nobles paid homage to Conrad in
1695:
during his reign and usually only to restore peace. Conrad's decisions on Church policy were often left to his wife
1150:
in order to pay homage to Conrad. In exchange for certain administrative privileges, Aribert agreed to crown Conrad
6418:
5515:
5505:
5475:
5362:
5051:
5021:
4991:
4482:
Lübke, Christian (2002). "Zwischen Polen und dem Reich. Elbslawen und Gentilreligion". In Borgolte, Michael (ed.).
4391:
1543:
855:
ruled as regent while the German dukes gathered to elect a new king. Cunigunde was assisted by her brothers Bishop
490:
478:
3527:
874:
On 4 September 1024, the German princes gathered at Kamba, a historical name for an area on the east banks of the
658:
was born, of whom only very little is known. He died at the age of 20 between 985 and 990. Conrad II's mother was
6378:
6029:
5706:
5535:
5485:
5327:
5076:
5031:
4971:
3663:
The Birth of a Stereotype – Appearance Of The Piast State Within Eyeshot Of The Elites In The Liudolfings' Empire
3223:
The Implications of Literacy: Written Language and Models of Interpretation in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
2208:
2153:
1235:
1011:
987:
17:
6442:
5949:
5593:
5555:
5550:
5530:
5431:
5096:
5091:
5071:
5006:
2630:
2450:
On 14 January 1040, Conrad II's heir Henry issued a charter, in which he announced his official designation as
2121:
2004:
1827:
928:
899:
654:, who was also the grandson of Otto I. In between 965 and 970, Otto of Worms' first son and Conrad II's father
6466:
6450:
6426:
6346:
5682:
5608:
5545:
5540:
5520:
5495:
5480:
5460:
5416:
5293:
5086:
5081:
5061:
5041:
5026:
5011:
4996:
4956:
4823:
4786:
4762:
4751:
2639:
2388:
2320:
2189:
2133:
1611:
1510:
1434:
1344:
1336:
1247:
1143:
831:
796:
Conrad II's hopes to obtain his own duchy failed, but the marriage to Gisela brought him wealth. Her mother,
647:
627:
348:
120:
3661:
2635:
Conrad married Gisela of Swabia in 1016, the daughter of Duke Herman II of Swabia. They had three children:
6434:
6402:
6354:
6330:
6314:
5525:
5500:
5421:
5347:
5298:
5283:
5278:
5133:
5114:
5066:
5046:
5001:
4981:
4961:
4946:
4941:
4842:
4633:
The Medieval Empire in Central Europe: Dynastic Continuity in the Post-Carolingian Frankish Realm, 900–1300
4317:
2257:
1823:
1682:
stated the promotion of the Church was of little value to the Emperor. Conrad and the other members of the
1627:
1530:. The fall of Ernest greatly weakened the sovereignty of Swabia. Conrad appointed Ernest's younger brother
1498:
on 9 September 1027, ending the rebellion. Conrad stripped Ernest of his ducal title and imprisoned him at
1471:
1385:
1275:
1110:
895:
753:
749:
722:
686:
180:
110:
2437:
had conspired to rescind rights from the burghers. Conrad restored order with skilful diplomacy and luck.
2260:
seized the opportunity and forced Rudolph to name him as successor. Henry II, the son of Rudolph's sister
1727:
573:
6525:
6510:
6410:
6370:
6306:
5357:
5322:
5273:
4986:
4966:
4936:
2479:
1851:
Fearing the possibility of a joint German-Danish attack, in 1028 Mieszko took the initiative and invaded
1700:
1576:
1548:
1231:
1087:
924:
782:
718:
439:
96:
2109:
2085:
1996:
5649:
5565:
5448:
1243:
1027:
773:
681:. Upon receiving the ducal title, however, Otto lost his countship at Worms, which was given to Bishop
674:
662:. After Henry's death, Adelaide married a Frankish nobleman and the relationship with Conrad declined.
31:
5437:
5677:
5658:
5639:
5406:
2507:
2478:, whom Conrad had released from imprisonment in 1024, immediately after his coronation. Hearing that
2253:
2225:
1639:
1531:
777:
521:
1802:
in Rome. Bolesław died within two months of his coronation, most likely due to an illness. His son,
953:
on 8 September 1024 at the age of 34. To mark his election, Conrad commissioned the construction of
834:, on 28 October 1017. Conrad and Emperor Henry II eventually reconciled and he returned to Germany.
5617:
5443:
2048:
1475:
1402:
761:
611:
4597:
6515:
5843:
5238:
5156:
2395:
2273:
2249:
2193:
1445:
1369:
1352:
1059:
852:
725:
the Younger, was named Count of Worms by Emperor Henry II while the Duchy of Carinthia passed to
639:
517:
145:
3488:
Krystyna Łukasiewicz (2009). ""dagome Iudex" and the First Conflict over Succession in Poland".
2117:
2000:
1900:
1763:
1752:
851:
that had ruled Germany since 919. Without a clear successor to the German throne, Henry's widow
6217:
5598:
5367:
2433:
against Archbishop Aribert of Milan and the local nobles. The nobles, as vassal lords, and the
2426:
2052:
2023:
to conspire against him. Bezprym's own men murdered him in the spring of 1032, which created a
2013:
1960:
1924:
1919:
Conrad, seeking to relieve pressure on the Lutici, counter-invaded Poland in 1029 and besieged
1909:
1655:
1380:
1192:
1151:
1127:
1103:
726:
505:
374:
4631:
3877:
3797:
3589:
3204:
694:
expanded according to his rank. Otto of Worms loyally served the new Emperor and received the
6386:
5384:
5332:
5304:
4673:
4652:
3253:
The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach
3251:
3138:
2794:
2790:
2467:
1663:
1499:
1406:
1365:
1219:
3904:
3438:
2879:
2843:
6505:
6394:
6261:
5630:
5584:
5465:
5395:
5372:
5342:
4976:
2652:
2337:
2312:
2280:
1932:
1884:
1659:
1592:
1251:
1131:
1082:
1069:", as he had assumed the German throne. The decade-old unsettled dispute on who controlled
1066:
804:
797:
685:, emperor Otto II's imperial chancellor. When Otto II died suddenly in 983, his infant son
631:
352:
3726:
2020:
1811:
785:
in 1016. This action further strained the already rough relationship between the imperial
8:
6500:
6495:
6247:
6212:
6181:
6146:
6130:
6074:
5774:
5766:
5411:
5401:
5389:
5227:
5198:
5183:
5169:
4926:
4916:
4501:
4372:
Makk, Ferenc (2001). "On the Foreign Policy of Saint Stephen". In Zsoldos, Attila (ed.).
4332:
2475:
2399:
2364:
2185:
2128:
2056:
2040:
1984:
1956:
1819:
1787:
1618:. After attacking Conrad's allies in Carinthia, Adalbero fled to his mother's estates in
1527:
1463:
1206:
1203:
1184:
1078:
757:
745:
699:
443:
2007:, Oldřich's brother, thirty years earlier. Shortly after taking power, Bezprym sent the
6362:
6195:
5426:
5317:
5254:
5218:
4906:
4865:
4771:
3778:
3770:
3497:
3385:
2974:
2455:
2261:
2188:
from Venice in 1026. Conrad also persuaded the Bavarians to accept his own infant son,
2113:
1908:
in 1018, all three parties remained in uneasy peace, with Poland allowed to retain the
1839:
1803:
1795:
1756:
1704:
1634:
Control of the southern duchies allowed Conrad to continue the process begun under the
1568:
1552:
1422:
1373:
1332:
1270:. When Leo died a few days later, Archbishop Aribert became the chief supporter of the
1091:
920:
868:
860:
856:
811:
808:
765:
643:
635:
619:
603:
435:
423:
295:
271:
267:
74:
48:
5698:
2796:
The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century
6288:
6269:
6114:
5867:
5259:
5188:
4891:
4807:
4679:
4658:
4637:
4574:
4550:
4531:
4509:
4487:
4468:
4444:
4425:
4421:
4399:
4377:
4342:
4285:
4222:
4216:
4159:
3910:
3883:
3803:
3782:
3667:
3633:
3595:
3444:
3417:
3389:
3257:
3227:
3144:
2885:
2849:
2800:
2411:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2174:
1928:
1748:
1723:
1564:
1479:
1357:
1311:
1159:
1070:
1018:. They supported Conrad, which helped to rally the Saxon nobility behind him. During
1003:
979:
958:
915:
711:
670:
595:
466:
427:
343:
299:
275:
4601:
4484:
Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren. Die Berliner Tagung über den "Akt von Gnesen"
4361:
638:, whom he regarded as a threat to his position. In 953 Conrad joined the king's son
6203:
6122:
6098:
5454:
5352:
5232:
5178:
4911:
4896:
4814:
3762:
3377:
3366:"The 'Imperial Church System' of the Ottonian and Salian Rulers: a Reconsideration"
2607:
2592:
2545:
2540:
2483:
2407:
2384:
2216:
2204:
2197:
2170:
2081:
2073:
2036:
1988:
1983:
since 1025. Bezprym, with Conrad's approval, had persuaded the Kievan Grand Prince
1964:
1951:. Mieszko was crushed by the Holy Roman and Kievan invaders and his exiled brother
1913:
1905:
1896:
1852:
1846:
1779:
1771:
1696:
1679:
1651:
1635:
1623:
1491:
1486:
In 1027 Conrad returned to Germany after his imperial coronation and held court at
1467:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1394:
1267:
1162:. The local aristocrats and merchants increasingly considered the idea of Frankish
1074:
1043:
954:
938:
891:
886:
is marked with a small equestrian statue of Conrad II. The chronicler and Conrad's
848:
827:
819:
801:
786:
741:
659:
623:
580:
501:
486:
482:
458:
384:
323:
310:
127:
3554:
1798:
at the time, that had only a few decades ago revealed itself to the world and the
1719:
1126:
Following his expedition into Italy in early 1026, Conrad II was crowned with the
6322:
6231:
6154:
6138:
5311:
5203:
5193:
4921:
4901:
4881:
4742:
4735:
4153:
3695:
3411:
3221:
3140:
The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium
2939:
2596:
2515:
2307:
defeated Odo. On 1 August 1034, Conrad officially incorporated Burgundy into the
2265:
2162:
2089:
2019:
Bezprym's reign, however, was short. His extreme cruelty caused his half-brother
1572:
1556:
1503:
1442:
1361:
1263:
1031:
1015:
1006:
rejected his claim, though. Conrad then moved north to Saxony, visiting abbesses
950:
946:
911:
769:
695:
666:
655:
558:
454:
396:
227:
207:
4564:
3875:
6298:
6090:
5337:
5268:
5244:
4931:
4701:
4627:
4523:
4356:
3440:
Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075
2588:
2523:
2487:
2415:
2288:
2229:
2221:
2212:
2178:
2008:
1980:
1892:
1876:
1872:
1863:
1783:
1712:
1708:
1683:
1515:
1495:
1348:
1295:
1271:
1224:
1180:
1163:
1139:
903:
864:
790:
703:
591:
508:
as well as general rulership practices, which in turn had been associated with
474:
434:
emperors, who reigned for one century until 1125, Conrad ruled the kingdoms of
431:
364:
291:
3381:
2510:. Conrad besieged and conquered Capua and bestowed the place and the title of
1421:
In May 1027 Conrad returned to Germany in order to attend the funeral of Duke
6484:
6239:
5729:
5668:
4795:
4242:
3753:
Henry Joseph Lang (1974). "The Fall of the Monarchy of Mieszko II, Lambert".
2964:, Volume 2, ed. Clifford J. Rogers, (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 171.
2595:, a cathedral which he himself founded and contains the resting place of all
2503:
2499:
2166:
2161:
With emperor Otto III's approval, Stephen was crowned as the first Christian
2101:
1888:
1767:
1687:
1398:
1328:
1320:
907:
651:
160:
4374:
Saint Stephen and His Country: A Newborn Kingdom in Central Europe – Hungary
2279:
Rudolph died on 6 September 1032, while Conrad was on campaign against Duke
5213:
5164:
4310:
Itinerant Kingship & Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075
2181:
2024:
1936:
1523:
999:
3591:
Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876
2845:
Shaping Church Law Around the Year 1000: The Decretum of Burchard of Worms
2294:
Initially, Conrad made little progress against Odo and had to withdraw to
1975:
Soon after Mieszko had concluded peace with the Empire, he was deposed by
1437:, ignoring several suitable candidates who held valid claims to the fief.
6176:
6082:
5378:
4876:
4413:
2591:, where the funeral procession made several stops. His body is buried at
2532:
firmly in Guaimar's hands and loyal, for once, to the Holy Roman Empire.
2528:
2138:
1188:
995:
815:
509:
4301:
The Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. III. Germany and the Western Empire
3501:
1343:. The event lasted seven days and was attended by Conrad's son and heir
6061:
6037:
6013:
5687:
3774:
3627:
2564:. His son Henry was invested with the duchies of Swabia and Carinthia.
2557:
2173:, was Stephen's brother-in-law by Stephen's marriage to Henry's sister
1860:
1716:
1519:
1426:
1051:
983:
822:—Conrad in the fifth generation and Gisela in the fourth. According to
5125:
4834:
3906:
Hastening Toward Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands
1662:" to rule the Empire, the Ottonians increasingly viewed themselves as
6256:
6106:
6005:
5965:
5941:
5925:
5790:
5782:
5757:
4886:
2610:, and presented to Henry III in 1046, not long after he was crowned.
2553:
2032:
1992:
1778:
of 1002 to 1018. In January 1018, Henry II and Bolesław I signed the
1619:
1584:
1551:'s increasingly indiscreet and quasi-independent rule of his estates
1433:. He made the unprecedented decision of choosing his 10-year-old son
1287:
1283:
1176:
1171:
1099:
1047:
1019:
879:
823:
690:
682:
450:
430:
from 1027 until his death in 1039. The first of a succession of four
3991:
3989:
3766:
2760:
2403:
2295:
1743:
1591:
In particular, he attempted to conduct peaceful relations with King
1448:
was required to report to Conrad, who even claimed that Cunegonde's
1212:
In the wake of the ecclesiastical mission, a party of noblemen from
1055:
710:. As a result, Otto of Worms renounced his fiefs at Worms to Bishop
6226:
6190:
6021:
5997:
5989:
5973:
5957:
5933:
5893:
5574:
2962:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
2514:
on Guaimar. He also recognized Aversa as a county of Salerno under
2352:
2302:, which was completed at the end of May in a personal interview at
1987:
to invade Poland and install Bezprym as sovereign. Mieszko fled to
1868:
1799:
1487:
1255:
1039:
975:
887:
760:
the same year. Following Bruno's death around 1010, Gisela married
551:
57:
6053:
6045:
5917:
5909:
5901:
5885:
5877:
5806:
5798:
5744:
4123:
4121:
3986:
2580:
2572:
2519:
2491:
2376:
2372:
2360:
2224:
tactics. Conrad departed to address the problem with his stepson
2142:
2105:
2097:
2093:
1976:
1952:
1948:
1920:
1883:, harassed Slavic settlers beginning in the 940s. As part of the
1807:
1607:
1603:
1279:
1167:
1109:
During his royal tour at Augsburg, Conrad and his younger cousin
738:
359:
287:
4282:
The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526
2298:
in March. In April 1033 he negotiated a treaty of alliance with
1955:'s rebellion. He surrendered to Conrad in the fall of 1031. The
1559:, that compromised the stability at the crossroads of the empire
934:
847:
Emperor Henry II died childless in 1024, bringing an end to the
748:
who, in 1002, had unsuccessfully claimed the German throne upon
5981:
5851:
5822:
5814:
4588:
North, William L. (2001). "Conrad II". In Jeep, John M. (ed.).
2561:
2495:
2434:
2380:
2356:
2348:
2237:
2076:
was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire in 1004 during the
2028:
1944:
1856:
1791:
1450:
1259:
1035:
1023:
991:
634:. Conrad also resented the growing influence of Otto's brother
615:
599:
470:
263:
4118:
4096:
4094:
4069:
4067:
3799:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, c. 900 – c. 1024
1195:, who, initially intrigued by the offer, rejected it as well.
1179:
or other French realms. They offered the Italian crown to the
5859:
4006:
4004:
3876:
Cosmas (of Prague); Cosmas of Prague; Côme de Prague (2009).
2877:
2584:
2471:
2430:
2344:
2269:
2233:
1940:
1692:
1615:
1580:
1390:
1291:
1286:
and marched to the Burgundian border. Conrad then celebrated
1239:
1213:
1199:
1122:
1095:
998:, announced that he would continue the tradition of claiming
875:
607:
231:
184:
3844:
3842:
3469:
3287:
3285:
469:
from 959 until 972, Conrad inherited the titles of count of
5830:
4133:
4106:
4091:
4079:
4064:
4052:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2568:
2368:
2284:
1880:
1835:
1340:
1147:
650:. Conrad was succeeded as Count of Worms in 956 by his son
100:
4196:
4040:
4001:
3120:
3118:
2731:
2697:
2695:
2693:
1855:
in the eastern Empire and occupied the territories of the
4654:
The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition
3839:
3457:
3282:
3054:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2035:
in 1033 to address the situation. Conrad's wife, Empress
4367:. Translated by Sondheimer, Janet. Frederick A. Praeger.
3186:
3184:
3098:
2989:
2272:
to settle the dispute. Henry II's widowed wife, Empress
1202:
revolted and destroyed the local imperial palace of the
702:. In 996, Otto III invested Otto of Worms' son Bruno as
583:(b,l), 1037 foundation of the Öhringen Convent of canons
5728:
4547:
Butler's Lives of the Saints (New Full Edition): August
4443:. UTB M (in German). Vol. 2105 (2 ed.). UTB.
3952:
3950:
3859:
3857:
3709:
3707:
3115:
2707:
2690:
1198:
When the news of Henry's death spread, the citizens of
4243:"Gesta Chuonradi imperatoris - (Taten Kaiser Konrads)"
4184:
4016:
3974:
3962:
3923:
3569:
3508:
3309:
3297:
3270:
3006:
2414:
to the north, ruled by a cadet branch of the Capetian
2406:
in 1034. This Kingdom of Burgundy, later known as the
1526:, were killed in a battle against a contingent of the
698:
in 955, as the actual Duchy of Carinthia was given to
3345:
3333:
3202:
3181:
3157:
3042:
3032:
3030:
2910:
2898:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2719:
1319:. Conrad was crowned as Emperor on 26 March 1027, by
1191:. After the offer was rejected, they approached Duke
4172:
4028:
3947:
3854:
3704:
3587:
3487:
2678:
2666:
2620:
Cultural depictions of Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
2359:, he had his son Henry elected and anointed king of
2203:
Emperor Conrad planned a marriage alliance with the
1401:, the emperor addressed the matter by declaring the
489:'s death in 1024, on 4 September an assembly of the
3935:
3608:
3169:
2613:
2470:requested that Conrad adjudicate in a dispute over
2445:
1912:. Of the eastern marches, the Empire only kept the
1298:brokered a peace deal between the city and Conrad.
994:, where he, as a successor of the empire's founder
4545:Butler, Alban; Cumming, John; Burns, Paul (1998).
4544:
4360:
4257:
3995:
3321:
3249:
3196:
3027:
2862:
2799:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 45–.
2502:, as abbot Theobald was imprisoned by Pandulf. At
3909:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 6–.
3752:
3436:
2567:A year later in 1039 Conrad fell ill and died of
2498:. He appointed Richer, from Germany, as abbot of
2192:, as their duke in 1027, although Stephen's son,
1814:. Otto went west to seek Conrad II's protection.
6482:
3693:
2761:"Boniface of Canossa and the Emperor Conrad III"
2062:
768:. Through this marriage, Ernest I inherited the
30:"Conrad II" redirects here. For other uses, see
4467:(in Hungarian). Kossuth Kiadó. pp. 5–118.
3659:
3136:
2758:
1842:, the land bridge between Denmark and Germany.
1429:. Conrad asserted his right to appoint the new
1278:in Milan. In June 1026, Conrad led his army to
4675:Conrad II, 990-1039: Emperor of Three Kingdoms
4528:Conrad II, 990–1039: Emperor of Three Kingdoms
4151:
3902:
3409:
3363:
3245:
3243:
2486:had received the same request, Conrad went to
2336:Conrad II, 12th-century stained glass window,
2108:. In 1012, Jaromír was deposed by his brother
5714:
5141:
4850:
4596:
4139:
4127:
4112:
4100:
4085:
4073:
4058:
3896:
3802:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–.
3789:
3629:Ostsiedlung – ein gesamteuropäisches Phänomen
3475:
3430:
3413:Germany in the High Middle Ages: c. 1050–1200
2783:
1707:, died in 1031, Conrad considered both Abbot
3822:
3687:
3581:
3403:
3143:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 92–.
2841:
2602:A biography of Conrad II in chronicle form,
2461:
1645:
1364:from the Southern Italian principalities of
504:predecessor Henry II regarding the role and
4530:. The Pennsylvania State University Press.
3594:. Cornell University Press. pp. 121–.
3443:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–.
3240:
3226:. Princeton University Press. p. 156.
3219:
2207:and dispatched one of his advisors, Bishop
1738:
1678:In his biography of Conrad, the chronicler
1606:on 18 May 1035, to answer an indictment of
1266:, who had been a chief advisor to the late
1073:and its estates dated back to the reign of
1065:Conrad needed to address the longstanding "
6536:Burials at St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht
5721:
5707:
5148:
5134:
4857:
4843:
4650:
4438:
4145:
3848:
3553:. Neue deutsche Biographie. Archived from
3548:
3463:
3291:
3130:
3072:
3060:
2835:
2789:
2737:
2713:
2701:
2157:Stephen as depicted on the coronation pall
2124:, Oldřich's brother, thirty years before.
1818:crown from the Pope. In his absence, Duke
520:in 1032, Conrad claimed dominion over the
56:
4612:"Conrad II, Diplomata [Urkunden]"
4569:Háborúk és hadviselés az Árpádok korában
4307:
3795:
3213:
3000:
2579:. His body was transferred to Speyer via
2575:. His heart and bowels are buried at the
2027:in Poland. Conrad responded by holding a
1538:
1106:renounced his claims in favour of Aribo.
776:in 1012. The marriage produced two sons:
756:. Gisela had first been married to Count
737:In 1016 Conrad married the twice-widowed
4390:
4316:
3869:
2878:Lenelotte Möller; Hans Ammerich (2015).
2539:
2522:adventurer. Pandulf, meanwhile, fled to
2331:
2152:
1742:
1733:
1542:
1466:, Conrad's stepson from his marriage to
1310:
1121:
933:
5155:
4864:
4671:
4603:The Early History of the House of Savoy
4522:
4500:
4331:
4202:
4190:
4046:
4022:
4010:
3980:
3968:
3929:
3575:
3514:
3351:
3339:
3315:
3303:
3276:
3163:
3124:
3048:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2904:
2725:
2684:
2672:
2391:, became his father's chief counselor.
2256:, was left without a male heir, and so
2243:
1351:, King of England, Denmark and Norway;
1317:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire
752:'s death, and had lost the election to
493:appointed the 34-year-old Conrad king (
14:
6483:
4626:
4614:. Monumenta Germaniae Historica (dMGH)
4563:
4508:. Atlantic Research and Publications.
4457:
4412:
4158:. Yale University Press. p. 162.
4034:
3956:
3863:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3713:
3190:
3021:
2937:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2624:
2343:Conrad formally confirmed the popular
1970:
1331:crowned Conrad and his wife Gisela as
1306:
978:Conrad received the support of Bishop
669:appointed his nephew Otto of Worms as
614:, succeeded him as Count in 941. King
500:Conrad II adopted many aspects of his
5702:
5129:
4838:
4587:
4481:
4458:Lenkey, Zoltán (2003). "Szent István
4341:(in Hungarian). Gondolat Könyvkiadó.
4279:
4221:. London: Phoenix Giant. p. 52.
4178:
3941:
3614:
3370:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History
2848:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 4–.
1602:Conrad summoned Adalbero to court at
1457:
914:adopted a neutral strategy while the
4657:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
4573:(in Hungarian). Szukits Könyvkiadó.
4371:
4355:
4298:
4263:
4214:
3327:
3175:
3066:
3036:
2922:
1999:in retribution for Mieszko's father
536:
27:Holy Roman Emperor from 1027 to 1039
3741:
3727:"Mieszko II Lambert King of Poland"
2813:
2743:
2291:and was crowned King of Burgundy.
2287:, where he held an assembly at the
1547:Emperor Conrad disapproved of Duke
1478:continued. Conrad had named Bishop
1301:
1054:. The royal couple finally visited
878:opposite the modern German town of
814:. Gisela also claimed descent from
772:upon the death of Gisela's brother
717:After the early death of his uncle
673:. He succeeded the rebellious Duke
485:was left without a successor after
24:
3528:"Herzog Mieszko II. Lambert Piast"
2977:. Catholic-Hierarchy. 24 July 2017
2577:Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht
2184:, the husband of Stephen's sister
1722:, then serving as the dean of the
1254:. From Milan, Conrad travelled to
1117:
986:he acquired the support of Bishop
481:of the kingdom. When the imperial
25:
6547:
4636:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
4590:Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia
4461:". In Szentpéteri, József (ed.).
4376:. Lucidus Kiadó. pp. 37–48.
2351:and issued new constitutions for
2080:, that lasted from 1002 to 1018.
1959:provided that Mieszko return the
1786:, daughter of the Saxon margrave
842:
677:, who had been deposed after the
6521:11th-century Holy Roman Emperors
5756:
5110:
5109:
4299:Bury, John Bagnell, ed. (1922).
3996:Butler, Cumming & Burns 1998
3364:Timothy Reuter (25 March 2011).
2759:Robert Houghton (24 July 2017).
2614:Cultural depictions of Conrad II
2446:Securing the imperial succession
2421:Conrad upheld the rights of the
2196:, had a legitimate claim to the
2051:erupted. Subsequently, his wife
1830:rebelled against his authority.
1383:under imperial control (see the
1026:, the Saxon nobles, led by Duke
837:
626:in 944. He subsequently married
572:
550:
4322:Annals of the House of Hannover
4235:
4208:
3823:Janet Martin (1 October 1997).
3816:
3719:
3653:
3620:
3542:
3520:
3481:
3357:
3092:
2967:
2954:
2823:. Monumenta Germaniae Historica
1979:, who had been in exile in the
800:, was the daughter of reigning
714:, a long-time political rival.
689:succeeded him, with his mother
648:Hungarian invasions into Europe
332:
4697:Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
3416:. Cambridge University Press.
3203:Sydney Morgan-Owenson (1821).
3099:Otto zu Stolberg-Wernigerode.
2940:"Conrad II Holy Roman emperor"
2631:Family tree of German monarchs
2606:, was written by his chaplain
2604:Gesta Chuonradi II imperatoris
2169:, 1000. Otto III's successor,
1834:closer relationship with King
1828:Frederick II of Upper Lorraine
1335:and empress, respectively, in
968:
929:Frederick II of Upper Lorraine
807:and granddaughter of the late
646:in 955 that put an end to the
410:– 4 June 1039), also known as
217:8 September 1024 – 4 June 1039
137:6 September 1032 – 4 June 1039
13:
1:
6491:Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
4606:. Cambridge University Press.
4506:King Saint Stephen of Hungary
4312:. Cambridge University Press.
3588:Eric Joseph Goldberg (2006).
3376:(3). Cambridge Org: 347–374.
2975:"Archbishop Aribo di Magonza"
2659:
2646:
2063:Relations with Eastern Europe
1751:at its greatest extent under
1042:and then proceeded on to the
562:
531:
404:
349:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
63:
4463:Szent István és III. András
3882:. CUA Press. pp. 105–.
3632:. GRIN Verlag. 25 May 2002.
3209:. H. Colburn. pp. 200–.
3075:"Heinrich V. in seiner Zeit"
2884:. marixverlag. pp. 3–.
2440:
1991:where he was imprisoned and
1509:In 1028, after Conrad's son
1386:Schism of the Three Chapters
961:as the imperial chancellor.
906:by their common grandfather
732:
723:Conrad II, Duke of Carinthia
594:can be traced back to Count
7:
6531:Burials at Speyer Cathedral
4651:Weinfurter, Stefan (1999).
4439:Knefelkamp, Ulrich (2002).
4398:. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
4308:Bernhardt, John W. (2002).
3879:The Chronicle of the Czechs
3256:. Routledge. pp. 69–.
3250:Gregory I. Halfond (2016).
2480:Michael IV the Paphlagonian
2327:
925:Gothelo I of Lower Lorraine
871:, also assisted Cunigunde.
719:Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia
285:4 June 1039 (aged 48 or 49)
170:25 March 1026 – 4 June 1039
84:26 March 1027 – 4 June 1039
10:
6552:
5650:North German Confederation
5566:Confederation of the Rhine
4420:(in German) (5 ed.).
4284:. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
4273:
3825:"Medieval Russia 980–1584"
3437:John W. Bernhardt (2002).
3103:. Neue deutsche Biographie
2628:
2617:
2311:at a ceremony held in the
2148:
2141:was appointed as Count of
2067:
1844:
1563:Conrad had to enforce his
1337:Old Saint Peter's Basilica
1244:Iron Crown of the Lombards
506:organisation of the Church
457:(also Henry of Worms) and
32:Conrad II (disambiguation)
29:
6281:
6166:
6073:
5842:
5765:
5754:
5737:
5667:
5648:
5629:
5607:
5583:
5564:
5253:
5212:
5163:
5105:
4872:
4812:
4804:
4793:
4778:
4769:
4759:
4740:
4727:
4722:
4695:
4592:. Garland Publishing Inc.
3827:. Oxford University Press
3729:. Encyclopædia Britannica
3694:Joachim Herrmann (1985).
3382:10.1017/S0022046900026245
2960:"Germany", Martin Volkl,
2942:. Encyclopædia Britannica
2462:Second Italian expedition
1646:Policy towards the Church
1389:). On 6 April 1027, at a
1276:Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
1242:and was crowned with the
1062:to name him as his heir.
1008:Adelaide I of Quedlinburg
783:Archbishop Poppo of Trier
774:Duke Herman III of Swabia
380:
370:
358:
342:
317:
305:
281:
257:
253:
245:
237:
221:
213:
206:
198:
190:
181:Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
174:
166:
159:
151:
141:
133:
126:
116:
106:
88:
80:
73:
55:
46:
41:
6169:(title disputed 887–933)
5618:Archduke John of Austria
4672:Wolfram, Herwig (2010).
4280:Engel, Pál, ed. (2001).
4215:Heer, Friedrich (1995).
3660:A. Pleszczynski (2011).
3137:Adelbert Davids (2002).
2544:Conrad II's tomb in the
2535:
2049:Pagan reaction in Poland
1895:from the Empire. Though
1810:and his younger brother
1770:repeatedly clashed with
1739:War with Mieszko Lambert
1664:protectors of the church
1403:Patriarchate of Aquileia
1046:, spending the feast of
679:War of the Three Henries
97:Old St. Peter's Basilica
4152:Timothy Bolton (2017).
3903:Lisa Wolverton (2012).
3551:"Mathilde von Schwaben"
3410:Horst Fuhrmann (1986).
2526:. Conrad thus left the
2396:Rudolph III of Burgundy
2274:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
2250:Rudolph III of Burgundy
1780:peace treaty of Bautzen
1446:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
1353:Rudolph III of Burgundy
1012:Sophia I of Gandersheim
949:by Archbishop Aribo in
853:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
721:, Conrad's infant son,
518:Rudolph III of Burgundy
4337:István király és műve
2791:Blumenthal, Uta-Renate
2548:
2340:
2158:
2120:, inflicted upon Duke
2014:Richeza of Lotharingia
1961:Margraviate of Meissen
1925:Margraviate of Meissen
1910:Margraviate of Meissen
1759:
1656:imperial church system
1560:
1539:Conflict with Adalbero
1381:Patriarchate of Venice
1324:
1264:Bishop Leo of Vercelli
1258:, where he celebrated
1193:William V of Aquitaine
1135:
1128:Iron Crown of Lombardy
1104:Gotthard of Hildesheim
942:
882:. Now the location of
727:Adalbero of Eppenstein
400:
375:Henry, Count of Speyer
4549:. Burns & Oates.
4363:The Holy Roman Empire
4218:The Holy Roman Empire
3761:(4). Jstor: 623–639.
2881:Die Salier: 1024–1125
2842:Greta Austin (2017).
2543:
2468:Guaimar IV of Salerno
2335:
2156:
1746:
1734:Relations with Poland
1650:Conrad continued the
1577:Adalbero of Carinthia
1546:
1500:Giebichenstein Castle
1407:Patriarchate of Grado
1314:
1220:Constitutio de feudis
1125:
1002:. The princes of the
941:, consecrated in 1061
937:
931:did not support him.
465:, that had ruled the
62:Miniature depiction,
49:Emperor of the Romans
6379:Lothair III (or II)
5732:between 476 and 1556
5631:German Confederation
5585:German Confederation
4678:. Penn State Press.
3220:Brian Stock (1983).
2338:Strasbourg Cathedral
2281:Mieszko II of Poland
2244:Conquest of Burgundy
2209:Werner of Strasbourg
2200:through his mother.
2118:Bolesław I of Poland
2059:fled to the Empire.
2003:'s blinding of Duke
1933:Grand Prince of Kiev
1901:Bolesław I of Poland
1885:Slavic revolt of 983
1764:Bolesław I of Poland
1671:(royal service) and
1252:King of the Lombards
1142:, led by Archbishop
1132:King of the Lombards
1083:Bishop of Hildesheim
1067:Gandersheim Conflict
798:Gerberga of Burgundy
758:Bruno I of Brunswick
675:Henry I of Carinthia
632:Berengar II of Italy
353:Matilda of Franconia
5170:Carolingian dynasty
5157:Monarchs of Germany
4866:Holy Roman emperors
4598:Previté-Orton, C.W.
4245:. Geschichtsquellen
4205:, pp. 345–346.
4049:, pp. 149–150.
4013:, pp. 197–198.
2625:Family and children
2508:Sant'Agata de' Goti
2367:, daughter of King
2365:Gunhilda of Denmark
2313:Cathedral of Geneva
2254:Kingdom of Burgundy
2186:Grimelda of Hungary
2129:Treaty of Merseburg
2041:Treaty of Merseburg
1985:Yaroslav I the Wise
1971:Treaty of Merseburg
1957:Treaty of Merseburg
1820:Ernest II of Swabia
1788:Eckard I of Meissen
1640:Ernest II of Swabia
1528:Bishop of Constance
1472:Conrad of Carinthia
1464:Ernest II of Swabia
1307:Imperial coronation
1207:Theodoric the Great
1185:Robert II of France
1166:protection against
1079:Archbishop of Mainz
945:Conrad was crowned
746:Herman II of Swabia
744:, daughter of Duke
708:Henry II of Germany
700:Henry IV of Bavaria
606:to the east of the
590:The origins of the
522:Kingdom of Burgundy
6526:Dukes of Carinthia
6511:People from Speyer
5255:Kingdom of Germany
5219:Kingdom of Germany
4783:Title next held by
4772:Holy Roman Emperor
4732:Title last held by
4140:Previté-Orton 1912
4128:Previté-Orton 1912
4113:Previté-Orton 1912
4101:Previté-Orton 1912
4086:Previté-Orton 1912
4074:Previté-Orton 1912
4059:Previté-Orton 1912
3796:Cambridge (1995).
3700:. Akademie-Verlag.
3476:Previté-Orton 1912
2549:
2456:King of the Romans
2429:of the cities) of
2341:
2262:Gisela of Burgundy
2159:
2078:German–Polish Wars
1859:Federation, where
1840:March of Schleswig
1824:Conrad the Younger
1804:Mieszko II Lambert
1796:Civitas Schinesghe
1776:German–Polish Wars
1760:
1757:Mieszko II Lambert
1705:Primate of Germany
1699:. When Archbishop
1628:Conrad the Younger
1569:Duchy of Carinthia
1565:royal prerogatives
1561:
1458:Uprising in Swabia
1423:Henry V of Bavaria
1374:Duchy of Benevento
1327:On 26 March 1027,
1325:
1236:Pilgrim of Cologne
1136:
1111:Conrad the Younger
1092:Primate of Germany
943:
921:Pilgrim of Cologne
869:primate of Germany
861:Henry V of Bavaria
857:Dietrich I of Metz
766:House of Babenberg
644:Battle of Lechfeld
636:Henry I of Bavaria
622:) elevated him to
620:Holy Roman Emperor
604:Duchy of Franconia
602:nobleman from the
463:Matfriding dynasty
296:Kingdom of Germany
272:Kingdom of Germany
268:Duchy of Franconia
75:Holy Roman Emperor
6478:
6477:
6289:Holy Roman Empire
5696:
5695:
5622:
5621:(Imperial Regent)
5260:Holy Roman Empire
5189:Louis the Younger
5123:
5122:
4833:
4832:
4808:Rudolph the Pious
4760:Succeeded by
4685:978-0-271-04818-5
4643:978-1-4438-2035-6
4431:978-3-17-020183-5
4422:Kohlhammer Verlag
4405:978-0-376-08338-8
4392:Herrmann, Joachim
4291:978-1-86064-061-2
4228:978-1-85799-367-7
4165:978-0-300-20833-7
3916:978-0-8122-0422-3
3889:978-0-8132-1570-9
3809:978-0-521-36447-8
3490:The Polish Review
3450:978-0-521-52183-3
3423:978-0-521-31980-5
3263:978-1-317-02419-4
3150:978-0-521-52467-4
2891:978-3-8438-0474-5
2855:978-1-351-90055-3
2740:, pp. 45–47.
2412:Duchy of Burgundy
2309:Holy Roman Empire
2300:Henry I of France
2194:Emeric of Hungary
2021:Otto Bolesławowic
1929:Yaroslav the Wise
1899:allied with Duke
1812:Otto Bolesławowic
1724:cathedral chapter
1715:and the renowned
1673:servitium militum
1480:Bruno of Augsburg
1476:Welf II of Swabia
1441:abbeys. Even the
1409:, an ally of the
1358:Holy Roman Empire
1160:Holy Roman Empire
1071:Gandersheim Abbey
1004:Duchy of Lorraine
959:Holy Roman Empire
916:Duchy of Lorraine
712:Burchard of Worms
671:Duke of Carinthia
596:Werner V of Worms
537:Family background
467:Duchy of Lorraine
428:Holy Roman Empire
390:
389:
300:Holy Roman Empire
276:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
6543:
6470:
6462:
6454:
6446:
6438:
6430:
6422:
6414:
6406:
6398:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6366:
6358:
6350:
6342:
6334:
6326:
6318:
6310:
6302:
6283:Kingdom of Italy
6273:
6265:
6251:
6243:
6235:
6221:
6207:
6199:
6185:
6158:
6150:
6142:
6134:
6126:
6118:
6110:
6102:
6094:
6086:
6065:
6057:
6049:
6041:
6033:
6025:
6017:
6009:
6001:
5993:
5985:
5977:
5969:
5961:
5953:
5945:
5937:
5929:
5921:
5913:
5905:
5897:
5889:
5881:
5873:
5863:
5855:
5834:
5826:
5818:
5810:
5802:
5794:
5786:
5778:
5760:
5748:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5700:
5699:
5620:
5179:Louis the German
5150:
5143:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5113:
5112:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4815:King of Burgundy
4805:Preceded by
4718:
4711:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4668:
4647:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4607:
4593:
4584:
4560:
4541:
4519:
4497:
4478:
4454:
4435:
4409:
4387:
4368:
4366:
4352:
4325:
4318:Halliday, Andrew
4313:
4304:
4295:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4130:, p. 33–36.
4125:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
3999:
3993:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3852:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3750:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3549:Eckhard Freise.
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3073:Gerhard Lubich.
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3025:
3024:, pp. 115–.
3019:
3004:
2998:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2935:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2875:
2860:
2859:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2756:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2648:
2608:Wipo of Burgundy
2593:Speyer Cathedral
2546:Speyer Cathedral
2484:Byzantine Empire
2474:with its Prince
2466:In 1038, Prince
2408:Kingdom of Arles
2385:Emma of Normandy
2363:. Henry married
2289:Abbey of Payerne
2217:Wipo of Burgundy
2205:Byzantine Empire
2198:Duchy of Bavaria
2171:Emperor Henry II
2134:Henry of Bavaria
2082:Emperor Henry II
2074:Duchy of Bohemia
2037:Gisela of Swabia
1965:March of Lusatia
1914:March of Lusatia
1906:Peace of Bautzen
1897:Emperor Otto III
1875:'s lieutenants,
1847:Germania Slavica
1772:Emperor Henry II
1697:Gisela of Swabia
1680:Wipo of Burgundy
1652:Ottonian dynasty
1636:Ottonian dynasty
1624:Duchy of Bavaria
1492:Wipo of Burgundy
1468:Gisela of Swabia
1413:. The Aquileian
1411:Byzantine Empire
1405:superior to the
1395:Lateran Basilica
1302:Reign as emperor
1268:Emperor Otto III
1248:Aribert of Milan
1204:Ostrogothic king
1156:Kingdom of Italy
1144:Aribert of Milan
1075:Emperor Otto III
1044:Duchy of Bavaria
955:Speyer Cathedral
939:Speyer Cathedral
892:Wipo of Burgundy
849:Ottonian dynasty
828:Emperor Henry II
754:Emperor Henry II
750:Emperor Otto III
742:Gisela of Swabia
660:Adelaide of Metz
624:Duke of Lorraine
581:Adelaide of Metz
576:
564:
554:
544:Conrad's parents
491:imperial princes
487:Emperor Henry II
459:Adelaide of Metz
442:(from 1026) and
421:
419:Conrad the Salic
415:
413:Conrad the Elder
409:
406:
385:Adelaide of Metz
336:
334:
324:Gisela of Swabia
311:Speyer Cathedral
225:8 September 1024
128:King of Burgundy
68:
65:
60:
39:
38:
21:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6460:
6452:
6444:
6436:
6428:
6420:
6412:
6404:
6396:
6388:
6380:
6372:
6364:
6356:
6348:
6340:
6332:
6324:
6316:
6308:
6300:
6291:
6286:
6277:
6271:
6263:
6249:
6241:
6233:
6219:
6205:
6197:
6183:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6148:
6140:
6132:
6124:
6116:
6108:
6100:
6092:
6084:
6069:
6063:
6055:
6047:
6039:
6031:
6023:
6015:
6007:
5999:
5991:
5983:
5975:
5967:
5959:
5951:
5943:
5935:
5927:
5919:
5911:
5903:
5895:
5887:
5879:
5871:
5861:
5853:
5838:
5832:
5824:
5816:
5808:
5800:
5792:
5784:
5776:
5761:
5752:
5746:
5733:
5727:
5697:
5692:
5663:
5644:
5625:
5603:
5579:
5560:
5427:Frederick (III)
5258:
5249:
5217:
5208:
5204:Louis the Child
5194:Charles the Fat
5168:
5159:
5154:
5124:
5119:
5101:
4868:
4863:
4824:Henry the Black
4820:
4818:
4810:
4799:
4787:Henry the Black
4784:
4775:
4765:
4763:Henry the Black
4748:
4746:
4743:King of Germany
4736:Henry the Saint
4733:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4698:
4686:
4665:
4644:
4628:Schutz, Herbert
4617:
4615:
4610:
4581:
4557:
4538:
4524:Wolfram, Herwig
4516:
4502:Györffy, György
4494:
4475:
4451:
4441:Das Mittelalter
4432:
4406:
4384:
4357:Heer, Friedrich
4349:
4333:Györffy, György
4327:at Google Books
4292:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3874:
3870:
3862:
3855:
3849:Knefelkamp 2002
3847:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3794:
3790:
3767:10.2307/2852030
3751:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3712:
3705:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3464:Knefelkamp 2002
3462:
3458:
3451:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3292:Weinfurter 1999
3290:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3218:
3214:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3135:
3131:
3127:, p. 443–.
3123:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3061:Weinfurter 1999
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3007:
2999:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2936:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2876:
2863:
2856:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2757:
2744:
2738:Weinfurter 1999
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2714:Weinfurter 1999
2712:
2708:
2702:Weinfurter 1999
2700:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2633:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2597:Salian emperors
2538:
2516:Rainulf Drengot
2464:
2448:
2443:
2330:
2266:Odo II of Blois
2252:, ruler of the
2246:
2163:king of Hungary
2151:
2090:Duke of Bohemia
2070:
2065:
1973:
1967:to the Empire.
1935:, who captured
1849:
1749:Duchy of Poland
1741:
1736:
1728:Bishop of Liege
1669:servitium regis
1648:
1573:Duchy of Swabia
1541:
1460:
1443:dowager empress
1431:Duke of Bavaria
1309:
1304:
1234:and Archbishop
1120:
1118:Unrest in Italy
1032:Duchy of Swabia
1016:Emperor Otto II
1014:, daughters of
971:
951:Mainz Cathedral
947:king of Germany
912:Duchy of Saxony
845:
840:
802:Burgundian king
770:Duchy of Swabia
735:
696:March of Verona
667:Emperor Otto II
656:Henry of Speyer
588:
587:
586:
585:
584:
577:
568:
567:
566:
559:Henry of Speyer
555:
546:
545:
539:
534:
455:Henry of Speyer
417:
411:
407:
351:
338:
335: 1016)
330:
326:
313:
286:
262:
228:Mainz Cathedral
226:
208:King of Germany
179:
95:
69:
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Conrad II (HRR)
15:
12:
11:
5:
6549:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6516:Salian dynasty
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6464:
6459:Frederick III
6456:
6448:
6440:
6432:
6424:
6416:
6408:
6400:
6392:
6384:
6376:
6368:
6360:
6352:
6344:
6336:
6328:
6320:
6312:
6304:
6295:
6293:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6267:
6253:
6245:
6237:
6223:
6209:
6201:
6187:
6172:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6112:
6104:
6096:
6088:
6079:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6059:
6051:
6043:
6035:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6003:
5995:
5987:
5979:
5971:
5963:
5955:
5947:
5939:
5931:
5923:
5915:
5907:
5899:
5891:
5883:
5875:
5865:
5857:
5848:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5828:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5796:
5788:
5780:
5771:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5730:Kings of Italy
5726:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5703:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5640:Franz Joseph I
5636:
5634:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5614:
5612:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5571:
5569:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5328:Lothair II/III
5325:
5320:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5265:
5263:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5161:
5160:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4830:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4777:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4758:
4739:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4723:Regnal titles
4720:
4719:
4702:Salian dynasty
4699:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4684:
4669:
4663:
4648:
4642:
4624:
4608:
4594:
4585:
4579:
4561:
4555:
4542:
4536:
4520:
4514:
4498:
4492:
4479:
4473:
4455:
4449:
4436:
4430:
4410:
4404:
4388:
4382:
4369:
4353:
4347:
4329:
4314:
4305:
4296:
4290:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4256:
4234:
4227:
4207:
4195:
4193:, p. 345.
4183:
4181:, p. 143.
4171:
4164:
4155:Cnut the Great
4144:
4132:
4117:
4105:
4090:
4078:
4063:
4051:
4039:
4027:
4025:, p. 149.
4015:
4000:
3998:, p. 159.
3985:
3983:, p. 187.
3973:
3971:, p. 148.
3961:
3946:
3934:
3932:, p. 227.
3922:
3915:
3895:
3888:
3868:
3853:
3851:, p. 137.
3838:
3815:
3808:
3788:
3740:
3718:
3703:
3686:
3672:
3652:
3638:
3619:
3607:
3600:
3580:
3578:, p. 215.
3568:
3557:on 1 July 2013
3541:
3519:
3517:, p. 209.
3507:
3496:(4): 407–429.
3480:
3478:, p. 451.
3468:
3466:, p. 125.
3456:
3449:
3429:
3422:
3402:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3318:, p. 140.
3308:
3306:, p. 114.
3296:
3294:, p. 28–.
3281:
3279:, p. 102.
3269:
3262:
3239:
3232:
3212:
3195:
3193:, p. 117.
3180:
3178:, p. 264.
3168:
3156:
3149:
3129:
3114:
3091:
3065:
3063:, p. 22–.
3053:
3041:
3026:
3005:
3003:, p. 311.
3001:Bernhardt 2002
2988:
2966:
2953:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2890:
2861:
2854:
2834:
2812:
2805:
2782:
2742:
2730:
2728:, p. 322.
2718:
2716:, pp. 26.
2706:
2689:
2677:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2626:
2623:
2618:Main article:
2615:
2612:
2537:
2534:
2524:Constantinople
2488:Southern Italy
2463:
2460:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2416:King of France
2347:traditions of
2329:
2326:
2245:
2242:
2230:Duke of Swabia
2228:, the deposed
2222:scorched earth
2213:Constantinople
2150:
2147:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2009:Polish regalia
1972:
1969:
1893:Northern March
1877:Herman Billung
1873:Emperor Otto I
1845:Main article:
1784:Oda of Meissen
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1713:Hersfeld Abbey
1701:Aribo of Mainz
1684:Salian dynasty
1647:
1644:
1540:
1537:
1516:excommunicated
1462:In 1025, Duke
1459:
1456:
1349:Cnut the Great
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1296:Odilo of Cluny
1272:Salian dynasty
1262:with the aged
1246:by Archbishop
1232:Aribo of Mainz
1146:, crossed the
1140:Northern Italy
1119:
1116:
1088:Aribo of Mainz
1034:, celebrating
970:
967:
904:Emperor Otto I
865:Aribo of Mainz
844:
843:Royal election
841:
839:
836:
734:
731:
704:Pope Gregory V
612:Conrad the Red
592:Salian dynasty
578:
571:
570:
569:
556:
549:
548:
547:
543:
542:
541:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
408: 989/990
388:
387:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
367:
362:
356:
355:
346:
340:
339:
328:
322:
321:
319:
315:
314:
309:
307:
303:
302:
292:Lower Lorraine
283:
279:
278:
259:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
92:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
71:
70:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6548:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6471:
6465:
6463:
6457:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6441:
6439:
6433:
6431:
6425:
6423:
6419:Frederick II
6417:
6415:
6409:
6407:
6401:
6399:
6393:
6391:
6385:
6383:
6377:
6375:
6369:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6353:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6329:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6313:
6311:
6305:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6266:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6238:
6236:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6222:
6215:
6214:
6210:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6186:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6121:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6058:
6052:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6028:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6012:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5980:
5978:
5972:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5940:
5938:
5932:
5930:
5924:
5922:
5916:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5900:
5898:
5892:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5797:
5795:
5789:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5712:
5710:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5683:Frederick III
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:German Empire
5666:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:German Empire
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5511:Ferdinand III
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5491:Maximilian II
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:Frederick III
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5116:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Ferdinand III
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:Maximilian II
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:Frederick III
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4855:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4796:King of Italy
4792:
4789:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4745:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4694:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4664:0-8122-3508-8
4660:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4580:963-9441-87-2
4576:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4565:Kristó, Gyula
4562:
4558:
4556:0-86012-257-3
4552:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4537:0-271-02738-X
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4515:0-88033-300-6
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4493:3-05-003749-0
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4474:963-09-4461-8
4470:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4450:3-8252-2105-9
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4383:963-86163-9-3
4379:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4348:963-9441-87-2
4344:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4277:
4266:, p. 52.
4265:
4260:
4244:
4238:
4230:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4211:
4204:
4199:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4148:
4142:, p. 40.
4141:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4115:, p. 33.
4114:
4109:
4103:, p. 32.
4102:
4097:
4095:
4088:, p. 30.
4087:
4082:
4076:, p. 27.
4075:
4070:
4068:
4061:, p. 16.
4060:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4037:, p. 74.
4036:
4031:
4024:
4019:
4012:
4007:
4005:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3982:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3959:, p. 90.
3958:
3953:
3951:
3944:, p. 28.
3943:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3866:, p. 72.
3865:
3860:
3858:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3728:
3722:
3716:, p. 71.
3715:
3710:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3675:
3673:9789004205642
3669:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3641:
3639:9783640048069
3635:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3617:, p. 99.
3616:
3611:
3603:
3601:0-8014-3890-X
3597:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3529:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3354:, p. 88.
3353:
3348:
3342:, p. 84.
3341:
3336:
3330:, p. 45.
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3233:0-691-10227-9
3229:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3172:
3166:, p. 75.
3165:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3102:
3095:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3051:, p. 97.
3050:
3045:
3039:, p. 51.
3038:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2976:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2919:, p. 35.
2918:
2913:
2907:, p. 32.
2906:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2806:0-8122-1386-6
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2704:, p. 49.
2703:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2687:, p. 18.
2686:
2681:
2675:, p. 97.
2674:
2669:
2665:
2655:(c.1027–1034)
2654:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:Monte Cassino
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:Rex romanorum
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:(knights and
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:the Great of
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:. In 1028 at
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:In 1016 King
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:Venetian doge
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:Christmas Day
2164:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2122:Boleslaus III
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:Lesser Poland
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2005:Boleslaus III
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:Billung March
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:Piast dynasty
1765:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:Wazo of Liège
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1688:Limburg Abbey
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Pope John XIX
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:Pope John XIX
1322:
1321:Pope John XIX
1318:
1313:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
966:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
940:
936:
932:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
908:Otto of Worms
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
863:. Archbishop
862:
858:
854:
850:
838:Reign as king
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
810:
809:Frankish king
806:
803:
799:
794:
792:
791:Salian family
788:
787:House of Otto
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
652:Otto of Worms
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
582:
575:
560:
553:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
495:Rex romanorum
492:
488:
484:
483:dynastic line
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
446:(from 1033).
445:
441:
438:(from 1024),
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
414:
402:
398:
394:
386:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
366:
363:
361:
357:
354:
350:
347:
345:
341:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:
229:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:25 March 1026
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
161:King of Italy
158:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:26 March 1027
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
59:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6395:Frederick I
6338:
6262:Berengar II
6255:
6225:
6211:
6189:
6175:
6167:Non-dynastic
6139:Charles III
6083:Charlemagne
6075:Carolingians
5868:
5738:Non-dynastic
5516:Ferdinand IV
5506:Ferdinand II
5476:Maximilian I
5453:
5436:
5394:
5379:Henry (VIII)
5377:
5363:Frederick II
5318:Conrad (III)
5310:
5303:
5288:
5237:
5214:East Francia
5165:East Francia
5052:Ferdinand II
5022:Maximilian I
4992:Frederick II
4951:
4827:
4821:
4813:
4794:
4785:
4779:
4770:
4755:
4749:
4741:
4734:
4728:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4674:
4653:
4632:
4616:. Retrieved
4602:
4589:
4571:
4568:
4546:
4527:
4505:
4483:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4440:
4417:
4414:Boshof, Egon
4395:
4373:
4362:
4339:
4336:
4321:
4309:
4300:
4281:
4259:
4247:. Retrieved
4237:
4217:
4210:
4203:Wolfram 2006
4198:
4191:Wolfram 2006
4186:
4174:
4154:
4147:
4135:
4108:
4081:
4054:
4047:Györffy 1994
4042:
4030:
4023:Györffy 1994
4018:
4011:Wolfram 2006
3981:Wolfram 2006
3976:
3969:Györffy 1994
3964:
3937:
3930:Wolfram 2006
3925:
3905:
3898:
3878:
3871:
3829:. Retrieved
3818:
3798:
3791:
3758:
3754:
3731:. Retrieved
3721:
3696:
3689:
3677:. Retrieved
3662:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3628:
3622:
3610:
3590:
3583:
3576:Wolfram 2006
3571:
3559:. Retrieved
3555:the original
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3522:
3515:Wolfram 2006
3510:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3439:
3432:
3412:
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3373:
3369:
3359:
3352:Wolfram 2006
3347:
3340:Wolfram 2006
3335:
3323:
3316:Györffy 1994
3311:
3304:Wolfram 2006
3299:
3277:Wolfram 2006
3272:
3252:
3222:
3215:
3205:
3198:
3171:
3164:Wolfram 2006
3159:
3139:
3132:
3125:Wolfram 2010
3105:. Retrieved
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3068:
3056:
3049:Wolfram 2006
3044:
2979:. Retrieved
2969:
2961:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2938:Peter Munz.
2917:Wolfram 2006
2912:
2905:Wolfram 2006
2900:
2880:
2844:
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2815:
2795:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2768:
2765:Storicamente
2764:
2733:
2726:Wolfram 2010
2721:
2709:
2685:Wolfram 2006
2680:
2673:Wolfram 2010
2668:
2634:
2603:
2601:
2566:
2550:
2527:
2511:
2465:
2451:
2449:
2422:
2420:
2393:
2342:
2317:
2293:
2278:
2247:
2202:
2182:Otto Orseolo
2160:
2139:Bretislaus I
2126:
2071:
2045:
2025:power vacuum
2018:
1974:
1937:Red Ruthenia
1918:
1850:
1832:
1816:
1761:
1755:and his son
1677:
1672:
1668:
1660:divine right
1649:
1633:
1601:
1590:
1562:
1524:Black Forest
1508:
1485:
1461:
1449:
1439:
1420:
1393:held in the
1384:
1378:
1326:
1229:
1218:
1211:
1197:
1187:and his son
1137:
1108:
1064:
1000:East Francia
972:
963:
944:
898:. Both were
883:
873:
846:
795:
736:
716:
707:
664:
618:(the future
589:
525:
513:
499:
494:
462:
448:
418:
412:
392:
391:
47:
36:
6506:1039 deaths
6469:(1530–1556)
6461:(1452–1493)
6453:(1431–1437)
6445:(1355–1378)
6443:Charles IV
6437:(1327–1347)
6429:(1311–1313)
6421:(1212–1250)
6413:(1209–1212)
6405:(1186–1197)
6397:(1154–1186)
6389:(1138–1152)
6387:Conrad III
6381:(1125–1137)
6373:(1106–1125)
6365:(1093–1101)
6357:(1056–1105)
6349:(1039–1056)
6341:(1026–1039)
6333:(1004–1024)
6325:(1002–1014)
6248:Lothair II
6182:Berengar I
6177:Unruochings
6123:Charles II
6062:Desiderius
6038:Hildeprand
6014:Aripert II
5869:Interregnum
5671:(1871–1918)
5652:(1867–1871)
5633:(1850–1866)
5611:(1848/1849)
5599:Ferdinand I
5587:(1815–1848)
5568:(1806–1813)
5536:Charles VII
5486:Ferdinand I
5368:Henry (VII)
5343:Frederick I
5077:Charles VII
5032:Ferdinand I
4977:Frederick I
4972:Lothair III
4902:Charles III
4877:Charlemagne
4828:(1038–1039)
4756:(1028–1039)
4035:Kristó 2003
3957:Lenkey 2003
3864:Boshof 2008
3714:Boshof 2008
3191:Schutz 2010
3022:Schutz 2010
2821:"Konrad II"
2771:. Academiaa
2642:(1017–1056)
2529:Mezzogiorno
2423:valvassores
1981:Kievan Rus'
1861:West Slavic
1774:during the
1189:Hugh Magnus
1164:ultramontan
1077:. Both the
1060:Rudolph III
996:Charlemagne
969:Early reign
900:descendants
816:Charlemagne
610:. His son,
514:valvassores
510:Charlemagne
449:The son of
238:Predecessor
191:Predecessor
146:Rudolph III
142:Predecessor
107:Predecessor
67: 1130
6501:990 births
6496:989 births
6485:Categories
6467:Charles V
6451:Sigismund
6427:Henry VII
6363:Conrad II
6347:Henry III
6339:Conrad II
6317:(996–1002)
6292:(962–1556)
6107:Lothair I
6030:Liutprand
6006:Raginpert
5966:Perctarit
5942:Perctarit
5926:Aripert I
5791:Theodahad
5783:Athalaric
5775:Theodoric
5767:Ostrogoths
5688:William II
5575:Napoleon I
5556:Francis II
5551:Leopold II
5531:Charles VI
5444:Wenceslaus
5432:Charles IV
5338:Henry (VI)
5333:Conrad III
5262:(962–1806)
5257:within the
5167:during the
5097:Francis II
5092:Leopold II
5072:Charles VI
5042:Rudolph II
5007:Charles IV
4897:Charles II
4800:1027–1039
4776:1027–1039
4618:29 January
4418:Die Salier
4179:North 2001
3942:Engel 2001
3615:Lübke 2002
3395:27 January
3084:3 February
2981:30 January
2827:29 January
2775:30 January
2660:References
2649:1020–1036)
2629:See also:
2558:Strasbourg
2394:When King
2114:Mieszko II
2084:installed
1753:Bolesław I
1717:theologian
1520:Schramberg
1474:and Count
1427:Regensburg
1090:, the new
1052:Regensburg
1028:Bernard II
984:Strasbourg
532:Early life
526:regna tria
451:Franconian
422:, was the
261:c. 989/990
222:Coronation
175:Coronation
90:Coronation
6435:Louis IV
6403:Henry VI
6355:Henry IV
6331:Henry II
6323:Arduin I
6315:Otto III
6309:(980–983)
6301:(962–973)
6272:(950–963)
6270:Adalbert
6264:(950–963)
6257:Anscarids
6250:(945–950)
6242:(926–947)
6234:(900–905)
6232:Louis II
6220:(922–933)
6206:(891–897)
6198:(889–894)
6191:Guideschi
6184:(887–924)
6149:(896–899)
6141:(879–887)
6133:(877–879)
6131:Carloman
6125:(875–877)
6117:(855–875)
6109:(818–855)
6101:(810–818)
6093:(781–810)
6085:(774–814)
6064:(756–774)
6056:(749–756)
6048:(744–749)
6032:(712–744)
6022:Ansprand
6016:(702–712)
6000:(700–702)
5998:Liutpert
5992:(689–700)
5990:Cunipert
5976:(688–689)
5974:Cunipert
5968:(671–688)
5958:Garibald
5952:(662–671)
5950:Grimoald
5944:(661–662)
5936:(661–662)
5934:Godepert
5928:(653–661)
5920:(652–653)
5912:(636-652)
5904:(626–636)
5896:(616–626)
5894:Adaloald
5888:(590–616)
5880:(584–590)
5872:(574–584)
5862:(572–574)
5854:(568–572)
5833:(552–553)
5825:(541–552)
5809:(540–541)
5801:(536–540)
5793:(534–536)
5785:(526–534)
5777:(493–526)
5747:(476–493)
5678:William I
5659:William I
5594:Francis I
5546:Joseph II
5541:Francis I
5521:Leopold I
5496:Rudolf II
5481:Charles V
5466:Albert II
5461:Sigismund
5417:Henry VII
5373:Conrad IV
5294:Henry III
5289:Conrad II
5221:(919–962)
5216:(911–919)
5172:(843–911)
5087:Joseph II
5082:Francis I
5062:Leopold I
5027:Charles V
5012:Sigismund
4997:Henry VII
4957:Henry III
4952:Conrad II
4922:Louis III
4887:Lothair I
4819:1032–1039
4752:Henry III
4747:1024–1039
4324:. London.
4264:Heer 1968
3783:159636093
3666:. Jstor.
3390:159994750
3328:Makk 2001
3176:Bury 1922
3080:. Regesta
3037:Heer 1968
2645:Beatrix (
2640:Henry III
2554:Solothurn
2441:Late life
2389:Henry III
2226:Ernest II
2057:Casimir I
2033:Merseburg
1993:castrated
1826:and Duke
1620:Ebersberg
1593:Stephen I
1585:Frankfurt
1553:Carinthia
1288:Christmas
1284:Po Valley
1177:Aquitaine
1172:Byzantine
1158:from the
1100:Frankfurt
1048:Pentecost
1020:Christmas
927:and Duke
880:Oppenheim
859:and Duke
832:Henry III
824:canon law
778:Ernest II
733:Adulthood
691:Theophanu
683:Hildebald
628:Liutgarde
401:Konrad II
393:Conrad II
249:Henry III
246:Successor
202:Henry III
199:Successor
155:Henry III
152:Successor
121:Henry III
117:Successor
42:Conrad II
6411:Otto IV
6371:Henry V
6307:Otto II
6227:Bosonids
6218:Rudolph
6204:Lambert
6115:Louis I
6099:Bernard
6054:Aistulf
6046:Ratchis
5918:Rodoald
5910:Rothari
5902:Arioald
5886:Agilulf
5878:Authari
5844:Lombards
5807:Ildibad
5799:Vitiges
5745:Odoacer
5526:Joseph I
5501:Matthias
5422:Louis IV
5412:Albert I
5402:Rudolf I
5348:Henry VI
5299:Henry IV
5284:Henry II
5279:Otto III
5228:Conrad I
5184:Carloman
5115:Category
5067:Joseph I
5047:Matthias
5002:Louis IV
4982:Henry VI
4962:Henry IV
4947:Henry II
4942:Otto III
4927:Berengar
4892:Louis II
4630:(2010).
4600:(1912).
4567:(2003).
4526:(2006).
4504:(1994).
4416:(2008).
4394:(1985).
4359:(1968).
4335:(1983).
4320:(1826).
3755:Speculum
3502:25779841
3101:"Gisela"
2793:(1988).
2427:burghers
2400:Burgundy
2353:Lombardy
2328:Politics
2258:Henry II
2055:and son
2001:Bolesław
1995:by Duke
1963:and the
1871:tribes.
1864:Polabian
1857:Lutician
1800:Holy See
1726:for the
1571:and the
1549:Adalbero
1488:Augsburg
1372:and the
1256:Vercelli
1181:Capetian
1081:and the
1040:Augsburg
976:Augsburg
888:chaplain
812:Louis IV
789:and the
762:Ernest I
687:Otto III
600:Frankish
502:Ottonian
444:Burgundy
241:Henry II
194:Henry II
111:Henry II
6299:Otto I
6285:within
6155:Ratold
6147:Arnulf
5982:Alahis
5852:Alboin
5823:Totila
5815:Eraric
5438:Günther
5396:Alfonso
5390:Richard
5385:William
5358:Otto IV
5323:Henry V
5312:Hermann
5274:Otto II
5233:Henry I
4987:Otto IV
4967:Henry V
4937:Otto II
4912:Lambert
4882:Louis I
4274:Sources
4249:4 April
3831:4 April
3775:2852030
3733:3 April
3679:3 April
3645:3 April
3561:1 April
3534:3 April
3107:1 April
2946:2 April
2653:Matilda
2581:Cologne
2573:Utrecht
2492:Salerno
2482:of the
2476:Pandulf
2377:Denmark
2373:England
2361:Germany
2304:Deville
2149:Hungary
2143:Moravia
2110:Oldřich
2106:Lusatia
2098:Silesia
2094:Moravia
2086:Jaromír
2068:Bohemia
2053:Richeza
1997:Oldřich
1989:Bohemia
1977:Bezprym
1953:Bezprym
1949:Bautzen
1923:in the
1921:Bautzen
1853:Lusatia
1808:Bezprym
1766:of the
1622:in the
1608:treason
1604:Bamberg
1597:Hungary
1595:of the
1575:. Duke
1567:in the
1522:in the
1370:Salerno
1333:emperor
1280:Ravenna
1168:Saracen
1130:as the
982:and at
923:, Duke
820:Henry I
764:of the
739:duchess
665:In 978
640:Liudolf
579:Mother
557:Father
479:princes
461:of the
436:Germany
426:of the
424:emperor
337:
329:
288:Utrecht
6091:Pepin
5860:Cleph
5449:Rupert
5353:Philip
5305:Rudolf
5269:Otto I
5245:Otto I
5239:Arnulf
5199:Arnulf
4932:Otto I
4917:Arnulf
4780:Vacant
4729:Vacant
4713:
4682:
4661:
4640:
4577:
4553:
4534:
4512:
4490:
4471:
4447:
4428:
4402:
4380:
4345:
4288:
4225:
4162:
3913:
3886:
3806:
3781:
3773:
3670:
3636:
3598:
3530:. Geni
3500:
3447:
3420:
3388:
3260:
3230:
3147:
2888:
2852:
2803:
2562:Goslar
2520:Norman
2518:, the
2512:Prince
2496:Aversa
2435:bishop
2404:Zürich
2381:Norway
2357:Aachen
2349:Saxony
2296:Zürich
2238:Fischa
2175:Gisela
1945:Fischa
1792:Easter
1693:synods
1557:Verona
1532:Herman
1504:Saxony
1451:wittum
1362:homage
1260:Easter
1227:rule.
1225:Salian
1056:Zürich
1036:Easter
1024:Minden
992:Aachen
988:Werner
896:Conrad
867:, the
805:Conrad
616:Otto I
471:Speyer
453:count
432:Salian
397:German
381:Mother
371:Father
365:Salian
318:Spouse
306:Burial
264:Speyer
6240:Hugh
6213:Welfs
6157:(896)
6040:(744)
6024:(712)
6008:(701)
5984:(689)
5960:(671)
5831:Teia
5817:(541)
5455:Jobst
5407:Adolf
4822:with
4750:with
4715:Died:
4710:c 990
4708:Born:
3779:S2CID
3771:JSTOR
3498:JSTOR
3386:S2CID
3206:Italy
3078:(PDF)
2589:Worms
2585:Mainz
2536:Death
2504:Troia
2490:, to
2472:Capua
2431:Italy
2345:legal
2321:Henry
2270:Basel
2234:Lajta
2220:used
2211:, to
2190:Henry
1941:Lajta
1869:pagan
1762:Duke
1709:Bardo
1616:exile
1612:Henry
1581:synod
1511:Henry
1496:Worms
1435:Henry
1415:Poppo
1397:with
1391:synod
1366:Capua
1345:Henry
1292:Ivrea
1240:Milan
1214:Pavia
1200:Pavia
1183:king
1096:synod
980:Bruno
884:Kamba
876:Rhine
608:Rhine
475:Worms
440:Italy
360:House
344:Issue
331:(
327:
232:Mainz
214:Reign
185:Milan
167:Reign
134:Reign
81:Reign
6287:the
6196:Guy
4717:1039
4680:ISBN
4659:ISBN
4638:ISBN
4620:2020
4575:ISBN
4551:ISBN
4532:ISBN
4510:ISBN
4488:ISBN
4469:ISBN
4445:ISBN
4426:ISBN
4400:ISBN
4378:ISBN
4343:ISBN
4286:ISBN
4251:2020
4223:ISBN
4160:ISBN
3911:ISBN
3884:ISBN
3833:2020
3804:ISBN
3735:2020
3681:2020
3668:ISBN
3647:2020
3634:ISBN
3596:ISBN
3563:2020
3536:2020
3445:ISBN
3418:ISBN
3397:2020
3258:ISBN
3228:ISBN
3145:ISBN
3109:2020
3086:2020
2983:2020
2948:2020
2886:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2829:2020
2801:ISBN
2777:2020
2587:and
2569:gout
2560:and
2494:and
2379:and
2369:Cnut
2285:Vaud
2236:and
2104:and
2072:The
2029:diet
1943:and
1891:and
1881:Gero
1879:and
1836:Cnut
1747:The
1555:and
1368:and
1341:Rome
1315:The
1170:and
1152:King
1148:Alps
1010:and
598:, a
565:1237
473:and
416:and
282:Died
258:Born
101:Rome
4907:Guy
3763:doi
3378:doi
2571:in
2383:by
2165:on
2088:as
2031:at
1711:of
1654:'s
1583:in
1502:in
1425:at
1339:in
1290:at
1250:as
1098:at
1050:at
1038:at
1022:at
902:of
528:).
497:).
6487::
6260::
6230::
6216::
6194::
6180::
4424:.
4120:^
4093:^
4066:^
4003:^
3988:^
3949:^
3856:^
3841:^
3777:.
3769:.
3759:49
3757:.
3743:^
3706:^
3494:54
3492:.
3384:.
3374:33
3372:.
3368:.
3284:^
3242:^
3183:^
3117:^
3029:^
3008:^
2991:^
2924:^
2864:^
2769:13
2767:.
2763:.
2745:^
2692:^
2647:c.
2583:,
2556:,
2454:("
2375:,
2315:.
2100:,
2096:,
2016:.
1931:,
1822:,
1703:,
1376:.
1347:;
890:,
793:.
563:c.
561:,
405:c.
403:,
399::
333:m.
298:,
294:,
290:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
230:,
183:,
99:,
64:c.
5722:e
5715:t
5708:v
5149:e
5142:t
5135:v
4858:e
4851:t
4844:v
4688:.
4667:.
4646:.
4622:.
4583:.
4559:.
4540:.
4518:.
4496:.
4477:.
4453:.
4434:.
4408:.
4386:.
4351:.
4303:.
4294:.
4253:.
4231:.
4168:.
3919:.
3892:.
3835:.
3812:.
3785:.
3765::
3737:.
3683:.
3649:.
3604:.
3565:.
3538:.
3504:.
3453:.
3426:.
3399:.
3380::
3266:.
3236:.
3153:.
3111:.
3088:.
2985:.
2950:.
2894:.
2858:.
2831:.
2809:.
2779:.
1323:.
1134:.
395:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.