6169:, p. 430: "That said, and ever since the initial Eastern seaboard settler wars against the Tsenacommacahs and Pequots in the 1620s and early 1630s, systematic genocidal massacre was a core component of native destruction throughout three centuries of largely 'Anglo' expansion across continental North America. The culmination of this process from the mid-1860s to mid-1880s ... native Araucanian resistance by the Argentinian and Chilean military in the Southern Cone pampas, primarily in the agribusiness interest. In Australia, too, 'Anglo' attrition or outright liquidation of Aborigines from the time of 'first contact' in 1788 reached its zenith in Queensland in these same decades, as a dedicated Native Mounted Police strove to cleanse the territory of indigenous tribes in favour of further millions of cattle stock. Undoubtedly, in all these instances, Western racism and contempt for natives as 'savages' played a critical role in psycho-cultural justifications for genocide"
864:
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1966:
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arrival of
European colonists, enslavement of Indigenous peoples "became commodified, expanded in unexpected ways, and came to resemble the kinds of human trafficking that are recognizable to us today". While the disease was the main killer of indigenous peoples, the practice of slavery and forced labor was also a significant contributor to the indigenous death toll. With the arrival of Europeans other than the Spanish, enslavement of native populations increased since there were no prohibitions against slavery until decades later. It is estimated that from Columbus's arrival to the end of the 19th century between 2.5 and 5 million Native Americans were forced into slavery. Indigenous men, women, and children were often forced into labor in sparsely populated frontier settings, in the household, or in the toxic gold and silver mines. This practice was known as the
2539:
6193:, pp. 27, 38: "More than any other work, Wolfe’s seminal 2006 essay, 'Settler colonialism and the elimination of the Native' established the 'centrality of dispossession' to our understandings of Indigenous genocide in the context of settler colonialism. His definition of 'settler colonialism' spoke directly to Genocide Studies scholars"; "With these works, a near consensus emerged. By most scholarly definitions and consistent with the UN Convention, these scholars all asserted that genocide against at least some Indigenous peoples had occurred in North America following colonisation, perpetuated first by colonial empires and then by independent nation-states"
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1618:. Most of the indentured servants were teenagers from England with poor economic prospects at home. Their fathers signed the papers that gave them free passage to America and an unpaid job until they came of age. They were given food, clothing, and housing and taught farming or household skills. American landowners were in need of laborers and were willing to pay for a laborer's passage to America if they served them for several years. By selling passage for five to seven years worth of work, they could then start on their own in America. Many of the migrants from England died in the first few years.
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6205:, p. 622: "These mass killings represent turning points in the history of the Spanish Atlantic conquest and share important characteristics. Each targeted Amerindian communities. Each was entirely or partially planned and executed by European actors, namely Spanish military entrepreneurs under the leadership of Friar Nicolás de Ovando, Hernán Cortés and Pedro de Alvarado respectively. Each event can be described as a 'genocidal massacre' targeting a specific community because of its membership of a larger group"
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4142:(VHS) co-organized a traveling exhibition to recount the strategic alliances and violent conflict between European empires (English, Spanish, French) and the Native people living in North America. The exhibition was presented in three languages and with multiple perspectives. Artefacts on display included rare surviving Native and European artefacts, maps, documents, and ceremonial objects from museums and royal collections on both sides of the Atlantic. The exhibition opened in
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2451:. Some contemporary scholars also attribute significant indigenous population losses in the Caribbean to the widespread practice of slavery and deadly forced labor in gold and silver mines. Historian Andrés Reséndez, supports this claim and argues that indigenous populations were smaller previous estimations and "a nexus of slavery, overwork and famine killed more Indians in the Caribbean than smallpox, influenza and malaria."
2559:
2734:. The mestizo and mulatto population are specific to Iberian-influenced current-day Latin America because the conquistadors had (often forced) sexual relations with the indigenous and African women. The social interaction of these three groups of people inspired the creation of a caste system based on skin tone. The hierarchy centered around those with the lightest skin tone and ordered from highest to lowest was the
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the same places as old temples, often using the same stones. "Native peoples exhibited a range of responses, from outright hostility to active embrace of the new religion." In central and southern Mexico where there was an existing
Indigenous tradition of creating written texts, the friars taught Indigenous scribes to write their own languages in
6181:, p. 339: "The genocidal intent of California settlers and government officials was acted out in numerous battles and massacres (and aided by technological advances in weaponry, especially after the Civil War), in the abduction and sexual abuse of Indian women, and in the economic exploitation of Indian child labourers."
1380:. With a favorable disease environment and plenty of land and food, their numbers grew exponentially to 65,000 by 1760. Their colony was taken over by Britain in 1760, but social, religious, legal, cultural, and economic changes were few in a society that clung tightly to its recently formed traditions.
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of the
Americas. The cultural and political instability attending these losses appears to have been of substantial aid in the efforts of various colonists in New England and Massachusetts to acquire control over the great wealth in land and resources of which indigenous societies had customarily made
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were passed to regulate and gradually abolish the system in the
Americas, as well as to reiterate the prohibition of enslaving Native Americans. By the time the new laws were passed, in 1542, the Spanish crown had acknowledged their inability to control and properly ensure compliance with traditional
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Eventually, most of the
Western Hemisphere came under the control of Western European governments, leading to changes to its landscape, population, and plant and animal life. In the 19th century, over 50 million people left Western Europe for the Americas. The post-1492 era is known as the period of
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Others have argued that significant variations in population size over pre-Columbian history are reason to view higher-end estimates with caution. Such estimates may reflect historical population maxima, while indigenous populations may have been at a level somewhat below these maxima or in a moment
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was prohibited between
Christians and could only be imposed upon non-Christian prisoners of war and/or men already sold as slaves, the debate on Christianization was particularly acute during the early 16th century, when Spanish conquerors and settlers sought to mobilize Indigenous labor. Later, two
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has noted, "this categorical prohibition did not stop generations of determined conquistadors and colonists from taking Native slaves on a planetary scale, ... The fact that this other slavery had to be carried out clandestinely made it even more insidious. It is a tale of good intentions gone badly
650:
Violent conflicts arose during the beginning of this period as indigenous peoples fought to preserve their territorial integrity from increasing
European colonizers and from hostile indigenous neighbors who were equipped with Eurasian technology. Conflict between the various European empires and the
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Throughout the South
American hemisphere, there were three large regional sources of populations: Native Americans, arriving Europeans, and forcibly transported Africans. The mixture of these cultures impacted the ethnic makeup that predominates in the hemisphere's largely independent states today.
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on-site, since once cane was cut, the sugar content rapidly declined. Plantation owners were linked to creditors and a network of merchants to sell processed sugar in Europe. The whole system was predicated on a huge, enslaved population. The
Portuguese controlled the African slave trade, since the
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Indigenous population loss following
European contact directly led to Spanish explorations beyond the Caribbean islands they initially claimed and settled in the 1490s, since they required a labor force to both produce food and to mine gold. Slavery was not unknown in Indigenous societies. With the
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in the late 1690s. The Darien Scheme aimed to control trade through that part of the world and thereby promote Scotland into a world trading power. However, it was doomed by poor planning, short provisions, weak leadership, lack of demand for trade goods, and devastating disease. The failure of the
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Unlike the Iberians, the British men came with families with whom they planned to permanently live in what is now North America. They kept the natives on the margins of colonial society. Because the British colonizers' wives were present, the British men rarely had sexual relations with the native
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in 1523. The friars aimed at converting Indigenous leaders, with the hope and expectation that their communities would follow suit. In densely populated regions, friars mobilized Indigenous communities to build churches, making the religious change visible; these churches and chapels were often in
1539:
Mainly due to discrimination, there was often a separation between English colonial communities and indigenous communities. The Europeans viewed the natives as savages who were not worthy of participating in what they considered civilized society. The native people of North America did not die out
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African slaves were a highly valuable commodity, enriching those involved in the trade. Africans were transported to slave ships to the Americas and were primarily obtained from their African homelands by coastal tribes who captured and sold them. Europeans traded for slaves with the local native
1853:
dividing Eurasia from North America, Russia had experience with northern indigenous peoples and accumulated wealth from the hunting of fur-bearing animals. Siberia had already attracted a core group of scientists, who sought to map and catalogue the flora, fauna, and other aspects of the natural
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During the early period of exploration, conquest, and settlement, c. 1492–1550, the overseas possessions claimed by Spain were only loosely controlled by the crown. With the conquests of the Aztecs and the Incas, the New World now commanded the crown's attention. Both Mexico and Peru had dense,
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to islands in the Caribbean, Brazil, the Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, and British Empires is estimated to have involved 12 million Africans. The vast majority of these slaves went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil, where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be
1709:
became the administrator of the colony (1637–43), building a capital city and royal palace, fully expecting the Dutch to retain control of this rich area. As the Dutch had in Europe, it tolerated the presence of Jews and other religious groups in the colony. After Maurits departed in 1643, the
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laws overseas, so they granted to Native Americans specific protections not even Spaniards had, such as the prohibition of enslaving them even in the case of crime or war. These extra protections were an attempt to avoid the proliferation of irregular claims to slavery. However, as historian
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argue that certain natural endowments gave rise to distinct colonial policies promoting either smallholder or coerced labor production. Densely settled populations, for example, were more easily exploitable and profitable as slave labor. In these regions, landowning elites were economically
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population was as low as 10 million; by the end of the 20th century most scholars gravitated to a middle estimate of around 50 million, with some historians arguing for an estimate of 100 million or more. A recent estimate is that there were about 60.5 million people living in the Americas
1111:
hierarchically organized indigenous populations that could be incorporated and ruled. Even more importantly, both Mexico and Peru had large deposits of silver, which became the economic motor of the Spanish empire and transformed the world economy. In Peru, the singular, hugely rich
1404:
British colonization began in North America almost a century after Spain. The relatively late arrival meant that the British could use the other European colonization powers as models for their endeavors. Inspired by the Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the
996:
was especially devastating, for it could be passed through touch, allowing native tribes to be wiped out, and the conditions that colonization imposed on Indigenous populations, such as forced labor and removal from homelands and traditional medicines. Some scholars have argued
1857:
A major Russian expedition for exploration was mounted in 1742, contemporaneous with other eighteenth-century European state-sponsored ventures. It was not clear at the time whether Eurasia and North America were completely separate continents. The first voyages were made by
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to be read to indigenous populations in Spanish, often far from the field of battle, stating that the indigenous were now subjects of the Spanish Crown and would be punished if they resisted. When the news of this situation and the abuse of the institution reached Spain, the
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By the early to mid-16th century, even the Iberian men began to carry their wives and families to the Americas. Some women even carried out the voyage alone. Later, more studies of the role of women and female migration from Europe to the Americas have been made.
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was the answer. It had been cultivated on the Iberian Atlantic islands. It was a highly desirable, expensive foodstuff. The problem of a labor force was solved by the importation of African slaves, initiating the creation of sugar plantations worked by
987:
boundary cut through the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern part of present-day Brazil. The countries declared their rights to the land despite the fact that Indigenous populations had settled from pole to pole in the hemisphere and it was their homeland.
2458:, the Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, and the Cambridge World History of Genocide, colonial policies in some cases included the deliberate genocide of indigenous peoples in North America. According to the Cambridge World History of Genocide,
2144:
definitively recognized that Native Americans possessed souls, thus prohibiting their enslavement, without putting an end to the debate. Some claimed that a native who had rebelled and then been captured could be enslaved nonetheless.
929:". These claims, along with the slaves he brought back, convinced the monarchy to fund a second voyage. Word of Columbus's exploits spread quickly, sparking the Western European exploration, conquest, and colonization of the Americas.
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were found in numbers in cities, working as artisans. Most newly transported African slaves were not Christians, but their conversion was a priority. For the Catholic Church, black slavery was not incompatible with Christianity. The
5548:
Veltre, Douglas W., and Allen P. McCartney. "Russian exploitation of Aleuts and fur seals: The archaeology of eighteenth-and early-nineteenth-century settlements in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska." Historical Archaeology 36.3 (2002):
2091:. There is a significant body of texts in Indigenous languages created by and for Indigenous peoples in their own communities for their own purposes. In frontier areas where there were no settled Indigenous populations, friars and
2393:, from which many diseases originally stemmed. In contrast to the indigenous people, the Europeans had developed a richer endowment of antibodies. The large-scale contact with Europeans after 1492 introduced Eurasian germs to the
789:, Canada, were discovered in 1960 and were dated to around the year 1000 (carbon dating estimate 990–1050). L'Anse aux Meadows is the only site widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. It was named a
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In the Caribbean, deposits of gold were quickly exhausted and the precipitous drop in the indigenous population meant a severe labor shortage. Spaniards sought a high-value, low-bulk export product to make their fortunes.
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2099:, bringing together dispersed Indigenous populations in communities supervised by the friars in order to more easily preach the gospel and ensure their adherence to the faith. These missions were established throughout
1777:' worth of trade goods. Minuit conducted the transaction with the Canarse chief Seyseys, who accepted valuable merchandise in exchange for an island that was actually mostly controlled by another indigenous group, the
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and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence. The Norsemen established a colony in Greenland in the late tenth century, and lasted until the mid 15th-century, with court and parliament assemblies
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of what is now Brazil. They imported millions of slaves to run their plantations. The Portuguese and Spanish royal governments expected to rule these settlements and collect at least 20% of all treasure found (the
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991:
After European contact, the native population of the Americas plummeted by an estimated 80% (from around 50 million in 1492 to eight million in 1650), due in part to Old World diseases carried to the New World.
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of decline in the period just prior to contact with Europeans. Indigenous populations hit their ultimate lows in most areas of the Americas in the early 20th century; in a number of cases, growth has returned.
9606:
2054:, evangelization of the dense Indigenous populations was undertaken in what was called the "spiritual conquest". Several mendicant orders were involved in the early campaign to convert the Indigenous peoples.
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due in part to their exclusion from British society. The indigenous people continued to be stripped of their native lands and were pushed further out west. The English eventually went on to control much of
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Geographic differences between the colonies played a large determinant in the types of political and economic systems that later developed. In their paper on institutions and long-run growth, economists
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There were at least a dozen European countries involved in the colonization of the Americas. The following list indicates those countries and the Western Hemisphere territories they worked to control.
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in settlement of a debt the king owed his father. Its government was established by William Penn in about 1682 to become primarily a refuge for persecuted English Quakers, but others were welcomed.
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2597:, who was usually a conquistador or other prominent Spanish male. Under the grant, they were theoretically bound to both protect the natives and convert them to Christianity. In exchange for their
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Such diseases yielded human mortality of unquestionably enormous gravity and scale – and this has profoundly confused efforts to determine its full extent with any true precision. Estimates of the
2867:, for example, were centralized around large plantations that operated under coercive labor systems. By the 19th century, their political structures were largely authoritarian and militarized. In
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created hugely profitable agricultural enterprises and held a significant black slave labor force. European whites often justified the practice through the belts of latitude theory, supported by
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of the Indies (1542). However, the encomenderos refused to comply with the new measures and the indigenous people continued to be exploited. Eventually, the encomienda system was replaced by the
1785:. There were Jewish settlers from 1654 onward, and they remained following the English capture of New Amsterdam in 1664. The naval capture was despite both nations being at peace with the other.
1202:) in 1502–1503 which disproved the belief that the Americas were the easternmost part of Asia and confirmed that Columbus had reached a set of continents previously unheard of to any Europeans.
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Morner, M. "Preconditions and Methods of Evangelization in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Jesuit Missions of the River Plate Region." Swedish Missiological Themes 91.2 (2003): 275–296.
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The related online exhibition explores the international origins of the societies of Canada and the United States and commemorates the 400th anniversary of three lasting settlements in
686:, experienced little to no colonization at all until the 1800s. European contact and colonization had disastrous effects on the indigenous peoples of the Americas and their societies.
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and led to the formation of numerous new religious sects, which often faced persecution by governmental authorities. In England, many people came to question the organization of the
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and made possible by securing indigenous alliances with the Aztecs' enemies, mobilizing thousands of warriors against the Aztecs for their own political reasons. The Aztec capital,
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1334:), a number of Caribbean islands (which had often already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by disease), and small coastal parts of South America. Explorers included
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1849:, who sought protection from nomadic peoples, and those peoples paid tribute in fur to the czar. Thus, prior to the eighteenth-century Russian expansion that pushed beyond the
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from the Muslims, completed in 1492. In the New World, military conquest to incorporate indigenous peoples into Christendom was considered the "spiritual conquest". In 1493,
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Suárez Romero. LA SITUACIÓN JURÍDICA DEL INDIO DURANTE LA CONQUISTA ESPAÑOLA EN AMÉRICA. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE DERECHO DE MÉXICO TOMO LXVIII, Núm.270 (Enero-Abril 2018)
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to Spaniards, a practice established in Spain for conquered Muslims. Although not technically slavery, it was coerced labor for the benefit of the Spanish grantees, called
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4235:
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The European lifestyle included a long history of sharing close quarters with domesticated animals such as cows, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, dogs and various domesticated
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and sought their political independence from Spain. They were a seafaring nation and built a global empire in regions where the Portuguese had originally explored. In the
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from the Americas accounted for one-fifth of the combined total budget of Portugal and Spain. In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered ports in the Americas.
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It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic. ... It is widely conceded that further revisions are more likely to be upward than downward.
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2184:, since it had a chilling effect on evangelization. In creating a protected group of Christians, Indigenous men no longer could aspire to be ordained Christian priests.
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948:, often summed up in the phrase "gold, glory, and God". The Spanish justified their claims to the New World based on the ideals of the Christian Reconquista of the
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were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World, as settlers in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Portugal and Spain, and later, France in
998:
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James Mahoney, "Path-Dependent Explanations of Regime Change: Central America in Comparative Perspective." Studies in Comparative International Development, 2001.
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2645:, particularly where sugar was cultivated, in Portuguese Brazil, the English, French, and Dutch Caribbean islands. On the mainland of North America, the English
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continually replenished. At most about 600,000 African slaves were imported into the United States, or 5% of the 12 million slaves brought across from Africa.
66:
5614:
Cline, Sarah. "The Spiritual Conquest Re-Examined: Baptism and Church Marriage in Early Colonial Mexico". Hispanic American Historical Review 73:3(1993)453-80
5539:
Grinëv, Andrei Val'terovich. Russian Colonization of Alaska: Preconditions, Discovery, and Initial Development, 1741–1799. University of Nebraska Press, 2018.
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Benchley, Nathaniel. "The $ 24 Swindle: The Native Americans who sold Manhattan were bilked, all right, but they didn't mind – the land wasn't theirs anyway."
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Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson, "Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth", Handbook of Economic Growth 1: 385–472. 2005.
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2685:" across the Mediterranean reflected an ideal balance of strength and prudence. Such ideas about latitude and character justified a natural human hierarchy.
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2164:. Conquered Indigenous groups expected to take on the gods of their new overlords, adding them to the existing pantheon. They likely were unaware that their
425:
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of the middle class. Both nations eventually developed more democratic and egalitarian institutions than their highly concentrated landowning counterparts.
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in Mauritsstad (Recife) is the oldest synagogue in the Americas. An estimated number of 700 Jews lived in Dutch Brazil, about 4.7% of the total population.
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Note that throughout this period, certain countries in Europe became united and also disunited (e.g.: Denmark/Norway, England/Scotland, Spain/Netherlands).
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looking for a new life in the overseas colonies. During the 17th century, indentured servants constituted three-quarters of all European immigrants to the
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stretched to over 10,000,000 km (3,900,000 sq mi) at its peak in 1710, which was the second largest colonial empire in the world, after the
983:
with other kingdoms of Spain) and Portugal in 1494. The treaty divided the entire non-European world into two spheres of exploration and colonization. The
589:
2483:
Slavery and forced/indentured labor, especially, though not exclusively, in Latin America, in conditions often rivalling those of Nazi concentration camps
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Don, Patricia Lopes. "The 1539 inquisition and trial of Don Carlos of Texcoco in early Mexico." Hispanic American Historical Review 88.4 (2008): 573–606.
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1326:(1756 to 1763). Possessions of Britain (pink), France (blue), and Spain. (White border lines mark later Canadian Provinces and US States for reference)
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Wadsworth, James E. Agents of orthodoxy: honor, status, and the Inquisition in colonial Pernambuco, Brazil. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006.
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also flocked to Pennsylvania. The lure of cheap land, religious freedom and the right to improve themselves with their own hand was very attractive.
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113:
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2673:. In this perspective, belts of latitude wrapped around the Earth and corresponded with specific human traits. The peoples from the "cold zone" in
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85:
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circa 1000 AD. However, due to its long duration and importance, the later colonization by the European powers involving the continents of
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1922:
809:. Leif Erikson's brother is said to have had the first contact with the native population of North America which would come to be known as the
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Poole, Stafford. "Church law on the ordination of Indians and castas in New Spain." Hispanic American Historical Review 61.4 (1981): 637–650.
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leading to an extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous
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with the natives was important. About 16,000 French men and women became colonizers. The great majority became subsistence farmers along the
92:
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Seed, Patricia. Ceremonies of possession in Europe's conquest of the New World, 1492–1640. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter. The lack of
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4658:"Part III: The Boundaries of Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America – Native Freedom? Indians and Religious Tolerance in Early America"
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1965:
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men into seasonal labor. Never very profitable, Russia sold its North American holdings to the United States in 1867, called at the time "
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From the beginning of Virginia's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s, the main source of labor and a large portion of the immigrants were
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The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico: An essay on the Apostolate and the Evangelizing Methods of the Mendicant Orders in New Spain, 1523–1572
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movement, which sought to purify the existing Church of England of its residual Catholic rites. The first of these people, known as the
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Postnikov, Alexey, and Marvin Falk. Exploring and Mapping Alaska: The Russian America Era, 1741–1867. University of Alaska Press, 2015.
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1866:, with settlement beginning after 1743. By the 1790s the first permanent settlements were established. Explorations continued down the
529:
The rapid rate at which some European nations grew in wealth and power was unforeseeable in the early 15th century because it had been
219:
99:
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2265:. No other religion was tolerated and there was a concerted effort to convert indigenous peoples and black slaves to Catholicism. The
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states. Some settler colonies remain relatively rural and sparsely populated with Indigenous people as of the 21st century, including
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1934:
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214:
17:
81:
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Cohen, Thomas M. The fire of tongues: António Vieira and the missionary church in Brazil and Portugal. Stanford Univ. Press, 1999
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were active in attempting to convert the Indigenous peoples to Christianity. They had considerable success on the frontiers in
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entailed the complete and irrevocable renunciation of their ancestral religious beliefs and practices. In 1539, Mexican bishop
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2420:(1618) swept the Americas subsequent to European contact, killing between 10 million and 100 million people, up to 95% of the
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and granted free native labor to the Spaniards. Based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews during the
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1794:
507:
305:
259:
239:
234:
189:
5945:
3999:
1977:(Aztec) dictionary, conceived for friars to communicate with the indigenous peoples in central Mexico in their own language.
564:
lands in the world's eastern half, and Spain over those in the western half. Spanish claims essentially included all of the
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4012:
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like all other human beings, while the latter argued to the contrary to justify their enslavement. In 1537, the papal bull
2063:
2051:
1389:
1060:
822:
651:
indigenous peoples was a leading dynamic in the Americas into the 1800s, although some parts of the continent gained their
636:
596:
244:
184:
30:
2898:, Dominican Republic. Founded in 1496, the city is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the New World.
2796:, of which 90 per cent, mostly in Central and South America, perished from wave after wave of disease, along with war and
2292:
English and Dutch colonies, on the other hand, tended to be more religiously diverse. Settlers to these colonies included
9775:
9286:
9141:
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8018:
8013:
7707:
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4135:
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3024:
2517:
1982:
1295:
1158:
1119:. In Mexico, silver was found outside the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so free laborers migrated to the mines in
1088:
828:
700:
600:
358:
224:
209:
204:
194:
179:
174:
6679:
2656:
Although black slavery is most associated with agricultural production, in Spanish America enslaved and free blacks and
1087:, 100,000 in combat, while 500–1,000 of the Spaniards engaged in the conquest died. The other great conquest was of the
9126:
8955:
8706:
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7806:
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6529:
6111:
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2017:
1655:
1558:
1365:
897:, the traditional route for trade between Europe and Asia, forced European traders to look for alternative routes. The
806:
616:
429:
199:
2493:
Deliberate starvation and famine, exacerbated by destruction and occupation of the native land base and food resources
2477:
Biological warfare, using pathogens (especially smallpox and plague) to which the indigenous peoples had no resistance
2001:
was systematically perpetrated by the European Christian colonists and settlers from the 15th–16th centuries onwards.
921:), which they had inhabited since the ninth century. In his reports, Columbus exaggerated the quantity of gold in the
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in Colombia to maintain religious orthodoxy and practice. The Portuguese did not establish a permanent office of the
595:
By the 1530s, other Western European powers realized they too could benefit from voyages to the Americas, leading to
132:
1265:
During this time, the Portuguese gradually switched from an initial plan of establishing trading posts to extensive
813:. After capturing and killing eight of the natives, they were attacked at their beached ships, which they defended.
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without regard for democratic norms. French and British colonial leaders, conversely, were incentivized to develop
2689:
African tribes who captured them elsewhere in exchange for rum, guns, gunpowder, and other manufactures. The total
2096:
1910:
made the only Italian attempt to create colonies in America. For this purpose, the Grand Duke organized in 1608 an
1413:, and other large Native American populations in the 16th century, their first attempt at colonization occurred in
608:
249:
106:
6477:
4927:
Keneva Kunz (Translator) The Saga of the Greenlanders, in The Saga of Icelanders (New York: Penguin Books, 2001).
1330:
France founded colonies in the Americas: in eastern North America (which had not been colonized by Spain north of
9404:
9209:
9154:
9116:
9096:
8776:
7642:
3169:
1706:
546:
6839:
Hinderaker, Eric; Horn, Rebecca. "Territorial Crossings: Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas",
6443:
4761:
2909:, Venezuela. Founded in 1510, it is the oldest continuously inhabited European city in the continental Americas.
2632:. Plantations required a significant workforce to be purchased, housed, and fed; capital investment in building
2443:, the colonization of the Americas by Europeans killed so much of the indigenous population that it resulted in
568:; however, the Treaty of Tordesillas granted the eastern tip of South America to Portugal, where it established
9271:
9199:
9189:
9174:
9101:
8942:
8660:
8257:
8170:
7827:
7729:
6595:"Why the Anthropocene began with European colonisation, mass slavery and the 'great dying' of the 16th century"
3962:
3914:
2444:
1705:
in 1630, where the Portuguese had built sugar cane plantations worked by black slave labor from Africa. Prince
1002:
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264:
70:
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493:
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6517:
American colonies; Volume 1 of The Penguin history of the United States, History of the United States Series
6394:, Harvard University. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas".
3172:(1636–1954) (Sint Maarten is still in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Sint Eustatius and Saba; 1636–present)
9334:
9184:
9164:
9121:
9111:
9071:
8655:
7692:
7027:
6741:. Vol. 2: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One.
4531:
3596:
3547:
3253:
2127:
2079:
1500:
326:
5790:
2750:
today, there is only a small mestizo population in present-day North America (excluding Central America).
2160:, burning the temple of a conquered group was standard practice, shown in Indigenous manuscripts, such as
9229:
9169:
8918:
8862:
8735:
8623:
8546:
8224:
8165:
7868:
6939:
5946:"European colonizers killed so many Native Americans that it changed the global climate, researchers say"
4599:
4139:
2966:
2455:
2357:
1867:
1227:
1042:
7314:
The European Invasion of North America: Colonial Conflict Along the Hudson-Champlain Corridor, 1609-1760
5067:
Surviving Genocide: Native Nations and the United States from the American Revolution to bleeding Kansas
3957:
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2165:
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1761:
starting in 1624. The Dutch sought to protect their investments and purchased Manhattan from a band of
1714:
took over the colony until it was lost to the Portuguese in 1654. The Dutch retained some territory in
1468:
1259:
886:
318:
5389:
1247:
560:
in 1494, Portugal and Spain agreed to divide the Earth in two, with Portugal having dominion over non-
9750:
9745:
8783:
8495:
8272:
8185:
7419:
American Colonies: The Settling of North America (The Penguin History of the United States, Volume 1)
6935:
Production, Destruction and Connection, 1750-Present, Part 1, Structures, Spaces, and Boundary Making
6028:
3903:
3793:
3541:
3212:
2809:
2440:
1576:
1207:
298:
5224:
2554:, and indigenous barbarity, including human cannibalism, in an attempt to justify their enslavement.
2547:
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1425:
granted a charter with the purpose of discovering the riches at their first permanent settlement in
36:"Colonization of the Americas" redirects here. For the initial prehistoric migration from Asia, see
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1998:
1986:
1711:
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1136:
1076:
749:
389:
37:
4250:
3166:(1634–1954) (Aruba and Curaçao are still in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Bonaire; 1634–present)
2598:
1942:
510:
in the mid-18th century, seeking pelts for the fur trade. Many of the social structures—including
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7888:
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Spreading of disease via the 'reduction' of Indians to densely crowded and unhygienic settlements
2309:
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1568:
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59:
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1215:
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8432:
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Bonch-Bruevich, Xenia. "Ideologies of the Spanish Reconquest and Isidore's Political Thought."
4810:
3799:
3728:
3663:
3311:
3121:
2876:
2834:
2772:, a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including
2286:
2180:. Following that, the Catholic Church removed Indigenous converts from the jurisdiction of the
1897:
1715:
1354:
1335:
1305:
945:
937:
679:
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5242:
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3705:(Land of Codfish) – Terra Nova (Newfoundland) (1501–?) Claimed region (sporadically settled).
1243:
1186:
claimed lands in North America (Canada) and colonized much of eastern South America naming it
1059:
A major event in early Spanish colonization, which had so far yielded paltry returns, was the
893:, the source of spices, silks, porcelains, and other rich trade goods. Ottoman control of the
9281:
8960:
8867:
8331:
8113:
7755:
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7017:
6022:
5853:
5466:, National Association for Interpretation, Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section
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proposes that colonial policy choices made at critical junctures regarding land ownership in
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1990:
1960:
1871:
1562:
1319:
1231:
1128:
972:
932:
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5703:
The Economic activities of the Jews in Amsterdam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
4835:
4285:
4146:
on March 17, 2007, and closed at the Smithsonian International Gallery on October 31, 2009.
1870:, and Russia established a settlement in the early nineteenth century at what is now called
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8508:
8485:
8180:
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6233:
The Other Slavery : The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America / Andrés Reséndez.
6018:
5990:
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5673:
McShea, Bronwen. Apostles of Empire: the Jesuits and New France. U of Nebraska Press, 2019.
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1592:
1520:
1480:
1456:
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1084:
1052:
1019:, in what is now Bolivia. It was the source of vast amounts of silver that transformed the
902:
845:
743:
526:
in the 21st century are the descendants of those that were established during this period.
334:
330:
291:
6846:
4990:
American Pentimento : The Invention of Indians and the Pursuit of Riches / Patricia Seed.
2169:
1262:, in Newfoundland, Greenland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia (from 1498 to 1502, and in 1520).
465:
357:
countries, took place primarily between the late 15th century and the early 19th century.
8:
9558:
8650:
8393:
8375:
7956:
7930:
7385:
6554:"Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492"
6387:
6133:
5979:"Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492"
5737:
Faber, Eli. A Time for Planting: The First Migration, 1654–1820. Vol. 1. JHU Press, 1995.
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1956:
1911:
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1615:
1604:
1426:
1418:
1343:
1323:
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1140:
918:
790:
762:
explorers were the first known Europeans to set foot in North America. Norse journeys to
738:
660:
433:
9319:
7483:
North American Genocides: Indigenous Nations, Settler Colonialism, and International Law
6569:
6332:
5994:
5912:
4812:
Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas
4408:
North American Genocides: Indigenous Nations, Settler Colonialism, and International Law
4024:
3578:
3553:
3505:
2681:
were intelligent but "weaker and less spirited". According to the theory, those of the "
2653:, to cultivate other tropical or semi-tropical crops such as tobacco, rice, and cotton.
1770:
9244:
9037:
8645:
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3367:
3361:
3325:
3279:
3085:
3038:
3031:
2891:
2769:
2690:
2678:
2601:, the natives paid tributes in the form of gold, agricultural products, and labor. The
2574:
2421:
2210:
2173:
1994:
1822:
1690:
1639:
1596:
1588:
1377:
1369:
1331:
1162:
1132:
1064:
856:
624:
585:
523:
413:
405:
7554:"The Political Force of Images", Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820.
6359:
6129:"Here are the indigenous people Christopher Columbus and his men could not annihilate"
5642:
n°322, July–August 2007, pp. 14–21 (interview with Christian Duverger, teacher at the
1239:
944:
Spanish explorers, conquerors, and settlers sought material wealth, prestige, and the
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7172:
7146:
7129:
7119:
7102:
7092:
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7030:
6951:
6904:
6870:
6788:
6754:
6525:
6409:
6402:
6397:
6336:
6270:
6138:
6107:
6072:
6032:
5881:
5833:
5752:
5499:
5425:
5287:
5178:
5118:
5081:
5071:
4951:
4928:
4908:
4881:
4843:
4816:
4789:
4737:
4719:
4695:
4677:
4637:
4625:
4615:
4611:
4565:
4535:
4484:
4429:
4419:
4359:
4055:
3927:
3832:
3559:
3115:
2954:
2682:
2646:
2602:
2521:
2486:
Mass population removals to barren 'reservations,' sometimes involving death marches
2131:
2013:
1948:
1879:
1635:
1630:
1600:
1532:
1514:
1460:
1255:
1251:
1219:
1187:
1166:
1092:
953:
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in 1978. It is also notable for its possible connection with the attempted colony of
778:
477:
393:
385:
163:
6578:
6553:
6003:
5978:
2490:, and generally leading to widespread mortality and population collapse upon arrival
2370:
2206:
1510:
603:
colonializations in the northeast tip of the Americas, including in the present-day
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8923:
8313:
8303:
8056:
7915:
7013:
6943:
6929:
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5592:. translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1966.
4785:
Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings
4607:
4527:
4515:
4351:
4245:
4170:
3657:
3499:
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2960:
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2562:
2376:
2366:
Genocide of indigenous peoples § Indigenous peoples of the Americas (pre-1948)
2246:
2188:
2092:
2075:
2035:
2005:
1970:
1938:
1863:
1746:
in 1637, some of which remain in Dutch hands and retain Dutch cultural traditions.
1698:
1444:
1437:
financed by wealthy Englishmen who exaggerated the economic potential of the land.
1191:
976:
867:
769:
664:
342:
7558:
7000:
The Great Ages of Discovery: How Western Civilization Learned About a Wider World.
5829:
3874:, under Spanish rule in whole from 1492 to 1697; under the partial rule under the
2746:
women. While the mestizo and mulatto population make up the majority of people in
1914:
to the north of Brazil, under the command of the English captain Robert Thornton.
1463:
by the end of the 16th century. One of the primary manifestations of this was the
8928:
8597:
8579:
8513:
8403:
8370:
8365:
8068:
7945:
7920:
7116:
The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America
6933:
6856:
6325:
5889:
5819:
5506:
5357:
Frenchmen into peasants: modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada
4976:
4062:
3975:
3952:
3942:
3779:
3682:
3636:
3628:
3333:
3053:
3045:
2948:
2856:
2830:
2674:
2641:, they controlled the African coasts. Black slavery dominated the labor force in
2543:
2542:
Depiction of Spanish treatment of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean by
2341:
2258:
2196:
2116:
2100:
2071:
2059:
1821:
Russia came to colonization late compared to Spain or Portugal, or even England.
1800:
1723:
1607:. They heavily relied on African slave labor to sustain their economic pursuits.
1554:
1546:
1526:
1395:
1339:
1235:
1234:
in 1534, which was later replaced by other systems. Others tried to colonize the
1223:
832:
774:
640:
569:
473:
7295:
Time of Anarchy: Indigenous Power and the Crisis of Colonialism in Early America
1282:), in addition to collecting all the taxes they could. By the late 16th century
1028:
545:
prompted Western European monarchs to search for alternatives, resulting in the
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8819:
8602:
8538:
8523:
8447:
8437:
8417:
8144:
8140:
8023:
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6708:
5286:. Translated by Roberts, Phil. Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia: Peninsular Press.
4460:
4175:
3373:
3341:
3283:
3273:
3079:
2920:
Mayflower, the ship that carried a colony of English Puritans to North America.
2805:
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in Brazil, but did send visitations of inquisitors in the seventeenth century.
2083:
2009:
1826:
1804:
1750:
1739:
1686:
1634:
Darien scheme was one of the factors that led the Kingdom of Scotland into the
1440:
1434:
1422:
1414:
1399:
1358:
1301:
980:
910:
883:
836:
668:
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281:
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5603:
The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico
5521:
Black, Lydia. Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867. University of Alaska Press, 2004.
5284:
Pierre Dugua De Mons: Founder of Acadie (1604–05), Co-Founder of Quebec (1608)
5085:
4691:
3762:
3517:
1917:
Thornton, on his return from the preparatory trip in 1609 (he had been to the
1809:
9734:
8893:
8834:
8720:
8629:
7745:
7422:
6993:
The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement, 1450–1650.
6947:
6925:
6772:
6726:
6521:
6142:
5726:
Under the cope of heaven: Religion, society, and politics in Colonial America
5638:
5050:
4733:
4729:
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4100:
4080:
4050:
3981:
3932:
3828:
3771:
3744:
3535:
3511:
3319:
3269:
3247:
3232:
2895:
2788:
2762:
2747:
2730:
while the term to describe someone of mixed European and African ancestry is
2348:
when the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions cracked down on their presence.
2345:
2161:
2140:
2030:
1850:
1814:
1778:
1774:
1758:
1694:
1674:
1661:
1622:
1572:
1541:
1472:
1315:
1103:
1020:
726:
656:
604:
581:
519:
497:
457:
417:
374:
370:
7161:
The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmaking of U.S. History.
2702:
1701:, it sought colonies. In the Americas, the Dutch conquered the northeast of
469:
441:
9086:
8824:
8814:
8809:
8587:
8422:
8380:
8323:
8199:
8136:
7012:
Sobecki, Sebastian. "New World Discovery". Oxford Handbooks Online (2015).
6552:
Koch, Alexander; Brierley, Chris; Maslin, Mark M.; Lewis, Simon L. (2019).
6320:
6099:
5977:
Koch, Alexander; Brierley, Chris; Maslin, Mark M.; Lewis, Simon L. (2019).
5065:
4836:
Linda S. Cordell; Kent Lightfoot; Francis McManamon; George Milner (2008).
4665:
4195:
4180:
3141:
3109:
3003:
2875:, conversely, liberal reforms were enacted at critical junctures to expand
2848:
2781:
2735:
2551:
2382:
2313:
2047:
2025:
2021:
1921:), found Ferdinand I dead and all projects were cancelled by his successor
1918:
1859:
1782:
1727:
1702:
1665:
1488:
1430:
1406:
1266:
1068:
1037:
802:
718:
561:
445:
401:
6900:
6866:
6750:
6262:
4808:
2902:
2726:
The term to describe someone of mixed European and indigenous ancestry is
2238:
2152:
arrived in Mexico in 1524, they burned the sacred places dedicated to the
1670:
627:
along with the Swedish and Dutch established colonization of parts of the
8350:
8335:
8295:
8096:
Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia
7935:
6884:
6734:
6730:
6404:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
6327:
The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa
6247:"The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America"
6068:"The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history"
5330:
Havard, Vidal, Histoire de L’Amérique française, Flammarion, 2003, p. 67.
4662:
The First Prejudice: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America
4230:
4215:
4154:
3881:
3822:
3716:
3584:
3481:
3400:
3227:
2864:
2842:
2822:
2590:
2274:
2181:
2149:
2124:
2055:
1901:
1677:
on lower Manhattan island, was captured by the English in 1665, becoming
1646:
and giving Scotland commercial access to English, now British, colonies.
1504:
1452:
1410:
1310:
1272:
1203:
1072:
964:
922:
906:
577:
573:
542:
534:
485:
7143:
Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America
2787:
Most scholars writing at the end of the 19th century estimated that the
1135:
to assert its power against the early conquerors. The crown created the
1098:
810:
8829:
8799:
8408:
8083:
7264:
The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest
7196:
The New Map of Empire: How Britain Imagined America before Independence
6979:
The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600.
6891:. Vol. 1: Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds.
6470:
6024:
The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America
4561:
The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America
4524:
American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492
4030:
4018:
3863:
3734:
3529:
3523:
3493:
3392:
3217:
3200:
2872:
2826:
2624:
2583:
2413:
2333:
2297:
2262:
2192:
2038:, and mandated in exchange that the Indigenous peoples be converted to
1762:
1726:
that Spain had originally claimed but had largely abandoned, including
1584:
1347:
1120:
1115:
was worked by traditional forced indigenous labor drafts, known as the
1112:
1032:
957:
683:
663:. The United States for example practiced a settler colonial policy of
612:
533:
and it was slowly recovering from the loss of population caused by the
489:
481:
5260:
5158:
The Other Slavery The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America
4757:
1735:
905:
led an expedition to find a route to East Asia, but instead landed in
9563:
8078:
7382:
Colonial North America and the Atlantic World: A History in Documents
6919:
Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil
4411:
4115:
3921:
3789:
3060:
2860:
2666:
2657:
2409:
2351:
2321:
1952:
1754:
1550:
1124:
984:
926:
914:
894:
875:
841:
763:
722:
710:
632:
628:
550:
453:
362:
8135:
7058:
After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America
6806:
2906:
1749:
On the east coast of North America, the Dutch planted the colony of
1190:. On behalf of both the Portuguese and Spanish crowns, cartographer
1016:
48:
9549:
9351:
9081:
7657:
7317:
6986:
The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492–1616.
4904:
Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age
3722:
3702:
3692:
3463:
3387:
3293:
3127:
2868:
2818:
2817:
incentivized to develop forced labor arrangements such as the Peru
2610:
2401:
2317:
2301:
2293:
2016:
colonial empires were the most active in attempting to convert the
1766:
1719:
1492:
1346:(1567–1635), who explored the region of Canada he reestablished as
1116:
1047:
993:
890:
756:
734:
730:
565:
350:
7500:
7473:
7335:
7240:
7133:
6392:
W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research
4699:
4629:
4433:
2558:
2134:, with the former arguing that Native Americans were endowed with
2050:
friars accompanied him, along with twelve other priests. With the
1194:
explored the South American east coast and published his new book
1041:. Spain had a legal tradition and devised a proclamation known as
8640:
7530:
4526:. The Civilization of the American Indian Series. Vol. 186.
3894:
3738:
3469:
3441:
3097:
2731:
2727:
2710:
2670:
2642:
2633:
2417:
2329:
2067:
1974:
1830:
1731:
1580:
1464:
852:
798:
759:
714:
7285:
7186:
7106:
7075:
6682:. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
6104:
The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions
5448:. Ed. Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk. Detroit: Gale, 1999. N. pag.
5257:"The Spanish Colonial System, 1550–1800. Population Development"
5048:"La catastrophe démographique" (The Demographic Catastrophe) in
2496:
Forced education of indigenous children in White-run schools ...
1769:
who occupied the bottom quarter of Manhattan, known then as the
1364:
In the French colonial regions, the focus of the economy was on
1322:, which was part of the greater worldwide conflict known as the
7542:
6503:
Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic slave trade
4947:
Cross-Cultural Encounters in Modern World History, 1453–Present
4725:
4669:
4472:
4343:
3803:
3783:
3455:
3409:
3351:
3237:
3206:
3195:
3103:
3007:
2985:
2852:
2405:
1283:
1080:
1011:
968:
794:
515:
503:
354:
6969:
The Rise of The Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New
6680:"Jamestown, Québec, Santa Fe: Three North American Beginnings"
4469:
American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World
3878:(1697–1821), then again as the Dominican Republic (1861–1865).
2593:, the Spanish Crown granted a number of native laborers to an
631:. By the 1700s, Denmark–Norway revived its former colonies in
365:
and creating a short-term settlement near the northern tip of
5643:
5174:
The Essential History of Mexico: From Pre-Conquest to Present
3867:
3427:
3345:
3257:
2337:
1875:
1838:
1834:
1743:
1587:
and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of
1143:
to tighten crown control over these rich prizes of conquest.
960:
that confirmed Spanish claims to the newly discovered lands.
6725:
6190:
5239:""The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America" by James Axtell"
4236:
List of North American cities founded in chronological order
2886:
2677:
were "of lesser prudence", while those of the "hot zone" in
2619:
system which was not abolished until the late 18th century.
1475:
in November 1620. Continuous waves of repression led to the
705:
5368:
5366:
3899:
3292:(23.3% of the current U.S. territory) (1801–1804) (sold by
2390:
2325:
2278:
2172:
oversaw the trial and execution of the Indigenous nobleman
2135:
7986:
7480:
7379:
6160:
2936:
2784:
hemispheres following Columbus's voyages to the Americas.
2763:
Impact of colonial land ownership on long-term development
2374:
Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th-century
1214:, for the two continents. In April 1500, Portuguese noble
659:
continued to fight against Native Americans and practiced
29:"Conquest of America" redirects here. For other uses, see
9771:
Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
9349:
6834:
A Big History of North America, from Montezuma to Monroe.
5950:
5917:
5749:
A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present
2034:
bull in May 1493 that confirmed the lands claimed by the
1842:
7416:
7342:
7217:
Hinton, A.L. and Woolford, A. and Benvenuto, J. (2014).
5490:
Brocklehurst, "The Banker who Led Scotland to Disaster".
5363:
4992:
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. Print.
4839:
Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia
4592:"Religious Intolerance toward Native American Religions"
3857:
956:, the first Spaniard to become Pope, issued a series of
7007:
The American Colonies and the British Empire, 1607–1783
6551:
5976:
5014:, www.jstor.org/stable/41167390. Accessed 12 Nov. 2020.
4809:
S.A. Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tyron (1996).
4596:
Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History
8705:
4261:
Timeline of the European colonization of North America
5878:
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
5825:
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
5444:"Native Americans, Treatment of (Spain vs England)."
5308:"Western colonialism - European expansion since 1763"
4266:
Timeline of imperialism#Colonization of North America
3893:(1509–1655); conquered by Britain in 1655, currently
3719:(1519?–1520s?) Claimed region (sporadically settled).
2573:
African slaves 17th-century in a tobacco plantation,
2550:'s indictment of early Spanish cruelty, known as the
1781:. Dutch fur traders set up a network upstream on the
6651:
5376:. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. Print.
5026:"Smallpox, The Deadliest Killer of Native Americans"
4829:
4585:
4583:
4581:
3695:(1499/1500–?) Claimed region (sporadically settled).
2924:
2534:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
2199:, most famously with Antonio de Vieira, S.J; and in
7588:
6545:
5636:"Espagnols-Indiens: le choc des civilisations", in
5561:"An Italian Colony In America: A Forgotten Attempt"
5417:
4937:
4802:
4660:. In Beneke, Chris; Grenda, Christopher S. (eds.).
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4201:
European colonization of the Southern United States
4161:(1609). The site is accessible in three languages.
3687:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
2991:
361:areas of Europe and the North Atlantic, colonizing
73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6883:
6801:Bolton, Herbert E. "The Epic of Greater America",
6401:
6324:
6202:
2512:Enslavement of indigenous peoples in North America
2352:Disease, genocides, and indigenous population loss
2105:southwestern portions of current-day United States
882:Systematic European colonization began in 1492. A
805:around the same period or, more broadly, with the
639:began to explore and claim the Pacific Coast from
588:, founded in 1496 by Columbus, is credited as the
432:in the Americas, and the establishment of several
7085:Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America
6887:; Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan S., eds. (2023).
6441:
6432:2nd ed. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2012. Print.
4578:
1477:migration of about 20,000 Puritans to New England
592:European-established settlement in the Americas.
420:, leading to the displacement, disestablishment,
9732:
6395:
4900:
4873:
4781:
4384:
4340:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
6924:
6836:Columbia: University of Missouri Press. (2022).
6331:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.
6235:Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016. Print.
6166:
5913:"America colonisation 'cooled Earth's climate'"
4979:, "Gold, God, and glory". accessed 6 July 2021.
4943:
4894:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4402:Whitt, Laurelyn; Clarke, Alan W., eds. (2019).
4186:Chronology of the colonization of North America
3399:) (Controversial Franco-Dutch in favour of the
2742:, mestizos, indigenous, mulatto, then African.
1833:explorers along rivers sought valuable furs of
1553:, and parts of South America. They also gained
1230:in 1532 and the establishment of the system of
1226:began three decades later with the founding of
1102:Spanish historical and territorial presence in
1001:was the result of the first large-scale act of
6468:
5558:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4126:
975:was ratified by the Pope, the two kingdoms of
9786:History of indigenous peoples of the Americas
9335:
8691:
8121:
7972:
7574:
7311:
7219:Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America
7193:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
3866:(1493–1697); the island currently comprising
3014:) (1654–1689); Courland is now part of Latvia
2203:, almost an autonomous state within a state.
1599:was a primary aspect of the economies of the
1540:nearly as rapidly nor as greatly as those in
889:sailed west to find a new trade route to the
323:American Discovery Viewed by Native Americans
299:
9672:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
7683:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
7513:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7445:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7408:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7371:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7261:
7253:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7169:Becoming America: The Revolution Before 1776
7002:Tucson: University of Arizona Press. (2021).
6767:
6672:
6593:Maslin, Mark; Lewis, Simon (June 25, 2020).
6178:
5421:The First Frontier: Life in Colonial America
4590:Corrigan, John; Neal, Lynn S., eds. (2010).
4589:
4497:
4440:
4404:"Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Nations"
2937:§ Scottish colonization of the Americas
2526:Indian slave trade in the American Southeast
2469:, genocidal methods included the following:
7456:Colonial America: A Very Short Introduction
7024:European-Native American Warfare, 1675–1815
6942:. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press.
6827:The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas
6592:
5751:. Cambridge University Press. p. 163.
5746:
5605:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1989.
5424:. University Press of America. p. 80.
4944:Davidann, Jon; Gilbert, Marc Jason (2019).
4706:
4644:
4401:
3731:(1680–1705/1714–1762/1763–1777 (1811–1817))
2530:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
2107:through Mexico and to Argentina and Chile.
1583:later became a cash crop, with the work of
9342:
9328:
8698:
8684:
8128:
8114:
7979:
7965:
7581:
7567:
7453:
7166:
7140:
7113:
7082:
7055:
6652:Dale Mackenzie Brown (February 28, 2000).
5446:Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History
5098:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4316:
4221:History of the west coast of North America
3858:§ Basque colonization of the Americas
2943:List of Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
2753:
2605:tried to terminate the system through the
1817:), the capital of Russian America, in 1837
1479:between 1629 and 1642, where they founded
1242:in South America. These explorers include
689:
380:During this time, the European empires of
306:
292:
9756:Colonization history of the United States
7292:
7005:Sarson, Steven, and Jack P. Greene, eds.
6917:Lockhart, James, and Stuart B. Schwartz.
6577:
6061:
6059:
6002:
5630:
5354:
4867:
4775:
4211:Former colonies and territories in Canada
3770:'s capital at New Archangel (present-day
3403:) (25.8% of the current territory) (1814)
2887:List of European colonies in the Americas
2233:
1693:of Spain. Many Dutch people converted to
416:the Americas, its natural resources, and
133:Learn how and when to remove this message
6820:The Atlantic World: A History, 1400–1888
6017:
5464:Indentured Servitude in Colonial America
5155:
5117:. Oxford University Press. p. 297.
5112:
5042:
5023:
4788:. Oxford University Press. p. 321.
4557:
4520:"Overview of Decline: 1492 to 1890–1900"
4514:
4459:
3761:
3573:Hospitaller colonization of the Americas
3328:
3131:
2915:
2901:
2890:
2855:-rich Central America fostered enduring
2701:
2697:
2568:
2565:between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
2557:
2537:
2430:pre-Columbian population of the Americas
2369:
2245:
2237:
2205:
1964:
1935:Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
1874:. Russian fur traders forced indigenous
1808:
1669:
1509:
1439:
1309:
1170:
1097:
1010:
931:
862:
851:
840:
704:
317:
6889:The Cambridge World History of Genocide
6785:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.001.0001
6777:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies
6739:The Cambridge World History of Genocide
6656:. Archaeological Institute of America.
5170:
5160:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 7.
5024:Frontier, Notes From The (2020-05-03).
4655:
3677:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
3424:(1628–1690, 1698–1702, 1706, 1782–1783)
2546:, illustrating Spanish Dominican friar
2219:Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God
1722:. The Dutch also seized islands in the
1455:of the 16th century broke the unity of
1153:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
682:, the North Western Territory, and the
82:"European colonization of the Americas"
14:
9733:
7988:European colonization of North America
7018:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.141
6861:(4th ed.). Taylor & Francis.
6858:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
6713:Atlantic History: Concept and Contours
6513:
6483:from the original on 20 September 2022
6450:from the original on 20 September 2022
6098:
6065:
6056:
5559:Paolo·Culture·, Michele (2020-07-24).
5461:
5339:
5281:
5115:Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 4
5063:
4717:
4336:"Genocide and American Indian History"
4333:
4304:from the original on 30 September 2020
4283:
3610:Norwegian colonization of the Americas
2637:division of spheres with Spain in the
1131:in 1524, based in Seville, and issued
1027:For example, the labor and tribute of
9811:History of the United States by topic
9741:European colonization of the Americas
9323:
8679:
8109:
7960:
7562:
7536:European colonization of the Americas
6851:
6660:from the original on January 20, 2014
6390:, David Richardson, and David Eltis,
6319:
6292:"encomienda | Definition & Facts"
6244:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6214:
5925:from the original on January 31, 2019
5384:
5382:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4907:. ReykjavíkurAkademían. p. 216.
4553:
4551:
4191:Colonial history of the United States
3817:Scottish colonization of the Americas
3276:(occupation by Huguenots) (1562–1565)
3189:List of French forts in North America
2998:Courland colonization of the Americas
2362:Native American disease and epidemics
1943:Forced conversion § Christianity
1795:Russian colonization of North America
1685:The Netherlands had been part of the
1621:Economic advantage also prompted the
8608:Postcolonial international relations
6126:
5958:from the original on August 13, 2019
5943:
5910:
5818:
5479:Darien: the Scottish Dream of Empire
4356:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.3
4013:Swedish colonization of the Americas
3852:Spanish colonization of the Americas
3758:Russian colonization of the Americas
3160:until 1975 as a constituent country)
2931:British colonization of the Americas
2460:Spanish colonization of the Americas
2154:Indigenous peoples' native religions
2064:Indigenous languages of the Americas
2052:Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire
1999:Indigenous peoples' native religions
1390:British colonization of the Americas
1182:Over this same time frame as Spain,
1061:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
859:and other circumnavigation explorers
823:Spanish colonization of the Americas
71:adding citations to reliable sources
42:
31:Conquest of America (disambiguation)
8549:— Predecessors of sovereign states
7481:Whitt, L. and Clarke, A.W. (2019).
7380:Rushforth, B. and Mapp, P. (2016).
5911:Amos, Jonathan (February 2, 2019).
5791:"Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge"
5627:. Pearson Education Inc. 2003, 117.
5625:The Early History of Greater Mexico
5438:
4880:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 27.
4815:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1048.
4372:from the original on 10 August 2021
4136:National Museum of American History
3566:
3183:French colonization of the Americas
3025:Danish colonization of the Americas
2649:imported black slaves, starting in
2518:Slavery in colonial Spanish America
2462:also included genocidal massacres.
2344:. Jews fled to the Dutch colony of
1983:first wave of European colonization
1928:
1296:French colonization of the Americas
1159:First wave of European colonization
829:First wave of European colonization
701:Norse colonization of North America
576:to Spain, where It established the
24:
8974:
8707:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
7268:University of North Carolina Press
7163:New Haven: Yale University Press.
7048:
6238:
6220:
6120:
6080:from the original on June 23, 2019
5379:
4995:
4604:University of North Carolina Press
4548:
4286:"Benton painting Native Americans"
4226:Influx of disease in the Caribbean
4037:
3876:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
3074:Dutch colonization of the Americas
2859:institutions. Coffee economies in
2018:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1753:on the lower end of the island of
1656:Dutch colonization of the Americas
1421:, although unsuccessful. In 1606,
1079:". More than an estimated 240,000
874:, engraving by the Flemish artist
807:Norse colonization of the Americas
549:and his accidental arrival at the
25:
9827:
7523:
7417:Taylor, A. and Foner, E. (2002).
7343:Restall, M. and Lane, K. (2018).
6686:from the original on 15 June 2012
6654:"The Fate of Greenland's Vikings"
6442:Tereixa Constenla (29 May 2012).
6408:. New York: Basic Civitas Books.
5944:Kent, Lauren (February 1, 2019).
5700:
3484:(1650–1723, 1756–1778, 1784–1803)
3458:(1666–1667, 1781–1793, 1802–1803)
3156:(1667–1954) (Remained within the
2925:British and (before 1707) English
2879:, and they ultimately raised the
2599:forced conversion to Christianity
2395:indigenous people of the Americas
2269:established three offices of the
2242:Catholic cathedral in Mexico City
2008:and the following centuries, the
781:. The remains of a settlement at
260:Colonization of the United States
9766:Former colonies in South America
9761:Former colonies in North America
9548:
9515:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
8754:
8570:Sovereign states formation dates
7656:
7590:
7541:
7529:
7041:A Companion to Colonial America.
6805:38, no. 3 (April 1933): 448–474
6203:Kiernan, Lemos & Taylor 2023
5462:Barker, Deanna (10 March 2004),
5342:The Canadian Frontier, 1534–1760
4758:"Colonial City of Santo Domingo"
4674:University of Pennsylvania Press
4612:10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.9
4334:Ostler, Jeffrey (2 March 2015).
4284:Cardin, Dinah (14 August 2015).
4241:Mennonites#Environmental impacts
4076:German interest in the Caribbean
3886:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
3476:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3264:Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
2992:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
2709:painting depicting Spaniard and
2404:(1518, 1521, 1525, 1558, 1589),
1483:. Later in the century, the new
1433:companies such as the chartered
1429:in 1607. They were sponsored by
508:colonizing the Pacific Northwest
359:The Norse explored and colonized
275:
162:
47:
9781:History of European colonialism
7345:Latin America in Colonial Times
6845:, (2010) 67#3 pp. 395–432
6701:
6645:
6636:
6627:
6618:
6607:from the original on 2020-09-10
6586:
6579:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004
6507:
6495:
6462:
6435:
6422:
6381:
6370:from the original on 2007-08-28
6352:
6313:
6302:from the original on 2020-10-22
6284:
6208:
6196:
6184:
6172:
6149:from the original on 2020-11-16
6092:
6045:from the original on 2023-03-16
6011:
6004:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004
5970:
5937:
5904:
5895:
5871:
5860:from the original on 2010-01-16
5846:
5812:
5801:from the original on 2021-12-09
5783:
5765:
5740:
5731:
5718:
5709:
5694:
5685:
5676:
5667:
5658:
5649:
5617:
5608:
5595:
5582:
5571:from the original on 2022-01-13
5552:
5542:
5533:
5524:
5515:
5493:
5484:
5471:
5455:
5411:
5400:from the original on 2020-12-03
5348:
5333:
5324:
5300:
5275:
5249:
5231:
5191:
5164:
5149:
5140:
5131:
5106:
5057:
5017:
4982:
4964:
4921:
4856:from the original on 2023-04-25
4764:from the original on 2023-03-08
4750:
3203:(1534–1763), and nearby lands:
3170:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
2794:immediately before depopulation
2078:. One of the first schools for
1845:. Cossacks enlisted the aid of
1707:Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen
655:by then, countries such as the
547:voyages of Christopher Columbus
58:needs additional citations for
8661:Decolonization of public space
7485:. Cambridge University Press.
7009:(8 vol, 2010); primary sources
6722:(2 vols. 1952), older textbook
6360:"Quick guide: The slave trade"
6106:. Windmill Books. p. 70.
6066:Treuer, David (May 13, 2016).
5390:"Motivations for Colonization"
5054:n°322, July–August 2007, p. 17
4277:
4000:Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata
3963:Captaincy General of Guatemala
3915:Captaincy General of Venezuela
3685:(1500–1815) became a Kingdom,
3637:Dano-Norwegian North Greenland
3629:Dano-Norwegian South Greenland
3054:Dano-Norwegian South Greenland
3046:Dano-Norwegian North Greenland
2845:production over forced labor.
1868:Pacific coast of North America
1625:, an ill-fated venture by the
1591:and the neighboring colony of
1238:of present-day Canada and the
999:that this demographic collapse
531:preoccupied with internal wars
13:
1:
9350:European colonization of the
8476:Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian)
5512:, Vol. 11, no. 1 (Dec. 1959).
5374:The Spanish Empire in America
4564:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
3670:
3616:List of possessions of Norway
2439:According to scientists from
2187:Throughout the Americas, the
1314:Map of territorial claims in
590:oldest continuously inhabited
8656:Christianity and colonialism
7548:Colonization of the Americas
7297:. Harvard University Press.
7171:. Harvard University Press.
7145:. Harvard University Press.
7028:University of Oklahoma Press
6444:"The women who made America"
6430:Migration in World History .
6251:The Journal of Civil War Era
6245:Waite, Kevin (Sep 1, 2017).
5418:John Chester Miller (1966).
5010:, vol. 17, 2008, pp. 27–45.
4656:Pointer, Richard W. (2011).
4532:University of Oklahoma Press
4251:Settler colonialism#Americas
3603:
3548:Collectivity of Saint Martin
2080:Indigenous peoples in Mexico
1689:, due to the inheritance of
1127:. The crown established the
572:in the early 1500s, and the
7:
8624:Decolonization of knowledge
8547:Wars of national liberation
7869:Archaeology of the Americas
7458:. Oxford University Press.
7118:. Oxford University Press.
7060:. Oxford University Press.
7022:Starkey, Armstrong (1998).
6940:The Cambridge World History
6818:Egerton, Douglas R. et al.
6779:. Oxford University Press.
6398:"Transatlantic Slave Trade"
6167:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015
5773:"American Indian Epidemics"
5394:National Geographic Society
5113:Forsythe, David P. (2009).
4600:Chapel Hill, North Carolina
4256:Spanish conquest of Yucatán
4164:
4140:Virginia Historical Society
4127:Exhibitions and collections
3810:
2456:the Cambridge World History
2358:Disease in colonial America
1813:New Archangel (present-day
1222:to Portugal; the effective
1210:version of his first name,
1146:
1063:(1519–1521). It was led by
909:. Columbus encountered the
694:
10:
9832:
9776:History of Central America
7349:Cambridge University Press
6893:Cambridge University Press
6842:William and Mary Quarterly
6803:American Historical Review
6743:Cambridge University Press
6558:Quaternary Science Reviews
5983:Quaternary Science Reviews
5854:"The Story Of... Smallpox"
5355:Choquette, Leslie (1997).
5282:Grenon, Jean-Yves (2000).
4877:North American Exploration
4842:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 82–.
4664:. Early American Studies.
4418:. pp. 44–70, 71–100.
4416:Cambridge University Press
4107:
4088:
4010:
4006:
3994:Captaincy General of Chile
3909:Viceroyalty of New Granada
3902:(1607–1898); first as the
3884:(1493–1898); first as the
3855:
3849:
3845:
3814:
3755:
3751:
3709:Portugal Cove-St. Philip's
3674:
3645:Dano-Norwegian West Indies
3613:
3607:
3570:
3186:
3180:
3158:Kingdom of the Netherlands
3071:
3067:
3032:Dano-Norwegian West Indies
3022:
2995:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2515:
2505:
2501:
2355:
2252:Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue
2178:apostasy from Christianity
2166:conversion to Christianity
1946:
1932:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1798:
1792:
1659:
1653:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1299:
1293:
1156:
1150:
936:The Discovery of America (
826:
820:
709:Various sailing routes to
698:
522:—which predominate in the
35:
28:
9690:
9657:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
9557:
9546:
9358:
9295:
9222:
9140:
9057:
9048:
9018:
8941:
8911:
8881:
8850:
8843:
8792:
8763:
8752:
8713:
8616:
8578:
8537:
8402:
8322:
8294:
8285:
8250:
8198:
8158:
8151:
8092:
7994:
7897:
7861:
7820:
7779:
7738:
7665:
7654:
7603:
7159:Blackhawk, Ned. (2023).
6471:"1492: The Role of Women"
6396:Stephen Behrendt (1999).
6029:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
5156:Resendez, Andres (2016).
4950:. Routledge. p. 39.
4901:Axel Kristinsson (2010).
4874:John Logan Allen (2007).
4782:T. Douglas Price (2015).
4558:Resendez, Andres (2016).
4465:"Pestilence and Genocide"
4042:
3904:Captaincy General of Cuba
3794:Sonoma County, California
3556:(1648–1784, 1878–present)
3544:(1604–1713, 1763–present)
3542:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3176:
3018:
2780:between the American and
2441:University College London
2230:, was published in 1663.
1788:
1542:Central and South America
1289:
1075:, the chief city of the "
1029:inhabitants of Hispaniola
674:Other regions, including
9806:History of the Caribbean
9796:History of South America
9791:History of North America
9677:Turks and Caicos Islands
7879:North American timelines
7200:Harvard University Press
6948:10.1017/CBO9781139196079
6280:– via go.gale.com.
6179:Bloxham & Moses 2010
5450:World History in Context
5171:Russell, Philip (2015).
5064:Ostler, Jeffrey (2019).
4271:
3958:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
3922:Viceroyalty of New Spain
3768:Russian-American Company
3703:Terra Nova dos Bacalhaus
3488:Turks and Caicos Islands
3422:Saint Christopher Island
3164:Curaçao and Dependencies
2103:which extended from the
1987:religious discrimination
1712:Dutch West India Company
1649:
1644:Kingdom of Great Britain
1527:Middle Atlantic colonies
1485:Province of Pennsylvania
1137:viceroyalty of New Spain
816:
777:and a bishop located at
750:Saga of the Greenlanders
653:independence from Europe
607:. Within a century, the
556:With the signing of the
353:, involving a number of
38:Peopling of the Americas
18:Conquest of the Americas
9801:History of the Americas
8565:Independence referendum
7874:North America by period
7713:Portuguese colonization
7597:History of the Americas
7089:Oxford University Press
6984:Morison, Samuel Eliot.
6965:Merriman, Roger Bigelow
6813:The Americas in History
6720:History of the Americas
6469:Paola Antolini (1992).
6296:Encyclopedia Britannica
5901:Thornton, pp. xvii, 36.
5312:Encyclopedia Britannica
4481:Oxford University Press
4348:Oxford University Press
4133:Smithsonian Institution
3502:(1504, 1701, 1764–1767)
2835:democratic institutions
2754:Colonization and gender
2385:suffering from smallpox
2128:Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
1248:João Fernandes Lavrador
1015:The silver mountain of
925:, which he called the "
690:Western European powers
450:North-Western Territory
9592:British Virgin Islands
7828:Pre-Columbian cultures
7534:Quotations related to
7312:Laramie, M.G. (2012).
7194:Edelson, S.M. (2017).
6815:(1953), older textbook
6718:Bannon, John Francis.
3978:(1565–1763, 1783-1819)
3839:Stuarts Town, Carolina
3800:Russian Fort Elizabeth
3775:
3699:Land of the Corte-Real
3478:(1719–1763, 1779–1783)
3472:(1650–1762, 1779–1783)
3466:(1625–1763, 1778–1783)
3337:
3312:Louisiana (New France)
3149:
3140:, the governor of the
2921:
2910:
2899:
2877:commercial agriculture
2821:system or Argentinian
2722:
2578:
2566:
2555:
2548:Bartolomé de Las Casas
2499:
2386:
2287:Portuguese Inquisition
2255:
2243:
2234:Religion and migration
2213:
2121:Bartolomé de Las Casas
1978:
1898:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1818:
1682:
1642:, creating the united
1597:Plantation agriculture
1536:
1448:
1355:French colonial empire
1336:Giovanni da Verrazzano
1327:
1306:French colonial empire
1224:colonization of Brazil
1218:claimed the region of
1179:
1107:
1024:
946:spread of Christianity
941:
938:Johann Moritz Rugendas
879:
870:wakes up "America" in
860:
849:
753:
462:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
338:
255:Colonization of Canada
9505:Saint Kitts and Nevis
9028:European colonization
7884:Mesoamerica by period
7698:European colonization
7678:Indigenous population
7262:Jennings, F. (2010).
7223:Duke University Press
7039:Vickers, Daniel, ed.
6975:Morison, Samuel Eliot
6901:10.1017/9781108655989
6867:10.4324/9781003185291
6832:Fernlund, Kevin Jon.
6751:10.1017/9781108765480
6514:Taylor, Alan (2002).
6263:10.1353/cwe.2017.0066
6191:Blackhawk et al. 2023
5779:on February 14, 2015.
5340:Eccles, W.J. (1969).
5008:Mediterranean Studies
4718:Taylor, Alan (2001).
3970:Louisiana (New Spain)
3765:
3729:Colonia do Sacramento
3614:Further information:
3417:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3332:
3298:Louisiana (New Spain)
3187:Further information:
3135:
2973:British North America
2941:Further information:
2919:
2905:
2894:
2705:
2698:Colonization and race
2639:Treaty of Tordesillas
2572:
2561:
2541:
2516:Further information:
2471:
2422:indigenous population
2373:
2320:, German and Swedish
2249:
2241:
2209:
2040:Catholic Christianity
1968:
1961:Religious persecution
1947:Further information:
1908:Ferdinand I de Medici
1896:Further information:
1872:Fort Ross, California
1812:
1799:Further information:
1673:
1660:Further information:
1563:French and Indian War
1547:Eastern North America
1513:
1443:
1394:Further information:
1320:French and Indian War
1313:
1300:Further information:
1260:João Álvares Fagundes
1188:Santa Cruz and Brazil
1174:
1157:Further information:
1129:Council of the Indies
1113:silver mine of Potosí
1101:
1085:siege of Tenochtitlan
1014:
973:Treaty of Tordesillas
935:
866:
855:
844:
827:Further information:
708:
684:northern Great Plains
584:, in the current-day
558:Treaty of Tordesillas
325:, a 1922 painting by
321:
154:European colonization
8746:Solutrean hypothesis
8593:Internal colonialism
8052:Fridtjof Nansen Land
7889:Mesoamerica timeline
7802:Indigenous languages
7718:British colonization
7703:Spanish colonization
7688:Christopher Columbus
7643:Andean South America
7550:at Wikimedia Commons
7386:Taylor & Francis
6733:; Madley, Benjamin;
5747:Baten, Jörg (2016).
5724:Patricia U. Bonomi,
5701:Bloom, Hebert Ivan.
5623:Altman, Ida, et al.
5452:. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.
5372:Haring, Clarence H.
4676:. pp. 168–194.
4606:. pp. 125–146.
4298:Peabody Essex Museum
4294:Salem, Massachusetts
4070:(Brandenburg colony)
3223:Saint Lawrence River
3138:Aarnoud van Heemstra
3092:Dutch Virgin Islands
2839:natural environments
2800:playing their part.
2778:communicable disease
2508:Atlantic slave trade
2380:(compiled 1540–1585)
2316:, French Protestant
2158:Pre-Columbian Mexico
1847:indigenous Siberians
1521:New England colonies
1318:by 1750, before the
1279:Casa de Contratación
1216:Pedro Álvares Cabral
903:Christopher Columbus
846:Christopher Columbus
744:Saga of Erik the Red
543:trade routes to Asia
516:political boundaries
476:, and the northwest
377:is more well-known.
335:Salem, Massachusetts
331:Peabody Essex Museum
329:, now housed in the
67:improve this article
9682:U.S. Virgin Islands
9525:Trinidad and Tobago
9370:Antigua and Barbuda
9127:Trinidad and Tobago
8651:Uncontacted peoples
8502:Mostly contiguous:
8376:settler colonialism
8341:Chartered companies
8047:Erik the Red's Land
7931:Classical Antiquity
7708:French colonization
7454:Taylor, A. (2013).
7167:Butler, J. (2001).
7141:Berlin, I. (2009).
7114:Axtell, J. (1981).
7083:Axtell, J. (1992).
7056:Axtell, J. (1988).
6570:2019QSRv..207...13K
6388:Stephen D. Behrendt
6134:The Washington Post
6127:Brockell, Gillian.
5995:2019QSRv..207...13K
5263:on February 4, 2009
4534:. pp. 42–158.
4483:. pp. 57–146.
4206:European emigration
4097:Thornton expedition
3988:Viceroyalty of Peru
3938:Nuevo Reino de León
3664:Erik the Red's Land
3451:Trinidad and Tobago
3437:Antigua and Barbuda
3336:in New France, 1689
3012:Trinidad and Tobago
2981:British West Indies
2474:Genocidal massacres
2432:vary tremendously.
2283:Cartagena de Indias
2271:Spanish Inquisition
2226:of the gospel into
2222:, a translation by
1981:Beginning with the
1957:Forced assimilation
1892:Thornton expedition
1627:Kingdom of Scotland
1616:Chesapeake Colonies
1612:indentured servants
1605:British West Indies
1457:Western Christendom
1427:Jamestown, Virginia
1344:Samuel de Champlain
1244:João Vaz Corte-Real
1176:Discovery of Brazil
1141:viceroyalty of Peru
791:World Heritage Site
741:, including in the
737:) travelled by the
661:settler colonialism
148:Part of a series on
9435:Dominican Republic
9287:In popular culture
9038:Columbian exchange
9033:Population history
8764:Mythology/Religion
8646:Indigenous peoples
8389:Non-self-governing
7833:Indigenous peoples
7725:Columbian Exchange
7673:Indigenous peoples
7293:Kruer, M. (2022).
6715:(Harvard UP, 2005)
6428:Manning, Patrick.
6366:. March 15, 2007.
6231:Reséndez, Andrés.
5828:. Knopf. pp.
5601:Burkhart, Louise.
5505:2018-11-28 at the
5245:on March 17, 2008.
4975:2021-07-09 at the
4461:Stannard, David E.
4144:Richmond, Virginia
3891:Colony of Santiago
3872:Dominican Republic
3776:
3381:Dominican Republic
3368:Equinoctial France
3362:France Antarctique
3338:
3326:French West Indies
3150:
3039:Danish West Indies
2922:
2911:
2900:
2770:Columbian exchange
2723:
2713:spouse with their
2609:(1512–13) and the
2579:
2567:
2556:
2387:
2256:
2244:
2214:
2211:Eliot Indian Bible
2046:'s second voyage,
2022:Christian religion
1979:
1819:
1683:
1640:Kingdom of England
1537:
1449:
1378:St. Lawrence River
1370:French West Indies
1328:
1180:
1163:Portuguese America
1133:laws of the Indies
1108:
1091:(1531–35), led by
1025:
942:
880:
861:
857:Ferdinand Magellan
850:
783:L'Anse aux Meadows
773:) taking place at
754:
586:Dominican Republic
524:Western Hemisphere
430:Indigenous peoples
339:
327:Thomas Hart Benton
282:History portal
9728:
9727:
9317:
9316:
9218:
9217:
9014:
9013:
8937:
8936:
8907:
8906:
8726:Pre-Columbian era
8673:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8454:Overseas, minor:
8416:Overseas, major:
8281:
8280:
8218:European colonies
8103:
8102:
7954:
7953:
7926:Pre-Columbian era
7751:Pre-Columbian era
7546:Media related to
7492:978-1-108-42550-6
7465:978-0-199-76623-9
7432:978-1-101-07581-4
7395:978-1-315-51032-3
7358:978-1-108-41640-5
7327:978-0-313-39737-0
7304:978-0-674-26956-9
7277:978-0-807-87144-7
7232:978-0-822-35779-7
7209:978-0-674-97899-7
7178:978-0-674-00667-6
7152:978-0-674-02082-5
7125:978-0-195-02904-8
7098:978-0-195-08033-9
7067:978-0-198-02206-0
7035:978-0-8061-3075-0
6998:Pyne, Stephen J.
6957:978-1-108-40775-5
6930:Pomeranz, Kenneth
6910:978-1-108-65598-9
6876:978-1-000-95870-6
6811:Davis, Harold E.
6794:978-0-19-923211-6
6760:978-1-108-76548-0
6415:978-0-465-00071-5
6342:978-0-374-11396-4
6073:Los Angeles Times
5839:978-1-4000-3205-1
5758:978-1-107-50718-0
5510:American Heritage
5431:978-0-8191-4977-0
5293:978-0-9682-0162-6
5213:cite encyclopedia
5184:978-1-135-01721-7
5124:978-0-19-533402-9
5077:978-0-300-24526-4
4957:978-0-429-75924-6
4914:978-9979-9922-1-9
4887:978-0-8032-1015-8
4849:978-0-313-02189-3
4822:978-3-11-013417-9
4795:978-0-19-023198-9
4743:978-0-14-200210-0
4721:American Colonies
4516:Thornton, Russell
4425:978-1-108-42550-6
4365:978-0-19-932917-5
4084:
4071:
4059:
4056:Holy Roman Empire
3928:Nueva Extremadura
3833:Isthmus of Panama
3693:Terra do Labrador
3585:Saint Christopher
3560:Clipperton Island
3444:(briefly in 1666)
2955:Thirteen Colonies
2814:James A. Robinson
2679:sub-Sahara Africa
2647:southern colonies
2522:Slavery in Brazil
2310:English Catholics
2197:Portuguese Brazil
2174:Carlos of Texcoco
2170:Juan de Zumárraga
2132:Valladolid debate
1949:Cultural genocide
1825:was added to the
1636:Act of Union 1707
1631:Isthmus of Panama
1601:Southern Colonies
1533:Southern colonies
1517:of North America:
1515:Thirteen Colonies
1501:Swiss Protestants
1481:multiple colonies
1461:Church of England
1366:sugar plantations
1342:(1491–1557), and
1276:collected by the
1256:Miguel Corte-Real
1246:in Newfoundland;
1167:Portuguese Empire
1093:Francisco Pizarro
1006:in the modern era
954:Pope Alexander VI
950:Iberian Peninsula
872:Americae Retectio
801:, established by
541:'s domination of
466:Yucatán Peninsula
414:explore and claim
316:
315:
143:
142:
135:
117:
16:(Redirected from
9823:
9751:Christianization
9746:Age of Discovery
9647:Saint Barthélemy
9607:Falkland Islands
9552:
9344:
9337:
9330:
9321:
9320:
9055:
9054:
8972:
8971:
8848:
8847:
8790:
8789:
8758:
8700:
8693:
8686:
8677:
8676:
8617:Related concepts
8558:in South America
8466:Austro-Hungarian
8404:Colonial empires
8314:Age of Discovery
8304:Maritime history
8292:
8291:
8156:
8155:
8130:
8123:
8116:
8107:
8106:
8057:Sverdrup Islands
7981:
7974:
7967:
7958:
7957:
7916:Three-age system
7660:
7595:
7594:
7583:
7576:
7569:
7560:
7559:
7545:
7533:
7518:
7512:
7504:
7477:
7450:
7444:
7436:
7413:
7407:
7399:
7376:
7370:
7362:
7339:
7308:
7289:
7258:
7252:
7244:
7213:
7190:
7156:
7137:
7110:
7079:
6961:
6914:
6880:
6798:
6764:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6649:
6643:
6640:
6634:
6631:
6625:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6600:The Conversation
6590:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6482:
6475:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6439:
6433:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6407:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6330:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6242:
6236:
6229:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6188:
6182:
6176:
6170:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6063:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6019:Reséndez, Andrés
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5908:
5902:
5899:
5893:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5820:Mann, Charles C.
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5775:. Archived from
5769:
5763:
5762:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5729:
5722:
5716:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5683:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5647:
5634:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5606:
5599:
5593:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5565:Italics Magazine
5556:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5513:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5482:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5459:
5453:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5386:
5377:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5259:. Archived from
5253:
5247:
5246:
5241:. Archived from
5235:
5229:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5208:
5203:. Archived from
5195:
5189:
5188:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5153:
5147:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5097:
5089:
5061:
5055:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5021:
5015:
5004:
4993:
4988:Seed, Patricia.
4986:
4980:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4941:
4935:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4715:
4704:
4703:
4653:
4642:
4641:
4587:
4576:
4575:
4555:
4546:
4545:
4528:Norman, Oklahoma
4512:
4495:
4494:
4457:
4438:
4437:
4399:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4331:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4281:
4246:Romanus Pontifex
4171:Atlantic history
4078:
4069:
4053:
4025:Saint Barthélemy
3737:(1811–1822, now
3701:, also known as
3658:Sverdrup Islands
3579:Saint Barthélemy
3567:Knights of Malta
3554:Saint Barthélemy
3506:Îles des Saintes
3500:Falkland Islands
3344:(1659–1804, now
3290:French Louisiana
3254:Fort Saint Louis
2967:British Columbia
2881:bargaining power
2651:Virginia in 1619
2563:Triangular trade
2377:Florentine Codex
2036:Kingdom of Spain
2006:Age of Discovery
1971:Alonso de Molina
1939:Christianization
1929:Christianization
1864:Aleksei Chirikov
1699:Dutch Golden Age
1579:were organized.
1447:with the Indians
1435:Virginia Company
1372:. In Canada the
1324:Seven Years' War
1192:Amerigo Vespucci
1083:died during the
1043:The Requerimento
1031:were granted in
963:After the final
868:Amerigo Vespucci
665:Manifest Destiny
434:settler colonial
345:, a large scale
343:Age of Discovery
308:
301:
294:
280:
279:
278:
166:
145:
144:
138:
131:
127:
124:
118:
116:
75:
51:
43:
21:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9821:
9820:
9816:Western culture
9731:
9730:
9729:
9724:
9702:Central America
9686:
9561:
9553:
9544:
9361:
9354:
9348:
9318:
9313:
9291:
9214:
9136:
9050:
9044:
9020:
9010:
8970:
8933:
8903:
8877:
8839:
8788:
8777:List of deities
8759:
8750:
8709:
8704:
8674:
8665:
8612:
8598:Nation-building
8580:Postcolonialism
8574:
8533:
8406:
8398:
8371:detribalization
8346:Interventionism
8318:
8287:
8277:
8246:
8194:
8147:
8134:
8104:
8099:
8088:
7990:
7985:
7955:
7950:
7921:Ancient history
7893:
7857:
7816:
7775:
7734:
7661:
7652:
7623:Central America
7599:
7589:
7587:
7526:
7521:
7506:
7505:
7493:
7466:
7438:
7437:
7433:
7401:
7400:
7396:
7364:
7363:
7359:
7328:
7305:
7278:
7246:
7245:
7233:
7210:
7179:
7153:
7126:
7099:
7068:
7051:
7049:Further reading
7046:
6958:
6932:, eds. (2015).
6911:
6877:
6795:
6775:, eds. (2010).
6769:Bloxham, Donald
6761:
6737:, eds. (2023).
6709:Bailyn, Bernard
6704:
6699:
6689:
6687:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6663:
6661:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6637:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6619:
6610:
6608:
6591:
6587:
6550:
6546:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6512:
6508:
6500:
6496:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6473:
6467:
6463:
6453:
6451:
6440:
6436:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6386:
6382:
6373:
6371:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6343:
6318:
6314:
6305:
6303:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6275:
6273:
6243:
6239:
6230:
6221:
6213:
6209:
6201:
6197:
6189:
6185:
6177:
6173:
6165:
6161:
6152:
6150:
6125:
6121:
6114:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6081:
6064:
6057:
6048:
6046:
6039:
6016:
6012:
5975:
5971:
5961:
5959:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5926:
5909:
5905:
5900:
5896:
5890:Charles C. Mann
5876:
5872:
5863:
5861:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5817:
5813:
5804:
5802:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5635:
5631:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5609:
5600:
5596:
5588:Ricard, Robert.
5587:
5583:
5574:
5572:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5507:Wayback Machine
5498:
5494:
5489:
5485:
5476:
5472:
5460:
5456:
5443:
5439:
5432:
5416:
5412:
5403:
5401:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5371:
5364:
5353:
5349:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5316:
5314:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5220:
5219:
5210:
5209:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5169:
5165:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5111:
5107:
5091:
5090:
5078:
5062:
5058:
5047:
5043:
5034:
5032:
5022:
5018:
5005:
4996:
4987:
4983:
4977:Wayback Machine
4969:
4965:
4958:
4942:
4938:
4926:
4922:
4915:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4872:
4868:
4859:
4857:
4850:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4780:
4776:
4767:
4765:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4716:
4707:
4684:
4654:
4645:
4622:
4588:
4579:
4572:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4513:
4498:
4491:
4458:
4441:
4426:
4400:
4385:
4375:
4373:
4366:
4332:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4167:
4129:
4112:
4093:
4063:Hanauish-Indies
4047:
4040:
4038:Failed attempts
4015:
4009:
3976:Spanish Florida
3953:Las Californias
3943:Nuevo Santander
3860:
3854:
3848:
3819:
3813:
3780:Russian America
3760:
3754:
3683:Colonial Brazil
3679:
3673:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3575:
3569:
3306:Upper Louisiana
3303:Lower Louisiana
3191:
3185:
3179:
3076:
3070:
3027:
3021:
3000:
2994:
2949:British America
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2889:
2841:that supported
2837:in response to
2831:property rights
2765:
2756:
2700:
2675:Northern Europe
2544:Theodore de Bry
2536:
2514:
2506:Main articles:
2504:
2381:
2368:
2354:
2267:Catholic Church
2259:Roman Catholics
2236:
2148:When the first
2101:Spanish America
2082:was founded by
1963:
1945:
1933:Main articles:
1931:
1904:
1894:
1888:
1807:
1801:Russian America
1797:
1791:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1577:supply missions
1530:
1524:
1518:
1402:
1396:British America
1392:
1386:
1340:Jacques Cartier
1308:
1298:
1292:
1169:
1155:
1149:
1053:Andrés Reséndez
839:
833:Spanish America
825:
819:
739:Icelandic Sagas
703:
697:
692:
520:linguae francae
474:Central America
444:, the northern
337:, United States
312:
276:
274:
269:
156:of the Americas
155:
139:
128:
122:
119:
76:
74:
64:
52:
41:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9829:
9819:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9726:
9725:
9723:
9722:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9691:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9662:Sint Eustatius
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9597:Cayman Islands
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9568:
9566:
9555:
9554:
9547:
9545:
9543:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9366:
9364:
9356:
9355:
9347:
9346:
9339:
9332:
9324:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9311:
9304:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9253:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9226:
9224:
9223:Related topics
9220:
9219:
9216:
9215:
9213:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9151:
9149:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9063:
9061:
9052:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9040:
9035:
9024:
9022:
9016:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8986:
8980:
8978:
8969:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8947:
8945:
8939:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8915:
8913:
8909:
8908:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8885:
8883:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8854:
8852:
8845:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8820:Medicine wheel
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8796:
8794:
8787:
8786:
8781:
8780:
8779:
8767:
8765:
8761:
8760:
8753:
8751:
8749:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8731:Classification
8728:
8723:
8717:
8715:
8711:
8710:
8703:
8702:
8695:
8688:
8680:
8671:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8626:
8620:
8618:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8605:
8603:Neocolonialism
8600:
8595:
8590:
8584:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8555:
8543:
8541:
8539:Decolonization
8535:
8534:
8532:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8499:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8451:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8413:
8411:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8328:
8326:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8311:
8300:
8298:
8289:
8283:
8282:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8254:
8252:
8251:Decolonization
8248:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8230:Southeast Asia
8222:
8221:
8220:
8210:
8204:
8202:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8162:
8160:
8153:
8149:
8148:
8145:neocolonialism
8141:decolonization
8133:
8132:
8125:
8118:
8110:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7984:
7983:
7976:
7969:
7961:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7941:Modern history
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7865:
7863:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7824:
7822:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7783:
7781:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7742:
7740:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7730:Decolonization
7727:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7669:
7667:
7663:
7662:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7609:
7607:
7601:
7600:
7586:
7585:
7578:
7571:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7539:
7525:
7524:External links
7522:
7520:
7519:
7491:
7478:
7464:
7451:
7431:
7414:
7394:
7377:
7357:
7340:
7326:
7309:
7303:
7290:
7276:
7259:
7231:
7214:
7208:
7191:
7177:
7164:
7157:
7151:
7138:
7124:
7111:
7097:
7080:
7066:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7037:
7020:
7010:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6972:
6962:
6956:
6926:McNeill, J. R.
6922:
6915:
6909:
6881:
6875:
6849:
6837:
6830:
6825:Eltis, David.
6823:
6816:
6809:
6799:
6793:
6773:Moses, A. Dirk
6765:
6759:
6727:Blackhawk, Ned
6723:
6716:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6671:
6644:
6635:
6626:
6617:
6585:
6544:
6531:978-0142002100
6530:
6524:. p. 40.
6506:
6494:
6461:
6434:
6421:
6414:
6380:
6351:
6341:
6312:
6283:
6257:(3): 473–477.
6237:
6219:
6207:
6195:
6183:
6171:
6159:
6119:
6113:978-1786090034
6112:
6091:
6055:
6038:978-0547640983
6037:
6031:. p. 17.
6010:
5969:
5936:
5903:
5894:
5892:, Knopf, 2005.
5870:
5845:
5838:
5811:
5782:
5764:
5757:
5739:
5730:
5717:
5708:
5693:
5684:
5675:
5666:
5657:
5648:
5629:
5616:
5607:
5594:
5581:
5551:
5541:
5532:
5523:
5514:
5492:
5483:
5477:John Prebble,
5470:
5454:
5437:
5430:
5410:
5396:. 2020-05-19.
5378:
5362:
5347:
5332:
5323:
5299:
5292:
5274:
5248:
5230:
5207:on 2009-10-28.
5190:
5183:
5163:
5148:
5139:
5130:
5123:
5105:
5076:
5056:
5041:
5016:
4994:
4981:
4963:
4956:
4936:
4920:
4913:
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4886:
4866:
4848:
4828:
4821:
4801:
4794:
4774:
4749:
4742:
4705:
4692:j.ctt3fhn13.10
4682:
4643:
4620:
4577:
4570:
4547:
4540:
4496:
4489:
4439:
4424:
4383:
4364:
4315:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4176:Atlantic world
4173:
4166:
4163:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4073:
4065:
4060:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4011:Main article:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3879:
3850:Main article:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3836:
3826:
3815:Main article:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3787:
3756:Main article:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3696:
3690:
3675:Main article:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3608:Main article:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3571:Main article:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:(1858–present)
3557:
3551:
3550:(1624–present)
3545:
3539:
3538:(1604–present)
3533:
3532:(1635–present)
3527:
3526:(1635–present)
3521:
3520:(1635–present)
3515:
3514:(1635–present)
3509:
3508:(1648–present)
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3384:
3377:
3374:French Florida
3371:
3365:
3359:
3357:Virgin Islands
3354:
3349:
3342:Saint-Domingue
3339:
3323:
3322:(1763–present)
3317:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3287:
3284:Fort Ouiatenon
3277:
3274:French Florida
3267:
3261:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3181:Main article:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3151:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3080:New Netherland
3072:Main article:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3023:Main article:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
2996:Main article:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2929:Main article:
2926:
2923:
2888:
2885:
2857:path dependent
2806:Daron Acemoglu
2776:), ideas, and
2764:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2719:Miguel Cabrera
2699:
2696:
2683:temperate zone
2643:tropical zones
2630:chattel slaves
2607:Laws of Burgos
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2449:global cooling
2445:climate change
2353:
2350:
2306:nonconformists
2235:
2232:
2156:. However, in
2095:often created
2084:Pedro de Gante
1930:
1927:
1890:Main article:
1887:
1884:
1880:Seward's Folly
1827:Russian Empire
1805:Russian Empire
1793:Main article:
1790:
1787:
1779:Weckquaesgeeks
1751:New Netherland
1740:Sint Eustatius
1687:Spanish Empire
1654:Main article:
1651:
1648:
1629:to settle the
1400:British Empire
1388:Main article:
1385:
1382:
1359:Spanish Empire
1302:French America
1294:Main article:
1291:
1288:
1236:eastern coasts
1151:Main article:
1148:
1145:
981:personal union
913:on the island
911:Lucayan people
837:Spanish Empire
821:Main article:
818:
815:
699:Main article:
696:
693:
691:
688:
669:Trail of Tears
625:Denmark–Norway
621:New Netherland
580:. The city of
539:Ottoman Empire
314:
313:
311:
310:
303:
296:
288:
285:
284:
271:
270:
268:
267:
265:Decolonization
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
171:
168:
167:
159:
158:
150:
149:
141:
140:
55:
53:
46:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9828:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9721:
9720:
9719:South America
9716:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9697:
9696:North America
9693:
9692:
9689:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9612:French Guiana
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9560:
9556:
9551:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9530:United States
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9357:
9353:
9345:
9340:
9338:
9333:
9331:
9326:
9325:
9322:
9310:
9309:
9305:
9303:
9302:
9298:
9297:
9294:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9231:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9221:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9143:
9142:South America
9139:
9133:
9132:United States
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9059:North America
9056:
9053:
9049:Modern groups
9047:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9030:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9023:
9017:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8991:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8977:
8973:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8946:
8944:
8940:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8912:South America
8910:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8880:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8846:
8842:
8836:
8835:Turtle Island
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8793:North America
8791:
8785:
8782:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8762:
8757:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8721:Paleo-Indians
8719:
8718:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8701:
8696:
8694:
8689:
8687:
8682:
8681:
8678:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8630:Terra nullius
8627:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8615:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8581:
8577:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8544:
8542:
8540:
8536:
8530:
8529:South African
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8501:
8500:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8405:
8401:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8321:
8315:
8312:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8293:
8290:
8284:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8249:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8201:
8197:
8191:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8131:
8126:
8124:
8119:
8117:
8112:
8111:
8108:
8095:
8094:
8091:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7993:
7989:
7982:
7977:
7975:
7970:
7968:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7896:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7852:
7851:South America
7849:
7847:
7846:North America
7844:
7843:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7819:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7746:Paleo-Indians
7744:
7743:
7741:
7737:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7659:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7638:South America
7636:
7634:
7633:Latin America
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7613:North America
7611:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7593:
7584:
7579:
7577:
7572:
7570:
7565:
7564:
7561:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7544:
7540:
7537:
7532:
7528:
7527:
7516:
7510:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7484:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7442:
7434:
7428:
7424:
7423:Penguin Books
7420:
7415:
7411:
7405:
7397:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7360:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7310:
7306:
7300:
7296:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7260:
7256:
7250:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7174:
7170:
7165:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7144:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7059:
7054:
7053:
7042:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6994:
6990:
6987:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6971:(4 vol. 1934)
6970:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6936:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6817:
6814:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6659:
6655:
6648:
6639:
6630:
6621:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6589:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6548:
6533:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6510:
6504:
6498:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6449:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6425:
6417:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6328:
6322:
6321:Segal, Ronald
6316:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6217:, p. 138
6216:
6211:
6204:
6199:
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6187:
6180:
6175:
6168:
6163:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6123:
6115:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6100:Hickel, Jason
6095:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6062:
6060:
6044:
6040:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6014:
6005:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5973:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5940:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5907:
5898:
5891:
5887:
5886:1-4000-4006-X
5883:
5879:
5874:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5841:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5760:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5734:
5727:
5721:
5712:
5704:
5697:
5688:
5679:
5670:
5661:
5652:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5620:
5611:
5604:
5598:
5591:
5585:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5555:
5545:
5536:
5527:
5518:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5496:
5487:
5480:
5474:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5433:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5414:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5351:
5343:
5336:
5327:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5295:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5226:
5214:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5194:
5186:
5180:
5177:. Routledge.
5176:
5175:
5167:
5159:
5152:
5143:
5134:
5126:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5101:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:. New Haven.
5069:
5068:
5060:
5053:
5052:
5045:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4991:
4985:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4959:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4940:
4934:
4933:0-670-88990-3
4930:
4924:
4916:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4870:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4832:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4805:
4797:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4778:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4745:
4739:
4735:
4734:Penguin Books
4731:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4683:9780812223149
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4621:9780807833896
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4573:
4571:9780544602670
4567:
4563:
4562:
4554:
4552:
4543:
4541:0-8061-2074-6
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4492:
4490:0-19-508557-4
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4276:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4131:In 2007, the
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4102:
4101:French Guiana
4098:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4082:
4081:German Empire
4077:
4074:
4072:
4068:Saint Thomas
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4051:Klein-Venedig
4049:
4048:
4045:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3982:Spanish Texas
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Nueva Vizcaya
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:Nueva Galicia
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3829:Darien Scheme
3827:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:) (1799–1867)
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3772:Sitka, Alaska
3769:
3764:
3759:
3746:
3745:French Guiana
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3725:(c.1536–1620)
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3652:Cooper Island
3650:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:French Guiana
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3512:Marie-Galante
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3395:(District of
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3320:French Guiana
3318:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3296:) (also see:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3270:Fort Caroline
3268:
3265:
3262:
3260:) (1685–1689)
3259:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3248:United States
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Lake Winnipeg
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3184:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3104:New Walcheren
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:Rupert's Land
2959:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2896:Santo Domingo
2893:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:James Mahoney
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2810:Simon Johnson
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2789:pre-Columbian
2785:
2783:
2782:Afro-Eurasian
2779:
2775:
2771:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2748:Latin America
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2616:repartimiento
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:Spanish Crown
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2465:According to
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:According to
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2400:Epidemics of
2398:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2346:New Amsterdam
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2324:, as well as
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:Presbyterians
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:Codex Mendoza
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:Sublimis Deus
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:Latin letters
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2031:Inter caetera
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1851:Bering Strait
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1815:Sitka, Alaska
1811:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:New Amsterdam
1756:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:Protestantism
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1675:New Amsterdam
1672:
1667:
1663:
1662:Dutch America
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:Darien scheme
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:food security
1570:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1525:Bright Red =
1522:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:was given to
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:Plymouth Rock
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1445:Penn's Treaty
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:North America
1312:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:Cartographers
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1104:North America
1100:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Hernán Cortés
1062:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1021:world economy
1018:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
989:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
939:
934:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
854:
847:
843:
838:
834:
830:
824:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:
765:
761:
758:
752:
751:
746:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:Baffin Island
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
702:
687:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:United States
654:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:United States
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
582:Santo Domingo
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
499:
498:South America
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:central Andes
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:North America
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:human capital
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
375:South America
372:
371:North America
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
309:
304:
302:
297:
295:
290:
289:
287:
286:
283:
273:
272:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
170:
169:
165:
161:
160:
157:
152:
151:
147:
146:
137:
134:
126:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84: –
83:
79:
78:Find sources:
72:
68:
62:
61:
56:This article
54:
50:
45:
44:
39:
32:
27:
19:
9717:
9694:
9667:Sint Maarten
9652:Saint Martin
9559:Dependencies
9306:
9299:
9027:
9021:colonization
8825:The red road
8815:Medicine man
8810:Great Spirit
8628:
8588:Independence
8324:Colonization
8207:
8200:Colonization
8190:World oceans
8137:Colonization
7697:
7538:at Wikiquote
7482:
7455:
7418:
7381:
7344:
7313:
7294:
7263:
7218:
7195:
7168:
7160:
7142:
7115:
7084:
7057:
7040:
7023:
7006:
6999:
6992:
6991:Parry, J.H.
6985:
6978:
6968:
6934:
6918:
6888:
6885:Kiernan, Ben
6857:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6802:
6776:
6738:
6735:Taylor, Rebe
6731:Kiernan, Ben
6719:
6712:
6702:Bibliography
6688:. Retrieved
6674:
6662:. Retrieved
6647:
6638:
6629:
6620:
6609:. Retrieved
6598:
6588:
6561:
6557:
6547:
6535:. Retrieved
6516:
6509:
6502:
6501:David Eltis
6497:
6487:19 September
6485:. Retrieved
6464:
6454:19 September
6452:. Retrieved
6437:
6429:
6424:
6403:
6383:
6372:. Retrieved
6363:
6354:
6346:
6326:
6315:
6304:. Retrieved
6295:
6286:
6274:. Retrieved
6254:
6250:
6240:
6232:
6210:
6198:
6186:
6174:
6162:
6151:. Retrieved
6132:
6122:
6103:
6094:
6082:. Retrieved
6071:
6047:. Retrieved
6023:
6013:
5986:
5982:
5972:
5960:. Retrieved
5949:
5939:
5927:. Retrieved
5916:
5906:
5897:
5873:
5862:. Retrieved
5848:
5824:
5814:
5803:. Retrieved
5794:
5785:
5777:the original
5767:
5748:
5742:
5733:
5725:
5720:
5711:
5702:
5696:
5687:
5678:
5669:
5660:
5651:
5637:
5632:
5624:
5619:
5610:
5602:
5597:
5589:
5584:
5573:. Retrieved
5564:
5554:
5544:
5535:
5526:
5517:
5509:
5495:
5486:
5478:
5473:
5463:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5420:
5413:
5402:. Retrieved
5393:
5373:
5356:
5350:
5341:
5335:
5326:
5315:. Retrieved
5311:
5302:
5283:
5277:
5265:. Retrieved
5261:the original
5251:
5243:the original
5233:
5205:the original
5199:
5193:
5173:
5166:
5157:
5151:
5142:
5133:
5114:
5108:
5066:
5059:
5049:
5044:
5033:. Retrieved
5029:
5019:
5011:
5007:
4989:
4984:
4966:
4946:
4939:
4923:
4903:
4896:
4876:
4869:
4858:. Retrieved
4838:
4831:
4811:
4804:
4784:
4777:
4766:. Retrieved
4752:
4720:
4666:Philadelphia
4661:
4595:
4559:
4523:
4468:
4407:
4374:. Retrieved
4339:
4306:. Retrieved
4289:
4279:
4196:Conquistador
4181:Bandeirantes
4157:(1608), and
4148:
4130:
3924:(1535–1821)
3911:(1717–1819)
3643:
3635:
3632:(1728?–1814)
3627:
3597:Saint Martin
3496:(1666, 1712)
3449:Present-day
3435:Present-day
3415:Present-day
3408:Present-day
3386:Present-day
3379:Present-day
3334:Fort Lachine
3246:Present-day
3213:Newfoundland
3194:Present-day
3110:Dutch Brazil
3057:(1728?–1814)
3052:
3044:
3030:
3004:New Courland
2951:(1607–1783)
2912:
2847:
2802:
2786:
2766:
2757:
2744:
2736:Peninsulares
2724:
2717:daughter by
2714:
2687:
2655:
2621:
2614:
2594:
2584:
2580:
2552:Black legend
2487:
2464:
2453:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2399:
2388:
2375:
2291:
2257:
2217:
2215:
2186:
2147:
2139:
2109:
2029:
2026:Alexander VI
2003:
1980:
1916:
1905:
1860:Vitus Bering
1856:
1820:
1783:Hudson River
1748:
1728:Sint Maarten
1716:Dutch Guiana
1684:
1666:Dutch Empire
1620:
1609:
1567:
1538:
1531:Red-brown =
1489:William Penn
1471:, landed on
1450:
1431:common stock
1423:King James I
1419:Newfoundland
1403:
1363:
1352:
1329:
1277:
1271:
1267:colonization
1264:
1211:
1206:still use a
1199:
1196:Mundus Novus
1195:
1181:
1109:
1069:Tenochtitlan
1058:
1038:encomenderos
1036:
1026:
990:
985:longitudinal
962:
943:
881:
878:(circa 1615)
871:
803:Leif Erikson
787:Newfoundland
768:
755:
748:
742:
719:Newfoundland
673:
649:
619:established
611:established
594:
555:
528:
502:
446:Great Plains
379:
367:Newfoundland
347:colonization
340:
322:
153:
129:
123:October 2022
120:
110:
103:
96:
89:
77:
65:Please help
60:verification
57:
26:
9637:Puerto Rico
9564:territories
9510:Saint Lucia
9445:El Salvador
9230:Ethnobotany
9087:El Salvador
8989:Visual arts
8858:Cosmovision
8844:Mesoamerica
8805:Fifth World
8771:Mythologies
8736:Archaeology
8714:Pre-history
8486:New Zealand
8351:Colonialism
8336:Imperialism
8296:Exploration
8159:Exploration
8034:Hospitaller
7936:Middle Ages
7693:Exploration
7618:Mesoamerica
6853:Jones, Adam
6664:January 20,
6446:. El Pais.
5962:February 2,
5929:February 1,
5856:. Pbs.org.
5221:|work=
4308:21 February
4290:www.pem.org
4231:Imperialism
4216:Guaicaipuro
4155:Quebec City
4033:(1813–1814)
4027:(1784–1878)
4021:(1638–1655)
4002:(1776–1814)
3996:(1544–1818)
3990:(1542–1824)
3984:(1716–1802)
3972:(1769–1801)
3882:Puerto Rico
3841:(1684–1686)
3835:(1698–1700)
3825:(1622–1632)
3823:Nova Scotia
3747:(1809–1817)
3717:Nova Scotia
3711:(1501–1696)
3666:(1931–1933)
3660:(1898–1930)
3654:(1844–1905)
3648:(1754–1814)
3640:(1721–1814)
3599:(1651–1665)
3593:(1651–1665)
3591:Saint Croix
3587:(1651–1665)
3581:(1651–1665)
3518:la Désirade
3482:Saint Lucia
3430:(1782–1784)
3412:(1782–1784)
3401:Netherlands
3383:(1795–1809)
3376:(1562–1565)
3370:(1612–1615)
3364:(1555–1567)
3314:(1672–1764)
3266:(1650–1733)
3228:Great Lakes
3209:(1604–1713)
3130:(1745–1815)
3124:(1658–1664)
3118:(1650–1689)
3112:(1630–1654)
3106:(1628–1677)
3100:(1627–1815)
3094:(1625–1680)
3088:(1616–1815)
3082:(1614–1667)
3063:(1814–1953)
3049:(1721–1814)
3041:(1814–1917)
3035:(1754–1814)
2975:(1783–1907)
2969:(1793–1871)
2963:(1670–1870)
2957:(1607–1783)
2865:El Salvador
2843:smallholder
2823:latifundias
2691:slave trade
2634:sugar mills
2595:encomendero
2591:Reconquista
2416:(1614) and
2312:, Scottish
2275:Mexico City
2182:Inquisition
2150:Franciscans
2130:, held the
2125:philosopher
2056:Franciscans
2048:Benedictine
2028:issued the
2004:During the
1997:toward the
1991:persecution
1969:Franciscan
1902:The Guianas
1603:and in the
1519:Dark Red =
1505:Anabaptists
1453:Reformation
1273:quinto real
1240:River Plate
1232:captaincies
1228:São Vicente
1089:Inca Empire
1073:Mexico City
965:Reconquista
958:Papal Bulls
923:East Indies
907:The Bahamas
578:Philippines
574:East Indies
535:Black Death
486:the Guianas
424:, and even
422:enslavement
402:Netherlands
341:During the
215:Hospitaller
9735:Categories
9632:Montserrat
9627:Martinique
9622:Guadeloupe
9420:Costa Rica
9272:Philosophy
9077:Costa Rica
9051:by country
8882:Variations
8873:World tree
8830:Totem pole
8800:Arborglyph
8636:Plantation
8461:Australian
8443:Portuguese
8409:modern era
8356:chronology
8242:Antarctica
8186:Antarctica
8064:Portuguese
8043:Norwegian
7862:Chronology
7842:Conflicts
7838:Population
7666:Settlement
7501:2019008004
7474:2012029104
7336:2011050352
7241:2014020685
7134:lc80025084
6611:2020-08-20
6374:2007-11-23
6306:2020-10-12
6215:Jones 2023
6153:2020-11-12
6049:2020-10-17
5864:2014-02-28
5805:2014-02-28
5639:L'Histoire
5575:2022-01-13
5404:2020-10-13
5317:2021-08-20
5086:1099434736
5051:L'Histoire
5035:2024-01-22
4860:2016-03-26
4768:2023-03-07
4700:2010015803
4630:2009044820
4434:2019008004
4376:13 October
4116:Nova Dania
4031:Guadeloupe
4019:New Sweden
3864:Hispaniola
3856:See also:
3735:Cisplatina
3671:Portuguese
3624:(986–1408)
3530:Martinique
3524:Guadeloupe
3494:Montserrat
3397:Sipaliwini
3393:Tapanahony
3294:Napoleon I
3286:in Indiana
3218:Hudson Bay
3201:New France
3144:colony of
2935:See also:
2873:Costa Rica
2827:capitalist
2625:Cane sugar
2585:encomienda
2467:Adam Jones
2414:diphtheria
2356:See also:
2334:Mennonites
2304:and other
2300:, English
2298:Calvinists
2279:Lima, Peru
2263:New France
2228:Algonquian
2224:John Eliot
2193:New France
2066:, such as
2060:Dominicans
2014:Portuguese
1912:expedition
1771:Manhattoes
1585:John Rolfe
1569:John Smith
1353:The first
1348:New France
1121:Guanajuato
1033:encomienda
919:Cat Island
917:(possibly
887:expedition
775:Brattahlíð
676:California
645:California
613:New Sweden
490:Gran Chaco
470:Darién Gap
468:, and the
438:New Mexico
230:Portuguese
175:First wave
93:newspapers
9707:Caribbean
9617:Greenland
9540:Venezuela
9485:Nicaragua
9455:Guatemala
9375:Argentina
9360:Sovereign
9267:Movements
9262:Languages
9210:Venezuela
9155:Argentina
9117:Nicaragua
9097:Guatemala
9092:Greenland
8784:Religions
8553:in Europe
8491:Norwegian
8394:Dependent
8387:Current:
8332:Antiquity
8152:By region
7911:By region
7906:By period
7807:Epidemics
7797:Geography
7739:Societies
7628:Caribbean
7509:cite book
7441:cite book
7404:cite book
7367:cite book
7249:cite book
6564:: 13–36.
6537:7 October
6364:bbc.co.uk
6271:164320613
6143:0190-8286
5989:: 13–36.
5795:bbc.co.uk
5267:4 October
5223:ignored (
5094:cite book
4638:183694926
4412:Cambridge
4151:Jamestown
4122:, Canada)
4120:Churchill
3790:Fort Ross
3774:) in 1837
3622:Greenland
3604:Norwegian
3280:Vincennes
3086:Essequibo
3061:Greenland
2861:Guatemala
2829:markets,
2667:Aristotle
2658:mulattoes
2410:influenza
2342:Moravians
2322:Lutherans
2318:Huguenots
2294:Anglicans
2117:Dominican
2042:. During
1953:Ethnocide
1923:Cosimo II
1773:, for 60
1755:Manhattan
1742:in 1636,
1738:in 1634,
1734:in 1634,
1730:in 1618,
1724:Caribbean
1691:Charles V
1638:with the
1551:Caribbean
1374:fur trade
1338:in 1524;
1208:Latinized
1200:New World
1125:Zacatecas
1077:New Spain
1071:, became
1056:astray."
927:New World
915:Guanahani
895:Silk Road
876:Jan Galle
811:skrælings
764:Greenland
723:Helluland
711:Greenland
680:Patagonia
633:Greenland
629:Caribbean
562:Christian
551:New World
512:religions
494:Araucanía
454:Greenland
412:began to
363:Greenland
9572:Anguilla
9520:Suriname
9495:Paraguay
9470:Honduras
9430:Dominica
9415:Colombia
9385:Barbados
9352:Americas
9301:Category
9257:Identity
9240:Iroquois
9235:Cherokee
9200:Suriname
9190:Paraguay
9175:Colombia
9102:Honduras
9082:Dominica
9019:European
8994:Painting
8956:Colombia
8868:Religion
8863:Creation
8741:Genetics
8514:Japanese
8504:American
8456:American
8308:European
8258:Americas
8208:Americas
8166:Americas
8074:Scottish
8009:Curonian
7648:Genetics
7318:ABC-CLIO
7286:74034275
7187:99054646
7107:91045411
7076:87034886
6855:(2023).
6847:in JSTOR
6807:in JSTOR
6684:Archived
6658:Archived
6605:Archived
6478:Archived
6476:. 1992.
6448:Archived
6368:Archived
6323:(1995).
6300:Archived
6147:Archived
6102:(2018).
6084:June 21,
6078:Archived
6043:Archived
6021:(2016).
5956:Archived
5923:Archived
5858:Archived
5822:(2005).
5799:Archived
5569:Archived
5503:Archived
5398:Archived
5030:Frontier
4973:Archived
4854:Archived
4762:Archived
4730:New York
4518:(1987).
4477:New York
4463:(1992).
4370:Archived
4302:Archived
4165:See also
4159:Santa Fe
4153:(1607),
4138:and the
3870:and the
3811:Scottish
3723:Barbados
3464:Dominica
3388:Suriname
3154:Suriname
3146:Suriname
3128:Demerara
3116:Pomeroon
2869:Colombia
2740:Criollos
2611:New Laws
2575:Virginia
2488:en route
2412:(1558),
2408:(1546),
2402:smallpox
2302:Puritans
2296:, Dutch
2201:Paraguay
2123:and the
2119:friars,
2097:missions
2062:learned
2044:Columbus
1995:violence
1973:'s 1565
1775:guilders
1767:Brooklyn
1720:Suriname
1679:New York
1593:Maryland
1589:Virginia
1493:Baptists
1469:Pilgrims
1184:Portugal
1147:Portugal
1139:and the
1048:New Laws
1003:genocide
994:Smallpox
901:mariner
891:Far East
735:Labrador
731:Markland
695:Norsemen
667:and the
566:Americas
426:genocide
386:Portugal
355:European
351:Americas
240:Scottish
190:Curonian
9602:Curaçao
9587:Bonaire
9582:Bermuda
9535:Uruguay
9475:Jamaica
9450:Grenada
9440:Ecuador
9395:Bolivia
9380:Bahamas
9277:Studies
9205:Uruguay
9180:Ecuador
9160:Bolivia
9107:Jamaica
9006:Writers
9001:Artists
8961:Ecuador
8943:Culture
8924:Mapuche
8641:Settler
8524:Russian
8519:Ottoman
8509:Chinese
8496:Swedish
8471:Belgian
8448:Spanish
8438:Italian
8418:British
8407:in the
8366:empires
8361:history
8286:General
8273:Oceania
8237:Oceania
8181:Oceania
8084:Swedish
8079:Spanish
8069:Russian
8004:Belgian
7999:British
7812:Slavery
7792:Culture
7780:Related
7605:History
7043:(2003).
6995:(1982).
6988:(1971).
6981:(1971).
6921:(1983).
6829:(2000).
6690:4 April
6566:Bibcode
6522:Penguin
6276:Jan 15,
5991:Bibcode
5830:106–109
5728:(2003).
4109:Denmark
4090:Italian
4007:Swedish
3895:Jamaica
3846:Spanish
3831:on the
3752:Russian
3739:Uruguay
3470:Grenada
3442:Antigua
3122:Cayenne
3098:Berbice
2798:slavery
2732:mulatto
2728:mestizo
2715:morisca
2711:mulatta
2671:Ptolemy
2663:Jesuits
2577:, 1670.
2502:Slavery
2418:measles
2330:Quakers
2189:Jesuits
2112:slavery
2093:Jesuits
2076:Zapotec
2068:Nahuatl
2024:. Pope
2020:to the
2010:Spanish
1975:Nahuatl
1886:Tuscany
1854:world.
1831:Cossack
1823:Siberia
1763:Canarse
1736:Curaçao
1732:Bonaire
1581:Tobacco
1561:in the
1555:Florida
1465:Puritan
1415:Roanoke
1384:British
1368:in the
1332:Florida
1212:America
977:Castile
899:Genoese
884:Spanish
848:voyages
799:Vinland
729:), and
715:Vinland
609:Swedish
597:British
428:of the
406:Denmark
390:Britain
349:of the
250:Swedish
245:Spanish
235:Russian
220:Italian
185:British
107:scholar
9490:Panama
9480:Mexico
9460:Guyana
9405:Canada
9400:Brazil
9390:Belize
9362:states
9308:Portal
9245:Navajo
9185:Guyana
9165:Brazil
9122:Panama
9112:Mexico
9072:Canada
9067:Belize
8929:Muisca
8851:Common
8481:Danish
8433:German
8428:French
8288:topics
8263:Africa
8213:Africa
8171:Africa
8143:, and
8029:French
8019:German
8014:Danish
7946:Future
7766:Muisca
7499:
7489:
7472:
7462:
7429:
7392:
7355:
7334:
7324:
7301:
7284:
7274:
7239:
7229:
7206:
7185:
7175:
7149:
7132:
7122:
7105:
7095:
7074:
7064:
7033:
6954:
6907:
6873:
6822:(2007)
6791:
6757:
6711:, ed.
6528:
6412:
6339:
6269:
6141:
6110:
6035:
5884:
5836:
5755:
5481:(2000)
5428:
5290:
5181:
5121:
5084:
5074:
4954:
4931:
4911:
4884:
4846:
4819:
4792:
4740:
4726:London
4698:
4690:
4680:
4670:Oxford
4636:
4628:
4618:
4568:
4538:
4487:
4473:Oxford
4432:
4422:
4362:
4344:Oxford
4044:German
3804:Hawaii
3784:Alaska
3490:(1783)
3456:Tobago
3410:Guyana
3352:Tobago
3238:Quebec
3207:Acadia
3196:Canada
3177:French
3148:, 1923
3136:Baron
3019:Danish
3008:Tobago
2986:Belize
2907:Cumaná
2853:coffee
2833:, and
2812:, and
2774:slaves
2721:, 1763
2707:Castas
2587:system
2532:, and
2406:typhus
2364:, and
2340:, and
2281:; and
2074:, and
2072:Mixtec
1993:, and
1985:, the
1959:, and
1941:, and
1919:Amazon
1841:, and
1835:ermine
1789:Russia
1718:, now
1703:Brazil
1559:Quebec
1549:, the
1503:, and
1497:German
1407:Aztecs
1290:France
1284:silver
1252:Gaspar
1220:Brazil
1165:, and
1081:Aztecs
1017:Potosí
979:(in a
971:, the
969:Iberia
835:, and
795:UNESCO
779:Garðar
760:Viking
641:Alaska
637:Russia
635:, and
623:; and
615:; the
601:French
570:Brazil
537:. The
518:, and
506:began
504:Russia
492:, and
488:, the
480:, the
478:Amazon
464:, the
460:, the
452:, and
448:, the
442:Alaska
410:Sweden
408:, and
400:, the
398:Russia
394:France
210:German
205:French
195:Danish
180:Basque
109:
102:
95:
88:
80:
9577:Aruba
9465:Haiti
9410:Chile
9282:Trade
9170:Chile
8984:Music
8951:Andes
8899:Olmec
8889:Aztec
8423:Dutch
8039:Norse
8024:Dutch
7821:Lists
7756:Aztec
6481:(PDF)
6474:(PDF)
6267:S2CID
5644:EHESS
5549:8–17.
5200:Spain
5012:JSTOR
4688:JSTOR
4634:S2CID
4272:Notes
4118:(now
4099:(now
3868:Haiti
3428:Nevis
3346:Haiti
3258:Texas
3142:Dutch
3068:Dutch
2819:mit'a
2425:use.
2383:Nahua
2338:Amish
2273:, in
2136:souls
1906:Duke
1876:Aleut
1839:sable
1765:from
1757:, at
1744:Aruba
1650:Dutch
1411:Incas
1117:mit'a
817:Spain
757:Norse
617:Dutch
382:Spain
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