230:
275:
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outside of government steadily declined. While MNC-L persisted longer than other groupings and continued to hold some functions in early 1962, by 1963 nearly all party activity had ceased. MNC-L members continued to hold ministerial portfolios in the national government through 1963 but, due to leadership disputes, its members failed to act as a cohesive voting bloc in
Parliament.
1020:, the former Prime Minister. In 2022, the remains of Patrice Lumumba were repatriated to the DR Congo. MNC-L main faction leader François Lumumba used the opportunity to express his hope that his father's nationalist spirit would help the Congolese to defend their country from enemies, considering the then-ongoing
748:
924:
and former government colleague of
Lumumba, announced in September that his party and the MNC-L were fusing together as the Parti National Lumumbiste. MNC-L leaders rejected the declaration, insisting a party congress would have to be held on a merger. Meanwhile, national political party activity
1011:
Following the fall of Mobutu's regime in 1997, MNC factions began to participate in regular national politics. One MNC-L faction led by
Patrice Lumumba's cousin, Albert Onawelho Lumumba, was very critical of the rule of Laurent-Désiré Kabila who had taken power as President. In contrast Patrice
770:
organization dedicated to achieving independence "within a reasonable" time and bringing together members from a variety of political backgrounds in order to achieve independence. The MNC was created around a charter which was signed by, among others
811:
As a result of the split, the remaining majority of the party took the name MNC-Lumumba (MNC-L) but the split also divided the MNC between the
Lumumba-ists who held the Stanleyville region and its faction, which became the MNC-Kalonji (MNC-K; after
916:, Charles Badjoko, Gabriel Lassiry, and Antoine Kiwewa all at times claiming to be Lumumba's rightful successor. At the conference, delegates expressed a general desire to form a larger bloc to encompass all Lumumbists in the country.
958:
1158:, Lambert Mende Omalanga was the head of MNC-LO in 1996. However, François Lumumba had served one of the leaders of this exiled faction during the 1980s, and was still head of the MNC-L main faction in the 1990s. According to
1653:
940:
This meant the end of the MNC's legal activity until 1990. The party continued to operate in exile, however, where it allied with other anti-Mobutu groups. In exile, the two main MNC groups were the MNC-L and the MNCR
400:
797:
The MNC was the biggest nationalist party in the
Belgian Congo but had many different factions within it which took different stances on a number of issues and was increasingly polarized between moderate
1675:
945:, "Reformed Congolese National Movement"). The MNC-L also continued to suffer from factionalism and splintered into further groups during this period. The MNC-L main faction came under the leadership of
980:, posed as the armed wing of the MNC-L. Researcher Thomas Turner stated that Kisase Ngandu had broken away from one of the MNC-L splinter factions before forming the CRND. A group of activists led by
1714:
962:
961:(FLC-L), a militant group which waged a low-level insurgency in Zaire, in the 1980s. MNC activists claimed responsibility for the Kinshasa bombings in March 1984. In September 1985, MNC-L, MNCR, the
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388:
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party as prime minister. In turn, Lumumba declared the
President deposed, while Iléo failed to gain parliamentary approval. The stalemate was ended when Lumumba's aide and partisan, Colonel
453:
623:
619:
932:
appointed himself
President. Mobutu blamed the five years of turmoil on "the politicians" and decreed: "For five years, there will be no more political party activity in the country."
1861:
992:
founded a new MNC-L in
Kinshasa in 1994; the older MNC-L main faction in exile subsequently became known as "MNC-Lumumba Originel" (MNC-LO). In 1996, the leader of one MNC-L faction,
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Luntumbue, Michel (2020). "Cuban-Congolese families: From the Fizi-Baraka underground to Havana". In Kali
Argyriadis; Giulia Bonacci; Adrien Delmas (eds.).
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1408:"République démocratique du Congo : Mouvement national congolais (MNC) et ses factions, et notamment celle dirigée par Lambert Mende Omalanga"
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rejected his appointment as president of this opposition government, stating that Zaire could not "afford the luxury" of a parallel regime.
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in June 1960, in which
Lumumba's party emerged as the largest nationalist faction in the country. Lumumba formed a coalition with the more
42:
804:
and the more radical mass membership. In July 1959, Iléo attempted to split the party and create a more radical party based on support of
790:
The MNC was a national party with substantial support in the whole of Congo, while most other parties were based primarily on regional or
89:
61:
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notably refused to sign, accusing the party of being too moderate. By the end of 1959, it claimed to have 58,000 members.
57:
928:
In November 1965, following another fall-out between president and prime minister, Mobutu again seized power and under
1049:"Mouvement National Congolais-Lumumba Originel" (MNC-LO) (core of the exiled faction; known under this name from 1994)
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1012:
Lumumba's daughter, Julienne Lumumba, became part of Kabila's government. Lumumba's heritage is also claimed by the
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party led by Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Lumumba was elected Prime Minister, while Kasa-Vubu became Congo's first President.
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609:
46:
172:
972:
In the early 1990s, an anti-Mobutu rebel group known as the National Council of Resistance for Democracy (
1836:
1734:
949:, Patrice Lumumba's son. The different MNC groups organized a militant resistance in the Congo (renamed "
82:
912:
was elected to lead it, but leadership disputes continued to plague the party in subsequent years, with
908:
In March 1961, the MNC-L hosted a party congress in Stanleyville to replace Lumumba as party president.
1709:
997:
852:
893:). In September, Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu fell out and Kasa-Vubu dismissed Lumumba and instead appointed
1751:
905:
arrested Lumumba, who was later transported to Katanga and killed there under dubious circumstances.
921:
1729:
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808:
rather than centralization, but his group failed to achieve mass defections from the main party.
35:
993:
977:
965:, and other opposition groups declared a provisional government in exile. However, MNCR head
1461:
1612:"The political life of the dead Lumumba: Cold War histories and the Congolese student left"
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Turner, Thomas (2002). "Angola's Role in the Congo War". In John F. Clark (ed.).
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who became its leader after his release from prison) which attracted support in
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953:" by Mobutu). The MNC-L set up an armed wing called "Lumumba Patriotic Army" (
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Cuba and Africa, 1959-1994: Writing an alternative Atlantic history
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The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006
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allegiances and garnered support in their respective provinces.
1817:
1960s disestablishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1191:"Arrivée de la dépouille de Patrice Emery Lumumba à Kisangani"
754:, leader of the MNC-L faction and Congo's first Prime Minister
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Political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1534:. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. pp. 161–182.
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Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo
1827:
Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
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16:
Political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence
1576:. New York City: Palgrave Macmillian. pp. 73–92.
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Political parties in Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Mouvement National de la Convention Lumumba Originel
1060:
Mouvement National de la Convention Lumumba Originel
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Front for the Liberation of Congo – Patrice Lumumba
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1832:Federalism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1040:Conseil National de RĂ©sistance pour la DĂ©mocratie
974:Conseil National de RĂ©sistance pour la DĂ©mocratie
1803:
1791:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
266:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
241:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1768:People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy
1412:Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
1162:, Lambert Mende Omalanga was the leader of the
935:
869:However, the country quickly plunged into the
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996:, voiced his support for Kisase Ngandu and
667:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal
1842:Pan-Africanist political parties in Africa
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1641:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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1555:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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1486:
1464:[A Belgian sawed up the corpse].
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873:, facing mutinies among the soldiers and
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1847:Political parties disestablished in 1965
1812:1958 establishments in the Belgian Congo
1725:Movement for the Liberation of the Congo
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1004:(AFDL) rebel coalition, fighting in the
1000:. The two had become the leaders of the
976:, CNRD) became active. The CRND, led by
963:Congolese Democratic and Socialist Party
861:MNC-Kalonji members protest against the
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1715:Union for Democracy and Social Progress
1016:(PALU) led by Lumumba's former deputy,
957:, APL) and formed a coalition with the
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820:(modern-day Lubumbashi) and among the
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1852:Political parties established in 1958
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1460:Misser, Francois (15 December 1999).
1433:Misser, Francois (19 December 1999).
1328:
1316:
1304:
829:Congo's first parliamentary elections
1506:Political Handbook of the World 2012
1068:Mouvement National Congolais-Kalonji
1054:Mouvement National Congolais-Lumumba
1034:Mouvement National Congolais-Lumumba
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1573:The African Stakes of the Congo War
1074:Mouvement National Congolais Rénové
943:Mouvement National Congolais Rénové
624:in Democratic Republic of the Congo
13:
1084:
758:The MNC was founded in 1958 as an
14:
1873:
1610:Monaville, Pedro (January 2019).
1462:"Ein Belgier zersägte die Leiche"
843:Independence and the Congo Crisis
1688:
1437:["Dad" is not welcome].
732:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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273:
23:
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34:needs additional citations for
1745:Union for the Congolese Nation
730:) is a political party in the
512:Recent and upcoming elections
1:
1822:1990s establishments in Zaire
1593:Lumumba: Africa's Lost Leader
1509:. Thousand Oaks, California:
1435:""Papa" ist nicht willkommen"
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602:Ministry for Foreign Affairs
58:"Congolese National Movement"
936:Ban and anti-Mobutu activity
827:Both groups competed in the
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129:Mouvement National Congolais
7:
1735:Union of Mobutist Democrats
1637:Young, M. Crawford (1965).
1503:Lansford, Tom, ed. (2012).
714:Congolese National Movement
126:Congolese National Movement
10:
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1710:Sacred Union of the Nation
1622:(Supplement S1): S15–S39.
853:Free Republic of the Congo
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1786:List of political parties
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1752:Together for the Republic
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1629:10.1017/S000197201800089X
1549:Reyntjens, Filip (2009).
1028:Known factions of the MNC
955:ArmĂe Patriotique Lumumba
610:Thérèse Kayikwamba Wagner
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1414:(in French). 1 July 1999
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922:Parti Solidaire Africain
442:Administrative divisions
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1014:Unified Lumumbist Party
994:Lambert Mende Omalanga
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653:United Nations Mission
620:Diplomatic missions of
998:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
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847:Further information:
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178:Congolese nationalism
1740:Union for the Nation
1591:Zeilig, Leo (2008).
1121:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
1036:(MNC-L) (from 1959)
822:Baluba ethnic groups
421:Constitutional Court
142:(MNC-L main faction)
43:improve this article
1720:Future of the Congo
1319:, pp. 375–376.
1156:Third World Network
1070:(MNC-K) (from 1959)
978:André Kisase Ngandu
760:African nationalist
1837:Federalist parties
1008:to topple Mobutu.
930:regime d'exception
920:, a member of the
897:, a member of the
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863:Lumumba Government
849:Lumumba Government
766:. The party was a
756:
426:Court of Cassation
1799:
1798:
1541:978-1-77614-633-8
1520:978-1-60871-995-2
1292:, pp. 83–85.
1275:, pp. 82–83.
1251:, pp. 64–65.
967:Paul-Roger Mokede
910:Christophe Gbenye
762:party within the
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596:Foreign relations
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1006:First Congo War
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918:Antoine Gizenga
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32:This article
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1472:14 September
1470:. Retrieved
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1443:. Retrieved
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296:Human rights
289:Constitution
162:Headquarters
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1468:(in German)
1441:(in German)
1375:Turner 2002
1290:Zeilig 2008
1273:Zeilig 2008
1261:Zeilig 2008
1249:Zeilig 2008
1237:Zeilig 2008
1096:Joseph Iléo
1056:(from 1994)
982:Pascal Tabu
895:Joseph Iléo
887:South Kasai
781:Joseph Iléo
642:Visa policy
464:Territories
1806:Categories
1329:Young 1965
1317:Young 1965
1305:Young 1965
1195:RadioOkapi
1174:References
986:Mbalo Meka
875:separatism
806:federalism
743:Foundation
377:Parliament
331:Government
308:Government
223:Party flag
69:newspapers
1166:(MNCLO).
1160:Congoline
518:General:
506:Elections
485:Chiefdoms
454:governors
450:Provinces
415:Judiciary
401:President
389:President
314:President
251:Elections
182:Lumumbism
136:President
99:July 2014
889:(led by
881:(led by
632:Passport
606:Minister
535:Senate:
490:Communes
173:Ideology
166:Kinshasa
1703:parties
1418:26 June
1201:26 June
1062:(MNCLO)
899:Kalonji
879:Katanga
801:évolués
738:History
480:Sectors
353:Cabinet
196:Colours
154:1958-10
152: (
147:Founded
83:scholar
1647:307971
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1616:Africa
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1080:1960s)
1052:"New"
988:, and
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718:French
469:Cities
384:Senate
217:yellow
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85:
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1699:Major
1142:Notes
1046:1990)
951:Zaire
837:ABAKO
726:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
1643:OCLC
1597:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1474:2021
1447:2021
1420:2022
1203:2022
851:and
779:and
712:The
572:2024
566:2017
561:2016
548:2024
542:2019
537:2007
525:2023
520:2018
340:list
318:list
209:Blue
62:news
1624:doi
1466:taz
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877:in
728:MNC
213:red
45:by
1808::
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1397:^
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